Rayuwa cikin arziki ko soyayya a cikin bukka? Yin zaɓi ba shi da sauƙi. Kuma koda kun riga kun tsara kanku, sha'awarku da ƙa'idodinka, rayuwa tana jefa abubuwan mamakin ku.
Labari na kauna da rashi da ba a iya jurewa ba dangane da koma bayan rayuwar kasar nan na shekaru 30 da suka gabata. Matasa Era da Zina, waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga babban buri, sabanin shawarar iyayensu, sun tafi birni don burinsu. Za su yi amfani da hannu da yawa, sun sami damar kulla abokantaka da gaske, binne rashin fahimta da kuma ishara, tsira daga sama da faduwa. Za su fahimci cewa babban abinda ke rayuwa shi ne kiyaye soyayya da imani a cikin mutane da kuma fatan alkhairi. Ko da menene.
Cwatsunci, boars daji da birai sun ba da sanarwar yaƙi da mutane. Babu wanda ya san yadda zai hana su.
Miliyoyin boars daji suna ci gaba a Turai, kuma ba wanda ya san yadda za a dakatar da su. A Indiya da Yuganda, birai suna yin kama a kan mutanen da suka kama dazuzzukarsu, kuma tsibirin Gabas Timor ba ya jimre da mamayar karnukan jini, yana kashe mutane da yawa. Akwai yaƙi tsakanin mutane da dabbobi, kuma fa'idodin yana da nisa daga kowane lokaci akanmu. Lenta.ru tana wallafa rahotanni daga gabanta.
Ina so in san komai
Wataƙila kun taɓa haɗuwa da irin wannan labarin na rarraba zuciya "game da biri da mai ba da shawararta mai ciki."
Bari in fada muku yadda lamarin yake da gaske.
Darajar “tuntuɓar farko” - tattaunawar wakilan nau'ikan nau'ikan - mallakar Chimpanzee Washo da malamai, ma'aurata Allen da Beatrice Gardner. A wannan lokacin an riga an san cewa dabbobi sun sami damar yin tunani: suna iya magance matsaloli “a cikin tunani,” wato ba wai kawai ta hanyar jarabawa da kuskure ba, har ma ta ƙirƙira sabbin halaye.
Wannan masanin ilimin halayyar dan kasar Jamus Wolfgang Köhler ne ya tabbatar da hakan, wanda ya gudanar da gagarumin bincike game da leken asirin chimpanzee a farkon karni na 20. A cikin ɗayan gwaje-gwajensa, biri bayan jerin ƙoƙarin da bai yi nasara ba don ƙwanƙwasa ayarin da aka rataye shi da sanda ko samun sa, hawa wani akwati, zauna, "tunani", sannan ya tashi, ya sanya akwatunan ɗaya a saman ɗayan, ya hau su da sanda kuma ya rushe maƙasudin.
Gaskiya ne, sun gaza cimma nasarori na musamman a cikin tarbiyyar Gua, amma Donald ya fara zama gwaggwon biri: maganarsa ta yi rauni, amma ya koyi yin koyi da kukan da al'adun Gua har ma ya fara sa haushi daga bishiyun bayan shi. Iyaye masu tsoro sun dakatar da gwajin, an aika Gua zuwa gidan zu. Wata mahalarta masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, ma'auratan Hayes, wadanda suka tayar da Chimpanzee na Vicky, tare da babban wahala har yanzu sun sami damar koya mata furta wasu kalmomi: “mama”, “baba”, “kofin”
Sai kawai a cikin 1966, ethologists Allen da Beatrice Gardner, suna kallon fina-finai game da Vicki, sun lura cewa tana so kuma tana iya sadarwa ta amfani da alamu: alal misali, tana ƙaunar hawa mota kuma, don sadar da sha'awar ta ga mutane, sun zo da ra'ayin kawo musu hotuna motocin da suka fitar da mujallu. Ba rashin iya magana bane yasa ya kasa magana, amma tsarin maƙogwaron. Daga nan kuma sai Gardner ya fito da dabarar koyar da chimpanzees harshen alama da kurma ke amfani da shi.
Don haka ne aka fara "aikin Washoe".
Washo da iyalinta
Uwargidan mace ta gaba a duniyar chimpanzees wata yarinya ce 'yar watanni 10 da aka kama a Afirka: tun asali ya kamata a yi amfani da ita ne a cikin binciken sararin samaniya - a fili, an haife ta ne kawai don shahara.
Lambuna sun tashe Washo a matsayin theira .ansu. Ba wai kawai ta tuno da yadda gwanayen da iyayenta suka yi mata magana ba, har ma suka yi tambayoyi, ta yi tsokaci game da ayyukanta da kuma ayyukanta na malamai, ta kuma yi magana da su da kanta.
