Manoma suna sane da irin barnar da ƙananan alkama zasu iya yiwa hatsi. Sakamakon rayuwarsa raguwa ne ga ingancin hatsi, ƙimar shukarsa yana raguwa. Lokacin alkama na bazara ya fi wahala. An samar da cikakkiyar matakai don magance kwaro. Ya hada da sarrafa sinadarai na filayen da ayyukan noma.
Duba bayanin
Abincin alkama (Haplothripstritici) nasa ne na gidan Phalaeothripidae, gami da manyan kwari. Tsawon imago shine 1.5-2.3 mm. Jikin yana da tsawo, bakin ciki, fentin duhu ko baƙi. Shugaban daidai yake da tsayin daka. A'ura mai amfani da baki shine nau'in soka-tsotsa. Idanun sun girma, baki. An yanke gefen goshin kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe na mazugi bakin. Antennae ta ƙunshi sassan 8. Bangare na biyu kuma mai launin shuɗi ne, na uku kuma rawaya ne. Akwai setae da yawa akan prothorax, ana lura da kunkuntar a tsakiyar ɓangaren.
Abun ciki ya kunshi bangarori 10. Wings suna da elongated, tare da bakin ciki venation. Tare da gefuna ana cika su ta hanyar dogon cilia. Don wannan tsarin fasalin, ana kiran thrips fringed-winged. Ofafin fikafikan gaba da na baya daidai suke. A ƙafafun ƙafafun da ke gudana suna vesiculate suckers. Farin tibia da tarsi rawaya. Ana iya ganin bambancin jima'i a cikin girman mutane: mace shine 1.8-2.3 mm, namiji shine 1.2-1.5 mm.
Ci gaban kwari
Than matasa suna bayyana a watan Mayu-Yuni; lokacin ya zo daidai da farkon lokacin alkama hunturu. Harin kan filayen ana yinsa ne ta iska. Kwayoyin suna tashi sama da tsayin 1.5-2. Sun gwammace su ci a bayan farjin ganyen kunne. A wannan rukunin yanar gizon, za su iya tsotse ruwan 'ya'yan juji daga sashi mai laushi na kayan shuka. A lokacin bazara na ci gaba alkama, karin kwari yayi ƙaura zuwa gare shi. A farkon fatattaka daga cikin kwandon kwalliya, mata za su lullube pheromones kuma suna jawo hankalin maza don dabbar ta hanyar canjin.
Bayanai. Mace a cikin kwaro ya ninka sau biyu fiye da maza. A wasu yankuna, ana samun maza a adadin guda. Wannan ba ya hana haifuwa, mace tana sanya ƙwai marasa haihuwa.
Ovipositor yana faruwa akan kunnuwan masara. A cikin kwano 4-8 qwai ne rawaya ko lemo, m. Tsawon shine 0.4-0.6 mm. Lokacin haihuwar yana ɗaukar kimanin wata guda, yawan haihuwa mace shine kashi 25-28. Amfrayo ya yi kwana 7-8. Lokacin haihuwa, larvae masu launin kore ne, amma ba da daɗewa ba ku samo launin ja mai haske. Larvae yana haifar da babbar illa ga tsirrai. Suna tsotse ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga sikelin spikelet, sannan kuma daga hatsi.
Samuwar larvae yana ɗaukar sama da watanni shida. Bayan sun ɗanɗana, sai suka ciyar da ruwan 'ya'yan itacen hatsi. Wannan lokacin yana ci gaba har zuwa lokacin balagurs na hatsi. A wannan lokaci, larvae suna da lokacin zubar. Sun daina ciyarwa su nutse a cikin tushen ciyawar ciyawa. A wannan yanayin sun kasance har zuwa hunturu. Wasu kwari suna shiga cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin 10-20 cm, wasu suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin tarkacewar shuka. Tare da zuwa lokacin zafi, lokacin da ƙasa tayi zafi zuwa + 8 °, larvae ya juya zuwa pronimph, sannan zuwa nymphs. A cikin wannan halin, zauna makonni 1-2. Mataki na gaba shine imago. Yawan amfanin gonar kwari yayi tsawan wata daya. Tsawon rayuwar manya shine kwanaki 30-40.
