Dabbobin dabbobi dabba ce mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki da ke zaune a Rasha kuma an jera su a cikin Littafin Layi. Ya kasance a cikin gidan dabbobi masu shayarwa ne ke lalata dabbobi.

Rashanci na Rasha

Yawancin masana suna rarrabe desman a matsayin kwayoyin, amma akwai wadanda suka kawo su cikin dangi daban. A halin yanzu, a cikin daji, akwai kawai jinsunan muskrat biyu: shi ne muskrat na Rasha ko muskrat (lat. Desmana moschata) da Pyrenean muskrat (lat. Galemys pyrenaicus). Daga cikin mutane, desman ana kuma kiranta da kwayar halittar ruwa, saboda kyawun ikon sa ruwa da nutsewa, har ma da yin dogon zango a karkashin kasa.

Inda mai wanki yake zaune

Wannan dabba tana zaune kusa da koguna tare da shakatawa, na ɗan ƙasa kaɗan. Yana son ƙaramin rairayin bakin teku mai laushi tare da wani gandun daji kusa. Gasar mazaunin muskrat cike yake da rarrabuwar kawuna, an fi mai da hankali sosai kusa da koguna Don, Volga, da Dnieper. Hakanan an samo shi a Kogin Ural a Siberiya. A cikin kwarin sauran koguna, yalwar desman yana ƙanƙanta.

Menene muskrat yayi kama?

Fitowar wannan dabba tana da ban sha'awa. Takaitaccen wulakantaccen wucin gadi, dogon gashin baki da kafafuna biyar na yatsa tare da membranes da karfi mai kaifi, wutsiya mai karfi mai wutsiya. Dukkanin yanayin mutumin yana magana game da rayuwar rayuwarta.

Desman ƙarami ne mai ɗanɗano dabba.

Jikin jikin m kamar yadda yakamata tare da kananan kunnuwa da idanu an rufe shi da kaftar mara ruwa mai tsaftar ruwa, kuma membranes akan kafafu suna taimakawa dabbar ba wai kawai ta tono mashigar karkashin kasa ba, harma tayi iyo da sauri kuma tayi zurfi cikin zurfin neman abinci.

Mutumin da yake balagaggu ba yawanci ba shine santimita 50 ba tare da tsayi ba, tare da jela ya mallaki rabin wannan tsayin. Ya auna yafi kusan fam.

Tsarin ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa shine Jawo na dabba. Sashin gashi na gashi a gindi suna da bakin ciki fiye da yadda suke a saman, wanda ke samar da jiki mafi girma da rufin kwanon rufi da dattin danshin fur. Ta launi: a baya, Jawo ya yi duhu kuma ya sami launin ruwan hoda ko launin toka, ciki kuma mai launin launin shuɗi ne.

Ma'aurata kafin ƙirƙirar iyali

Musamman alfarmar desman shine wutsiya. Yana da lebur, tsawo kuma dan kadan matsa a tarnaƙi. Wutsiyar wannan dabbar tana yin ayyuka da yawa lokaci guda. A lokacin yin iyo da ruwa, ya maye gurbin injin, kuma a cikin lokacin zafi yana daidaita zafi canja wuri na gaba ɗaya.

Ba kamar jiki ba, an rufe wutsiyar da tsokoki masu ban tsoro, kuma tare da saman akwai tsiri na gashi mai laushi, wanda yake aiki a matsayin keel. A gindin wutsiya akwai kuma "gland" kamshi. Desman yana iyo sosai saboda babban wutsiya da ƙafafunsa masu ƙarfi. Arna ta fi guntu kuma kusan ba ta yin iyo Saboda haka, lokacin da ta iyo, sai ta matsa kafafunta na gabanta a kirjin ta.

Dogon tsoka tare da hanci mai zurfi yana ba da damar mutumin, yayin yin iyo da ruwa, don jan ƙarin iska a cikin huhu ba tare da ya bayyana tare da duk jikin a saman ba. Kuma bawu na hanci na musamman da kuma tsarin musamman na palate ba sa barin ruwa ya shiga matsanancin numfashi yayin cin abinci a gadar kogin. Kamar kowane moles, desman yana da rauni sosai na gani, amma kyakkyawan kyakkyawan wari da taɓawa.