“Kalma” ta farko alama ce ta “ƙari!”: Don ɗaure kai, yi sumbata, bi da ko gabatar da sabbin kalmomi. A cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa tare da Lambuna, Washo ya ƙware da Amslens 30, yaren Amurkawan kurma, a cikin shekaru ukun farko, haruffa 130. Koyar da yare a cikin tsari iri ɗaya kamar ɗa, ta koya don haɗa alamomi cikin jumla mai sauƙi. Misali, Washo yana tura daya daga cikin masu binciken ya bashi sigarin da ya sigari: alamomin "suna bani hayaki", "hayaki Washo", "da sauri ba hayaki" ya biyo baya. A ƙarshe, mai binciken ya ce: "Yi tambaya cikin ladabi," wanda Washo ya amsa: "Don Allah ka ba ni wannan hayaki mai zafi." Ko ta yaya, ba a ba ta taba ba.
Sai ya zama abin da Washo ke sanyawa gaba ɗaya ba saɓari fiye da ƙananan yara waɗanda suka fara ƙware da harshen. Misali, daya daga cikin alamun farko da ta koya shine “bude!” - Ta fara aiki lokacin da take son buɗe ƙofar ɗakin, sannan ta fara amfani da ita don buɗe dukkan ƙofofin, sannan ga masu jan kaya, kwantena, kwalabe da ƙarshe har ma don buɗe famfo.
Birai da aka yi amfani da maganganu na sirri, ra'ayoyi game da abubuwan da suka gabata da kuma nan gaba (a nan gaba ta fi sha'awar hutu, alal misali, Kirsimeti, wacce ta fi so sosai), tsarin kalmomi a cikin jumla (alal misali, ta fahimci sarai tsakanin “Ka naɗa ni” da “Na tufatar da kai "). Wani lokaci Washo yayi ƙoƙarin "yi magana" ba kawai tare da mutane ba, har ma da sauran halittu. Wani lokaci, lokacin da wani kare ya bi bayan motar da yake tukawa, Washo, wanda yake tsoron karnuka har ya mutu, maimakon ya ɓoye kamar yadda ya saba, ya jingine da taga kuma ya fara murmurewa: "Kare, tafi!"
A halin yanzu, da yawa wasu nau'ikan chimpanzees da aka haifa kwanan nan aka kawo su dakin gwaje-gwajen Gardner. Sun yi karatu cikin hanzari kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka fara sadarwa da juna a cikin harshen alama. Kuma lokacin da aka haifi jaririn Washo, ya fara koyon kwayar motsa jiki, ba ya lura da wasu mutane ba, sai dai sauran birai. A lokaci guda, masu bincike sun lura da yadda Washo yake "sanya hannun" - yana gyara alamar alama.
A cikin watan Afrilun 1967, Washo ya fara amfani da ƙira daga kalmomi. Ta ce "ba ni lemot" da "tafi a bude." A wannan lokacin, chimpanzee yana da shekaru lokacin da yara 'yan Adam suka fara amfani da haɗin kalmomi biyu. Kwatanta ikon ɗan adam da biri shine yanki na gaba na bincike. Amma wannan yanayin ya kawo wa 'yan Aljanna wasu matsala. Gaskiyar ita ce a farko wasu daga cikin masana kimiyyar basu amince da ikon Washo ba. Roger Brown, malami a Jami'ar Harvard, wanda aka san shi da bincikensa game da ci gaban magana a cikin yara ƙanana, ya yi imanin cewa Washo ba koyaushe yana riƙe da madaidaicin umarnin kalmomin ba kuma, saboda haka, bai fahimci alaƙa tsakanin nau'ikan kalmomin da suka ba da jumlar wata ma'ana ba. Jakob Bronowski da masanin ilimin harshe Ursula Bellugi sun buga labarin mai zafi wanda ke nuna cewa Washo ba zai iya magana ba, saboda ba ta taɓa yin tambayoyi ba kuma ba ta amfani da jumla mara kyau. A ƙarshe, masanin ilimin ilimin kimiyya Nom Chomsky ya bayyana cewa kwakwalwa ta chimpanzee ba a daidaita da ita don barin dabba yayi magana.
Bincike, a halin yanzu, ya samar da sabon sakamako, wanda Gardner yayi nazari kuma a hankali idan aka kwatanta shi da bayanan data samu akan ci gaban magana a cikin yara. Kuma ba da daɗewa ba an tilasta masu sukar su cire wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka ƙi
Roger Brown ya yarda cewa umarnin kalma ba mai mahimmanci bane. A wasu yaruka, kamar na Finnish, ba shi da mahimmanci kamar Ingilishi. Tsarin kalmomi a cikin jumla ba ya da babban rawar a cikin harshen kurame da bebe ASL. Kuma yara da kansu galibi suna keta umarnin kalmar, amma ... ku fahimci juna sosai.
Gidajen gona sun yanke shawara cewa yara da birai suna da kusanci sosai dangane da amsa tambayoyi, suna tattara jumla biyu, da amfani da sunaye, da maganganu, da kuma kalma a cikin jumla. Wanda ba a san shi ba game da ƙa'idodin nahawu, yara, kamar imanusazees, suna ƙoƙarin maye gurbin jumla guda ɗaya da kalma ɗaya ko biyu.
