Albatross - Daya daga cikin mafi girma tsuntsaye a duniyarmu - watakila mafi yawan ruwan teku mai ban sha'awa a cikin daji. Albatross ya daɗe ana ɗaukarsa kyakkyawan alfahari ne. Jirgin ruwan teku ya ga wata alama ta kyau a bayyanar wadannan tsuntsayen kusa da jirgin ruwan, kuma wasu sun yi imanin cewa albatrosses rayukan matukan jirgin ne.
Mutane sun yi imani cewa idan kun cutar da albatross, kuma har ma ku kashe shi, to wannan kisan ba zai zame shi ba, ba da jimawa ba ko da sannu zaku biya shi. Su kuma albatross da kansu na miliyoyin shekaru suna jagorantar rayuwarsu, baya nuna zalunci ga duniya da mutum.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Tsarin Dabbobin Dabbobi na Duniya ya rarrabe albatross a matsayin tsari kamar abinci, dangin teku. Archaeologists sun yi imani da cewa wannan nau'in tsufa yana da tsufa. Yin hukunci da abin da ya gano, ragowar magabatan albatos suna zaune a duniya shekaru miliyan 20-35 da suka gabata. Hakanan an san kusancin dangi na dabbobin, burbushin da masanan suka kiyasta shekaru miliyan 70.
Yawancin bincike game da ragowar a matakin kwayoyin sun nuna kasancewar wani nau'in halittar tsohuwar tsuntsaye, wanda daga baya albatross ya kebe shi. Kasancewar burbushin albatrosses sunada yawa a arewacin hemisphere fiye da na kudu. Bugu da kari, an samo nau'ikan daban-daban a wuraren da albatrosses na zamani ba sa rayuwa - alal misali, a arewacin Tekun Atlantika, a ɗayan Bermuda da kuma a Arewacin Carolina (Amurka).
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Albatross Bird
Kwararru sun gano nau'ikan 22 albatross. Daga cikin su akwai wakilai masu matsakaici - babu girma mafi girma fiye da tekuna na yau da kullun, amma akwai ƙattai na ainihi masu fuka-fukai sama da mita 3.5. Atanann albatrosses, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna da duhu mai duhu, shuɗi da sautunan launin ruwan kasa, manyan suna da fararen fata ko kuma tare da duhu a cikin yankin kai ko fuka-fuki. Jikin albatross yana dafe a jiki, a karkashin gashin fuka-fukan akwai haske da dumin dumu-dumu, wanda a tsarin sa yake kama da dabba.
Thearfafa albatross na ɗanyun ya bambanta da yawan komputa mai ɗorewa. Don samun canza launi, samari yana buƙatar shekaru da yawa.
Albatrosses suna da babban baki wanda yake da ƙarfi, babba na shi ana runtse. A ɓangarorin biyu, a cikin ɓangaren ƙaho na babban beke, sassa biyu na hanci a cikin nau'ikan shambura suna cikin ƙamshi. Wannan tsarin yana samar da tsuntsayen kyakkyawan kyakkyawan wari da kuma ikon samo ganima ta wari. Bugu da ƙari, saboda wannan fasalin, ƙungiyar tana da wani suna - tubular.
Paudub ɗin Albatross suna da ƙarfi, yana tafiya da kyau kuma da amintaccen gaba gaɗi. Yatsun gaban uku suna haɗu da membranes, wanda ke taimaka masa da iyo sosai. Babban fasalin albatross shine fuka-fukansa na musamman. An tsara su ta wannan hanyar don ba wa tsuntsaye damar da za su yi tafiya mai nisa da kuma yin shiri na dogon lokaci a cikin iska. Fuka-fukafukan sun yi kauri, suna kauri a gaba kuma kunkuntar tsayi.
Albatross ana rike shi kusa da ruwa ta amfani da hawan iska. A cikin jirgin, ƙirar iska mai zuwa da iska suna da alhakin jagora da saurin motsi. Duk waɗannan dabarun suna ba da damar albatross don adana ƙarfin kuzarinsu da ƙarfi. Albatross ne kawai ya kamata ya faka fuka-fukansa a lokacin da zai tafi don ya rabu da kan duniya kuma ya sami tsayin da ake so.
Ina albatross yake zaune?
Hoto: Dabbobin Albatross
Gidajen yawancin lardunan albatross sune yawancin ruwan sanyi na Antarctica da gabaɗaya Kudancin misasar Hemisphere. A nan ana rarraba su ko'ina cikin ƙasa. Hakanan ana iya samun tsintsiya madaidaiciya a cikin Hankalin Arewa. Gaskiya ne, basu ci gaba zuwa sassan da suka fi sanyi ba, suna ci gaba da kasancewa cikin yanayin sanannu na yanayin latitude.
Amma ga wasu nau'in albatross, arewacin tekun Pacific shine wurin zama na dindindin. Waɗannan wasu wakilan dangin Phoebastria ne waɗanda suka zaɓi yankin ƙasashensu daga Alaska da Japan har zuwa tsibirin Hawaii.
Kuma wani nau'in halittane na musamman - Galapagos Albatross - shi kaɗai ne ya fara yin fice a tsibirin Galapagos. Sakamakon rashin kwararar iska mai mahimmanci don shiryawa, yanki mai natsuwa ba zai iya ƙetare yawancin yawancin tsuntsaye da ke da rauni mai ƙarfi ga tururuwa mai aiki ba. Galapagos albatross yana amfani da iskar da ke haifar da yanayin sanyi na yanayin Humboldt, kuma godiya ga wannan yana da damar ciyar da inda sauran danginsa kawai ba zasu iya isa ba.
Masana kimiyya masanan ilimin halittar jiki suna sanya ido sosai akan tafiyar albatross akan teku. Ba sa yin jirgi na yanayi, amma da zaran lokacin kiwo ya ƙare, kewayonsu yana watsuwa, wani lokacin ma sukan yi duwatsun yanayi, kodayake ƙarshen yana magana ne kawai ga nau'in tsuntsayen kudu.