Halaye da salon rayuwa

Desman dabba ce mai aiki tuƙuru. Duk da cewa asalin mazauninta ruwa ne, amma yana gina kwantena a karkashin ruwa a cikin kasa. Ee, ba ɗaya bane. Yawancin lokaci, dabbar tana da babban mink, a inda take, kuma akwai mafi yawa, wajan na ɗan lokaci, inda dabbar ta huta ta bushe bayan farauta ruwa.

Yawancin lokaci desman suna zama a cikin minks ɗinsu daban-daban ko a cikin ƙananan iyalai, kuma kawai ta hanyar hunturu har zuwa 12 mutane daban-daban na jima'i da shekaru na iya tarawa da hunturu a cikin mink ɗaya. Babban ɗakunan an aika da ciyawa da ganyayyaki, kuma trenches mai "ƙanshi" suna haifar da waɗanda ke wucin gadi.

Me desman yake ci?

Duk da karancin nauyi, desman yana ci mai yawa. Desman yana daya daga cikin manyan dabbobi dabbobin da ke duniya. Yana ciyarwa akan tsutsa kwari, crustaceans, mollusks, soya, da leeches. Lokacin da yake tafiya tare da maɓuɓɓugar, dabba zata saki iska da aka tara kuma ƙananan kumfa sun bayyana a cikin ruwa. Tunda ruwan da ke nan ya cika da iskar oxygen, kwari da kansu zasu iya zuwa su sanya larvae. Don haka desman na iya tattarawa kawai ya ci.

A cikin bazara, a lokacin narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, muskrat yakan cika ambaliyar da mink, don haka dabbobin suna buƙatar hanzarta neman sauran wuraren rayuwa. Kuma lokacin bazara, lokacin da kogin yayi girma, suma basa rasa ruwa, kuma ana tilasta musu neman wani wurin zama.

Maƙiƙa muskrat a cikin yanayi

Desman sannu a hankali kuma talauci ya motsa a cikin ƙasa, saboda haka suna da abokan gaba da yawa. Waɗannan dawakai, mayuka, daskararru, kuliyoyin daji da karnuka, har ma mahara suna kai musu hari. A kan tudu, ana zabarsu a daidai lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin, kuma tana faɗuwa kawai a lokacin ambaliyar ruwan.

Sannan, ana jin sautin karin sauti na muskrats na mata da maza a koina. Wani lokacin mazan suna da faɗa saboda mace. Mace yawanci sukan kawo zuriyar dabbobi sau 2 a shekara: a farkon damina da damina. Har zuwa yara 5 ana haihuwar su a lokaci kuma namiji koyaushe yana tare da danginsa, masu gadi kuma yana taimakawa wajen renon yara.

A yau, desan yana murmurewa a cikin halittar da kebantattun wurare don kada wannan jinsin ya bace duniyarmu.

Desman wani abin ban mamaki ne kuma ba kamar dabbobi ba. Kuma kun san cewa akwai wani tsuntsu wanda yayi kama da dinosaur fiye da tsuntsu gaba ɗaya. Kuna son sanin labarin ta? Sannan karanta wannan labarin.

Idan an sami kuskure, a zabi wani ɗan rubutu sai a danna Ctrl + Shigar.

Habitat

Jaridar, ita ma kwadayi ce ko kawai wata yar Rasha ce - wani nau'in halitta mai ban sha'awa, wato rayuwa a cikin yanki mai fadi.

Mafi yawa a cikin Rasha (Ural, Don da Dnieper kogin, a cikin ƙananan Volga), amma kuma a wasu sassan tsoffin USSR - a Kazakhstan da Ukraine.

Dabbobi kamar masu ban tsoro da beavers, yana jagorantar rayuwar rayuwar ruwa mai ruwa-ruwa, fifita wuraren shakatawa.

Mahimmanci!Akwai wani nau'in dabba - Pyrenean desman, gama gari ne a Spain, Portugal da kuma Kudu maso Yammacin Faransa. Yayi kusan sau daya da rabi fiye da mai kayan Rasha kuma yana da wutsiya mai zagaye.