Binciken ya nuna cewa Washo yana yin tambayoyi da yardar kaina kuma yana amfani da maganganu mara amfani. Biri ya sami damar amfani da alamun "a'a", "Ba zan iya ba", "isa." Washo ya karye ta cikin mujallu mai kwalliya, yana tambayar mutane: "Menene wannan?" Bayanin Chomsky game da iyakancewar kwakwalwar chimpanzee kawai ba za a iya tantancewa ba: har yanzu ba akwai hanyoyin da za a iya warware wannan batun ba. Ba da daɗewa ba, masanin kimiyyar Amurka Norman Geschwind ya fara gwaje-gwaje tare da nufin kafawar cewa yanki a cikin kwakwalwar chimpanzee yana daidai da wanda ke daidaita ayyukan magana a cikin mutane.
Lokacin da Lambuna suka gama aikin su tare da Washo a 1970, tana cikin haɗarin zuwa ɗayan wuraren nazarin halittu "don gwaje-gwaje" kuma, idan ba ta mutu ba, to aƙalla takan rage sauran kwanakin ta a ƙaramin ɗakunan sel. Mataimakin Gardner Roger Fouts, wanda ya kirkiro da "Birai Farm", wanda a halin yanzu "dan Washo" suke zaune - mazaunan birai "na fada" - ya ceci ta, sannan kuma wasu chimpanzees da suka sami horo a dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Malami Gorilla
Sakamakon binciken '' 'Washo family' 'kamar ba a yarda da su ba, amma a cikin shekarun 70s gungun masu bincike masu zaman kansu wadanda ke aiki tare da nau'ikan halittun birran anthropoid sun tabbatar da kuma inganta wannan bayanan. Wataƙila mafi kyawu daga cikin birai “masu“ magana ”birrai sune gorilla Coco, wanda ke zaune kusa da San Francisco. Coco malami ne na gaske: ta yi amfani da, bisa ga ƙididdigar daban-daban, daga haruffa 500 zuwa dubu na Amslena, yana iya fahimtar kusan 2,000 haruffa da kalmomin harshen Turanci, kuma, magance gwaji, yana nuna ɗanɗanar hankali wanda ya yi daidai da ƙa'idar Bahaushe.
Koyaya, kamar sauran birai "na magana", babban ci gaban maganarta da bayanan sirri ya faru a farkon shekarun rayuwarta (a matsayinka na mai mulki, birai masu baiwa sun kai matsayin ga yaro mai shekaru biyu a cikin haɓakar magana kuma, a wasu fannoni, ɗan shekaru uku). Suna girma, sun zama kamar yara, suna ɗaukar yara game da yanayin rayuwa kuma sun gwammace wasannin zuwa duk sauran hanyoyin ciyarwa lokaci. Coco har yanzu yana wasa da tsana-tsalle da dabbobi kuma suna magana da su, sun ji kunya, duk da haka, lokacin da wani ya same ta a wannan sana'ar.
Coco yana son kuliyoyi sosai (tana da nata cat, wanda kwanan nan ta mutu), tana son yin zane. Za'a iya kallon zane-zane na Coco akan shafinta na yanar gizo http://www.koko.org/index.php, inda zaku iya samun sabon labarai daga rayuwar gorilla, wanda ya rigaya ya kasance a ƙarƙashin arba'in (chimpanzees da gorillas na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 45-50).
Yanzu masana kimiyya suna son ɗaukar “humanization” ta Coco zuwa sabon matakin - suna shirin koya mata yadda ake karatu.
A cikin makon, kafofin watsa labarai sun bayyana daban-daban game da yanayin mawakiyar kasa ta Russia Nadezhda Babkina. Ka tuno, mawakiyar tana asibiti tare da matsananciyar ciwon huhu. An ba da rahoton cewa yanayin Babkina ya inganta, kuma an dauke ta daga wani asibiti mai zaman kansa zuwa asibitin soja. Har zuwa ƙarshe, ba a bayyana ko mawakin ya tabbatar da coronavirus ba.
Margarita Koroleva, abokin Nadezhda Babkina: "Kamar yadda na sani, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen da Nadezhda Georgievna Babkina suka gudanar, sun ba da sakamako mara kyau game da dangantaka.
An bayar da wannan hirar ne ta abokiyar Babkina Margarita Koroleva, 'yan' yan awanni kafin jigilar Artist ta mutane zuwa asibitin soja. Tauraron mawakin abinci bai ɓoye ba: likitocin wani asibitin masu zaman kansu suna ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don rayuwar Nadezhda Babkina, inda aka sanya mawaƙin a ranar 1 ga Afrilu. Aminin Babkina yana hulda koyaushe tare da halartar likitocin.
Margarita Koroleva: “Fiye da kwana biyu, Nadezhda Babkina ta sane. Yana kan oxygen, an yanke shi daga oxygen, sannan a haɗa shi da shi. Tana numfashi da kashin kanta, ana sake bukatar oxygen. Gaskiya lamarin yana da matukar wahala. "
Amma a ranar Litinin, jaridu sun fito tare da kanun labarai masu karfafa gwiwa: "Mai fama da cutar huhu Nadezhda Babkina ya fito daga cikin rashin lafiya", "Mawaki Nadezhda Babkina ya fito daga wutsi sannan ya nemi dankalin da aka soya tare da namomin kaza."