Me albatross ke ci?
Na dogon lokaci, an yi imanin cewa albatrosses suna fitar da abinci na musamman daga saman teku, iyo da squatching squid, kifi da sauran abincin da aka kawo ta raƙuman ruwa ko hagu bayan cin abincin mahaɗan ruwa. Gwaje-gwaje tare da gabatarwar abubuwan kara kuzari a cikin jikin tsuntsayen da aka ba su damar yin bayanai kan karfinsu na yin farauta a zurfi.
Haka kuma, wasu nau'ikan basa yin zurfin zurfin mitir daga nisan ruwa, yayin da wasu - alal misali, albatross masu ƙamshi - sun sami damar nutse zuwa zurfin mita 5 ko fiye. Haka kuma, lokuta sanannen ruwa an san su da zurfi - har zuwa mita 12. Albatrosses suna farauta daga ruwa da iska.
Babban abincin su shine ƙananan dabbobin ruwa:
An lura da cewa nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban suna da abubuwan dandano iri-iri. A cikin abincin wasu, kifin ya fi rinjaye, yayin da wasu ke ciyar da abinci akan squid. Ana nuna halayen ci a cikin zaɓin mazaunin mazaunan mallaka. Albatrosses sun gwammace su zauna inda teku take da wadata a abincin da suke so.
Nazarin da masana ilimin dabbobi suka gudanar ya nuna cewa kwayar cuta na iya kasancewa a cikin jerin wasu nau'ikan albatross - alal misali, yawo da albatross. Wataƙila waɗannan datti ne daga kamun kifi, ragowar abincin masaruffan ruwa ko mazaunan ruwa da suka mutu a lokacin tsiya. Koyaya, yawancin tsuntsaye sun fi son abinci na musamman.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Albatross a Jirgin sama
Albatrosses suna rayuwa ta hanyar garken garke, suna rayuwa ne a yankuna. Mafi sau da yawa, ikon mallaka ya mallaki wani tsibiri daban, wanda aka zaɓa dangane da mafi kyawun damar shiga teku daga kowane bangare. A nan suke ƙirƙirar nau'i-nau'i, gina gida da kuma asali.
Don rayuwa, sun zabi yankuna na Tekun Duniya, inda squid da krill suke da wadataccen adadin, wanda shine babban tushen abinci. Idan abinci ya yi karanci, ana cire albatross daga filayen ana fitar da su don neman mafi kyawun yanayin rayuwa.
Don neman abinci, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun iya yin tafiya mai nisa. Suna farauta da rana, kuma suna barci da dare. Haka kuma, a baya an yi imanin cewa albatrosses suna bacci kai tsaye a jirgin sama, yayin da hagu na dama da kwakwalwa ana kashe su daya bayan daya don shakatawa. Yanzu dai an san cewa suna barci ne akan ruwa. Barcin yana gajarta, don hutawa da dawo da ƙarfi da suke buƙatar sa'o'i biyu zuwa uku kawai.
Toarfin yin iska a cikin iska tare da ƙarancin makamashi yana haɓaka sosai a cikin albatross cewa yawan bugun zuciyarsa a cikin wannan jirgin yana kusa da ƙimar zuciya a lokacin hutu.
Albatrosses, duk da girman su da babban baki mai kaifi, ba sa tashin hankali a cikin daji. Abinda yake damun su shine neman abinci da haifuwar zuriya. Haƙuri ne mai haƙuri da kulawa da kyakkyawar shawara ga brothersan uwansu idan akwai haɗari.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
HOTO: Abun albatrosses
Yawan jama’ar Albatross suna da tsarin rayuwa ta musamman. Manya suna kiwon dabbobi. Bayan haka, koda kaji sun bar gidan iyayensu, suna bukatar misalin halayyar maza daga bangaren tsuntsayen da suka manyanta da samun ta, tare da daulolin dawwama, da dabaru da sadarwa tare da wasu kabilun maza da mata daban daban.
Albatrosses suna rayuwa tsawon lokaci tsawon lokaci ga tsuntsaye - kimanin shekaru 50, wani lokacin ma. Har ila yau, lokacin balaga yana faruwa a ƙarshen lokaci, yana da shekaru 5 da haihuwa. Amma duk da haka su, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba su shiga cikin aikin haifuwa masu aiki ba, amma suna yin da yawa daga baya, zuwa shekaru 7-10.
Matasa suna zaɓan mata da miji na shekaru da yawa. Yayin da suke cikin mazauna a lokacin kiwo, suna koyon bayanai dalla-dalla da halaye na wasannin mating, babban abinda ke tattare da shi shine rawar mating. Wannan jerin jerin motsi ne masu hadewa da sautuna - danna tare da baki, tsabtace ruwa, gurnani kewaye, waƙa, da dai sauransu. Samun girma tsakanin matasa na bukatar lokaci mai yawa domin sanin dukkan dabaru da dabarun jawo hankalin mutane mata da maza.
Namiji, a matsayin mai mulkin, yayi kokarin burge mata dayawa a lokaci daya, kuma yayi hakan har sai dayansu ya sake ramawa. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri ma'auratan biyu, zamu iya ɗauka cewa dangin tsuntsu na ainihi ya bayyana, abokan tarayya waɗanda zasu kasance da aminci ga juna har zuwa ƙarshen. Canjin abokin tarayya a cikin albatross wani lamari ne wanda ba kasafai yake faruwa ba, dalilin shine yawanci kokarinda akeyi na samun zuriya.
Sabuwar ma'aurata da aka kirkira suna haɓaka harshen nasu na jiki, wanda biyu kawai suke fahimta. Sun gina gida inda mace take cin kwai ɗaya. Amma suna ƙyamar sa, suna kare shi daga maƙiyansu, kuma bayan wannan kula da yarinyar da aka ƙi - iyayen biyu.
Albatrosses sau da yawa suna yin ciyayi inda suka kori kansu.