Bayanai. Wani zamani na alkama ya maye gurbinsu a cikin shekara guda.
Laifi
Babban abincin amfanin gona na alkama na alkama sune hunturu da alkama na bazara, hatsin rai. Yana cutar da sha'ir, buɗaɗɗen abinci, hatsi, masara, abinci akan hatsi daji da tsire-tsire. Tsofaffi sun lalace ta ganye, bayan bayyanar su, alamun haske sun bayyana. Kunnun daga abin da ruwan ya narke ya zama mara kyau, akwai friability, fari. A wuraren da larvae ke buga ɗanyen hatsi, sai hatsin ya zama mara nauyi.
Tare da shan kashi mai yawa na amfanin gona, nauyin hatsi ya ragu, ingancin gari da kayan iri ya ragu. A kan tsire-tsire masu kamuwa, mutane kusan 100 zasu iya rayuwa a lokaci guda, gami da manya da larvae. Lokacin da adadin larvae ya kasance guda 30, asarar nauyi shine 12-15%. Ganin mazaunin lardin 40-50 a kan kunne ana ɗauka bakin kofan cutarwa ne.
Dumi, yanayin bushe yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban aiki na kwari. Tsawon fari da ruwan sama ba su da tasiri a kan yawan kwari. A lokacin metamorphosis, huɗu suna mutu da rashin danshi. Doguwar ruwa yana haifar da lalacewar larvae tare da cututtukan fungal. Daga cikin magabtan halitta da ke warwatse alkama na alkama: ktyr, gwoza ƙasa, ladybugs, carrivorous thrips, laceworm larvae, bedbugs.
Measuresarancin aikin gona
Hanyoyi masu tsoka sun hada da:
- Pwararruwar allowsan da ke ƙasa na ba da damar halakarwa har zuwa kashi 80-90% na larvae.
- Yarda da juyawa amfanin gona.
- Lokaci mai laushi peeling.
- Shuka albarkatu na bazara a farkon matakai, amfanin farkon alkama alkama. Gaskiya ne cewa nau'in marigayi yana kamuwa da cutar sau 2-4 fiye da haka.
Hanyar Chemical
Ana ba da shawarar magani na filayen a farkon farkon alkama. Hanyar tana kaiwa ga mutuwar yawancin matayen kwanciya. Kwayoyin cuta suna haifar da lalata sauran kwari: scoops hatsi, aphids, kunkuru. Don fesa filayen, ana amfani da tsararren sinadarai na hanji - Ditox, Fufanon, Fastak, Clonrin.
A farkon lokacin bazara, manoma suna da lokaci don sarrafa amfanin gona kafin kwaro ya shiga hatsi. Yaƙi da ƙwayar alkama yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar cewa a cikin kunnuwan akwai kwari da tsararraki daban-daban, waɗanda ke ɓoye a bayan ganye da sikelin hatsi. Cikakkun matakan kawai zasu iya kawar da kwaro.
Bayyanar alkama alkama
Mace alkama na tsawon tsayi shine milimita 1.3-1.5. Canza launi na iya zama baƙi ko baƙar fata-launin ruwan kasa. Kafafu sun yi rawaya da fikafikan su bayyane.
Alkama na alkama (Haplothrips tritici).
Tsutsa na alkama ya kai mil 1.4-1.8 a tsawon. Launin larva launin ruwan kasa-baki ne. Manya tsofaffi suna da dogon cilia a fuka-fukan.
Maza na alkama na alkama sun fi na mata yawa. A cikin girman, maza sun fi ƙasa da na mace.