Margarita Koroleva: "To, ban sani ba idan na tambaya, ko ya rigaya an-samo. Ta fara magana kaɗan tare da ma'aikatan, Ina tsammanin tana da abincin da aka saba, tare da cokali, tare da taimakon. "
Amma a ranar Talata lamarin ya yi tsami. An ba da rahoton cewa Nadezhda Babkina ta shafi fiye da rabin huhunta, kuma ta kasa magana.
Margarita Koroleva: “Wanene zai zo da wani abu wanda zai rubuta a cikin mujallu. Kada ku yarda. Ban tabbata cewa ita ba mai cutar coronavirus ba ce, saboda haka akwai kyakkyawan sakamako na gaskiya da sakamako mara kyau na karya, bincike zai nuna rayuwa. A wannan halin, ciwon guda biyu. Muna kiyaye hanun mu don tabbatar da cewa komai ya tafi lafiya, gyaran ya tafi lafiya. "
Amma an kuma gano cutar huhu a Alexander Vasiliev. Masanin tarihin ya yi magana da Nadezhda Babkina kwana daya kafin a kwantar da ita a asibiti kuma tana tsoron kar ta kamu da rashin lafiya, saboda suna da zane-zane guda daya na biyu. Zazzabi na Vasiliev ya tashi zuwa 38, tari ya bude. Nan da nan aka kwantar da shi a cikin garin Kommunarka. Amma jikin masanin tarihin ya juya ya zama mai ƙarfi, Vasiliev ya murmure da sauri. Ba a tabbatar da Coronavirus ba.
Abokin Babkina bai ware ba: mai zane na kasa yana da wuyar jure rashin lafiya mai wahala.
Margarita Koroleva: “Ina magana ne game da damuwa da ta kasance a gaban ranar bikin. Danniya ya shiga tsakani a cikin rayuwar Nadezhda Georgievna kuma, abin takaici, ya rage rigakafin ta. Ta kasance mai kuzari sosai, amma tayi bacci kadan. Yayin da har yanzu ta gaza, bari mu jira. Likitoci sun ce a ranar da za ta ji kanta, za ta shiga. ”
Kuma kafafen yada labarai sun rubuta cewa Nadezhda Babkina da kanta ta bukaci a tura ta zuwa asibitin soja, inda suka sanya Joseph Kobzon da Lydia a ƙafafunsu. Babban darektan kidan na Babkina, Sergei Gorokh, ya musanta ta wayar tarho cewa mawakiyar tana asibiti.
Sergey Gorokh: "Tana shayar da kanta don rana ta uku da tattaunawa."
Mai ba da labari: “Yanzu akwai bayanai cewa an tura ta zuwa asibitin soja. Wannan gaskiyane? "
Sergey Gorokh: “Karanta, don Allah, a shafin yanar gizon gidan wasan kwaikwayon mu. An rubuta komai a ciki. ”
Amma bayanan da ke shafin yanar gizon gidan wasan kwaikwayon na Babkina ba a sabunta su ba tun daga Afrilu 7. Iyalin mai zane-zane na kasa ma sun yi shuru.
Margarita Koroleva: "Tabbas, kamar dangi, Evgeny Gor shima yana da bayanai, amma ba wanda yake son hasashen komai yanzu. Likitoci suna yin iya ƙoƙarinsu don taimakawa gwargwadon iyawa kuma, a sakamakon haka, suna yin komai don Nadezhda Georgievna ta sami lafiya. ”
Dabbobin da aka horar ko 'yan'uwa a hankali?
Bayan haka, kammala binciken daga wadannan karatun sun kasance abin kyama ne kuma gaba daya abin yarda ne ga mafi yawan al'ummar kimiyyar. A bangare guda, "magana" birai suka zama iska a cikin maganin shafawa na masana falsafa da masana halayyar dan adam game da rami tsakanin mutum mai hankali da dabbobi kamar Automata wanda yake sarrafawa ta hanyar tunani da ilhami.
Ta wani bangaren, masana ilimin harsuna sun kai hari: bisa ga manufar Noam Chomsky da mamaye a cikin ilimin harshe na Amurka, harshe alama ce ta ikon ikon halitta wanda yake da banbanci ne ga mutane kawai (ta hanya, don yin ba'a da ɗayan birai "magana" da suke kira shi Chimsky).
A cewar masu sukar, alamun birai ba alamu ne mai ma'ana ba, amma kawai kwaikwayon masu bincike ne, a mafi kyawun “canjin yanayin” da aka samu sakamakon horarwa. Masu gwaje-gwaje, suna magana da birai, da alama duk lokacin basu basu ma'ana ba, ba tare da sun san kansu ba - tare da fuskokin fuskoki, idanu, tsokaci, da birai basa mai da hankali ga maganganun su, amma akan bayanan rashin magana.
Birai “na Magana” an kwatanta su da Clever Hans, dan tseren Orlov, wanda maigidansa ya “koya” dokin yin ƙidaya da amsa tambayoyi. A lokacin da ya juya ga cewa Hans yana maida martani ne kawai da ƙwarewar masu horar da shi.