Don samun abinci don kajin, albatross na iya tashi sama da mil 1000. Bayar da irin wannan nesa, mahaifin da ya zana ba zai iya kawo abinci sabo a cikin gida ba, don haka saboda aminci, ya hadiye shi. A karkashin aikin enzymes na ciki, abinci ya zama ya zama taro mai gina jiki mai gina jiki, wanda albatross ya yi bel a cikin kugu na kaji.
Aikin ciyar da yara a cikin albatrosses yana kimanin shekara guda. Sai kawai bayan wannan lokacin, kajin da ya girma kuma ya fi karfi ya tsaya a kan fikafikan kuma ya bar nunin iyaye. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ba sa dawowa. Kuma bayan shekara ɗaya ko iyayen biyu suna shirye don haihuwar sabon zuriya. Wannan tsari yana ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da mace take cikin haihuwa.
Abokan gaba na Albatrosses
Hoto: Albatross akan ruwa
A wurin da aka zaɓa don mallakar mazaunan albatrosses, a matsayin mai mulkin, babu masu farautar ƙasa. Wannan yanayin da tarihi ya kafa bai bada damar ci gaban farfadowa na kariya a cikin tsuntsaye ba. Saboda haka, babbar barazana a gare su ita ce dabbobi da mutane suka gabatar - alal misali, beraye da kuliyoyin feral. Suna kai hari ga tsuntsayen manya kuma suna lalata sheƙarsu ta cin ƙwai da ƙananan kajin.
An sani cewa waɗannan manyan tsuntsayen na iya fama da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyi - beraye, waɗanda kuma basa ƙin neman farauta mai sauƙi a cikin nau'in ƙwaiƙun albatross. Mice, kuliyoyi, berayen sun bazu kuma suna kiwon dabbobi a wuraren da ba a saba dasu ba da babban sauri. Suna buƙatar abinci, sabili da haka, albatrosses ba a shirye don irin wannan haɗari ba ya faɗi a cikin hadarin.
Amma ba wai kawai sandunan ƙasa suna haifar da barazanar albatrosses ba. Suna kuma da abokan gaba a cikin ruwa. Sharks da ke zaune a yankunan bakin teku inda tsuntsaye suke, ke kai hari ga manya, har ma fiye da haka - dabbobi matasa. Wani lokacin albatrosses sukan iya cin abincin rana tare da sauran manyan dabbobin ruwa. Akwai lokuta da aka sani lokacin da aka samo kashin albatross a cikin ciki na ƙwayar maniyyi. An haɗiye shi, wataƙila, kwatsam tare da wani abinci, saboda tsuntsayen basu shiga menu na yau da kullun na maniyyi ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Albatross Bird
A wata hanyar, albatrosses, tare da 'yan kalilan a cikin daji, ana fuskantar barazanar rushewa. Hanya ɗaya ko wata, wannan laifin mutum ne.
A zamanin da, farautar albatross ya haifar da ɓacewar yawancin jama'a a wasu yankuna. Wannan ya faru ne tare da kuliyoyin tsuntsaye a tsibirin Easter. Waɗannan mafarautan Polynesia sun lalata su da suka kashe tsuntsaye don nama. Zuwa yau, yawan albatross a tsibirin Easter bai farfado ba.
Tare da fara haɓaka kewayawa a cikin Turai, an kuma buɗe farauta don albatross a can. Heredungiyoyi marasa tausayi sun lalace cikin adadi mai yawa, ba kawai saboda nama mai daɗi ba, har ma don nishaɗi, shirya wasanni, ko kuma kawai kama su don ƙugiya.
Kuma a cikin ƙarni na 19, ɓarke da albatross mai farin da aka tallafa, ya fara daga kan arewacin tsibirin Tekun Pacific. An kashe tsuntsaye saboda kyawawan kayan masarufi, wanda ya je samar da hulɗa. A sakamakon wadannan ayyuka, alumomin sun kusan bacewa daga fuskar duniya.
A halin yanzu, daga nau'ikan albatross guda 22 guda 22, nau'ikan 2 suna gab da halaka, an gano matsayin wani nau'in shida a matsayin mai haɗari, kuma biyar sunada saukin kamuwa. Daya daga cikin munanan barazanar da ake yiwa jama'ar tsuntsu shine ci gaban kamun kifi. Smellarfin tsuntsaye suna jan hankalin ƙugiya, suna haɗiye shi tare da ƙugiyoyi, daga inda ba za su sake 'yantar da kansu ba. Haɗe tare da kamun kifi, doguwar kamun kifi yana haifar da lalacewar garken albatross, wanda yakai kimanin mutane dubu 100 don lambar.
Garkuwan Albatross
Hoto: Albatross Red Book
Don hana raguwa mai mahimmanci a yawan adadin albatross a cikin daji, masana kimiyya da ƙungiyoyin muhalli na jama'a a duniya suna haɓaka cikakkiyar matakan kariya. Suna aiki tare da kamfanonin kamun kifi da gwamnatocin ƙasa.
Don rage yawan mutuwar tsuntsaye yayin dogon kamun kifi, ana amfani da matakan gargadi:
- masu siyarwa
- kurmi mai nauyi
- kamun kifi mai zurfi
- gudanar da kamun kifi da daddare.
Waɗannan al'amuran tuni suna nuna kyakkyawan tasiri. Amma burin masana kimiyya shine a maido da ainihin daidaiton yanayin halitta a cikin mazaunan albatrosses. Don yin wannan, suna aiki kan aiwatar da cire dabbobi baƙi daga tsibiran.
Da yake magana game da ayyukan muhalli dangane da albatrosses, mutum ba zai iya gazawa da wani muhimmin mataki ba - sanya hannu a 2004 na Yarjejeniyar kan Kariyar Albatrosses da Petrels. Ya wajabta wa bangarorin biyu su tsara matakan rage yawan mutuwar tsuntsaye yayin kamun kifi, da tsabtace mazaunin albatrosses daga nau'in dabbobi, da kuma rage gurbatar muhalli.