Wannan shine abin da Pyrenees aboki na ɗan ruwa na Rasha yayi kama

Bayanin farko na wani sabon abu mai shayarwa ne ya kasance a rabi na biyu na karni na 18. Tun daga 1986, an fitar da desman a cikin Littafin Red.

Girman ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa yana ci gaba da raguwa. Mai yiwuwa a yau yawan mutanen Khokhuli na Rasha ya haura mutane dubu 35.

Yin rikita lissafi shine gaskiyar cewa a wasu yankuna yawan dabbobi sun daina yin la'akari.

Babban dalilin hallakaswa shine aikin mutum. Wannan ya haifar da:

• gurbata ruwa
• lalata ciyawa da kuma hana ruwa ruwa don ban ruwa na kasar noma,
• raga na kamun kifi da kuma wasu dalilai.

Ban sha'awa!An nuna mai wankin ta a kan tsabar kudi 1 na ruble daga jerin littafin littafin Red.

Yanzu jinsunan Desman suna barazanar lalata

Halin hali

Muskrat dabbobi ne masu relic. Wannan shine, yana nufin jinsunan da basu canza ba tsawon zamani da juyin halitta.

Bayanin bayyanar halittar ruwa mai ruwa na zamani ba ta bambanta da magabatanta na nesa ba. Da alama, 'yan ƙasar Ukrain sun wanzu a duniya tsawon shekaru miliyan 30 kuma a baya an zaunar dasu a kusan dukkanin Turai.

Wannan shine, a zahiri - wani zamani ne na dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda kawai zasu iya bayanin bakon abu mai ban dariya da ban dariya na dabba: kamar ba daga wannan zamanin bane Dangane da wannan alamar, desman yana kusa da echidna ko tsohuwar layin hatteria, wanda ya rayu har zuwa yau.

Desman yana zaune a cikin minks a cikin mafita ɗaya, yana buɗewa ƙarƙashin ruwa. Tsawon rami daya ya kai mita uku kuma yana saman matakin ruwan.

A ciki, galibi akwai kari. A cikin hunturu, dabbobi sama da 10 na iya zama a cikin mink ɗaya. A lokacin rani suna zama a ma'aurata, iyalai, wasu ma kadai.

Wannan dabba ce mai shayarwa, amma kawai bisa ga ka'ida: wannan jariri yana ciyar da rabin ransa a cikin ruwa. Sirrin lamura da rikice-rikice - wadannan su ne manyan ka'idodin rayuwar wannan mazaunin koguna da bankuna

Abin ban dariya ne cewa duk da wannan “mazaunin” mazaunin hunturu, kowane ɗayan maƙwabta yana da maƙarar kansa na ɗan lokaci. Dukkaninsu an haɗa su ta hanyar ruwayen karkashin ruwa tsawon 25-30.

A kowane hali, tare da fara ambaliyar ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa ta cika da ruwa, dabbobi kuma suna tserewa ko dai a cikin ɓoye na wucin gadi a kan sassan da ba a gama yin su ba, ko kuma hawa kan rassan bishiyun da ke tsaye a cikin ruwa.

Ban sha'awa!Wani lokaci ana kiran desman "makaho ƙarƙashin ƙasa", wanda ke cikakken bayani game da rayuwar wannan dabbar. Sabili da haka, yana da matukar wuya a sami hoto na Khokhuli mai kyau: koyaushe yana ɓoye ko dai a cikin jirgin ruwa ko ƙarƙashin ruwa.

Bayyanar

Ba za ku iya kiran wannan cute dabba ba, amma dai cute. An kira shi sau da yawa dabba dabba ta Rasha mai ban sha'awa.

Anan ga abubuwan farko na karamar dabbobi masu shayarwa, wacce za a iya kiranta lafiya kwayoyin:

1. Hanci yana cikin kamannin akwati.
2. Vibrissae (antennae) suna da tsawo.
3. Wutsiya tana da girma, an rufe ta da tsohuwar tsohuwar fuska kuma ta canza siffarta sau da yawa a duk tsawon ta - tana yin kwangila, sannan ta yi kauri (glandan ƙanshi suna cikin matattara).
4. Hannun jariri yana motsawa zuwa gajerun hanyoyin, kuma kafafun bayansa suna da girma sunada girma da girma fiye da tafin kafa.
5. Tsakanin yatsun zuwa yatsun akwai wasu membranes waɗanda ke taimakawa muskrat iyo.
6. A Jawo ne lokacin farin ciki da Fluffy, dogara dogara.

