Sunan kimiyya Littisis juya shi daga Latin kamar “zama ko dai, girma a ko kusa da gabar teku”, ko kuma wata halitta da ke zaune a tsibiri. Fox Island Littattafan Urocyon mafi kusancin dangi na jinsunan launin toka (Cineroargenteus na Urocyon).

Rarraba fox tsibirin launin toka yana iyakance ga ƙasa ta manyan tsibiri guda shida (Channel Islands), mai nisan mil mil 19-60 daga gefen tekun kudancin California, Amurka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsibirin Santa Catalina, San Clement, San Nicholas, San Miguel, Santa Cruz, da Santa Rosa.

Tsibirin GreyLittattafan Urocyon) - Wannan shine mafi karancin nau'in dawakai da aka sani daga Amurka. Har kwanan nan, fox na tsibirin yana ɗaukar matsayin ofarfin fox. Yana da ƙarami kuma yana da gajerun wutsiya, a cikin abin da vertebrae biyu suke da ƙasa da foxes launin fata daga ɓangaren duniya. Daga zuriya, fox na tsibirin, ya fara zama wata halitta ta daban sama da shekaru 10,000, yayin da yake riƙe da sifofin halayen magabatan sa, amma a tsarin juyin halitta, girman sa ya ragu kuma a yanzu ya kaso biyu bisa uku na girman magabacin.

Cikakken ra'ayi na fox tsibirin yana da rassa guda shida, ɗaya akan kowane tsibiran guda shida da suke zaune. Dawakai daga tsibirai guda ɗaya har ila yau suna iya rarrabewa, amma akwai bambance-bambance na jiki da rarrabuwa iri-iri waɗanda sun isa su iya fahimtar cin gashin kansu. Misali, matsakaicin adadin caudal vertebrae ya banbanta sosai daga tsibiri zuwa tsibiri. Dukkanin hukumomin suna suna ne a tsibirin da suke zama: Urocyon ɗimbin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar dabbobi - dawakai na tsibirin San Miguel, U. daskararre santarosae - dawakai na tsibirin Santa Rosa. U. garken liredi - dawakai na tsibirin Santa Cruz, U. garken gargajiya - dawakai na tsibirin San Nicholas. U. garken catholinae - dawakai na tsibirin Santa Catalina, U. saukarda - fox na tsibirin San Clemente.

Bayyanar

Jawo foks na tsibiri mai launin toka-mai launin shuɗi ne mai launin shuɗi tare da gashin baki, tare da cincin cincin cinya a gefen ƙashi, da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi a farfajiyar iska. Ciki, lebe, hanci, da gefen ido baki ne, yayin da hanun kumatunku masu launin toka. Kunnuwa, wuya da kuma gabobin gwiwowi suna launin ruwan kasa. Wutsiyar tana da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar madaidaicin murfin fata daga hannun tayi tare da gyaɗa gashin kai. Abun da ke cikin wutsiya yana da taushi. Launin rigar yana iya bambanta tsakanin dawakai a tsibiran daban-daban, kodayake yana da saɓani sosai a tsakanin mutane daban-daban, kama daga launin launin toka har zuwa launin ruwan kasa da ja.

Fox Island molt sau ɗaya a shekara: a watan Agusta da Nuwamba.

Foaƙƙarfan fuka-fuka suna da farar fata amma sun fi kauri a jakkunansu fiye da manya, kuma a ƙari, kunnuwansu sun fi duhu launi.

Matsakaicin tsayin jikin mutum da wutsiya a cikin maza shine 716 mm (daga 625 zuwa 716 mm), a cikin mata 689 mm (daga 590 zuwa 787), wanda wutsiyar tayi nauyin 11 zuwa 29 cm. Nauyin dabbar ya bambanta daga 1.3 zuwa 2.8 kg, Maza sun ɗan yi nauyi.

Rayuwa

Foxes na tsibiri, kamar kakanninsu, suna hawa bishiyoyi daidai.

A cikin bauta, dawakai kan fara nuna zalunci ga mutane, amma nan bada jimawa ba za'a tara su. Domin dawakai da ke zaman bauta, ma'abuta hankali, taushi, wasa da son sani suna da asali.

Tsawon rayuwa daga shekaru huɗu zuwa shida ne, amma wasu dawakai sun rayu har zuwa shekaru 15.

Tsibirin da foxes na launin toka suke zaune suna da yanayi wanda yanayi yake sanyin zafi da bushewa a lokacin rani, da sanyin sanyi da kuma zafi (damp) a cikin hunturu Kodayake yawan dawakai masu yawa yanada sako kuma yanada matsayinsu, babu wani ingantaccen tsarin mazaunin dasu. Lokacin da dawakai sukaada yawa, za'a iya samo dawakai da sa ido a kusan duk wuraren zama na tsibirin, in banda wadanda suke matukar talauci sakamakon tashin hankalin ɗan adam. Dawakai su zauna a cikin kwari da kuma filayen kwari, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na bakin teku, a cikin yashi, tsibiran ƙaya, da kurmin itacen oak da gandun daji na cikin kwari.

Ofayan babban maƙiyan dawakai na tsibirin shine gaggafa. Baƙi koyaushe masu zaki a cikin tsibiran, amma yawan masu aladun daji sun ja hankalinsu a wurin 1995, lokacin da gaggafa suka mutu anan. Rashin gaggafa ya haifar da yanayi mai kyau don daidaita tsibiran arewa tare da ƙaramin gaggafa. Ugo na zinariya ya fara farautar ɗan fashin tsibirin cikin nasara kuma cikin shekaru bakwai masu zuwa tsibirin tsibirin ya kai ga ƙarshen lalata. Binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa hakika, a shekarar 2000, yawan dawakai da ke tsibiran tsibiran uku na arewacin kasar ya ragu da kashi 95%.

Urocyon Litintais (Baird, 1858)

Range: Tsibirin Santa Catalina (194 km²), San Clemente (149 km²), San Nicolas (58 km²), San Miguel (39 km²), Santa Cruz (243 km²) da Santa Rosa (216 km²) a cikin rukunin Channel Channel a gefen tekun California (Amurka).

Fox tsibirin, dan dangi mara nauyi na fox (U. cinereoargenteus), yana da matuƙar kyau ga tsibirin Channel. Faksunan tsibiri suna rayuwa akan shida daga cikin tsibiran Channel guda takwas kuma ana jinsu su matsayin masu ikon kansu a kan kowane tsibiri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da duka bambance-bambancen ilimin halittar mutum da na gado.

U. l. catalinae - tsibirin Santa Catalina, U. l. Clementae - tsibirin San Clemente, U. l. dicisi - San Nicholas Island, U. l. littoralis - tsibirin San Miguel, U. l. santarosae - tsibirin Santa Rosa da U. l. santacruzae - tsibirin Santa Cruz.

Kwakwalwa tsibirin tana da bambanci da fox mai launin toka kuma tana da kusanci da sauran mutane da ake tuƙuru da launin toka a California, kuma ban da yawan fyaɗe da ke Kudancin Meziko ko Amurka ta Tsakiya.

Kasancewar dawakai a tsibiran shida da ke nesa da nesa kusa da gabar kudancin California ta haifar da muhawara mai yawa game da abin da ya ba da damar dawakai su mallaki waɗannan tsibiran da yadda hakan ta faru. A cewar wata ka'ida, yawan zamani shine mafi girman nau'in sake fasalin jinsin ƙasa, wanda ya isa tsibirin ƙasa ta hanyar gadoji wanda ya tashi sakamakon canje-canjen teku a lokacin Pleistocene. Dangane da wata lafazin da aka fi sani, asalin mulkin mallaka na dawakai sunyi kama da girman kasar. Wataƙila dawakai masu launin toka ta samo asali daga ɗayan tsibirin Channel na arewacin a tsakiyar Lle Pleistocene, lokacin da matakan teku suka kasance ƙasa kaɗan da gajeriyar tazara tsakanin manyan tsibirin da tsibirin shine kusan kilomita 8. Yayin lokacin tsawanta, suka bunkasa girman jikinsu na yanzu. Canje-canje na matakin teku yayin Late Pleistocene ya haifar da rarraba ƙananan fox na tsibiri ta hanyar sarkar arewacin tsibirin Channel ta hanyar gadoji na ƙasa. Kyaryar tsibiri ta zauna tare da mazaunan mazaunan Chumash na kusan shekaru 1000. An yi imanin cewa Chumash ya kwashe dawakai daga tsibiran arewa zuwa tsibiran kudu guda uku na Channel (San Clemente, Santa Catalina da San Nicholas). Wataƙila an yi wannan ne saboda ginin jikin fata da aka yi amfani da su a ayyukan ibada ko dawakai kamar dabbobin gida.