Wannan takaddar tana da babban kwarin gwiwa game da kiyaye yawan albatross a cikin daji.
Albatross - wata halitta mai ban mamaki. Yanayi ya basu damar musamman, karfin gwiwa da juriya. Wanene ya sani, watakila waɗannan kyawawan tsuntsayen teku masu girman kai da alfahari suna kawo sa'a da gaske. Abu daya tabbatacce - suna buƙatar kariyarmu da ikonmu. Kuma dole ne mu samar masu idan muna so mu kiyaye kasancewar waɗannan tsuntsayen ban mamaki a cikin daji don zuriyarmu.
Bayanin
Albatross bashi da daidaituwa tsakanin dukkanin gashin fuka-fukan da ke cikin fuka-fukan fuka-fuki, sai dai idan wasu dinosaur masu tsalle-tsalle masu tsinkaye sun mallaki fuka-fukan girman wannan girman.
Bayyanar albatross kawai kyakyawa ce. Babban kai tare da babban, ya kama baki a ƙarshen, aka dasa shi a kan wuyansa mai ƙarfi, yana haɗuwa da rashin nasara tare da babban jiki mai zagaye, yana ba da ƙarfin gaske. M canza launi mai amfani da rushewa kamar dai yana jaddada daidaiton mutum ne. Umauki cikin tsuntsayen manya sun bambanta sosai. Mafi sau da yawa yana da fari kai, wuya da kirji, kuma baya da waje na fikafikan suna duhu.Amma akwai kuma waɗanda fuka-fukan gashinsu sune launin launin ruwan kasa, kuma a kirji wani yanki mai launin ruwan duhu. A cikin maza na albatross na sarauta, zubewa yayi fari fat, kuma kawai gefuna da kuma fikafikan fuka-fukan suna duhu. Girman fuka-fukan ya kai mita 3.7 kuma tsawon jikin shi mita 1.3.
Haka kuma akwai abin da ake kira albatrosses mai launin baƙi, shuɗi mai duhu-da shuɗi mai shuɗi. Abubuwan da suke lalata shine kusan launin toka duhu ko launin ruwan kasa.
Yawancin lokaci kananan tsuntsayen waje suna bambanta da na albatross na manya, launinsu suna canzawa daga shekara zuwa shekara kuma yana zama lafiyayye wani wuri a shekara ta shida, ta bakwai.
Wasu nau'in basu da aibobi a kusa da idanun, wani lokacin kuma zaka iya ganin rawaya ko launin toka a bayan kai. Yana faruwa cewa kai ya zama launin rawaya, kuma baki mai ruwan hoda.
Gefen albatross yana da girma, tare da kaifi gefuna, masu iya riƙe daure koda manyan ganima. Tana da tsari mai ban sha'awa. Ya ƙunshi nau'in faranti na ƙaho, kuma a bangarorin akwai shambura - nostrils. Wannan yana iya yiwuwa saboda gaskiyar cewa suna da ƙanshin wari mai ɗaci, saboda abin da za su iya samo abinci, kodayake idanuwan su na da kyau.
Yawancin tsuntsaye daga tsari na gas a ƙafafunsu masu ƙarancin ci gaba ne, kuma da wuya su motsa ƙasa. Albatross bashi da wannan rudar, yana da ƙarfi, yana da ƙarfi yana iya tafiya da ƙafa. 'Ya'yan sa ba kaɗan ba ne. Suna da yatsu guda uku kacal wanda membranes ya haɗu, wanda yasa ya yiwu a jere cikin ruwa kamar oars. Babu yatsan baya.
Rayuwa
Albatross a kan teku yana jin girma a kowane yanayi. A kan ruwa, tsuntsaye mafi girma a duniya ana ɗaukar su kamar iyo, saboda godiyar iska, mara ruwa. Mafi yawan lokuta, albatross bazai iya tafiya ƙasa ba tsawon makonni, har ma yana barci akan ruwa.
Babban fuka-fuki yana ba shi damar kasancewa a cikin iska, kusan ba tare da walƙiya ba, amma ta amfani da ƙarfin iska, kamar gurnani. Yana da fasahar tashi mai ban sha'awa. Yana tashi yana yin raguwa na lokaci-lokaci, a yayin da yake ɗaukar saurin gudu, sannan kuma ya hau zuwa sama cikin rafin iska mai zuwa, ba tare da ma kunna fuka-fukan sa ba, amma yana canza yanayin kusantar su. Yawancin lokaci albatross baya tashi sama a sararin sama, yakan yi ƙoƙari ya kusan mita 10-15 daga ruwa, tunda a wannan tsaunin shine mafi girman rafin iska. Godiya ga wannan hanyar, yana iya yin huɗa na dogon lokaci sama da raƙuman ruwa, kusan ba tare da motsi fuka-fukansa ba.
Koyaya, tare da irin wannan katakan fuka-fukai, albatross bashi da dadi koyaushe a cire. Yanayin kwanciyar hankali a kan ƙasa ko teku mai natsuwa cuta ce a gare shi. A irin wannan yanayin, ana tilasta shi kawai ya nutsar da shi cikin raƙuman ruwa, yana jiran isowar iska. A kan ƙasa, ya zaɓi musamman a wuri a kan tudun rairayin bakin teku, wani abu kamar paragliders yake yi.
Iri Albatrosses
Amsterdam, lat. Diomedea amsterdamensis. Fuka-fukan wannan albatross ya fi mita 3, tsayin jikinsa ya kai cm 120, nauyi zuwa 8 kg. Suna zaune a tsibirin Amsterdam, a kudu na tekun Indiya. Wannan nau'in albatross yana cikin haɗari. Akwai 'yan dozin kawai.
Sarauniya, lat. Diomedea epomophora. Tsawon jikin wannan tsuntsu yana cikin kewayon 110 - 120 cm, fuka-fukin ya fara ne daga 280 zuwa 320 cm, nauyin bai wuce kilo 8 ba. Babban mazaunin gidan albatross na sarauta shine New Zealand da tsibiran da ke kewaye. Shekarun matsakaita tsawon rayuwar Albatross shine shekara 58.