Matsayi na ƙarshe yana da mahimmanci musamman, saboda dole ne a iyo a cikin hunturu.

Hanci, yafi kamar gangar jikin, yana taka rawa sosai fiye da ƙananan idanu waɗanda basu ga komai ba

Abubuwan Kyau

Wannan mazaunin koguna da yankunan bakin teku yanada matukar sirri. Duk da cewa galibi yana zaune kusa da mutane, yana da wahalar gani da idanunsa.

Ba zai yuwu a yi bayanin abubuwan lura daga waje ba. Daga ƙarƙashin ruwa, mafarautan kogin ya nuna har kawai don jan iska zuwa cikin huhun kuma ya sake yin ruwa.

A wannan gaba, zaku iya waƙa da motsin ta ta hanyar kumburin iska, yanzu kuma sannan tasowa akan ruwa.

A cikin hoto, mai kayan danshi yana kama da dabba makafi. A zahiri, haka ne, saboda idanuwanta farce ne, girmansu kuma ƙanana ne.

Duk da kusan makanta, Khokhula ya kware sosai a sararin samaniya saboda godiya mai kyau da wari, kuma ita mai farauta ce.

Gaskiya ne, yana da kyau kawai a ƙarƙashin ruwa, saboda a kan ƙasa, alas, ƙungiyar ninkaya ta daɗe da alama tana da matukar damuwa kuma kusan ba ta da taimako.

Saboda haka, yakan fito daga ruwa ne kawai lokacin da ya zama dole. Haka kuma, akwai magabatan da yawa a sama da ruwa da kuma doron ƙasa, saboda haka salon rayuwar ruwa shima garanti ne na tsawon rayuwarsa.

Jawo dabba mai ban sha'awa. A tsarinsa, ya bambanta da duk abin da dabbobi masu shayarwa na zamani suke da shi. Ba za a iya ganin wannan ba a hoto, amma gashi ya faɗaɗa zuwa ƙarshensa, kuma a kan tushen, ya yi akasin haka, sun cika.

Irin wannan fur ɗin gaba ɗaya baya barin iska ta wuce. Saboda wannan, parasites sukan zauna a ciki - ƙaƙƙarfan ƙahon kwari wanda ke amfani da iskar oxygen a cikin Jawo don rayuwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa.

Sakamakon furcin ne yasa aka sanya jinsunan sau daya a saman gogewar - an darajarta shi fiye da Jawo Foctic Arctic.

A zahiri, Jawo kawai ya zama kamar rigar daga waje - fim ne kawai na ruwa, wanda a ciki yake bushe da ɗumi

Ba kamar sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, wannan mazaunin ruwa ba ya ja a cikin hunturu: aiki ya kasance daidai wannan matakin.

Haka kuma, a cikin watanni na hunturu aikin haɓaka sabon tsaran ofara ya cika a zahiri. Af, ana maimaita ma lokacin bazara.

Ban sha'awa!Sunan "Khokhul" ya fito daga kalmomin lafazin “sniff,” wato, “ƙyashi”. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙanshin musk wanda asirin wutsiyar wutsiya ya tonu.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Desman yana cin abinci mai yawa - har zuwa equalarafin daidai yake da nauyin kansa a kowace rana! Dabba kyakkyawar mafarauta ce, duk da makanta na dabi'a.

Dogon faifan vibissa shine babban tushen alamun siginar waje wanda ke zuwa daga duniyar waje da kuma motsi mai yuwuwar samu.

Dabbobin an sa su azaman kwari, amma a aikace abincin shine yafi arziki. A lokacin rani, Khokhul ya ci leeches, kwari kogi, gastropods.

A cikin hunturu, ya sarrafa kama ƙananan kifi kuma ya juya sauyi zuwa abincin kayan lambu.

Don neman abinci, wannan maharbi mai shaggy yayi nazarin zurfin tafki tare da hanci mai ban sha'awa kuma yana haƙa sama da dabbobin sa. An kawo ganima a rami ko wani hadari inda ake maye abinci daga abinci ta abinci.

