Jamusawa, ko kuma tururuwa mai ɓoye (lat. Mutillidae) - Fluffy wasps daga umarnin kwari na Hymenoptera. Kimanin nau'ikan 8000 da 230 suna sanannu ne a cikin duniya. An gano burbushin wakilan tururuwa masu ƙarfi a cikin Dominican amber, shekaru miliyan 25-40.
Wadannan kwari masu kwari da yawa basu da ma'amala tare da tururuwa banda sunan. An kira su da tururuwa masu karammiski saboda lokacin farin gashi, wanda ke dauke da launuka iri-iri masu haske, da suka hada da fari, shuɗi, zinari, baƙi, azurfa, ja.
Launin su mai haske ya zama gargadi ga sauran dabbobi cewa wadannan dabbobin bazai zama mai kaunar su ga abokan gabansu ba. Jamusawa sanannu ne saboda tsananin cizonsu, suna dariya suna cewa sunada ƙarfi don su yanka saniya. Taimakawa da wannan, zamu iya tuna wani sunan, wanda ba a bayyana shi ba na wadannan kwari, wanda aka sani da "masu satar shanu". Tabbas, shanu ba su mutu daga kwari daga cikin wadannan ragowar, amma ana da tabbacin jin zafi.
Kamar kowane hymenoptera, mace ce kawai zata iya amfani da cizo, tunda abin da kansa shine jikin mace wanda aka gyara (ovipositor).
Tsarfin tururuwa manya a jiki suna da tsawon jiki na 5 zuwa 30 mm. A cikin wasu nau'in, maza sun fi ta mace girma har ta kai za su iya girka mace mai fiɗa a cikin iska don matattakawa. Maza suna da launi mai duhu: baƙar fata ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi a kan kirji, yayin da fentin mata ana fentin launuka masu haske - galibi launin ruwan hoda ko launin ja. A kan ciki suna da tsari mai sauƙi.
Amma wannan ba shine kawai bambancin jinsi ba: maza suna da idanu, amma a cikin mata an rage su, a cikin maza ƙoshin ciki ya ƙunshi ɓangarori bakwai, kuma a cikin mata - na shida.
Kamar sauran tururuwa marasa ƙarfi, tururuwa masu karawa ba sa gina mazaunin su, amma sun fi son zama a baƙin. A nan suka sa ƙwai su a cikin larvae na rundunar wannan gida, wanda sai ya zama tushen abinci don ciyawa mai ciyawa. Anan, ɗaliban karatun nata ma ya faru. Anarfin tururuwa mai balaguron balaguro suna cin abinci a kan ƙwayoyin nectar.
Ga mutum, inje na waɗannan aibobi marasa ruwa suna da rauni sosai. Zafin ya ɓace ne kawai bayan 'yan awanni.
Don cikakken ko kuma yin bugu na kayan, ana buƙatar ingantacciyar hanyar haɗi zuwa rukunin UkhtaZoo.
Jamusanci wasps ko furen ruwa
Girma daga 5 zuwa 30 mm. Wasikun Jamusawa suna da ban sha'awa saboda ƙanƙantar ƙarfin jima'i. Maza da mata suna da kamannin jikinsu gaba ɗaya. Maza yawanci sun fi girma fiye da mace. Mata yawanci ba su da fikafikai. Maza suna da eriya-kashi 13, kuma mace na da eriya-12. Idanun suna haɓaka cikin maza, kuma yawanci ana raguwa a cikin mata. Abun ciki a cikin maza ya kunshi bayyane 7 terripites da 8 sternites, a cikin mata - of 6 kashi, bangarorin sashi na 2 na ciki tare da tsakar gidan, ba su da yawa. Mace a 6angaren farji na ciki yawanci yana da filin farji. Hypopygium (saitin kayan jinsi na namiji) mai sauki ne, mara ƙaranci tare da hanyoyin gewaye. Na tsakiya da hind coxae a lamba. Kirji na maza masu haila masu kyau, a cikin mata tare da flelect fused. Kayan aiki (wanda wasps ke yin sauti ga maza don nemo mata) ba a cika aiki ba, yana tsakiyar tsakiyar 2 zuwa 3. Maza baƙi ne ko launin ruwan kasa, yawancinsu masu launin shuɗi masu ruɓi, a cikin mata, mace tana da launi mai haske, galibi tana da kuli mai wari. Jikin yana cikin tsananin baki da haske, wanda a saman farfajiyar ciki yakan zama abin kwaikwaya, musamman a cikin mata.