Bayanan kwayoyin halittu da na kayan tarihi sun nuna cewa dawakai suna zaune a tsibiran arewa na tsawon shekaru 10-16 dubu, kuma a kudu - shekaru dubu biyu da dubu dari biyu da arba'in da uku. Kwanan nan, an sake nazarin bayanan tarihin archaeological, suna tabbatar da sabon bayyanar karnuka a tsibiran arewa kimanin shekaru 7-10 dubu da suka gabata.

Island Fox shine karamin dabbar dawakai a Arewacin Amurka. Yana kama da fox mai launin toka, amma karami da duhu. A matsayinka na mai mulki, tsawon kai da gangar jikin shine 48-50 cm, tsayin kafada shine 12-15 cm, tsawon wutsiya shine 11-29 cm, girman yana karami fiye da yawancin kuliyoyin gida. Wutsiyar fox na tsibirin kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsawon jikin mutum ne, ƙafafu kuma sun fi guntu idan aka kwatanta da jikin su sama da dawakai masu launin toka. Dawakai tsofaffi suna awo tsakanin kilogram 1.1 da 2.8. Maza sun fi girma girma da nauyi fiye da na mace. A matsakaici, manyan dawakai a tsibirin Santa Catalina kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a tsibirin Santa Cruz.

Launin dorsal mai launin fari da baki ne, tushe na kunnuwa da gefuna na wuya da kafafu suna da launi a kirfa. Underbelly ne maras ban sha'awa fari.

Bambancin halittu tsakanin mazaunan tsibirin ba sananne bane, amma nau'in ya bambanta sosai da fox mai launin toka. Ba a fahimtar yanayin kusancin tare da dawakai da launin toka, da bambance-bambance tsakanin yawan mutanen da ke zaune a tsibirin a halin yanzu. Bayan ban da ainihin bayanin, babu wani yunƙurin da aka yi na farko don amfani da hanyoyin dabaru masu yawa don nazarin dangantakar halittar jama'a da ta haraji na al'adun gargajiya na Urocyon. Kawai kwanan nan, aka yi nazarin nazarin halittar jinsi na tsibiri ta amfani da daidaitaccen karyology da nazarin kwayoyin. A zahiri, jinsin sun bayyana bambance-bambancen tsakanin tsibirin a cikin girman, siffar hanci da tsinkaye, da kuma adadin yawan ƙwayar jijiyoyin jikin mutum. Bayanan asalin halitta sun tabbatar da rarrabuwa ga jinsunan zuwa rabe-raben guda shida kuma sun tabbatar da tsarin rarraba.

A halin yanzu alama 6 tallatawa.

Kamar yawancin canines, foxes na iya gudu da sauri kuma suna kama ƙananan ganima a cikin ciyawar ciyawa. Fuka-fukafukan birki ne sosai kuma suna iya hawa bishiyoyi da kananun sauƙi Suna da sikelin da kekantaccen abu, wanda ke basu damar samun ganuwa daga fasa da ramuka, da kyakkyawan hangen nesa. Toarfin ganin ganima yana haɓaka ta hanyar dichromatic da hangen nesa na dare, ƙarshen yana inganta ta hanyar keɓaɓɓen takaddara mai narkewa a cikin kwarin ido (tapetum lucidum).

Dawakai da ke tsibiri suna magana da isharar da murya da ƙarfi. Sun kuma nuna alamar yankinsu. Ana samun wadatattun hanyoyi ta hanyoyi, hanyoyi, da sauran manyan wuraren.

Kwakwalwar tsibiri dabba ce mai narkewa, a yawancin halaye kaɗan tsoron mutane. Ra'ayoyi ga mutane sun bambanta tsakanin tsibiran. A tsibiran da fox da mutane suka zama gama gari, dawakai kamar ba su da wata damuwa. A wurare kamar wuraren shakatawa, dawakai na iya zama da ƙarfi.

Yanayin yanayin tsibiran Chennal na bakin tekun California ya yi arba. Ruwan sama ya bambanta tsakanin tsibiran, amma ƙasa da inci shida a shekara. Manyan tsibiran (Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina da San Clemente) suna da koguna na tsufa wanda ke tallafa wa ciyayi da ke gabar teku da ire-iren bishiyoyi. Ana samun dawakai a cikin yawancin wuraren zama, amma sun fi son ciyayi ko yanki mai itace kamar chapparaly, gandun daji, da kuma itacen oak. Shuke-tsiren tsibirin na halitta galibi ɗan daji ne, amma wannan mazaunin an canza shi sosai ta shigo da dabbobin kiwo zuwa tsibiran da sauran tasirin ɗan adam. Tsibiri na arewacin (San Miguel, Santa Rosa da Santa Cruz) da tsibirin San Nicholas (a kudu) suna da wurare da yawa da aka mamaye da ire-iren tsire-tsire da aka gabatar, kamar ciyawar ciyawa da tsire-tsire na shekara-shekara. Maido da Habitat a Santa Rosa da Santa Cruz ya amfana sosai da farfado da dawakai na tsibirai. Tsibirin na kudu (Santa Catalina, San Clemente da San Nicholas) sun fi ci gaba: sansanonin sojan ruwa da kuma birnin Avalon.

Yana da mahimmanci a la'akari da bambance-bambancen muhalli tsakanin tsibiran lokacin da ake kwatanta yawan jimlar tsibiri. Isasashen tsibiran kudu suna da yanayin yanayin matsakaici da yanayin bushewa kuma, a sakamakon haka, ƙarin acan cacti da ciyayi na hamada. Tsibiri na arewa yana da yanayin rashin daidaituwa kuma yana samun ƙarin ruwan sama. Wannan yana ba da damar rafuffuka na zamani su fito wanda ke tallafa wa ciyayi da ke gabar teku da wuraren zama ba a samu a tsibiran kudu ba. Bugu da kari, yawan dawakai na tsibiran tsibiri basu sami koma baya ba sakamakon lalacewa ta gaggafa. Baya ga bambance-bambance na muhalli, kowane tsibiran yana da tarihin daban-daban na sana'ar ɗan adam da canji na mazauna. Amma lokacin da aka kwatanta yawan 'yan biyun tsibirai da furucin fulawa, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin tsibiran zasu zama marasa mahimmanci.

Kwakwalwar tsibiri a zaɓaɓɓen mazauninta wata aba ce da ake samunta a duk wuraren zama na tsibirin Channel, kodayake ta fi son wuraren da ke da bambancin yanayin yanayin da ciyayi.

Yawancin mazauna tsibirin tsibiri sun hada da wuraren kiwo, dajin bishiyoyi na bakin teku, ciyawar lupine, ɗakin shakatawa, gandun daji da ke gabar teku, wurare masu cike da ruwa da ke da yawa da ke zaune a tsibirin. Yawanci, tsibiran kudu suna da ƙananan bambancin mazauna saboda yanayin bushewa. Manyan tsibiran arewacin, musamman Santa Cruz da Santa Rosa, suna da wuraren zama dabam dabam, tare da ruwan sama mai yawan gaske na shekara-shekara. Shukewa da mazaunan gandun daji suna ba da mafaka da yawa kuma suna iya samar da mafi girman foxes fiye da wuraren kiwo.

Ana samun foxes na tsibiri a cikin kwaruruka da makiyaya na piedmont, dunes na bakin teku na kudu, ciyawar bakin teku da haɗewar sage, filayen tekun, tsibirin tsibirin, gandun oak bakin teku na kudu, gandun daji na bakin teku, gandun daji na Pine, da fadama bakin teku.