Isticsididdiga
Thrips sune "abokai" na agronomist
Ina so in jawo hankulan manoma game da matsalar yaduwar haɓaka da haɓakar riarna da yawa a cikin alkama na noman alkama wanda ya taso a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A duban farko, kwaro mara lahani ... Ee, lokacin da muke noma, tare da kulawa da ƙasa na shekara-shekara, wannan ya hana yaɗuwar thrips kuma lalacewarsa ba ta ganuwa. Lokacin da muka sauya zuwa fasahar noma ta zamani (ƙanƙanta da ƙira), lahani daga wannan ƙaramar kwaro ya zama sananne sosai. Ka tuna rani na ƙarshe (2011) da manyan alkama tare da lalacewa na 60-70% na ciyawar. Siffar halayyar rarrabuwar taro da lalacewa ta alkama alkama ne raguwar tsayin tsirrai da kuma buɗe ɓangaren ɓangaren kunnuwa.
Thrips lalace kunne
A takaice na tuno da ilimin halittar wannan kwaro. Riwan thrips larva a lokacin fure da hatsi hatsi sosai suna cin ruwan ofa ofan kunnuwa na kunne, kuma daga baya ruwan da ke cikin alkama na hatsi. Kusa da maturation, jan tsutsa yana gangarawa tare da tushe yana ƙasa ya ɓoye cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin 1 cm ko fiye, inda ya ɓoye cikin magana.
Alkama na alkama alkama - Haplothrips tritici.
Kuma kamar yadda yanayin yanayi mai sanyi na lokacin hunturu na wannan shekara ya nuna, thrips suna iya jure duk lokacin sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara, har ma da lokacin sanyi na arba'in.
Larva na thrips a cikin ƙasa bayan overwintering
A cikin bazara, lokacin da matsakaita yawan zafin jiki na yau da kullun ya kai, 8 ° C ne kawai a zurfin tsutsa, kuma wannan yawanci shine shekaru na 3 na Afrilu - shekaru goma na 1 na Mayu, yana zuwa ciyawa da wancan rashi, inda yake shiga duk matakai na canji zuwa kwaro na tsofaffi - pronymph, nymph kuma a karshe imago. Da farko, ganyayyaki sun fara ciyawa a farkon ciyawar alkama, sai su tashi zuwa ciyawa su ci gaba da zama har sai ganyen wannan tsirrai ya bushe. Daga nan sai kwari suka koma gona, inda a wannan karon sababbin 'ya'yan shuka alkama na bazara suka bayyana. Na dogon lokaci a cikin yankin, an shuka alkama na bazara a kan miliyoyin kadada, tare da kwanakin takamaiman shuka (rabin rabin May). Alkama na alkama, da yake da irin wannan filin don aiki, an daidaita shi sosai kuma yana aiki tare cikin haɓakarsa tare da nisan tafiyar matakai na ciyayi na wannan amfanin gona. Af, an yi imani da cewa mafi yawan thrips an mayar da hankali a kan na gefe na filin, sabili da haka, gefen jiyya tare da kwari ana da farko da shawarar. Amma kamar yadda muke lura, fuka-fukan fuka-fukan da suke da sauki suna dauke da shi kilomita 1,5.5 cikin ƙasa. Lokacin da karyewa ta bayyana (lokacin fita zuwa cikin bututu - kunnen kunne), mace ta fi mai da hankali ga saman bututun da kasan ganyen tutar. Suna asirin pheromones, suna jan hankalin maza, ma abota kuma yawanci suna sanya ƙwai akan ciki da sikelin spikelet.