Ofaya daga cikin burin Rambo shine ƙarfafa birai don amsoshin daidai gwargwado. Tsofaffin birai Savage Rambo sunyi aiki da su basu nuna wasu ƙwarewa na musamman ba amma kawai sun ƙara ruruta shakkurta.Amma a wani lokaci, jariri Kanzi - dan ɗayan waɗannan birai, wanda koyaushe yana zube a kusa da mahaifiyarsa - ba zato ba tsammani ya fara ba da amsa a kansa. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, babu wanda ya koya masa komai, masu binciken ba su kula shi da kwata-kwata, amma ya ba da amsa da mamaki.
Ba da daɗewa ba ya bayyana cewa shi ma koyaushe ya koyi fahimtar Turanci, kuma ban da wannan yana da babban kwarewa ga wasannin kwamfuta. A hankali, godiya ga nasarar Kanzi da 'yar uwarsa Bonbonishy, babu wata alamar shakku Savage Rambo, kuma ta fara nuna wa duniyar kimiyya cewa "magana" chimpanzees ta san yare uku (yerkish, amslen da kusan kalmomin Turanci 2000), sun fahimci ma'anar kalmomin. da kuma tsarin jumla, wanda ke iya samar da magana da jumla, suna magana da junanmu da koyo daga juna.
A cewar masanin kimiyyar, birai sau da yawa suna yin niyyar mai magana, ba ma fahimci ma'anar kalmomin ba. Kamar mutum yana kallon wasan opera tare da sautin TV ya kashe. Bayan haka, ma'anar za ta kasance har yanzu a bayyane. Rambo ya tabbatar da wannan lura ta hanyar gudanar da wani gwaji, idan aka kwatanta fahimtar shawarwarin yarinyar Kanzi mai shekaru 8 da yarinyar Ali mai shekaru 2. Gwajin ya ci gaba daga Mayu 1988 zuwa Fabrairu 1989. Daga cikin ayyukan da aka bayar na bakin magana 600, Kansi ya yi 80%, kuma Ali - 60%. Misali, “sanya farantin a cikin obin na lantarki”, “dauke da guga a cikin titi”, “zuba lemonade cikin Coca-Cola”, “sanya alluran abarba a cikin jaka”, da dai sauransu. Irin wannan halayyar masaniyar yare da ke haifar da bayyane, kodayake tambaya ce mara ma'ana: Shin zai yiwu a yi la’akari da cewa yaren Washo, Kanzi da Coco suna kusanci da yaren yaro mai shekaru biyu, ko kuwa wani yare ne “daban”, ɗan kama ne da ɗan adam?
Binciken Savage Rambo yana da matukar wahala a iya jayayya da shi. Wadanda suke son haɓakar ɗan adam kaɗai za su iya tabbatar da cewa, duk da haka, yaren da birrai ke amfani da shi har yanzu yana da nesa da ɗan adam. Kamar a cikin ba'a: "Alade ya shiga fagen wasan circus kuma ya taka rawa a wasan violin. Kowa ya ta da murya da farinciki, kuma 'yan kallo daya ba su tsinke ba, suna kallo cikin rashin nuna damuwa a matakin. "Shin, ba ku son shi?" - ya tambayi maƙwabcinsa. "A'a, ba dadi ba, amma ba Oistrakh ba."
A duniyar dabba: al'ada, ilimi, motsin rai
"Dabbobin suna sane." Wannan tatsuniya shine bege na karshe da zai tabbatar da matsayin mutum a cikin sauran halittu masu rai, yana ba mu 'yanci na dabi'ar kiyaye su a sel, amfani da gwaje-gwaje da gina masana'antu don samar da "rayayyen nama".
Amma baya a tsakiyar karni na 20, ilimin halittar dan adam ya bayyana - kimiyyar halayyar dabbobi. Kuma lura da masana game da ilimin dabbobi ya yarda da yanayin daban-daban game da ikon kwakwalwar dabbobi.
Ya juya ga cewa birai (kamar giwaye da dabbobin ruwa) suna san kansu, aƙalla a matakin jiki: sun san kansu a cikin madubi. Abubuwan motsin zuciyar da suke nunawa suna da arziki sosai. Misali, gwargwadon lura da masanin ilimin ethologist Penny Patterson, gorillas soyayya da kiyayya, kuka da dariya, sun san girman kai da kunya, tausayi da kishi ... Daya daga cikin sabon binciken da masanan ilmin kimiyyar ilimin kimiya na Ingila suka yi daga Jami'ar St. Andrews har ma sun nuna cewa dabbobin dolphins suna da nau'in dindindin. sunaye da junan su.
Wannan ba dabara ba ce, amma fasaha ce ta al'ada wacce take ginuwa daga tsara zuwa tsara. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙarin nazarin al'adun al'adun birai sun bayyana, kuma ana amfani da kalmar "al'ada" a wurin ba tare da ambato ba.