Yin yawo, lat. Diomedea exulans. Tsuntsayen wannan nau'in albatross sun fi sauran sauran jinsin girma kuma ya kai santimita 370. Tsawon jikin mutum ya kai zuwa 130. Godiya ga manyan fuka-fukansa, masu yawo albatross suna iya tashi nesa. Gidajen su na farauta shine tsibirin submarctic: Crozet, Georgia ta kudu, Kerguelen, Antipodes da Macquarie. Suna zaune kusan shekara 30, amma shekara 50 ma sun hadu.
Tristan, lat. Diomedea dabbenena. A waje, Tristan albatross yana kama da yawo, kuma tsawon lokaci an sanya su ga wannan nau'in. Bambancin kawai shine Tristan yayi dan kadan fiye da yawo a cikin girman, kuma matashin saurayi shine dan duhu, haka kuma, yana ɗaukar fararen launi. Tristan albatrosses suna zaune a tsibirin Tristan da Cunha. Yawan jama'a kusan dubu biyu da rabi ne.
Galapagos, lat. Phoebastria irrorata. Suna na biyu na wannan tsuntsu mai suna albatross ne. Jikin kusan 80 cm, nauyi a tsakanin kilogiram 2. Wingspan har zuwa cm 240. Galapagos albatross shine kadai tsuntsayen albatross da suke rayuwa ba cikin Antarctic mai sanyi ba, amma a cikin tsaunukan zafi. Matsakaicin wurin shine Galapagos Archipelago, tsibirin Hispaniola. Bayan wadatar kaji, an kiyaye waɗannan albatross a gefen gabar Ecuador da Peru.
Fan Faki, lat. Phoebastria nigripes. Tsuntsu mai fikafikai kimanin 1.8 m. Tsawon Jikin 68-74 cm. Tsayin rayuwa: har zuwa shekaru 50. Shahararrun wurare - Tsibirin Hawaii da tsibirin Torishima. Wani lokacin bin kifayen kamun kifi da cin abincin abincin da aka zubar daga gare su, sukan tashi zuwa tekun Bering da Okhotsk.
Albatross Buller, lat. Thalassarche bulleri. Yana girma a cikin tsayi zuwa cm 81. Tsubin fikafin ya kai cm 215, nauyin kuma ya kai kilo 3.3. Tsarin tsuntsaye mai suna albatross Buller shine mai suna Walter Buller, masanin ilmin kimiya na New Zealand. Shahararrun wuraren sune tsibiran Solander, Chatham da Snares. Tsakanin tsakanin mazaunan, suna zaune a yankin New Zealand, wani lokacin ana samun su a gabashin Tekun Pacific a gabar tekun Chile.
Murmushin Rano, lat. Phoebetria fusca. Ya girma zuwa 89 cm. Girman fikafetin yana da kimanin mita 2. Nauyi zuwa 3 kilogiram. Tana zaune a kudanci na tekun Indiya da Atlantika. Gudu mai duhu mara haske a cikin tsibirin Prince Edward, Tristan da Cunha, Gough. Ana samun ƙananan ikon mallakarsu a tsibirin Amsterdam, Saint-Paul, Crozet da Kerguelen. A waje da lokacin kiwo, wani albatross mai duhu-smoky yana tafiya a cikin ruwan Tekun Indiya a tsaunin 30 zuwa 64 °.
Light-spiky smoky, lat. Phoebetria palpebrata. Bird har zuwa tsawon cm 80. Wingspan har zuwa 2.2 m. Tsuntsaye mai nauyi har zuwa 3.5 kilogiram. Tana da nishaɗi a tsibiran da yawa na Kudancin Tekun: Amsterdam, Campbell, Auckland, South Georgia, Crozet, Kerguelen, Macquarie, Prince Edward, Saint-Paul, Antipodes, Heard Island da MacDonald Islands. Yankuna ko'ina cikin Yankin Kudancin. Yana zaune har zuwa shekara arba'in.
Blackbrowed, lat. Zazzagewar ƙwayoyin cuta. Tsuntsu mai girman jiki wanda ya kai cm 80 zuwa5. Wingspan har zuwa 2.5 m da nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 3.5. Wurin da ake farauto shi ne tsibirin tsibirin Auckland, Georgia ta kudu da Tristan da Cunha. Colonan mulkin mallaka suna da nau'i-nau'i sama da dubu 170. Ofaya daga cikin albatross rayayye, yana rayuwa har zuwa shekara 70. Tsakanin lokutan kiwo, Albatros-Black-browed suna zaune ko'ina cikin tekun Indiya, Atlantika, da tekun Pacific.
Grey-kai, lat. Thalassarche Chrysostoma. Tsuntsu tsayi cm cm 81 kuma yana da fikafikan 2 mita. Gida akan tsibirai da yawa na Tekun Kudancin: South Georgia, Kerguelen, Diego Ramirez, Crozet, Prince Edward, Campbell da Macquarie, a tsibirin kusa da bakin Chile. Suna zaune a cikin tekun Antarctic, wani lokacin kuma sai su tashi zuwa ruwa mara kyau. Albatrosses masu launin toka-mai-launin toka sun yawo ko'ina cikin tekun Kudancin zuwa digiri 35 na kudu maso gabas. Albatross mai launin shuɗda yana ɗayan ɗayan tsuntsaye mafi sauri. A cikin jirgi na kwance, zai iya isa da gudun fiye da kilomita 100 / h kuma ya tashi a wannan gudun na dogon lokaci. A lokacin hadari a shekara ta 2004, an rubuta cewa albatross mai launin toka, ya koma inda yake, ya tashi awanni takwas a saurin kilomita 127 / h. Wannan cikakken rikodin saurin tsuntsaye ne a cikin jirgin sama mai hawa wanda aka yi rikodin shi a littafin Guinness Records.