Kyakkyawan ganima shine yarinyar kogi. Amma kawai abun ciye-ciye ne

Ruwa motsi kansu sukan fada wa masu farauta girma: ferrets, foxes da ermines, da kuma tsuntsaye kamar kwari, gaggafa ko gwal.

Jerin abokan gaba masu haɗari na karamin ruwa mai ruwa suna da yawa. Koyaya, babban haɗari ba shine a cikin masu farautar ba, amma a cikin dabbobi kamar muskrat ko mink.

Suna fitar da desman daga mazauninsu na asali.

Kiwo

Dajin dabbar da ta dace lokacin bukkar ta fara ne lokacin ambaliyar ruwan.

Mutane da suka manyanta (kimanin watanni 11) suna yin nau'i-nau'i kawai a lokacin da suka bar ragowar guguwar.

Awannan kwanakin, natsuwa a bakin kogin ruwa ya karye ne sakamakon tsananin muryar maza da kuma sauti mai ban sha'awa da mata sukeyi. Yaƙe-yaƙe masu wuya tsakanin maza suna maimaituwa

Ma'aurata suna yin kafa a lokacin bala'i na gama gari - ambaliya na wuraren zama

Cutar ciki tayi kimanin kwanaki 50. Oneaya mace tana haihuwar marayu sama da 5. Yana faruwa da komai shi kaɗai.

Yara an hana su da gashi, bugu da ƙari sun zama makafi kuma basa taimako. Suna buƙatar kariya, wanda mahaifiyar ta gina gida daga tsire-tsire masu ƙasa.

Cubs suna yin kimanin 3 g kuma suna girma cikin yanayin zafi da ƙarancin zafi. Muskrat kiwo a cikin Mayu-Yuni da Nuwamba-Disamba.

Maza suna nan kusa da tsintsiya. Bayan watanni 4, jariran sun zama manya kuma gabaɗaya.

Ban sha'awa!Idan akwai hatsari, mace za ta iya jigilar 'yar zana zuwa wani mink a kashin kanta.

Dangantaka da mutum

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, babban gudummawar mutane ga wannan nau'in ita ce lalata. Sau ɗaya, 'yan ƙasar Ukrain sun kasance nau'in kasuwanci.

Dalilin da ya sa musk, glandon ya tsare shi a jikin jejin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Har zuwa karni na XVII, wannan yanayin ya kasance guda ɗaya, godiya ga abin da dabba ta lalata ba tausayi.

Daga baya, an ƙara Jawo mai mahimmanci a kansa, wanda ya fi mahimmanci fiye da gashin beaver. Daga shekarar 1920 zuwa 1940 aka sanya dokar hana fita daga dabbobi.

Wannan ya ba da damar ƙara yawan jama'a. Daga 1940 zuwa 1957, aka ci gaba da kamun kifi, sannan kuma aka sake dakatar da shi. Yanzu yana yiwuwa a kama Ukrain kawai don dalilai na sakewa.

'Dan Adam ya zama babban abin da ke kawo karshen wannan nau'in halittar' yan tawayen, kuma a yau likitocin dabbobi sun yi matukar kokarin kiyaye shi.

An yi ayyuka da yawa a wannan jagorar. Desman ya zauna a yankuna da ba a taɓa yin irinsu ba. An kirkiro tanadi da ajiyar abubuwa.

A yau, ana aiki don adana nau'in kayan maye masu ci gaba.

Ana samun mafi yawan yanayi a Rasha a cikin yankuna:

• Yankin Kursk
• Harshen Smolensk
• Bryansk
• Tambov
• Ivanovo
• Kostroma
• Yaroslavl
• Yankunan Vladimir.

Matsakaicin adadin mutane (kusan dubu biyu) suna zaune ne a yankin yankin Kurgan.A Siberiya, yawan nau'in halittu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun faɗi zuwa matakai masu mahimmanci.

Babu takamaiman bayanai game da abun cikin desman a gida.

Wannan ba shi da wahala a fahimta daga kwatancin rayuwar dabbobi masu shayarwa: yana buƙatar abinci mai yawa, microclimate na musamman, wurin da zaku haƙa babban rami ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, har ma da tafki.