Wadannan dawakai ba sa amfani da ciyawar ciyawa fiye da sauran wuraren zama, kodayake ganima ta sami yalwar ciyawa. A lokaci guda, makiyaya suna da yawa kuma suna iya wahalar da aikin abinci. Bugu da kari, wuraren da ke da karancin ciyayi, irin su ciyayi, suna sanya karnukan tsibiri su zama masu fuskantar hadarin iska.

Dawakai a tsibiri kusan kusan gari ne kuma suna ciyar da tsire-tsire da dabbobin daɗaɗɗen yanayi. Abincin nasu ya samo asali ne daga wadatattun albarkatu, wanda ya haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta, kwari, ƙaiƙayi, tsuntsaye, 'ya'yan itace, katantanwa, gami da sauran samfurori daban-daban. Abun da yakamata ya samar da ya dogara da mazauni, tsibiri da kuma lokaci. Babban kayan abinci a cikin tsibiran kudu shine kirim (Coleoptera spp.), Deer hamsters (Peromyscus maniculatus), katantanwa (Helix aspera), kifin kifi (Carpobrotus spp.), Cactus 'ya'yan itace na farashi mai zurfi (Opuntia spp.) Da crickets (Stenopalmat. Babban kayan abinci a cikin tsibiran arewa suma suna da barewa, gwoza, crickets da kifin-beetles ban da lizards da 'ya'yan itacen toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia) da bearberry ko manzanites (Arctostaphylus spp.). Sauran abubuwanda ba'a saba dasu a cikin abincin sun hada da crustaceans, qwai tsuntsu, jigilar ungulates da dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Hakanan zasu iya farautar berayen gida (Mus musculus) a tsibirin Santa Catalina da berayen (Rattus rattus) a tsibirin Santa Catalina, San Miguel da San Clemente. Reindeer hamsters suna da matukar muhimmanci ganima a lokacin kiwo, saboda suna da yawa, abinci mai wadataccen makamashi da dawakai manya na iya kawo su ga kawunansu girma. Baya ga kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, dawakai na tsibiri suna farautar tsuntsayen gidaje irin su tsoffin dabbobin (Eremophila alpestris) da makiyaya makiyaya (Sturnella watsia). Lessarancin gama gari a cikin abincin sune amphibians, dabbobi masu rarrafe da kuma ɗiyakin dabbobi masu shayarwa.

An ba da rahoton lokuta masu rauni lokacin da dawakai na tsibiri suka ci ƙananan skunks (Spilogale gracilis amphiala) - masu farauta waɗanda ke rayuwa a tsibirin Santa Rosa da Santa Cruz.

Dawakai a tsibiri suna ciyar da tsiro iri-iri, da suka hada da bearberry (Arctostaphylos), sauro (Comarostaphylis), heteromeles (Heteromeles), pear (Opuntia), ciyawa (Prunus, Rhus, Rosa), Nightshade (Solanum) da ciyawar bishiyoyi (V). Dawakai na tsibirin San Miguel sun dogara da 'ya'yan itacen ɓaure (Carpobrotus chilensis).

Matsakaicin kowane yanki na abinci ya bambanta lokaci-lokaci kuma ya dogara da tsibirin. A tsibiran da ke da manyan nau'ikan tsire-tsire, dawakai na tsibiri suna cin abinci mai yawa na 'ya'yan itatuwa kuma suna fuskantar mafi kyawun lokacin fari. Tsibirin San Miguel da San Nicholas suna da ƙananan tsire-tsire iri, suna sanya dawakai su dogara da nau'in halittun da aka gabatar. Waɗannan ƙabilun ne suka sha wahala mafi yawan ci gaban fari. Dawakai 'yan tsibiri wadanda ke karɓar abinci daga mutane cikin hanzari sun zama masu jaraba kuma wataƙila ba za su koya wa' ya'yansu yadda ake farauta da kuma neman abincin da ake samu ba.

Dawakai na iya aiki na tsawon awanni 24, amma galibi ana kama abinci da sanyin safiya (aikin magariba). Halin da fox ɗin tsibiri take a koyaushe ya fi na babban dabbar ƙasa, watakila sakamakon tarihin manyan predan fashin teku a tsibirin da zaluntar mutane.

Lokaci mafi girma na ayyukan dawakai na tsibiri ana furtawa, kodayake akwai ayyukan rana. Idan aka kwatanta da dan uwan ​​babban birni, fox mai launin toka, mai isasshe yana nuna yawan ayyukan yau da kullun, wanda shine mafi yawan lokuta rashin manyan masu farauta ne. Nazarin a tsibirin Santa Cruz ya nuna aiki da motsi a cikin yanayi daban-daban, maza da maza da shekarun dawakai ta yin amfani da rukunin taurari na telemetric. Babban matakan aiki sun kasance a cikin hunturu, ayyukan yau da kullun - 64%. A lokacin rani, matakin ayyukan yau da kullun ya ragu zuwa kashi 36.8%, wanda ke alaƙa da haɓaka yawan zafin jiki na yau da kullun. Maza suna da yankuna na gida da yawa kuma suna ƙaruwa da motsi yayin lokacin kiwo (Disamba-Fabrairu) saboda binciken mata.

Sakamakon lura ya nuna wani zaɓi na aiki da dare don mazaunin wuraren bude ko ciyawa. Mafi girman matakan aiki cikin dare na iya haifar da abinci ta hanyar abincin dare, kamar bera da wasu nau'in kwari. Idan ayyukan abincin dare ya faru a cikin wuraren bude wannan wannan yana sauƙaƙe motsi da Fox. An ba da labarin abubuwan da dawakai ke yadawa da daddare a kan hanyoyin datti, waɗanda aka rarrabe su a matsayin wuraren zama.

A matsayinka na mai mulkin, dawakai na tsibirai suna da yankuna kadan, suna rayuwa a manya-manya kuma suna da nisan zango fiye da manyan dawakai masu launin toka. Girman da kuma tsarin gidan yana dogara da wuri mai faɗi, rarraba albarkatu, yawan adadin dawakai, nau'in mazaunin, lokacin da jima'i na dabba. Yankunan da aka yi rikodin layin gida sun haɗu daga 0.24 km² a cikin matsakaitan mazauna zuwa 0.87 km² a cikin mazauna a kan tsibirin Santa Cruz, kuma har zuwa 0.77 km² a cikin gorges a San Clemente Island. Girman wuraren dawakai a tsibirin Santa Cruz sun tashi daga 0.15 zuwa 0.87 km² da matsakaita 0.55 km² a cikin lokacin matsakaici da babban girma na foxes (7 dawakai 7 a 1 km²).

Bincike a tsibirin Santa Cruz ya gano cewa dawakai na gida, kamar yawancin dawakai, suna zaune a cikin matan da ke da auren matayen da ke zaune a yankuna daban. Tsarin yankin ya canza bayan mutuwa da maye a cikin maza biyu, amma ba bayan mutuwa da maye gurbin mace ko miji ba. Wannan yana nuna cewa mazan da suka manyanta suna da hannu wajen kafawa da kuma kula da yankin. Duk da auren mace-mace da yankuna da yawa, dawakai tsibiri ba lallai bane suyi auren mace daya. A tsibirin Santa Cruz, yara 4 daga cikin 16 da iyayensu suka gano da su ta hanyar tantance iyayen yara ne suka hadar da maza. Dukkanin abubuwan haɗin haɗin gwiwar sun faru tsakanin dawakai a cikin yankuna kusa da su.

Dukda cewa dawakai da ke tsibiran suna da asali na iya haihuwa a karshen shekarar su, amma mafi yawancin su sun fara haihuwa ne. Mace na iya yin juna biyu a cikin shekarar farko, amma sau da yawa sun kasa yin puan kwikwiyo. Kusan 16% na mata masu shekaru 1 zuwa 2 sun fara haihuwar shekaru 5 a tsibirin San Miguel, sabanin kashi 60% na tsofaffin mata. Youngan mata suna da ƙananan darajar haihuwa fiye da manya a tsibirin Santa Cruz. Koyaya, mata da aka fara shigar da su cikin dabi'a daga zaman talala a tsibirin San Miguel sun samar da litter ɗin tun yana ɗan shekara 1. Kafin mummunar barkewar yawan jama'a a cikin shekarun 1990s, dawakai da suka tsufa na rayuwar suka rayu kimanin shekaru 4-6. A tsibirin San Miguel, an yiwa wasu mutane 8 da suka rayu shekaru 7 zuwa 10 a cikin daji. Akwai nuni da cewa mutane da yawa daga cikin daji sun rayu har zuwa shekaru 12.