Koyaya, a cewar Evgeny Panov, “babban matakin ci gaban ayyukan makami na birran anthropoid yana nuni da ikon da suke da shi na tsara abubuwan da za'a iya aiwatarwa cikin dogon lokaci. Bayan haka, wannan baya haifar da al'adun duniya masu tasowa. "
Amma watakila birai kawai basa buƙatar sa? Tunawa da rashin tsoro na Douglas Adams: “Wani mutum ya yi imani da cewa ya fi dabbobin dolphins yawa, saboda ya cimma nasara: ya kirkiri keken hannu, da New York, da yaƙe-yaƙe da sauransu, yayin da dabbobin ruwa kawai suka yi hakan, suna nishaɗi, suna yin ruwa a cikin ruwa. Dolphins, a nasu bangare, koyaushe sun yi imanin cewa sun fi mutane hikima - saboda wannan dalili. ”
Haka ne, kwakwalwar biri biri tana da nauyi sau uku fiye da namu, amma wannan bai sanya mana banbanci tsakanin sauran rayayyun halittu: dabbobin ruwa, kifayen kifi, giwaye suna da kwakwalwa mafi girma fiye da namu. Masu binciken sun yanke shawarar kada su kwatanta girman kwakwalwa, amma rabo daga nauyin kwakwalwa zuwa nauyin jiki. Amma a nan shi ne mummunan sa'ar - mice dakin gwaje-gwaje sun kasance a gabanmu a wannan rabo.
Sannan 'Yan Gidajen suna aiki da chimpanzees uku. Moye (a cikin Swahili sunanta yana nufin "daya") shekara shida ne, Tatu (“uku”) ita ce shekara ta huɗu, Nne (“huɗu”) ɗa ne, yana ɗan shekara biyu da rabi. Washo jim kadan kafin fara wannan lokacin an cire shi daga gwajin. Dukkanin chimpanzees sun isa gonar ne daga baya bayan kwana na hudu bayan haihuwa. Daga farkon su, sun rayu karkashin tsarin ingantaccen tsarin kimiyya. Kowane dabba yana da nasa wurin zama - ɗakin dakuna, wani wurin wasannin, gidan wanka da ɗakin cin abinci. Ma'aikata uku suna aiki tare da kowane dabbobi .. A cikin azuzuwan da aka tsara sosai, suna koyar da sauri chimpanzees ASL. Ana amfani da malamai ga yin amfani da shi - ɗayan ma'aikaci kurma ce, sauran childrena ofan iyayen kurame ne. A gaban dabbobi, duk ma'aikata a gona suna magana da ASL kawai, don haka chimpanzees baya taɓa jin maganar mutum.
Ranar fara aikin gonar yana farawa da karfe bakwai na safe, lokacin da ministocin suka tayar da hayakin. "Alamar ranar" an ƙaddara kowace rana - sabuwar alama ce waɗanda masu ilimi suke ƙoƙarin gabatarwa cikin rayuwar yau da kullun dabbobi, ƙirƙirar yanayi kamar yadda zai yiwu don daidaita kalmomin su. Bayan bayan sallar asuba, karin kumallo ya hada da, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, gilashin madara mai dumama. Kuma yayin cin abinci, chimpanzees sun saba da samun 'yanci: su da kansu dole ne su daure zazzaɓi kuma ku ci ba tare da taimakon waje ba. Bayan cin abinci, ya kamata ku goge haƙoranku kuma ku goge gashinku.
Idan babu zafi, chimpanzees suna yawo a cikin tufafin da lallai ne su da kansu za su sa. Suna yin gadaje kuma suna tsaftacewa. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, birai sun sami damar goge ruwan da aka zubar, wanke wanke, da sauran ayyukan. Duk wannan yana da amfani mai amfani ga ilimin harshen kuma yana nisantar lalata.
Ana gudanar da aji a gabanin da kuma bayan abincin rana. Rabin awa - horo a cikin yin amfani da alamun, da kuma rabin sa'a - kallon mujallu na yau da kullun, littattafai. Wasannin da ake kira "kayan koyarwa" suna ƙarfafa su su zana, zaɓi abubuwa daga wani layi, suna da nishaɗi tare da cubes, an koya musu su sa allura har ma da ɗinka. An gano cewa chimpanzees suna da cikakkiyar kulawa a cikin mintina talatin. Kuma don kauce wa wuce gona da iri, ana tura su barci sau biyu a rana. A kusan karfe bakwai na yamma suna wanka da sanyi a cikin dogon barci, tufafi masu haske, har suturar ta bushe.
Tare da wannan salon, Moya ya sami sautin kalmomin haruffa 150, kuma Tatu sama da 60. Sau ɗaya a mako, duk masu bincike sun hallara don tattauna sakamakon, ciki har da haɓakar haruffa daga chimpanzee zuwa shirin chimpanzee. A wasu makonni, har zuwa ayyukan 19 na sadarwa tsakanin dabbobi an yi rikodin su ta amfani da ASL. Yawancinsu suna zuwa ga alamun “je wasa” ko “zo su yi laushi” (iman chhunpan suna da matukar son a haƙura su). Ya faru ne cewa Moya, da son mirgina Tattoo kan kanta, ya ba da siginar “anan”, yana nuna mata baya inda Tattoo ya kamata ya hau. Moya ya tsara mahaifiyar da alamar "yaro", yayi sanyi akan shi kuma ya bar shi ya sha daga kwalbar, yayin da shi kansa mahaifin, a dalilin da yasan kansa kawai, yana kiran cookies ɗin Moya.