Rawan-Rawaya, lat. Thalassarche chlororhynchos ko ruwan rawaya na Atlantika. Tsawon jikin wannan tsuntsu ya kai cm 80 kuma fikafin nisansa ya kai mita 2.5. Nesting wuraren tsibirin ba a yarda dashi ba, Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale, Na tsakiya, Stoltenhof, Gough. Yawancin lokaci tashi akan ruwa Tekun Atlantika daga 15 zuwa 45 a kudu maso gabas tsakanin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka.
Kuna iya ganin albatrosses, waɗannan kyawawan tsuntsayen masu girman kai, a cikin tekuna da tekuna na duniya. Kuma ba abin mamaki bane, saboda albatrosses sune tsuntsaye masu zaman kansu kuma iska mai yawo shine yake jan su a duniya. Kuma ko da yake sun kashe yawancin rayuwarsu akan ruwa da iska, don ci gaba da tsere sun koma ƙasa. Ya daɗe da zama al'ada tsakanin masu jirgin ruwa cewa rayukan matuƙan jirgin ruwan an sanya su cikin albatross, saboda haka idan wani ya yi ƙoƙarin halaka wannan tsuntsu, tabbas za a hukunta shi.
Ina albatrosses suke zaune?
Matsakaicin wurin haihuwar albatross shine Antarctica da tsibirin da ke kewayenta. Amma a can waɗannan tsuntsayen ba su rayuwa ta dindindin, sai dai gida. Har zuwa sauran lokaci, albatrosses suna tashi mil mil daga ƙasarsu ta asali, amma duk inda suka yi yawo, sau ɗaya a shekara sukan dawo gida, inda suke samun matansu kuma suna shan kawunansu. Yayin da kajin ke girma, duk iyayen sun girma kuma suna ciyar da shi. Kuma da zaran sauraron albatross ya kai ga reshe, ma'auratan sun rabu kuma kowa ya tashi game da kasuwancin sa. Amma bayan shekara guda suka dawo kuma idan suna da rai da koshin lafiya, to hakika za su sake haduwa, suna ci gaba da tsere.
Har ila yau, kananan tsuntsayen ba su wanzuwa a wurin. Na farko, suna zaune kusa da wurin haihuwar su, kuma idan suka girma, sai su je neman teku. Galibi ana jingine su ga wucewa ta bakin yawon shakatawa na teku, masu siyar da kamun kifi ko kuma sarrafa kifayen ruwa wanda daga nan yake lalata kayan sarrafa kifin wanda yake basu abinci kamar yadda ake jefa abinci a cikin teku. Don haka bin waɗannan jiragen, sai su tashi zuwa dubun mil mil wani lokacin ma a cikin arewacin hemisphere.
Amma duk inda suke, tare da farkon bazara, sukan tashi zuwa ƙasarsu ta asali. Yadda suka sami hanyar zuwa gidansu har yanzu wani abin birgewa ne, amma sun tashi zuwa ainihin wurin da aka haife su. A can, albatrosses suna ɗaukar abokin aure kuma suna haifar da iyali. Tsarin rayuwa ya ci gaba.
Yin hijira albatross shima yana zaune ne a cikin lardin Arewa. Gaskiya ne, basu ci gaba zuwa sassan da suka fi sanyi ba, suna ci gaba da kasancewa cikin yanayin sanannu na yanayin latitude. Wakilan halittar Phoebastria suna haifar da yankunansu a tsibirin daga Alaska da Japan har zuwa tsibirin Hawaii.
Wani keɓaɓɓen nau'in gidaje a tsibirin Galapagos - Galapagos. A bangaren daidaitawa, kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali suna da yawa, wanda yasa ba zai yiwu a shawo kan akasarin albatross tare da rauni mai ƙarfi ga flywheel mai aiki, kuma Galapagos ya tashi can can ta hanyar amfani da iska mai sanyi Humboldt na ruwan teku wanda yake halin yanzu kuma yana ciyar da inda sauran danginsa kawai suka kasa isa.
Me suke ci?
Albatrosses suna ciyar da kifayen, ba manyan squids ko octopuse, krill, kowane nau'in crustaceans, waɗanda raƙuman ruwa suke jefa zuwa saman teku. Ganin iska a cikin ganima na ruwa, kifi, squid ko dorinar ruwa, albatross ta yi ƙasa ta fado cikin ruwa tare da kibiya, ta harbi sashen ruwan wani lokaci zuwa zurfin zurfin mita 10, ta kama ganima kuma ta fita zuwa saman ruwa.
Amma za su iya ci kuma ba abinci ne kawai ba, kada a raina matattun mutanen ruwan, waɗanda suke gama gari a cikin tekuna da tekuna. A wuraren da kifaye suka taru, har ma da sauran tsuntsayen da ke tashi don ciyar da su, albatross yana jin kamar majibinci ne, domin babbar ƙarama ce kawai za ta iya tsayayya da shi.
Sau da yawa sukan haɗu da kansu a sanadin tasoshin teku tare da su na dogon lokaci, suna cin duk sharar da aka jefa a cikin teku. Kuma idan sun haɗu da sansanonin sarrafa kifi mai iyo ruwa, to a irin waɗannan cibiyoyin da ke iyo amfanoni da yawa Albatrosse suna ɗaukar mahaɗinsu na watanni da yawa kuma suna tashi a bayan waɗannan jiragen don dubban mil mil daga gidansu. Amma ga albatross, wannan hanya ce ta rayuwar yau da kullun, waɗannan tsuntsaye masu yawo suna kan hanya koyaushe.