Takaitawa da yin lafazin yawanci suna faruwa ne daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu, kiwo daga Fabrairu zuwa Maris. Mata suna cikin estrus na tsawon awanni 40, sau daya a shekara, kuma kawai lokacin da namiji yake kusa. Ma'aurata a Tsibirin San Miguel an lura da su a farkon makonni 2 na Maris 2000, kuma watakila hadadden ma'aurata masu nasara sun faru tsakanin tsakiyar Fabrairu zuwa farkon Maris. Bayan daukar ciki, kimanin kwanaki 50-53, ana haihuwar dawakai. Wannan yana faruwa daga farko har zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu, wani lokacin har zuwa tsakiyar Mayu. A shekara ta 2015, an yi rikodin ppan kwikwiyo a tsibirin kudu a watan Fabrairu. Daga 1 ga Afrilu zuwa 25 ga Afrilu, aka rubuta haihuwa a cikin dawakai da ke cikin tsibiri.

Dawakai a tsibirin suna haihuwar 'ya'ya a cikin maudu'in sauƙaƙan, a ƙarƙashin bushes ko a gefen kwari. Samun ciyarwa yana shafar zuriyar dabbobi, wanda ya bambanta daga 1 zuwa 5, a matsakaici na 2-3. Mace da ke da wadataccen kayan abinci na iya samun ppan tsana biyar, kuma karancin albarkatu a Tsibirin San Miguel a cikin 2013 da 2014 ya haifar da kusan babu haifuwa a duk tsibirin. Matsakaicin zuriyar litter ga haihuwa 24 a tsibirin Santa Cruz shine 2.17. Matsakaita zuriyar dabbobi na tsibirin da aka kwashe daga bauta 1999 zuwa 2004 (haihuwar 51) ya kasance dawakai 2.4. Kamar yadda yake game da sauran nau'in dawakai, duka iyayen suna nuna damuwa game da zuriya da magabatan tsibirin. Namiji yakan ciyar da mace a karon farko, sannan ya taimaka wajen ciyar da dawakan da suka bar kogon a watan Yuni.

Lokacin haihuwa, 'yan kwikwiyo makafi ne, launinsu kuwa daga launin toka ne zuwa baki. A ƙarshen watan Yuli ko a farkon watan Agusta, an maye gurbin launi na farko ta dattij wanda ke da tsatsa da yawa, kuma 'yan kwikwiyo suna kusa da manya. Kulawa ta iyaye har sau biyu yana haifar da rayuwar yaran, sannan kuma yana tallafawa bangarorin ma'aurata. Yanki, a fili, ana bayyana ne kawai a lokacin zuriyar masu girma. Babu tabbas ko wannan yanki an bayyana shi da ƙasa da karancin dawakai.

A lokacin da ya kai watanni 2, dawakai da yara sukan kashe mafi yawan rana a waje da kogon, amma suna tare da iyayensu duk lokacin bazara. 'Yan kuya-maza sukan fara farauta a cikin mahaifa tare da iyayensu tare a farkon lokacin bazara, kuma watsawa yana farawa a ƙarshen Satumba tare da barin ƙarshen yankin na iyaye har zuwa Disamba. Wasu 'yan kuya-biyu suna ficewa daga yankunsu ta hanyar hunturu, kodayake wasu na iya zama a yankun haihuwarsu na shekara ta biyu.

Hanyoyin rarrabuwa yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike. An gano cewa iyaye suna karuwa yankin su daga natal a cikin kaka, lokacin da 'yan kwikwiyo suka zama masu aiki. Ppan karen yara na wanzuwa a wurin haihuwa har zuwa watan Disamba, bayan haka yawanci ke faruwa. Wannan yana ba ku damar ƙara rayuwar kwikwiyo saboda farauta na farko a cikin yankin da kuka saba. Abubuwan da aka lura a cikin filayen sun nuna cewa mace ta farko ta farko kan haifar da nasu rukunin yanar-gizon kusa da haila, yayin da maza galibi sukan keɓance gaba ɗaya daga yanayin, yiwuwar rage yiwuwar haɗu da mace. Matsakaicin nisan da aka watsar a tsibirin Santa Cruz yayi kasa sosai (1.39 km) idan aka kwatanta shi da dawakai da sauran mutanen dangi. Saboda ƙarancin girman tsibiran, yaduwar nesa ba zai yiwu ba.

Hasashen gaggafa na gaggafa ya haifar da gab da lalacewa a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da aka samo asarar dawakai a tsibirin San Miguel, Santa Cruz da Santa Rosa. Farautar gaggafa da aka yi da zinare ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban abin da ke haifar da mace-mace a cikin tsibiran dawakai a tsibiran arewacin Channel.

Rushe gaggafa-fari (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) a Tsibirin Channel sakamakon yin amfani da dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) na iya ba da gudummawa ga mulkin mallakar wannan yankin tare da gaggafa na zinare. Balagura ta cin iska a tarihi a tsibirin da tsokanar su, musamman a lokacin kiwo, sun kori gaggafa ta tafi da su kuma bai hana su zauna a nan ba. Koyaya, wannan ya kasance har zuwa 1960, lokacin da sakamakon gurɓatar da DDT, gaggafa ba a lalata gaggafa a tsibiran arewa ba. Abincin tsirrai-mambayi sun dogara da albarkatun ruwa, da kuma gaggafa masu zinari a al'adance sun mayar da hankali kan ganima ta ƙasa. Bugu da kari, a yawancin tsibiran arewacin kasar, makiyaya na tumaki sun canza ciyayi da yawa daga tsirrai zuwa makiyaya mai kauri, abinda ya rage dawakai da yawa daga magabatan farauta.

Sauran da aka tabbatar da amintaccen gwajin sararin dawakai ne kawai game da dawakai na tsibirin shine kifayen jan kunne (Buteo jamaicensis), wanda galibi kece ga kawanya da kuma ba tsoffin dawakai na tsibirin ba. An dade ana samun rahotannin da ba a tabbatar da su ba game da hasashen gaggafa, amma babu wani tabbaci na yanzu ko na kwanan nan da ke nuna cewa dawakai ne suka zama ganima.

Factorsarin abubuwan da ke haifar da mace macen dawakai da ke cikin tsibirai su ne mutuwa a kan hanyoyi, wasu cututtuka da kuma cututtukan fata. Aƙalla misalin guda ɗaya na mace-macen fatsari sakamakon farauta da wani da ba a san shi ba ya tabbatar da farautarsa ​​a 2007 a tsibirin Santa Catalina. Hadin gwiwa tare da motoci ya kasance wata barazana ga dawakai da ke tsibiri a tsibiran San Nicolas, San Clemente da Santa Catalina. A tsibirin Santa Catalina daga 2002 zuwa 2007 a kan matsakaiciyar dawakai kimanin dawakai 4 ana kashe su kowace shekara a hanya. Fiye da dawakai 30 suna mutuwa daga motocin kowace shekara a tsibirin San Clemente. A tsibirin San Nicholas daga 1993 zuwa 2013, matsakaita da dawakai 17 suka mutu sanadiyar zirga-zirga kowace shekara, a cikin 2013 dawakai 18 sun mutu. Wannan lambar ya hada da foxs waɗanda aka kashe nan take. Wataƙila wasu dabbobi sun ji rauni sannan suka mutu, ko kuma akwai wasu 'yan kwikwiyo waɗanda ba su tsira ba bayan mutuwar mahaifiyar. Saboda haka, ainihin mace-macen shekara-shekara daga ababen hawa yana da girma.