Wannan ƙarni na chimpanzees, kamar yadda misalai suka nuna, sun shawo kan Washo a cikin haɓaka, tunda sun fara fahimtar harshe da ASL tun da farko kuma sun kasance cikin yanayin "mai ƙarfafawa" daga farkon kwanakin.
Anyi nasarar bincika iyar tattaunawar wahalolin halittun mutum a cikin Amurka kuma ta hanyar shirye-shiryen wasu gwaje-gwajen guda hudu.
Amma wani gwaji da aka gudanar tare da chimpanzees a Jami'ar Columbia na New York, kwanannan ya katse. Dalilan da suka haifar da matsayin Farfesa na farfesa a ilimin halin dan Adam Herb Terrace ya haifar da mummunan rikici tsakanin abokan aiki.
Shekaru huɗu da suka gabata, Terrace ya fara gwaji wanda Nim Chimpanzee (cikakken sunansa shi ne Nim Chimsky - wanda yake ɗan asalin masaniyar kimiyyar Amurka ne Nom Chomsky) shima ake koyar da shi ASL. Nim ya ƙware da yaren mai alama kamar ɗayan "geeks", har ma ya miƙa hannunsa ga masu ilimi don nuna masa sababbin alamu. Ya samu nasarar tafiya zuwa matakin "yara" na haɓaka harshe, ƙirƙirar sabbin alamu, da koya ... don yaudarar da zargi. Duk da wannan duka, Terrace ya yanke hukuncin cewa chimpanzees basu iya gina jumla daidai ba. A cikin gwaje-gwajensa, Terrace bai mai da hankali ga yadda kalmomin Nim suka sake cika ba, amma ga nahawu na bayanansa. Ya hada kalmomi biyu, ya hada kalmomin sosai ma'ana. Wasu kalmomi, alal misali, “ƙari”, koyaushe sun bayyana da fari tare da shi, wasu, alal misali, “ni”, “ni”, a na biyu. Nim ya ga cewa kalmomin 'ba ni' da '' ba '' ba a gina su a irin hanyar ba. Amma kuma, a cewar Terrace, bai tafi ba. Kuma a nan ne bambance-bambance na amfani da kwarewar magana tsakanin yara ƙanana da chimpanzees farawa
Da fari dai, idan chimpanzees ke tattare da alamomin kalma uku ko sama da haka, sannan abubuwa na ukun da masu biyo baya kawai a lokuta da dama na dauke da karin bayani, ko dai su maimaita gemun da aka riga aka yi amfani da su, ko kuma kara suna a cikin sunan mutum - “wasa (tare) ni Nim ( om) ”Daga cikin jimlolin huɗu huxu da ya halitta, guda ɗaya ba su da maimaitawa. A cikin yaren yara, ana maimaita irin waɗannan maimaitawa, gwargwadon ilimin harshe.
Bambanci na biyu shine abin da masana ilimin ilimin ƙasa suke kiran matsakaicin tsayin magana. Yara suna amfani da su, sun girma, ya fi tsayi kuma mafi rikitarwa jumla. A cikin shekaru biyu, matsakaicin tsawon jimlolin da suke da shi daidai yake da kalmomin Nim's - kalmomi 1.5 (ko alamar), amma a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, tsawon kalmomin Nim sun girma a hankali, yayin da suke yara (duka kurame da lafiya) ) yana ƙaruwa sosai.
Kuma karatun Nem ya bambanta da na yara. Bai kasance mai kutsawa zuwa dangantakar dake tsakanin maanar alamar ba kuma hanyar amfani dashi. Dangantakar matsayi tsakanin, alal misali, wani abu mai cin abinci da kuma fi'ilin daidai ga Nim babu shi - bai ga wani bambanci tsakanin “ci goro” da “ci goro”. Ya biyo baya, Terrace yayi jayayya, cewa chimpanzees basu fahimci abin da suke faɗi ba.
A ƙarshe, Terrace ya gudanar da cikakken bincike game da finafinan da suka kama "tattaunawar" Nim tare da mutumin, kuma sun kwatanta waɗannan sakamakon da nazarin tattaunawa tsakanin yara da iyayen. Yara sun fara fahimtar da wuri cewa tattaunawar wani nau'in wasa ne wanda mahalarta sukan canza matsayinsu: na farko zai faɗi, sannan ɗayan. Rarelyan da kyar ya katse mai shiga tsakanin ko kuma magana da shi lokaci guda. A cikin Nim, a kusan kashi 50 na maganganun, maganganun sun shiga cikin jawabin mai ba da labari.