Kugunnan marasa biyun suna zama kamar tururuwa, daga ina ake samun sunan da ake kira "karammisuwa tururuwa".
Ilimin halitta
Jikin Jamusanci bai taɓa gina keɓaɓɓun su ba kuma suna a cikin hurɗar ƙudan zuma, spheroid da kuma wasps, ba su da sauran kwari. Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Blattodea) Wata mace ɗan ƙasar Jamusawa ta ɗan ɓoye cikin wata baƙuwar gida kuma tana sanya ƙwai akan larvae mai watsa shiri, waɗanda ke ciyar da nasu larvae. Samun dogon lokaci, Jamusawa sun sami nasarar kare kansu daga bakunan ƙwaya da ƙudan zuma kuma suna iya saka mutum sosai (zafin ya ɓace sai bayan onlyan awanni).
Rarraba
Yi nasara a cikin hamada da kuma m yankuna. Fiye da nau'ikan 500 daga ƙananan ƙananan wurare 9 da 54 ana samun su a cikin Palearctic (Lelei, 2002). Akwai kusan nau'ikan 170 da nau'ikan 27 a cikin fauna na tsohon USSR (Lelei, 1985). Rarraba ta sauran ƙasashe: Italiya - nau'in 60 (Invrea, 1964), Spain - nau'in 37 (Giner, 1944), Japan - jinsuna 17 (Tsuneki, 1972), China - 109 jinsuna (Chen, 1957), Mongolia - jinsuna 26 ( Lelei, 1977), Afghanistan - jinsuna 31 (Lelei, Kabakov, 1980).
Karshe
A matsayin wani ɓangare na iyali, A. S. Lelei da P. G. Nemkov (1997) sun gano ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (Myrmosinae, Kudakrumiinae, Amagamarin, Harshen Ticoplinae) kuma mafi girma mutillides da rassan 2 [(Myrmillinae + Mutillinae) + ()Rhopalomutillinae + Dasylabrinae + Efutinae + Sphaeropthalminae)].
A cladogram da ke ƙasa yana nuna dangantakar halayen dabbobi na ƙananan dabbobi a wannan rukunin hymenopterans.
Bayyanar matan Jamusawa
Wadannan wasps ɗin suna da kyau kuma suna da launi mai haske. Wasuriyar tururuwa ba ta da dangantaka da tururuwa; suna da suna kawai. Sunansu sunanta saboda yanayin gashin gashi. Launin mata na Jamusanci na iya bambanta gaba ɗaya: zinariya, shuɗi, fari, baƙi, ja da azurfa.
Jamusanci na Jamus (Mutillidae).
Hoton mai haske na waɗannan cute wasps yayi gargaɗi ga magabatan cewa suna da guba.
Tsawon jikin mutun tururuwa karammiski ya bambanta daga milimita 5 zuwa 30. A cikin wasu nau'in, mace ba ta da fiwaya, kuma maza sun fi su girma, har ta yadda a lokacin balaga za su iya tayar da kawunansu da ke tashi sama.
Wasikun Jamusawa kwari ne da ba a saba gani ba.
A cikin maza, matattarar farin ruwa mai launin farar fata suna da launi mai duhu: launin ruwan kasa tare da lafazin ja a kirji ko baƙi. A cikin mata, launin ya fi launuka yawa - mafi yawan lokuta ja ko launin ruwan kasa-ja. Kuma a jikin mace akwai zane mai sauƙi.
German wasps kuma ana kiranta wasikar karammiski.
Amma waɗannan duka bambance-bambance ne na mace tsakanin mace da namiji. Maza, kamar kowane fari, suna da idanu, kuma mata suna rage su. Abun ciki a cikin mace ya kunshi sassa 6, kuma a cikin maza - of 7.