Ko da kasancewar babu asalin musabbabin asarar rayuka, adadin kudan mutanen tsibiri na iya canzawa na lokaci-lokaci. Mazaunan tsibirin Santa Cruz wani lokaci sun lura da karancin lokaci da ɗimbin dutsen dawakai. Farin tsibirin Santa Catalina yawan mutane ya yi kadan a 1972 da 1977. Koyaya, ya zuwa 1994, ƙungiyar Santa Catalina tsibirin mutane da yawa sun kiyasta sun haɗu da mutane 1300. A farkon shekarun 1970, mutane da yawa da ke zaune a tsibirin San Nicholas sun dauki karanci sosai, amma ya zuwa shekarar 1984 ya kai kusan mutane 500.

Guda huɗu na dawakai na tsibiran (dawakai na tsibiran San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz da Santa Catalina) sun sami raguwar saurin lambobi cikin rabi na biyu na 1990s. Yawan fox a tsibiran San Miguel, Santa Rosa da Santa Cruz sun ragu da kashi 90 zuwa 95%. A shekarar 1999, an yi imanin cewa matsalolin 'yan dawakai na tsibirai a tsibirin na Arewacin Channel sun kasance cikin hadari, kamar yadda kuma shekarun Santa Catalina ke ciki.

A shekarar 2004, an sanya 4 cikin 6 a cikin jerin kwastomomin Amurka saboda wani mummunan bala'i da yawansu. Yawan foxes na tsibirin San Miguel (Urocyon litattleis littoralis) ya fadi daga mutum 450 zuwa 15, tsibiran Santa Rosa (U. l. Santarosae) sun ragu daga mutane sama da 1750 zuwa 15, tsibiran Santa Cruz (U. l. Santacruzae) daga kusan mutane 1,450 sun ragu zuwa kusan 55; tsibirin Santa Catalina (U. l. catalinae) ya ragu daga 1300 zuwa 103. Faksunan tsibirin San Clemente (U. l. Clementae) da tsibirin San Nicholas (U. l. dic talla) ba su yi ba. an sanya su cikin jerin tarayya, saboda yawan su bai samu irin wannan raguwar ba. Koyaya, duk ƙananan hukumomi guda 6 ana sanya su cikin haɗari a cikin jihar California.

Manyan barazanar guda biyu wadanda suka haifar da rarrabuwar kawunan mutane hudu na tsibirin da ke cikin haɗari sune:

1) tsinkayar gaggafa gwal (Aquila chrysaetos) (Tsibirin San Miguel, Santa Rosa da Santa Cruz),

2) watsa kwayar cutar canine (Tsibirin Santa Catalina).

Kari akan haka, tunda kowane kyankyasar dabbar tsibirai yayi kadan, suna da matukar wahala ga al'amuran bazuwar saboda ƙarancin ƙwayoyin halitta. Sauran barazanar da ko dai sun taimaka ga raguwar adadin karnukan tsiran tsibiri ko kuma ci gaba da shafan karnukan tsibiran da mazauninsu ƙazantar da mazauninsu ne daga wurin kiwo, cuta, da cututtukan fata.

Sakamakon raguwar yawan mutanen da aka yi rikodin tsibirin da yawa, an aiwatar da tsarin kiwo a cikin tsibiran arewacin. An ƙirƙiri rukuni na rukuni na 20 don kowane tallafi a zaman wani ɓangare na shirin ɗaukar hoto.

A shekarar 2003, shirin kiwo na fursuna ya kusan isa zuwa ga manufar nau'i-nau'i nau'i biyu a cikin yawan jama'a. Matsakaicin girma na shekara-shekara na yawan mutanen da aka kama daga tsibiran Santa Rosa da San Miguel sun kai 1.2 da 1.3 bi da bi.

Shirin garken kisa a cikin tsibiran arewa ya wuce daga 2000 zuwa 2008. Daga 10 zuwa 20 mutane daga bauta aka saki a kowace shekara zuwa cikin daji.

Ayyukan farfadowa sun hada da kiwo na kampam (daga 2001 zuwa 2008), cire gaggafa na zinare, fitowar aladu na daji, awaki daji da gabatar da barewa da katako (duk - farautar gaggafa ne), gami da sake farfadowa da mikiya. Ana lura da duk nau'in fox na tsibiri ta amfani da sautin rediyo da ƙididdigar shekara-shekara. Fuka-fukin tsibiri ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke cikin haɗari an sanya su da alamun microchips a farkon kamfani. Wasu fox na tsibiri a kowane tsibiri ana ba su rigakafin kowace shekara daga rake canine da rabies.

Yawan foan tsibiri yana murmurewa tare da ɗumbin yawa da rayuwa a yawancin tsibiran, kuma wasu ƙananan tallafin suna kan hanyarsu ta dawowa. Za a iya cimma ka'idojin dawo da kwayoyin halitta ga mazaunan tsibirin San Miguel, Santa Cruz da Santa Catalina a 2013, Santa Rosa - mai yiwuwa nan da shekarar 2017.

Ya zuwa shekarar 2013, yawan dawakai na tsibiran ya karu zuwa mutum 1000 a tsibirin Santa Catalina da Santa Cruz, kusan 900 a tsibirin Santa Rosa da kusan 600 a tsibirin San Miguel. Bugu da kari, a halin yanzu dukkan kudaden da magabatan tsibirin ke da adadin rayuwa na shekara-shekara ya zarce kashi 80%.

Halin da ke cikin yawan namun daji a shekarar 2015: barga (San Clemente), an dawo da shi (Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina), an dawo da shi (Santa Rosa). Sakamakon fari ya haifar da raguwa kaɗan a tsibirin San Nicholas da San Miguel, amma alƙalumman biyu duka suna cikin natsuwa.

[gyara] Tsabtatawa

• Garin catalinae na Urocyon - tsibirin Santa Catalina.
• Manyan malamai na Urocyon - tsibiri na San Clemente.
• Urocyon litattafan dic taimakon - tsibirin San Nicholas.
• Urocyon ɗimbin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar dabbobi - tsibirin San Miguel.
• Urocyon litritionis santacruzae - tsibirin Santa Cruz.
• Urocyon litattafan santarosae - tsibirin Santa Rosa.

[gyara] Hali

Faksunan tsibiri dabbobi ne kawai. Yankin dandalin maza yana ɗaukar shafuka masu yawa na mata kuma yana da tsawon mil 0.5-1. Maza alamar ƙasa, yana barin fitsari da feces a ƙasa. Dawakai 'yan tsibiran ba su da yawa a cikin dare, amma ana lura da su da rana. Dabbobi na iya haushi a cikin dare. Ana yin sadarwa da juna ta amfani da nau'ikan sauti, da kuma hanyoyin gani.

Dawakai 'yan tsibiri suna da sahihan jama'a, masu biyayya, dabbobi da kuma son dabbobi. Ba sa tsoron mutane. Za a iya nuna rashin jituwa ga mutane kawai a cikin daji.

Foxes na tsibiri suna da omnivores; abincin abincin ya ƙunshi kwari da 'ya'yan itatuwa. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari da berries sun haɗa da manzanites, toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), quinoa (Atriplex) da kuma lu'u-lu'uOpuntia) Abincin dabbobi yana kunshe da mice da tsuntsaye iri-iri, wasu lokuta masu shayarwa, masu baƙi, sifofin ƙasa, da kuma zuriyar dabbobi da mutane suka bari.

[gyara] Sake buguwa

A cikin karnukan tsibirai, ƙarancin jima'i ba a bayyana sosai kuma ana lura da daidaiton alaƙa tsakanin maza da mata, wanda ke ba mu damar yanke hukuncin cewa suna da aure kawai.

Lokacin mating yana wucewa daga Janairu zuwa Afrilu kuma ya dogara da latti. Ciki yakan kai kwanaki 50-63, bayan haka ana haihuwar 1-5 (matsakaita 2-3). Rashin haihuwa yana faruwa ne a cikin kogo, wanda zai iya zama rami a cikin bishiyoyi, ramuka a cikin ƙasa, tarin tarin duwatsu, tsintsiya, kogo har ma da tsarin wucin gadi. Titin yana taimakawa kare dawakai daga matsanancin yanayi, masu farauta da sauran hadari.