Akwai hanyoyi guda uku don kula da tattaunawa bayan abokin tarayya ya gama magana: zaku iya maimaita jumlar wani gaba ɗaya, zaku iya haɗa abin da kuka faɗi kuma ku ƙara wani abu na kanku, kuma a ƙarshe, zaku iya faɗi wani abu sabo sabon yara a ƙarƙashin shekara biyu kuma ku sake maimaita iyayensu har zuwa kashi 20 na maganganun su. . Shekarar ta gaba, rabon maimaitawa ya ragu zuwa kashi biyu. Nime, duk da haka, a duk tsawon shekara ta uku ta rayuwarsa sun kwaɓi kashi 40 na maganganun malamai. Yaran da ke kasa da shekara biyu suna kara kalmomin mai kutse a cikin kashi 20 na lokuta, kuma har ya zuwa shekaru uku, don haka suna tallafawa rabin tattaunawar. Additionarin Nim ɗin bai wuce kashi goma cikin dari ba
Tsakanin biri da mutum
Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin shine a duk inda muke neman “kamance” ga hankalinmu da yarenmu, ba zamu iya tunanin komai ba. Birai “Magana” birrai sune halittu daban-daban fiye da danginsu na yau da kullun, “wawaye ne,” kamar yadda Washo ya bayyana. Amma ba sa taɓa zama mutane, aƙalla a idanun mutane da kansu.
An sanya sunan Washo bayan yankin a Nevada inda Lambuna ke zaune. Bayan haka, ya juya ya zama cewa a cikin harshen asalin kabilar Indiyawan da ke zaune a wannan yanki, "wosho" yana nufin mutum. Washo da kanta ta ɗauki kanta a matsayin mutum. Malama Fina-Finan ta Penny Patterson ta ce game da Coco. A cikin gwaji kan rarrabe hotuna zuwa kashi biyu - “mutane” da “dabbobi” - Vicki, wacce ta san kalmomi uku ne kawai, ta ba da tabbacin sanya hotonta cikin rukunin mutanen “mutane” (kamar sauran birai masu “magana”) waɗanda aka gudanar da wannan gwajin. ) Ta kawai gaba ɗaya cikin amincewa da rashin kunya ta sanya hoton mahaifinta wanda ba 'ya iya magana ba a cikin rukunin' dabbobi 'tare da hotunan dawakai da giwaye.
A bayyane yake, masu ilimin masana ilimin kimiya da masana ilimin halitta ba su da cikakkiyar amsa game da wannan tambayar. Kuma babban dalilin rikice-rikice shi ne cewa har yanzu ba a sami ingantattun ma'anoni bayanai da mahanga.Kamar yadda yaro da biri suka fahimci harshen ɗan adam ta hanyoyi daban-daban ba su da ka'ida. Amma "Magana" birrai sukan bambanta gaskiya a hanyar da ta dace da mutane. Sun rarrabe abubuwan da ke faruwa na mutane daban-daban kamar mutane, alal misali, tare da alamar “jariri”, duk biran da aka horar sun nuna ƙanana, yara da 'yar tsana. Washo ya yi “kare” duk lokacin da ta sadu da karnukan, da kuma lokacin da ta ji karewar kare, da kuma ganin hotan su - ba tare da la’akari da irin kiwo ba. 'Ya'yan sun yi daidai. Gorilla Coco, ganin zoben a kan yatsa Penny, "ya ce": "abun wuya yatsa." Kuma Chimpanzee Washo ya kira siwan "ruwa-tsuntsu." Menene wannan idan ba yaren ɗan ba? Shi ma, lokacin da ya ga jirgin, ya ce “malam buɗe ido.” ,Ari ga haka, gorilla gorel Michael, wanda ya koyi yaren laƙabi tun yana ɗan ƙarami, ya nuna mu'ujizai ne na fasaha! Ya yi kira zuwa ga abubuwan da ba a yarda da su ba irin su na da, na yanzu da na gaba.
Ya taɓa gaya cewa lokacin da yake ƙarami kuma yana zaune a cikin kurmi, mafarauta sun kashe mahaifiyarsa.Labanin mutane, birrai “na magana” sun magance matsalar “ganowa” yarensu tun da daɗewa: a ra'ayinsu, tabbas mutum ne. Kuma da yake yare yare ne na musamman na mutum, wannan yana nuna cewa su kansu “sun zama mutane”. An tabbatar da wannan ƙarshen nasu fiye da sau ɗaya.Har misali, Uosho, ba tare da wata shakka ba, ta zaɓi kanta a matsayin jinsin ɗan adam, kuma ta kira sauran imanyen '' halittu baƙi '. Coco sun dauki kanta a matsayin mutum. Lokacin da suka yi shawarar raba hotunan dabbobi da hotunan mutane, sai ta amince da sanya hotonta a hotunan mutane. Amma hoton mahaifinta mai aski da tsirara an haɗe shi da tarin giwayen, dawakai da karnuka.
Yaya muke da alaƙa da waɗannan halittun? Fim ɗin Soviet mai ɗaukaka "The Kasadar lantarki a cikin Wutar Lantarki" yana da matsala iri ɗaya: ga manya, Kayan lantarki lantarki ne mai magana, kuma zaka iya kuma ya kunna shi, amma yara suna gani a sarari: wannan mutum ne, har ma fiye da tagwayen Syroezhkin.
A yau, ana ganin masu ba da izinin kare dabbobi a matsayin loonies masu ƙarancin ra'ayi. Amma wataƙila gobe komai zai canza, domin da zarar a wani lokaci ba a ɗauki bayi ko wakilan sauran gungun mutane.