Thrips a kan kunne na alkama a lokacin kunne
Daga nan sai larvae mai haske ya bayyana, daga baya ya samo launi mai kwalliya na pecculiar. Suna girma da sauri (har zuwa 2-3 mm) kuma suna cin abinci sosai. Larvae ne ke haifar da babbar illa ga kunnuwan alkama da rage yawan tsiro. Don haka akwai cikakkiyar sake zagayowar haɓakar waɗannan kwari. Banda larvae, har zuwa 100 ko fiye da manya na iya zama a kunne. A cewar shahararren masanin ilimin dabbobi na gida, Farfesa Grigory Yakovlevich Bei-Bienko (1955), rage yawan amfanin ƙasa daga haɓakar bunƙasa yana iya zama daga 5 zuwa 19%. Amma sannan ba a inganta fasahar sifili ba kuma an gabatar da ita gabaɗaya, wanda a fili yake ba da gudummawa ga tarin kamuwa da cututtukan fungal da karuwa da yawa na wannan da sauran kwari. Dangane da abubuwan lura da mu, a cikin 2010-2011 a Arewacin Kazakhstan a wasu fannoni na lalacewa, kamar yadda na riga na lura, ya kai 60% ko fiye. Kwararrun VIZR, V.I. Tansky ya ba da shawarar yin lahani ga cutarwa ta yawan byan adam akan kunnun alkama. Idan muka dauki tushen cewa nauyin tsutsa guda yana kan matsakaitan 0.1 MG da kuma asarar da ya ninka 12, to ba shi da wahala a kirga yawan asarar da yawansu yakai 30 zuwa 40 lardin kowace kara kuma, alal misali, tare da kwayayen kunnuwa 400 a 1 m2 . Kuma dangane da kadada sun riga sun kasance masu mahimmanci - a tsakanin 1.5-2 c. Kuma wannan a sarari siffa ce mara misaltuwa. Kamar yadda al'adar ta nuna, a cikin yanayin samarwa, zaku iya rasa rabin amfanin gona.
A ra'ayina tabbatacce, ba kawai rage yawan amfanin ƙasa ba ne, har ma da tabarbarewa yanayin ingancin alkama. Kodayake masana kimiyyar halittar dabbobi basa zana irin wannan yankewa, sakamakon lalacewar thrips ya shafi fili alkama na samar da hatsi mai inganci. Misali, lokacin da ake tantance ingancin alkama na alkama a cikin KH "Sergalieva" (gundumar Mendykarinsky, yankin Kostanai) a cikin filin guda, alkama mai yawan gaske na nau'in Lyubava ya samar da kashi 36% na alkama mai lalacewa, da alkama mai lalacewa - 28.5%. An lura cewa yawancin alkama na gama gari suna shafar galibi, ƙari, nau'ikan Lutescens. Wannan nau'in ya haɗa da, ba tare da banda ba, duk nau'ikan zaɓi na Omsk, kazalika da Lyubava, Kazakhstani farkon ripening, Lutescens 32 da wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka saba dasu a arewacin Kazakhstan. A lokaci guda, nau'ikan nau'ikan Erythrospermum iri-iri, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana da ƙananan lalacewa, kuma kaɗan an lura da su. Yana da wuya a dogara dogaro ko wannan ya faru ne saboda rarrabuwar ire-irensu ko gaskiyar cewa sabbin nau'ikan alkama mai laushi waɗanda aka amince don amfani da su a yankin Kostanay, nau'ikan nau'ikan iri-iri (waɗanda muke sa ido sosai tun farkon kafawa) shine Lyubava 5. Yana da matuƙar tsayayya ga zubar kuma yana da densely rufe spikelet Sikeli, a fili yana lalata shigar azzakari cikin farji na thrips a cikin kunne. Mun lura da irin wannan a cikin wasu nau'ikan iri da layin, suna ziyartar shirye shiryen zaɓen kamfanin Fiton. Littattafan O.V. Mukhina (2007) da S.G. Likhatskaya (2009) sun tabbatar da kasancewar ire-iren juriya ga wannan kwaro, kuma akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin yawan mutane iri daban-daban tare da alkama na alkama. Kuma baicin, masu binciken sun bayyana nau'in amsawa daban don lalacewa ta wannan kwaro. Batun batun juriya ga kwari yana da matukar damuwa, amma, abin takaici, ƙaramin nazari. Tsarin zaɓi yana cikin motsi koyaushe, ana ƙirƙirar sababbin nau'in juriya, kayan halitta na zamani suna cikin bincike. Kiwo da-daidaita daidaita aikin kan juriya ga launin ruwan kasa da tsatsa tsatsa na alkama. A lokaci guda, haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan da za a iya jurewa, aƙalla zuwa kwari iri ɗaya, magana ce ga masu shayarwa nan gaba.