Dawakansu sababbi ne makafi, masu nauyin 100 g. Lactation yana ɗaukar makonni 7-9. Ta hanyar hunturu, ci gaban matasa ya kai ga yawan dabbobi. Foxes suna ci gaba da kasancewa tare da iyayensu a duk lokacin bazara, suna samun 'yanci daga garesu har watan Satumba.Balaga ta balaga tana faruwa ne da watanni 10, kuma farawa daga shekara, dawakai na tsibirai tuni sun iya kiwo.

[gyara] Rarraba da kariya

Kewayon fox na tsibirin ya ƙunshi shida daga tsibiran takwas na Tsibirin Channel. Yana zaune a cikin ciyawar makiyaya, tuddai na bakin tekun, dajin kwari, kwari, itacen oak da kuma itacen oak.

Yawan fox na tsibiri zuwa 2002 an kiyasta mutane 1,500 ne, yayin da a 1994 akwai kimanin 4,000. A huɗu daga cikin tsibiran guda shida, yawan jama'a ya ragu cikin sauri a cikin shekaru 4 da suka gabata. A tsibirin San Miguel da Santa Cruz, yawan jama'a ya ragu da kashi 90% tsakanin 1995 da 2000. An kuma lura da irin wannan raguwa a tsibiran Santa Rosa da Santa Catalina. Yawan mutanen San Miguel a halin yanzu lambobi 28 dawakai ne, a Santa Rosa - manyan dawakai guda 45, an sa dabbobi cikin bauta a tsibiran biyu. A tsibirin Santa Cruz, adadin dawakai na tsibirai ya fadi daga 1312 a shekarar 1993 zuwa 133 a shekarar 1999. Imididdigar 2001 sun nuna cewa a cikin yanayin yanayi a tsibirin kawai dabbobi 60-80 ne kawai aka kiyaye, tun 2002 su ma an ba da su cikin kangin bauta. Jama'a a Santa Cruz da San Miguel suna buƙatar ɗaukar matakin gaggawa. A tsibirin Santa Catalina, foxes na tsibiri suna da hankali a sashinta na gabas, wanda sakamakon barkewar annobar kwayar cutar canine ne a 1999. Yawancin San Clement an kiyasta kimanin dawakai ɗari da arba'in da tara (410). Ofayan mafi girma yana kasancewa a tsibirin San Nicholas - kusan mutane 734 da ke da ɗumbin yawa (5.6-16.4 foxes / km 2).

Daya daga cikin manyan barazanar da magabatan tsibirin keyi ita ce tsinkayar gaggafa ta zinare (Aquila tsabtar) Yawancin cututtukan karnuka ma suna da haɗari. Dukkanin alƙalum suna da ƙarami, wasu suna cikin haɗari mai mahimmanci, saboda haka duk wata babbar hanyar mace-mace da ke barazanar dawakai tsibirin, ko da ƙaddarar gaggafa ta zinare, cutar kare ko kuma bala'in muhalli. Kwanan nan, a San Clemente, sakamakon farautar dawakai da ke tsibiran, ɗaya daga cikin sabbin 'yan Julan na Amurka (Lanius ludovicianus) Dawakai da tsibiran tsibiri sun lalace domin adana wannan tsuntsun. Kuma ko da yake harbin ya daina daina, har yanzu ana kama dawakai kuma ana tsare da su cikin fursuna a lokacin lokacin Zhulan ɗan Amurka. Bugu da kari, wuraren da aka kera suna kiyaye shinge na lantarki da aka gina kewaye dasu, wanda hakan ke tsoratar da dawakai.

Unionungiyar Internationalasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi ta fassara matsayin dawakai game da tsibirin a matsayin "mai haɗarin gaske". CR) Ba a hada wannan kallo a Aikace-aikacen CITES ba.

Nau'in dabbobi: Urocyon littoralis Baird, 1858 = Island Grey Fox

FATIKA ISLAND, FITA ISLAND

Sunan Latin: Urocyon ilmin dabbobi na dabbobi. An fassara sunan kimiyya da ake kira Litattleis daga Latin a matsayin "ko dai a nan, girma a kusa da bakin teku", ko kuma a matsayin wata halitta da ke zaune a tsibiri. Fodiyo tsibirin Urocyon litattleis shine mafi kusancin dangi na jinsunan mazaunan ɗan fari fox Urocyon cineroargenteus.

Sauran sunaye: ISLAND GRAY FOX, ISLAND GRAY FOX

Rarraba yana iyakance ga ƙasa ɗaya ta manyan tsibiri guda shida (Channel Islands), mai nisan mil mil 19-60 daga gefen tekun kudancin California, Amurka. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsibirin Santa Catalina, San Clement, San Nicholas, San Miguel, Santa Cruz, da Santa Rosa.

Kwakwalwar launin toka ta tsibiri sune ƙananan nau'in dawakai da aka sani daga Amurka. Har zuwa kwanan nan, an dauki fox ɗin tsibiri azaman matsayin fatsin fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), a matsayin ƙarami, kuma yana da gajerun wutsiya, a cikin sa akwai ƙananan vertebrae guda biyu fiye da foxes na launin toka daga ɓangaren duniya. Daga zuriya, fox na tsibirin, ya fara zama wata halitta ta musamman sama da shekaru 10,000, yana riƙe da halayen magabatan sa, amma a tsarin juyin halitta, girman sa ya ragu kuma a halin yanzu kashi biyu bisa uku na girman magabatansu ne.

Cikakken ra'ayi na fox tsibirin yana da rassa guda shida, ɗaya akan kowane tsibiran guda shida da suke rayuwa. Dawakai daga tsibirai guda ɗaya har ila yau suna da ikon haɗin gwiwa, amma akwai bambance-bambance na jiki da rarrabuwa iri-iri waɗanda sun isa su iya fahimtar cin gashin kansu. Misali, matsakaicin adadin caudal vertebrae ya banbanta sosai daga tsibiri zuwa tsibiri. Dukkanin ƙananan hukumomin suna suna ne daga tsibirin su wanda suka samo asali.

Tsibiri na Fox Fox:
Maharbar Urocyon da ke cikin gidan abinci - San Miguel Island fox
U. daskararre santarosae - Santa Rosa Fox
U. garken liredi - Fox na tsibirin Santa Cruz
U. littoralis dic taimakon - San Nicholas fox
U. litattleis catalinae - Fox na tsibirin Santa Catalina
U. da ke cikin lardin San Clemente - Fox na tsibirin San Clemente

Launi: Jawo mai launin fari da launin shuɗi tare da baƙar fata gashi kuma tare da cincin cincin cinya a gefe, kuma launin fari da launin shuɗi a saman ciki. Ciki, lebe, hanci, da gefen ido baki ne, yayin da hanun kumatunku masu launin toka. Kunnuwa, wuya, da kuma gefen gabobin suna da launin ruwan kasa. Wutsiyar tana da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar madaidaicin murfin fata daga hannun tayi tare da gyaɗa gashin kai. Abun da ke cikin wutsiya yana da taushi. Launin rigar yana iya bambanta tsakanin dawakai a tsibiran daban-daban, kodayake yana da saɓani sosai a tsakanin mutane daban-daban, kama daga launin launin toka har zuwa launin ruwan kasa da ja.

Farin tsibirin na tsiro sau ɗaya a shekara a watan Agusta da Nuwamba.

Foaƙƙarfan fuka-fuka suna da farar fata amma sun fi kauri a gashinsu idan aka kwatanta da manya, kuma ƙari ga hakan, kunnuwansu sun fi duhu launi.

Matsakaicin tsayin jikin mutum da wutsiya a cikin maza shine 716 mm (625-716), a cikin mata 689 mm (590-787). Matsakaicin matsakaicin jikin shine: 48-50 cm, tsawon wutsiya: 11-29 cm. Tsawon a kafadu ya kai daga santimita 12 zuwa 15.

Weight: Matsakaicin nauyin jiki daga 1.3 zuwa 2.8 kg (2.2-4.4 fam), tare da maza masu nauyin kimanin 2 kilogiram a matsakaita, kuma mata masu nauyin 1.9 kg.

Abun Rayuwa na Rayuwa: Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwa a dabi'a ya kasance yana da dadewa ga kyarma saboda sunada 'yanci daga masu dabaibaye da cututtuka. A halin yanzu, yana daga shekaru hudu zuwa shida, amma wasu dawakai sun rayu har zuwa shekaru 15.