Rayuwar Jamusanci
Kamar yawancin wasps na parasitic, wasps na Jamusanci basu iya gina mazaunin su ba. Sukan zaunar da su a cikin mazaunin wasu mutane. Mace suna sa ƙwai a cikin larvae na kwaro, wanda daga nan ya zama tushen abinci mai kyau a gare su. A cikin mazaunin maigidanta, tsutsa na ƙwallan ƙwallan fulawa.
Vellar wasps sune parasites.
Jamusawa mata da suka manyanta suna cin ciyawar fure.
Cutar dabbar Jamusanci tana da zafi sosai. Wadannan wasps din ana kiransu "masu kisan saniya," saboda ciwan su yana da matukar zafi har ya zama kamar zai iya yanka saniya. Tabbas, shanu ba za su mutu daga cizo daga danshi mai laushi ba, amma tabbacin yana da tabbas.
Za a iya samun cizo kawai daga tsohuwar budar mata.
A cikin wadannan wasps kawai mata cizo. Tunda abin da aka yi shine gyarawar ovipositor. Ga mutane, waɗannan kwari suna jin zafi sosai - raɗaɗin bayan ciji da ƙwallan fulawa ya sauka bayan aan awanni.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
SAURAN MALAMAN VELVET
Dimorphism na jima'i (bambance-bambance tsakanin maza da mata) a Jamani yana da girma sosai, wakilan jinsi daban-daban ma suna da sauƙin ɗauka don jinsuna daban. An rarrabe su ba wai kawai ta kasancewar ba ko kasancewar fuka-fuki, amma kuma ta tsarin jiki da girman sa. Jamusawa suna da maza da yawa, yawanci baƙi ko launin ruwan kasa, sau da yawa tare da launin shuɗi mai laushi a kirjin su. Suna da eriya mai tsayi - yanki 13, kuma ba 12 ba, kamar a cikin mata. Mace sun yi haske: kirji ya yi ja, kuma a cikin cinya akwai tsarin launin fari da fari, tare da bambance masu haske. Bayan rasa fuka-fukan su, matan sun sami ikon yin sautin har ma sojan dokin da ke da ikon tashi sama zai iya samun uwargidan zuciya a cikin gidan wani na wani (kodayake, a cewar wasu kafofin, mating yana faruwa a waje da gida). Ana fitar da sauti ta amfani da kwarara-juzu'in - ɓarkewar tsarin musamman ɗaya da ɗayan (kamar, a cikin fari da wasu gizo-gizo). Organungiyar dake kwance a ciki wadda take kwance a ciki, tsakanin sashin na biyu da na uku.
Mace marasa ƙwaƙwalwa na osmos na mace yawanci suna da kashi 12, ƙoshin ciki ya haɗu fiye da maza, kuma idanun suna raguwa.
Mace marasa ƙarfi suna kama tururuwa, wanda har ila yau ana kiran Jamusawa '' tururuwa tururuwa '' (an fassara shi daga Turanci sunan tururuwa tururuwa). Rashin kama da tururuwa ba abin mamaki bane, tunda duk ƙudan zuma, tururuwa, da sauran dabbobin zamani sun fito daga wasu dabbobin da suka saba da juna. Koyaya, kwararrun zai lura da bambanci a cikin tsarin antennas: a cikin tururuwa, abubuwan da ake kira ɓoyayyen eriya suna ɗauka da ƙarfi a tsakiya a tsakiyar kusurwa mai mahimmanci, kuma a cikin Jamusawa suna kusan madaidaiciya, kodayake tare da ƙaramin lanƙwasa.