Wadanne matakan ne aka gabatar don magance ci gaba da kuma menene aka riga aka tara tsawon shekaru na kwarewa? Da fari dai, har ma da mafi ƙaranci (ba sifili ba, a kula) tillage a lokacin kaka yana lalata har zuwa 90% na thrips larvae. Babu ƙarancin mahimmanci sune matakan sarrafa sinadarai. Tun daga canji na thrips larvae cikin imago yana farawa a yanayin zafin jiki sama da 8-10 ° C, kuma wannan a cikin sashin mu ya zo daidai da ƙarshen watan Afrilu da farkon Mayu, kuma gabatarwar kwaro ya girma cikin alkama mai nutsuwa yana faruwa a ƙarshen Yuni da farkon Yuli, waɗannan 2 - 2 , Watanni 5 sun ba mu izinin amfani da kusan kowane maganin kashe kwari a lokacin da ya dace. Muna amfani da wajen tattalin arziƙi da ingantaccen tasiri, ba mummuna ba, a ra'ayinmu, magani Fastak, wanda ke samar da kamfanin BASF. Wannan maganin kashe kwari - lamba da aikin hanji. Don tafiye-tafiye, maganin da aka ba da shawarar shine kawai 0.1-0.15 l / ha. Farashin kowace kadada na maganin kashe kwari ya kasance daga dalar Amurka 1.2 zuwa 1.9. Idan wannan aikin yana gudana tare da maganin herbicidal a cikin cakuda tanki, to, kusan za mu kusan kawar da ɓarnar gaba a wannan yanki, tunda har zuwa lokacin girbin sinadarai duk ciyawa daga ganyayyaki da na hatsi na zamani sun riga sun tashi zuwa alkama, mai laushi da sauƙin sauƙi alkama. Karkashin wannan “wuka” zai fadi daya kuma ya dage farawa qwai Hessian ta tashi, guntun burodin burodi, Yaren mutanen Sweden da sauran kwari. Ina ganin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a cikin hatsi ya zama ba shi da riba ta tattalin arziƙi, tunda farashinsu a hectare ya kai dalar Amurka 4-8. Ya fi kyau a yi amfani da waɗannan kwari a kan 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari ko a dankali, inda matakan cutarwa ke fara lalata tattalin arzikin daga farkon farawa a kan tuffa da currant, harbe kayan amfanin gona har sai an girbe su sosai. Misali, amfani da maganin kashe kwari a kwayarsa na kashi 60-100 g a kowace kadada tare da dabbobin daji a cikin gona "Birch" na yankin Fedorovsk tsawon shekaru 3 a jere. Wannan ya haifar da cikakken kariya na alkama daga kwari da rashin lalacewar amfanin gona. Maƙwabta, a ɗayan hannun, suna da irin wannan raunin da yawa a cikin al'adu guda. Hakanan ana iya faɗi game da Zarya JSC a gundumar Mendykarinsky, inda aka yi amfani da Fastak a kan manyan wuraren alkama na bazara mai laushi kuma babu asara mai lalacewa. An yi nasarar amfani da maganin kashe kwari guda ɗaya a kan Peas da wasu albarkatu. Ya ajiye kayan amfanin gonar gabaɗaya gabaɗaya daga manyan kwari.
Ya kamata a aiwatar da aiwatarwa akan thrips a mafi girman lokacin a gare su, lokacin da basu da lokacin da zasu ɓoye a bayan rufi na katako akan bututu ko ƙarƙashin sikelin spikelet. Duk da cewa kwararrun kare tsirrai sun ce saurin sarrafawa abu ne mai sauki, kwarewar mu da kwayoyi suna nuna akasin haka. Za'a iya kiyaye Thrips na shekaru daban-daban a wadataccen adadin da aka rufe da sikelin kunnuwa, a cikin sinus da bayan bayan ganye.