Murya: Ana aiwatar da sadarwa ta hanyar magana tsakanin dawakai ta yin amfani da haushi da wasu lokuta girma.

Habitat: Tsibirin suna da yanayi wanda yanayi ke damuna saboda zafi da bushewa a lokacin rani, da sanyin sanyi da kuma zafi (damuna) a cikin hunturu. Kodayake yawan dawakai masu yawa yanada sako kuma yanada matsayinsu, babu wani ingantaccen tsarin mazaunin dasu. Lokacin da dawakai sukaada yawa, za'a iya samo dawakai da sa ido a kusan duk wuraren zama na tsibirin, in banda wadanda suke matukar talauci sakamakon tashin hankalin ɗan adam. Dawakai su zauna a cikin kwari da kuma filayen kwari, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na bakin teku, a cikin yashi, tsibiran ƙaya, da kurmin itacen oak da gandun daji na cikin kwari.

Abokan gaba: ofaya daga cikin manyan maƙiyan dawakai tsibirin shine gaggafa. Baƙi koyaushe masu zaki a Tsibirin, amma yawancin alƙalan daji sun ja hankalinsu a can 1995, lokacin da gaggafa ta mutu a nan. Rashin gaggafa ya haifar da yanayi mai kyau don daidaita tsibiran arewa tare da ƙaramin gaggafa. Ugo na zinariya ya fara nasarar farautar dawakai da tsibirin kuma a shekaru bakwai masu zuwa tsibirin tsibirin ya kai ga lalacewa. Binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa hakika, a shekarar 2000, yawan dawakai da ke tsibiran tsibiran uku na arewacin kasar ya ragu da kashi 95%.

Wata babbar barazana ga daukacin mazaunin tsibiri ita ce haɗarin cututtukan canine da aka gabatar daga ɓangaren duniya, kamar su leptospirosis, rabies, waɗanda zasu iya ɓoye yawancin kuɗin dawakai. A shekara guda kawai, kusan kashi 90% na fox na tsibirin Santa Catalina sun lalace saboda kwayar cutar canine da ke haifar da inna da mutuwa. Yawan jama'a, kamar yadda aka zata, ya ci gaba har zuwa yau.

Saboda kasancewarsu keɓancewa, dawakai a tsibiran ba su da wata hanyar kariya daga cututtukan cuta da cututtukan da aka kawo daga ɓangaren duniya, kuma suna da matukar kulawa ga waɗanda karnukan gida ke ɗauke da su. Yawancin dawakai sun mutu ƙarƙashin ƙafafun motoci a tsibirin Santa Catalina, San Clement da San Nicholas. Yawan foxes na tsibiri sun fadi daga mutum 6,000 a 1994, zuwa kasa da 1,500 a 2002. A tsibiran arewa, inda yawanci ya kasance saboda tsinkaye ta gaggafa ta zinari, dawakai sun fi yawa a cikin wasu wurare masu kariya wadanda ke da kariya daga sama, gami da dunbin bishiyoyi na ƙayayuwa da tsirrai. Dill mai ban sha'awa (Foeniculum vulgare) da sauran al'ummomin tsire-tsire na tsirrai.

Dawakai 'yan tsibiri suna farauta da dare, amma suna aiki da rana. Abincin abinci ya dogara ne akan inda dawakai ke zaune kuma an ƙayyade shi har zuwa shekara. Amma tushen abincinsu shine, da farko, kowane nau'in 'ya'yan itace da berries (gami da tan bearberry, toyon, quinoa, pear pear da sauransu), har ila yau sun haɗa da ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsayen, dabbobi masu rarrafe, katantan ƙasa, ƙwai da kowane irin kwari, da kuma sharan gona mai kyau daga tarkace mutum.

Bayan isa ga balaga, dawakai da ke tsibiri suna ƙirƙiri wata da zata dau tsawon lokacin kiwo da renon yara. A wani lokaci na rayuwa, sukan jagoranci ɓoyayyen dare da wasu lokuta rana salon rayuwa har zuwa lokacin kiwo na gaba. Namiji da mace daga ma'aurata galibi suna mamaye yankuna kusa da juna tare da yanki mai nisan mil 1.5-1, kodayake sassansu na iya, zuwa digiri ɗaya ko wata, wani ɓangaren an sansu a tsakani da sassan ɓangarorin makwabta. Sadarwa tsakanin dawakai ta hanyar hangen nesa, sauti da ƙanshi. A cikin daren duka, sau da yawa mutum yakan iya jin jita-jita game da tono tsakanin su. Sadarwar murya a cikin nau'ikan fashewa da haɓaka, tare da halartar fuskokin fuskoki da abubuwan da ke motsa jiki, yana taimakawa bayyanar da madafan iko ko kuma waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu. Don haka, alal misali, ƙaddamarwa ana iya bayyana yayin haɗuwa tare da rage girman kai, daidaita kunnuwa, taurin kai, bayar da lasisin abokin tarayya da kuma rashin saduwa da kai kai tsaye (kallon idanu a cikin ido). Kamshin mai kaifi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yiwa yankin ƙasa alama, wanda fitsari da daskararru ke gudana, waɗanda ke kan iyakokin shafukan yanar gizo da kuma manyan hanyoyin dawakai.

Dawakai 'yan tsibiri, kamar kakanninsu, suna hawa bishiyoyi sosai.

A zaman aure, dawakai na iya nuna zalunci ga mutane, amma da sannu za a tara su kuma zasu zama masu biyayya. Mai hankali, mai taushi, mai wasa da son sha'awa ya kasance ainihin asalin dawakai.

Tsarin zamantakewar al'umma: Dawakai a tsibiri suna rayuwa a mafi girma fiye da foda mai launin toka, kuma kusan nisan murabba'in ɗaya da fox. Yankin kowane shafin yanar gizon mutum ya rabu da maƙwabcin kusa da shi ta hanyar ɗaukar litter kuma ana masa lakabi da fitsari. Yankunan iyakokin maza suna canzawa fiye da mace, yayin da rabon mace wacce ta zama ma'aurata a lokacin kiwo ya zama mahalli na gama gari tare da namiji kuma an kiyaye shi gabaɗaya.

Sake haifuwa: Ana zaton cewa, kamar yadda a cikin yawan xyan dawakai akwai masu daidai tsakanin mace da maza, suna da aure masu yawa.

Za a samar da nau'i-nau'i a cikin kogon duniya, bishiyoyin mayalli, tarin duwatsun, bushes, kogo da sauran tsarin wucin gadi. Kodayake yawanci basa gina matsugunansu da kansu, amma in babu ramin da ya dace, amma suna haƙa shi kan su a cikin karamin rami a ƙasa. Arean wasa an haife inan kurji cikin kogon da ke da kariya da kariya a hankali tare da bushe ciyawar ciyayi.

Kamar sauran canines, maza suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka matasa. 'Ya'yan dawakai, bayan sun bar kogon kuma suka sami' yanci, galibi suna zama kusa da kogonsu, a wurin iyayensu na wasu ɗan lokaci. Sun isa cikakkiyar girma a ƙarshen wannan shekara, amma yawanci suna barin iyayensu a ƙarshen Satumba.

Shekarar / lokacin kiwo: Lokacin mating da dabbar ta hanyar lalacewa ta fadi a watan Janairu - Afrilu kuma ya dogara da latti na yankin.

Balagagge: Fuka-fukai sun zama masu 'yanci a farkon lokacin kaka, su kai ga balaga lokacin da suka kai watanni 10 da haihuwa, kuma mace ta haihu da kimanin shekara guda.

Haihuwa: Haihuwa: kwanaki 51-63.

Zuriya: Girman litter akan matsakaita shine puan kwikwiyo 4, amma jeri daga 1 zuwa 10. ppan kwiyakwaba makafi ne kuma basa taimako yayin haihuwa kuma sunkai kimanin gram 100. Uwa tana shayar da 'yan kwikwiyo kuma tana ciyar da su da madara a farkon sati na 7-9, kodayake sun fito daga ramin kuma sun fara ɓoye abincin da iyayen suka kawo, tun daga lokacin da ya kai kimanin wata guda.