Kiwo
A lokacin kiwo, albatrosses suna tsara abin da ake kira mazauna, inda ɗaruruwan, idan ba dubbai, nau'i-nau'i ne suke taruwa cikin kwanciyar hankali a lokaci guda. Suna yin rayuwar aure, kawai da zarar sun sami mata kuma suka kasance da aminci har ƙarshen rayuwa. Manyan da suka sami damar fara dangi sun zama shekara 6 kuma sun fara neman abokin aure. Yana faruwa cewa yana ɗaukar fiye da shekara guda, amma biyu ko ma shekaru da yawa. Amma yayin da ma'auratan suka yanke shawara, sai suka fara fahimtar juna da kyau. Yana da ban sha'awa sosai a lura da tsarin tsararru, lokacin taron yayin da albatrosses ke yin wani nau'in rawar kiɗa. Wannan na iya ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa.
Idan namiji yana son mace, sai su ɗan ɗanɗana lokacin da aka san su, sannan za su zaɓi ɗayan tsibirin Antarctic da ba a zaune tare da ba da tabbacin gidan su a can, suna gina gida daga gansakuka da ciyawa. Matar albatross tana ɗauke da kwai ɗaya kacal, wanda suke haɗawa da juna, yana canzawa kowane mako 2-3. Dole ne a yi kwanciyar hankali na dan lokaci, kajin yana kyankyashe bayan kwanaki 75-80, saboda haka iyayen biyu sun rasa nauyin da yawansu ya kai kashi 15-17% yayin lokacin shiryawa. Af, albatrosses basa tsoron mutane da barin su zuwa ga wani dan ba tare da nuna fitina ba.
Kajin na girma a hankali a hankali, iyayen suna ciyar da shi makonni ukun farko na yau da kullun, sannan kuma sau ɗaya kowace 'yan kwanaki. Gabaɗaya, kula da kajin kusan shekara ɗaya ne har sai da ya sami ƙarfi kuma zai fara cin abincin nasa. Saboda haka, lokacin albatross na dabbar ta hanyar maciji na faruwa bayan shekara biyu, wani lokacin mara galibi. Amma komai yawan lokaci, a cikin lokacin da namiji ya tashi zuwa wannan tsibiri kuma akwai jira na mace, wanda yawanci yakan zo kadan daga baya. Rayuwar iyali ta ci gaba. Amma idan ɗayan ma'auratan bai tashi ba, to na biyun zai kasance ɗayan har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa, haɗuwar su tana da ƙarfi.
Gidajen daji
Yawancin albatross suna zaune a cikin kogin kudu, sun tashi daga Australia zuwa Antarctica, da kuma a Kudancin Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu.
Ban banbanta sun hada da nau'ikan halittu hudu mallakar halittar Phoebastria. Uku daga cikinsu suna zaune ne a arewacin yankin tekun Pacific, suka fara daga tsibirin Hawaii kuma suka ƙare da Japan, California da Alaska. Nau'i na huɗu, Galapagos Albatross, yana ciyar da gabar Tekun Pacific na Kudancin Amurka kuma ana ganinshi a tsibirin Galapagos.
Yankin rarraba albatross yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da gazawarsu ta tashi da ƙarfi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa keɓarɓarewar bangaren kwantar da tarzoma ya zama kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Kuma kawai Galapagos albatross sun koyi yin ƙasa da iska da aka kirkira ƙarƙashin ikon Humboldt na ruwan sanyi na yanzu.
Masana kimiyyar kere-kere, ta amfani da tauraron dan adam don sanya ido kan motsin albatross a cikin teku, sun gano cewa tsuntsaye ba sa shiga cikin ƙaura yanayi. Albatrosses suna tashi zuwa yankuna daban-daban na halitta bayan lokacin kiwo ya ƙare..
Kowane nau'in yana zaɓar yankinsa da hanyar sa: misali, alƙawara ta kudu galibi suna tafiya ne da keɓaɓɓun tafiye-tafiye a duniya.
Mining, abinci
Tsarin Albatross (kuma har ma da yawan jama'a) yana da bambanci ba kawai a cikin kewayon su ba, har ma a cikin abubuwan da aka zaɓa na gastronomic, kodayake abincin su shine kusan iri ɗaya. Kawai gwargwadon tushen abinci, wanda ya iya zama:
- kifi,
- kabarin
- rustamara,
- zooplankton,
- jirgin.
Wasu mutane sun fi son cin abinci a squid, yayin da wasu ke kama krill ko kifi. Misali, na nau'in “Hawaiian” guda biyu, ɗayan, albatross mai duhu, yana ƙarfafa squid, na biyu kuma, albatross mai launin baƙi, yana mai da hankali kan kifi.
Masana kimiyyar kere-kere sun gano cewa wasu nau'in albatrosses da son kansu suke ci. Don haka, albatross mai yawo ya ƙware da ƙarancin squid lokacin da yake tsallakewa, ana jefar dashi kamar sharar kamun kifi, kuma wasu dabbobi ma sun ƙi shi.
Mahimmancin ya fadi a menu na sauran nau'ikan (kamar launin toka-kanun ko albatross na baki-browed) ba mai girma ba ne: ƙananan fulawa sun zama ganima, idan sun mutu, yawanci suna tafiya da sauri zuwa ƙasan.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Ba a daɗe ba, hasashen cewa albatrosses na ɗaukar abinci a saman ruwa sun warwatse. An ba su wuraren saukar da kararrawa wadanda suke auna zurfin da tsuntsayen suka zube. Masana ilimin halittu sun gano cewa wasu nau'ikan halittu (gami da yawon bude ido albatross) sun narkar da kimanin 1 m, yayin da wasu (gami da smaky albatross) na iya sauka zuwa 5 m, suna kara zurfin zuwa mita 12.5 idan ya cancanta.
An san cewa albatrosses suna samun abincinsu yayin rana, suna narkar da ganima ba wai kawai daga ruwa ba, har ma daga iska.
Tsawon rayuwa
Za'a iya danganta Albatrosses a cikin ɗaruruwan mutane a tsakanin tsuntsaye. Masana ilmin dabbobi suna kimanta matsakaiciyar rayuwar su a kusan rabin karni. Masana kimiyya sun dogara da lura da samfurin guda ɗaya daga jinsunan Diomedea sanfordi (albatross na sarauta). An yi masa zobe lokacin da ya girma, kuma aka bi shi har tsawon shekaru 51.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Masana ilimin halittu sun ba da shawarar cewa albatross mai zinare ya rayu a cikin yanayin halitta aƙalla shekaru 61.