Baya ga masana kimiyyar ilmin halitta, abokan gabansu suna yakar wadannan kwari na alkama. Daga cikin manyan abubuwan shigar alkama na alkama, masu shigo da kwayoyin halitta suna bambance tsinkaye thrips thrips,
Taguwar bunƙasa - Aeofothrips intermedius
har da kwari - Yaro da tsutsa.Wadannan da sauran abubuwan maye gurbi suna rage yawan ƙwayoyin alkama a alkama. Koyaya, wannan bai isa ya hana ci gaban wannan kwaro ba, musamman a shekarun da suka dace don ci gaba da yaduwa.
Malashka - Paratinus femasinis
Yawancin lokaci, bayan lokacin bazaar bushewa, masu ba da izini a cikin masana'antu suna ba da shawarar yiwuwar karuwa a cikin adadin thrips kuma, bi da bi, bayan sanyi da rigar - raguwa a yawan su. Amma, kamar yadda bincikenmu ya nuna, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an sami karuwar lambobi koyaushe da karuwa ga cutarwarsu. Kuma tun da kaka na ƙarshe ya kasance mai wadatarwa don ci gaban alkama, kuma a cikin hunturu akwai hunturu na yau da kullun, a wannan shekara ya kamata mu tsammaci fashewar wannan kwaro a cikin filayen yankin Kostanai. Dangane da bayanan da aka bayar a cikin tarin FSBI Rosselkhoztsentr - "Duba yanayin yanayin kayan amfanin gona a cikin Tarayyar Rasha a shekarar 2011 da kuma hasashen bunkasar abubuwan cutarwa a cikin 2012", lardin tafiye-tafiye 106 a kowace murabba'in ya kasance lokacin hunturu tun damuna. Kuma wannan shine matsakaici ga Rasha, kuma a cikin yankuna na hatsi na hatsi akwai ma fiye da su. Don lokacin bazara-bazara na wannan shekara, masana sun yi hasashen: "... adadi mai yawa da cutarwa na thrips mai yiwuwa ne kan amfanin gona na hatsi." Don haka yi hankali! "Abokai" na masanin binciken ilimin halittar dabbobi ba barci bane. Kada ku rasa lokaci da wurin gwagwarmaya tare da waɗannan ƙananan, amma kwari masu saurin jini.
Bayanin alkama
Mace mata sun kai tsawon 1.3-1.5 mm. Launin su na iya zama launin baƙi-baki ko mai baƙi. Leafa da ƙananan ƙafafu suna launin rawaya a launi. Fuka fukafukan su bayyane. Akwai dogon cilia akan fuka-fukan. Abokin maza ba su da yawa fiye da na mata kuma marasa ƙanƙanuwa a kansu. Riahon thrips yana da launi mai launin shuɗi.
Tsarin kiwo
Theungiyar thrips tana cikin masu ovipositor. Alkama na alkyabbar mace sa ƙwai cikin tsiro. Bunungiya na iya haɗawa daga guda 4 zuwa 8. Ana sa ƙwai a kan sikeli da mai tushe daga kunn shuka. Yawan adadinsu yawanci kusan 28 ne. Matsakaicin adadin qwai da mace za ta iya kaiwa 50. Larvae yakan fito daga qwai a ranar 6-7. Larvae ciyar a kan ruwan 'ya'yan itace hatsi da kunnun masara. Lokacin da hatsi suka kai zuwa lokacin balaga mai tashe, haɓakar larvae yana ƙare, kuma suna zuwa hunturu. Generationaya daga cikin ƙarni na thrips ci gaba a cikin shekara guda. Mafi kyawun yanayi don yaduwar thrips suna dumi da bushewar yanayi.
Hanyoyin sarrafa magunguna
Tun lokacin da aka farke larvae lokacin da kasar gona tayi zafi har zuwa digiri takwas ko fiye (Afrilu-Mayu), kuma ana ganin shigar kutsawar cikin manya a cikin alkama a tsakiyar lokacin bazara, masu aikin gona suna da kusan watanni biyu don amfani da adadin kwari don sarrafa kwari. Kamar yadda suke kare dankali daga irin dankalin turawa.
Daya daga cikin mafi inganci kuma a lokaci guda magunguna masu rahusa shine Fastak.. Wannan kayan aiki yana da lamba da tasirin hanji. Don magance thrips, ana bada shawara don amfani da kashi 0.1-0.15 l / ha.
Yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa sinadarai na thrips don zaɓar lokacin da kwari basu riga sun ɓoye a bayan ganye na ganye a kan bututu ko ƙarƙashin sikelin spikelet ba: a wannan lokacin, kwari suna cikin mafi haɗari. Ko da tare da ƙwarewar yin amfani da hanyoyin kimiyyar sarrafawa, kawar da thrips ba matsala. Mutane daban-daban na rayuwa na iya kasancewa cikin adadi mai yawa a karkashin sikarin kunnuwa, a bayan ganye, a cikin ganyen ganye.
Tare da wannan magani, ba kawai thrips, amma kuma na dage farawa qwai na Hessian kwari, Yaren mutanen Sweden kwari da kuma wasu sauran karin kwari an tsĩrar.
Ayyukan sunadarai ta Fastak a hade tare da maganin herbicidal a cikin cakuda tanki yana sa ya yiwu kusan kusan lalata alkama. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a lokacin da ake shuka ƙwayar cuta, kwari ya riga ya tashi zuwa alkama mai araha da araha daga hatsi na zahiri.
Haplothrips tritici
Thrips (Geza mai fiɗa) - Thysanoptera (Physapoda)
Alkama na alkama - kwaro na bazara da alkama na hunturu. Fodder tsire-tsire sun haɗa da: hatsin hunturu, sha'ir, hatsi, masara, hatsi na daji, buckwheat, auduga, taba, da tsire-tsire masu yawa na daji. Yin bisexual. Ci gaba bai cika ba. Larvae overwinter. Wani zamani yana tasowa cikin shekara guda.
Danna hoto don faɗaɗawa
a kunne
Ilimin halittar jiki
Imago. Tsayin Jikin 1.2-2.3. Smallananan, kwari elongated. Apparasar bakin ofan nau'in sokin-tsotsa nau'in ana shirya kai tsaye tare da jiki, kamar yadda yake a cikin dukkanin wakilan squadungiyar Triungiyar Tafiya. Edgearsashin gefen goshin yana ɓoyuwa kuma yana zama tushen bakin bakin.
Shugaban daidai yake da pronotum, ƙasa da ɗan lokaci kadan. Mazugi bakin shi gajere, zagaye a karshen.
Antennae 8-kashi. Trichomes na antennae scaly. Nisa tsakanin wuraren da aka makala na eriyar karami ne. Na uku kashi na antennae tare da bakin ciki mai kauri.
Prothorax kunkuntar a gaban. Tsawon tsararren anguwar setae na prothorax shine 50-70 microns.
Yanada kashi 10. Bututun bakin ciki na bakin ciki ya fi gindin zama.
Kafafu suna gudana. A karshen kafafu suna vesicular suckers. Auki guda-kashi.
Fuka-fukan suna da tsawo, tare da rage wuraren hutawa da yanki mai tsawo na cilia a gefunan, ya kumbura a tsakiya. Fuskokin gaba da baya suna daidai da tsayi da faɗi. A ƙarshen ƙarshen reshe na gaba, 5-8 ƙarin cilia, sashi na 10 yana fadada cikin bututu.
Launin launin baki-launin ruwan kasa zuwa baki. Gabas na gaba, ban da gindi, da gaban tarsi rawaya. Kashi na uku na antennae rawaya, mai duhu a gaban ɗanɗarau. Fuka fukafukan su bayyane. Setae kodadde rawaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa-launin ruwan kasa.
Mace. Tsawon 1.8-2.3 mm. Lauyan ovipositor ba ya nan, akwai sandar chitinized mai duhu a gaban gaba daga gefen IX.
Namiji. Tsawon 1.2-1.3 mm. Akwai bayyananniyar daraja a gindi daga bututu na ciki na ciki. Eriyoyin sun fi na matar kyau.
Kwai kodadde launin ruwan kasa ko fari, siffar oblong. Tsawon shine 0.4-0.6 mm.