Amfana / cutar da mutane:

Babban barazanar uku da aka yiwa dawakai launin tsibiri ita ce lalata mazauninsu, gasa tare da kuliyoyin daji akan abinci, da kuma barazanar cututtukan da aka bullo dasu daga ɓangaren duniya. Don haka, yawan karnuka da ke tsibirin San Miguel ya ragu da bala'i a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata: idan a shekarar 1994 aka kiyasta yawan dawakai a cikin dabbobi 450, to a shekarar 1998 an ƙidaya dabbobi 40 kawai.

Ba a san kaɗan game da dawakai a tsibiran Santa Rosa ba. An yi imanin cewa ba kasafai ba ne, kuma an yi imanin cewa gaggafa masu zinari sun taka rawa sosai wajen raguwarsu. Yawan dawakai a tsibirin Santa Cruz suna da dabbobi kusan 100-133. Babban dalilin mutuwa shine gaggafa. A tsibirin Santa Catalina, yawancin dawakai sun mutu a shekara ta 1999 daga kisan-kai da aka gabatar da karnuka. Alurar riga kafi ta biyo baya ta haifar da dawo da ɓangaren biyun dawakai kuma a yanzu haka suna da yawa. Yawan fox a tsibirin San Clemente yana da yawa, kuma a San Nicolas yawanci yana karuwa koyaushe. Duk abubuwan da ke sama sun haifar da gaskiyar cewa a halin yanzu fox tsibirin yana da cikakken kariya a duk tsibiran guda shida.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Foxes na tsibiri Sukan farauta da dare, amma kuma suna aiki da rana. Abincin abincinsu ya dogara ne da inda dawakai ke zaune kuma an ƙayyade shi har zuwa shekara. Amma tushen abincinsu shine, da farko, kowane nau'in 'ya'yan itace da berries (gami da tanish bearberry, quinoa, pear mai tsini da sauransu). Tabbas, wannan mafarautan ba zai iya yin abinci ba tare da sunadaran dabbobi ba, yana ci akan kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe, da katunan ƙasa, ƙwai da sauran kwari, haka kuma abubuwan ciye-ciye ya ragu daga tarkacen ɗan adam.

Halayyar zamantakewa da sake haifarwa

Foxes na tsibiri Bayan sun isa balaga, dawakai suka kirkiro wata mace wacce zata iya ciyar da ita har zuwa lokacin kiwo da 'ya'yan kwikwiyo. Ragowar shekara, dawakai sukan jagoranci hutu mara tsayi, wani lokacin kuma rana, rayuwa har zuwa lokacin kiwo mai zuwa. Namiji da mace daga ma'aurata galibi suna mamaye yankuna kusa da juna tare da yanki mai nisan mil 1.5-1, kodayake sassansu na iya, zuwa digiri ɗaya ko wata, wani ɓangaren an sansu a tsakani da sassan ɓangarorin makwabta. Dawakai 'yan tsibiri suna rayuwa a birni mafi girma fiye da fox mai launin toka, kuma kusan nisan murabba'in ɗaya da fox. Yankunan iyakokin maza suna canzawa sau da yawa fiye da mace, yayin da ɓangaren mace da ke yin ma'aurata a lokacin kiwo an haɗa su cikin wurin iyali na gama gari tare da namiji kuma an kiyaye shi gabaɗaya.

Sadarwa tsakanin dawakai ta hanyar hangen nesa, sauti da ƙanshi. A cikin daren duka, sau da yawa mutum yakan iya jin jita-jita game da tono tsakanin su. Sadarwar murya a cikin nau'ikan fashewa da haɓaka, tare da halartar fuskokin fuskoki da abubuwan da ke motsa jiki, yana taimakawa bayyanar da madafan iko ko kuma waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu. Don haka, alal misali, ƙaddamarwa ana iya bayyana yayin haɗuwa tare da rage girman kai, daidaita kunnuwa, yin kururuwa, ba da lasisi ga abokin tarayya da kuma rashin saduwa da kai kai tsaye (ido zuwa ido). Kamshin mai kaifi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin alamar yanki, wanda fitsari da zuriyar dabbobi ke gudana, waɗanda ke kan iyakokin makirce-makirce da kuma manyan hanyoyin dawakai.

Lokacin mating da dabbar ta hanyar canjin ta faɗi ne a watan Janairu - Afrilu kuma ya dogara da latti na ƙasa. Gunanan nau'ikan dawakai na tsibiri suna shirya su a cikin jeji na duniya, kogon itace mara nauyi, tarin duwatsun, bushes, kogo da sauran tsarin wucin gadi. Kodayake yawanci basa gina matsugunansu da kansu, amma in babu ramin da ya dace, har yanzu suna tono ta kansu ta wani karamin rami a cikin ƙasa.

Cutar ciki tana kwana 51-63. Arean wasa an haife inan kurji cikin kogon da ke da kariya da kariya a hankali tare da bushe ciyawar ciyayi. Kamar sauran canines, maza suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ciyarwarsu, kariya da horo. Girman litter a matsakaita shine dawakai 4, amma jeri daga 1 zuwa 10. bornan jarirai makafi ne da marasa taimako yayin haihuwa kuma sun yi awo 100. Iya tana ciyar da su madara a farkon makonnin 7-9, kodayake sun fito daga ramin kuma sun fara ɓoye abincin da iyayensu suka kawo tun yana wata ɗaya. 'Ya'yan dawakai, bayan sun bar kogon kuma suka sami' yanci, galibi suna zama kusa da kogonsu, a wurin iyayensu na wasu ɗan lokaci. Sun isa cikakkiyar girma a ƙarshen wannan shekara, amma yawanci suna barin iyayensu a ƙarshen Satumba. Fuka-fukai suna balaga tun suna shekara 10 da haihuwa, kuma mace ta haihu lokacin yana kimanin shekara guda.

Barazanar rayuwa

Abubuwa uku masu mahimmanci suna barazana foz na launin toka - lalata mazauninsu, kishiya tare da kuliyoyin daji akan abinci, da kuma barazanar cututtukan da aka bullo dasu daga ɓangaren duniya. Don haka, adadin dawakai da ke tsibirin San Miguel ya ragu sosai a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata: idan a shekarar 1994 aka kiyasta adadin dawakai a dabbobi 450, to a shekarar 1998 ya kunshi dabbobi 40 kawai. Ba a san kaɗan ba game da dawakai a tsibiran Santa Rosa. Yawan dawakai a tsibirin Santa Cruz suna da dabbobi kusan 100-133. Babban dalilin mutuwa shine gaggafa. A tsibirin Santa Catalina, yawancin dawakai sun mutu a shekara ta 1999 daga kisan-kai da aka gabatar da karnuka. Alurar riga kafi ta biyo baya ta haifar da dawo da ɓangaren biyun dawakai kuma a yanzu haka suna da yawa. Yawan fox a tsibirin San Clemente yana da yawa, kuma a San Nicolas yawanci yana karuwa koyaushe. Duk abubuwan da ke sama sun haifar da gaskiyar cewa a halin yanzu fox tsibirin yana da cikakken kariya a duk tsibiran guda shida.

Saboda kasancewarsu keɓancewa, dawakai a tsibiran ba su da wata hanyar kariya daga cututtukan cuta da cututtukan da aka kawo daga ɓangaren duniya, kuma suna da matukar kulawa ga waɗanda karnukan gida ke ɗauke da su. Yawancin dawakai sun mutu ƙarƙashin ƙafafun motoci a tsibirin Santa Catalina, San Clement da San Nicholas. Yawan foxes na tsibiri sun fadi daga mutum 6,000 a 1994, zuwa kasa da 1,500 a 2002. A tsibiran arewa, inda yawanci ya kasance saboda tsinkaye ta gaggafa ta zinari, dawakai sun fi yawa a cikin wasu wurare masu kariya wadanda ke da kariya daga sama, gami da dunbin bishiyoyi na ƙayayuwa da tsirrai. Dill mai ban sha'awa (Foeniculum vulgare) da sauran al'ummomin tsire-tsire na tsirrai.