Fasali da mazaunin kaji na albatross
Albatrosses yan kudu ne, kodayake ba su damu da tashi zuwa Turai ko Russia ba. Albatross mazauna yafi a cikin Antarctic. Wadannan tsuntsaye manya-manya: nauyinsu yana iya kaiwa kilo 11, kuma albatross fuka-fukan Sun wuce 2 m. A cikin mutane gama gari ana kiransu manya manya, saboda wasu nau'in halittu kusan iri ɗaya ne.
Baya ga manyan fuka-fuki, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da takamaiman baki, wanda ya ƙunshi faranti daban-daban. Gashinsu na bakin ciki ne, amma yana da ƙarfi kuma yana sanye da zafin hanci mai zurfi. Saboda ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta, tsuntsu yana da kyakkyawar ma'anar ƙanshi, wanda ke sa su zama mafarauta masu kyau, saboda yana da matukar wahala a sami abinci sama da ƙarancin ruwa.
Jikin tsuntsu ya dace da mawuyacin yanayin Antarctica. Albatross - Bird tam tam tare da gajerun kafafu tare da membranes na yin iyo. A kan tudu, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna motsawa tare da wahala, "waddle" kuma suna kama da hankali daga gefe.
Masana kimiyya sun ce, albatrosses dauke da fuka-fukan da ya kai mita 3 sanannu ne
Tunda wadannan tsuntsayen suna rayuwa musamman a cikin canjin yanayin sanyi, jikinsu yana rufe da dumin dumin ruwa wanda zai iya fita ko da a cikin yanayin sanyi. A launi na tsuntsaye ne mai sauki kuma mai hankali: m-fari ko launin ruwan kasa tare da farin aibobi. Tsuntsaye na mata da maza suna da launi iri ɗaya.
I mana bayanin albatross ba za su iya haɗawa da fuka-fuki ba. A cewar masana kimiyya, an san tsuntsaye wanda fikafikan sa ya fi mita 3. Fuka-fukan suna da tsari na musamman wanda yake taimaka musu ɗan ƙanƙantar da kuzarinsu don shimfida su da tafiya tare da sararin samaniyar teku.
Yanayi da yadda ake amfani da albatross
Albatrosses “mazauna ne,” ba a haɗa su da komai ba sai wurin da aka haife su. Tare da tafiyar su, sun rufe duk duniya. Wadannan tsuntsayen za su iya rayuwa cikin salama ba tare da ƙasa ba tsawon watanni, kuma don a huta, za su iya sauka a gefen ruwan.
Albatrosses suna da kyakkyawan gudu na 80 km / h. A cikin rana, tsuntsu zai iya yin nasara har zuwa 1000 km kuma baya gajiya kwata-kwata. Nazarin tsuntsaye, masana kimiyya sun haɗa alamomin ƙasa da na dabbobinsu kuma sun ƙaddara cewa wasu mutane sun sami damar tashi ko'ina cikin duniya cikin kwanaki 45!
Gaskiya mai ban mamaki: tsuntsaye da yawa suna gina gida inda aka barsu. Kowane nau'in dangin albatross sun zaɓi matsayin don kiwon kaji. Mafi yawan lokuta waɗannan wurare ne a kusa da mai daidaitawa.
Speciesanan halittu suna cin kifaye kusa da tudu, wasu kuma suna taɓar mil mil daga ƙasa don nemo ma kansu. Wannan wani bambanci ne tsakanin jinsunan albatross.
Wadannan tsuntsayen a dabi'a basu da abokan gaba, saboda haka mafi yawansu sun rayu har zuwa tsufa. Barazanar na iya zuwa ne kawai a lokacin shiryawa da kwai, kazalika a lokacin haɓakar kajin daga kuliyoyi ko berayen da gangan suka ɓace zuwa tsibiran.
Kar a manta cewa babban hatsari ga yanayi gaba daya mutum ne. Don haka shekaru 100 da suka wuce, waɗannan tsuntsayen ban al'ajabi sun kusan kusan lalata su saboda gashin tsuntsayen da suke cikin gashinsu. Yanzu kawancen tsaro na sa ido a kan Albatrosses.
Albatross Nutrition
Wadannan tsuntsayen ba sa cika fuska kuma ba ɗan kwalliya idan aka zo ga abin da suke ci. Tsuntsayen da ke tafiyar mil mil a rana ana tilasta su cin abinci. Yara a cikin abincin waɗannan tsuntsayen na iya mamaye sama da 50%.
A tidbit zai zama kifi, har ma da kifin kifin. Ba sa ƙyamar jatan jatan jatan su da sauran ɓarna ba. Tsuntsayen sun gwammace su nemi abinci lokacin rana, kodayake suna iya gani cikin duhu. Masana ilimin kimiyya suna ba da shawara cewa tsuntsayen za su iya sanin yadda zurfin ruwan yake, saboda wasu nau'ikan albatross ba sa farautar inda ruwan yake ƙasa da kilomita 1. a cikin zurfi.
Don kama telan, albatrosses na iya nutsewa kuma ya nitse cikin ruwa tsawon mituna. Haka ne, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna nitsewa daidai, duka daga sama da kuma daga ruwa. Akwai lokuta idan sunyi zurfin dubun mita zurfi.
Tafiya mai ƙarfi albatross tsuntsu. Hoto, zaku iya samun fiye da neman tsuntsayen girgiza akan yanar gizo. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna iya tafiya da karfi cikin raunin iska kuma suyi gaba da ita.
Albatrosses suna ƙirƙirar nau'i biyu
Yana cikin yanayi mai hadari, da kafinsa da bayan sa, daga cikin ruwan da yawancin kayan kwalliyar tsuntsaye suka tashi: kifin kifin da squid, sauran dabbobi, har da jigilar dabbobi.