BA PARASIS, AMMA MAI GIRMA
Jamusawa suna kwaɗaita a cikin ciyawar wasu ƙudan zuma na keɓaɓɓe (misali, andren earthen ƙudan zuma), keɓaɓɓen wasps (digging wasps, ko sphycids, da wasps road, ko pompilides), har da washe gari mai ruɓi. A cewar wasu rahotanni, mutilides zai iya parasitize a cikin gidan ƙudan zuma na zuma da nau'ikan nau'ikan bumblebees. Bugu da kari, an bayar da rahoton wakilan sauran umarnin kwari. Wannan babbar rundunar sojoji ce. Gaskiyar ita ce cewa Jamusawa ba su da sha'awar tanadin da mai shi ya tanada, amma a cikin zuriyarsu, wanda tsutsa mai narkewa ke ci. A taqaice dai, matan Jamusawa ba a kiransu parasites ba daidai ba, tunda su ainihin magabatan ne da ke kashe waɗanda abin ya shafa. Mace tayi bincike game da mazaunin mai ita kuma ko dai ta ratsa shi ta hanyar babbar hanyar shiga ko kuma ta lalata wani yanki na daban wanda yake kaiwa zuwa tantanin halitta tare da tanadi da zuriya. Matar tana da maɗauri mai ƙarfi, wanda aka yi imanin ta ƙaddamar da shi lokacin da ta ci karo da kwari. Koyaya, a cikin rufaffiyar minks na ƙudan zuma guda ɗaya da wasps, akwai larvae da pupae, waɗanda ba za su iya nuna wani juriya ga ɗan fashi ba, kuma a cikin ciyayi na kwari na jama'a, inda akwai ma'aikata masu yawa na yaƙi, har ma da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da wuya su taimaka a karo tare da manyan abokan gaba. Wata mace 'yar ƙasar Jamusawa tana yin tsoma baki a cikin mazaunin maigidan, kuma idan ta faru a cikin tsintsiya, sai wani matashin wanki ya yi hanyar fita a cikin ƙasa.
FADA KO KUDI
Maza sun fito daga pupae farko da da'irar sama da ƙasa don bincika 'yan mata mata. Suna ciyar da kan nectar akan furanni kuma suna mamaye yawancin ire-irensu masu narkewa akan tsirrai. Hakanan ana samun mace a kan tsire-tsire, amma ƙasa da akai-akai. Mace tsohuwar Jamusawa tana da isasshen albarkatun ciki da aka adana a cikin matakin lardin na makonni biyu. An ba da rahoton cewa mata tsotse fitar da gawawwakin kwari da kuma sha ruwa bangaren na abinci daga nectar da pollen adana da rundunar ƙudan zuma.
BAYANIN BAYANAI
Kwayar cutar Parasitism ta yadu sosai tsakanin kwari da cututtukan dabbobi wadanda ke gina mazauni kuma suna adana abinci a cikinsu. Gidaje da hannayen jari a ciki da kanta babu makawa suna jan hankalin barayi da 'yan fashi - zai yi kyau, amma akwai mafarauta a ciki. Akwai kwayar cutar tsakanin kwalaben ciyawa da kudan zuma. Akwai kusan nau'ikan 3000, nau'in kumburin ciyawa, ko kuma nomadins, - nau'ikan 1200 a fauna na duniya mafi kyawun launuka masu kyau wanda ke nuna kwazazzabai a cikin ciyawar yawancin nau'ikan wasps da ƙudan zuma. Wakilan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittar parasitic suma suna iyawa zuwa sata. Saboda haka, a ƙarshen bazara - farkon kaka, lokacin da akwai 'yan fure furanni, maƙwabta masu ƙarfi na ƙawancen na iya kwace ƙaƙƙarfan gidan ƙudan zuma a cikin apiary ta hanyar jan dukkan zuma daga ciki. Wakilai na nau'in halittar parasitic na wasps da ƙudan zuma suna da launin launi ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, sun fi haske fiye da nau'in mai masaukin, wanda ke ciyar da m.
KYAUTA KYAUTA
- Class: kwari.
- Oda: Hymenoptera.
- Iyali: Jamusawa.
- Sunan Latin: Mutillidae.
- Girma: daga 5 zuwa 30 mm.
- Launin launi: maza launin ruwan kasa ne ko baƙi mai launin shuɗi mai launin fari akan kirji, mace mai ɗauke da launin fata da launin tsari da fari a ciki.