Tsutsa Na tsufa, Shekaru II. Antennae iri ɗaya ne da fitowar su da imago. A saman ciki na da karfi sosai sclerotized. Yanayin X na ciki ya kasance mai tsawo, mai aikin XI tare da dogon gashi biyu. Tsutsa na farkon sa mai launin shuɗi ne mai launin shuɗi, bayan hoursan awanni sai ya sami launin shuɗi. Larva na shekara ta biyu mai haske ja.
Pronimfa tare da fuka-fuki na farko, antennae na jagora zuwa gaba, gidajen abinci masu rarrabewa.
Nymph. Antennae an umarce su da baya. Abubuwan da fikafikan su ke komawa baya ya wuce yankin thoracic.
Phenology na ci gaba (a cikin kwanaki)
Tsarin ilimin halittar dan adam
Dangane da ilimin halittar jiki (bayyanar), imago yana kusa da nau'ikan da aka bayyana Haplothrips yuccae. Ya bambanta a cikin cewa ƙarshen gogewar ciki sun kasance mm 0.2 mm fiye da bututu apical. Babban tsire-tsire na fure shine yucca.
Baya ga nau'ikan da aka bayyana, Yawancin lokaci ana samun Prisaceous thrips (Haplothrips aculeatus), shima yana kama da ilimin halittar jiki ga manya tare da alkama na alkama (Haplothrips tritici).
Malware
Alkama alkama kan lalacewar hunturu da alkama na bazara, wasu ciyawa na gandun daji. An samo shi a cikin hatsin hunturu, sha'ir, oats, masara, hatsi na daji, buckwheat, auduga, sigari da tsire-tsire masu yawa na daji. Insectswararrun kwari da larvae suna da lahani. Adri thrips lalata kunnuwa masara, fina-finai na fure, spines. Tsotse ruwan 'ya'yan itace, kwari suna haifar da rashin daidaitaccen fata da schlozernost. Lalacewa ga tutar tutar a gindin ta sa ya fashe, yana yin wahalar fita daga kunne.
Larvae cutar a lokacin hatsi loading. Tsarin hatsi ya ragu tare da ƙaruwa da yawa na ciyar larvae. Tare da adadin 20-30 guda a cikin karye, nauyin asarar hatsi ya kai 13-15%. Ba a rage halayen gasa masara ba. Manuniyar iri na matukar tabarbarewa.
Matsalar tattalin arziƙi an ƙaddara shi a ƙarshen loda - farkon farawar madara na hatsi kuma an kafa shi a gaban larvae 40-50 a kunne ɗaya.
Lalacewa ta lalacewar alkama
Ana ganin mafi yawan adadin thrips yayin kunnen alkama na hunturu. Da farko, kwari suna ci da kunn masara ne kawai, amma daga baya sai su shiga cikin spikelet da masonry a ciki. Yawancin ƙwai da aka dage farawa ana lura dasu a cikin kwanakin 8-12 na farko.
Matakan alkama suna yaɗuwa musamman a cikin CIS: gandun daji-andpepe na ɓangaren Turai, a cikin Caucasus, Kazakhstan da Asia ta Tsakiya
A larvae fitowa daga qwai cinye ruwan 'ya'yan itace da masara na masara. Sakamakon ayyukan larvae, hatsi waɗanda suke cikin ƙasa mai lahani sun lalace.
Alkama na alkama suna haifar da babbar illa ga hunturu da alkama na bazara, a cikin mafi yawancin lokuta suna lalata hatsin rai. Manya sun tsotse ruwan sha, suna lalata leavesan ganye da kunnuwan matasa. Abubuwan da ba su da launi suna bayyana a gindin ganye. Halin kunnuwan yana canzawa. Kashi na sama na kunnuwa ya zama ya yanke kuma ya zama sako-sako.
Alkama alkama na haifar da rauni tsakani da raunin alkama.
Alkama na alkama yana lalata ingancin hatsi kuma yana rage nauyi. Jimlar asarar yawan amfanin ƙasa daga ayyukan alkama na iya zama 20%.
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