Irin wannan hoto ragin ne. Laifi na rayuwar asiri da karancin yiwuwar haduwa da wakilin wannan nau'in a cikin yanayin

Amma a zaman talala, dabba har yanzu tana birgima - wuraren shakatawa na dabbobi suna da irin wannan kwarewar.

Matsakaicin shekarun dabbobi kuma ana haɓakawa a can idan aka kwatanta da na dabbobin gida da ke rayuwa cikin daji tsawon shekara guda.

Don haka, ba za a iya magana game da kowane abun cikin gida ba. Ban da duk yanayin zama dole, ba shi yiwuwa a yi hakan a cikin wani gida a birni.

A yau, masana kimiyya sun ɗauka babban nauyi: aikin adana desman a cikin mazaunin halitta.

Idan ba ku yi duk mai yiwuwa ba, bayan shekaru 50, yara za su koya game da wannan ruwa mai ban dariya kawai daga masu tattara bayanai da kuma fewan hotunan da za'a iya samu akan Yanar gizo.

Vykhuhol: Mafi mashahuri mazaunin kogi

Desman yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu ban mamaki kuma masu ban mamaki, wadanda ke gab da karewa. Hotunan zamani na wannan dabba a dabi'a na iya zama na ƙarshe, idan ba kuyi ƙoƙari ku kula da kyan gani ba.

Asalin gani da kwatancin

Sakamakon tsufa na jinsin, tantance asalinsa ainihin aiki ne mai wahala. Kakannin muskrat ƙananan dabbobi ne, waɗanda, yayin aiwatar da ƙwarewa, sun sami bayyanar da halaye masu kama da na dabbobi na zamani. Shekaru miliyan 30, juyin halitta baya iya canza muskrat sosai, don haka a yau muna ganin shi daidai da mammoth kuma kusan dukkanin magabatan mutum na zamani suna iya ganin sa. Kusancin dangin Rashan shine makarancin zamani, wanda desman yana da fasali iri daya a fannin ilmin jikin mutum da ilmin halitta.

Mutumin ya gwammace ya zauna tare da kwarkwata masu zurfin tunani a cikin abubuwan ɓoye da ta tona kanta. Ana yin gine-gine masu zurfi sosai kuma suna zuwa ga ƙarshen bakin ruwa. A cikin burrows, dabbar tana cinye mafi yawan lokacin da take ɓoyewa daga abokan gabanta, incl. daga mutum. Dabbar tana iya iyo sosai, tana da kyakkyawan jin ƙanshi da taɓawa. An rufe karamin jikin ta da kauri, wanda dabbar ke sarrafa sirrin glandon ciki. Godiya ga wannan, ulu yana samun ikon da zai iya hana ruwa sha ruwa, amma a lokaci guda yana bawa mai danshi kyakkyawan warin da ba shi da kyau.

Khokhul yana ciyar da ƙaramin ɓawon burodi, mollus, kwari da tsirrai masu ruwa. Dabba ba ta yin ajiyar kayan hunturu kuma ba ta sa hibernate, yana jagorancin rayuwa mai amfani duk shekara zagaye. Saboda wannan saukin, dabbar da bazata iya fadada ayyukanta zuwa arewa ba - yana da wahala dabba ta iya jure yanayin sanyi.

Bayanin muskrat

Babban sifar rarrabewar desman shine dogon hanci wanda yake kama da akwati, kumbure tare da membranes tsakanin yatsunsu, wutsiya mai qarfi, an lullube shi da sikelin mai kauri, wanda dabbar ke amfani dashi azaman roba. Jikin wani mutumin Rasha (Khokhuli) an shimfiɗa shi kuma kamar an ƙirƙira shi don rayuwa mai aiki duka a ƙasa da ruwa, ciki na dabba fari-fata, baya yana da duhu.

Wannan launi na dabba yasa ya zama mara ma'ana a cikin yanayin ruwa.. Mayafin yana da kauri sosai ba ya jika, kamar yadda dabba ke shafa shi kullun da musk, ana samarwa ta amfani da gland na musamman. Idan launi na desman yana ba da izinin maski, to, wari mai ƙarfi yakan ba da shi.

Abin ban sha'awa ne! Wahayin desman yana da rauni sosai, amma ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar su, bugu da ƙari, wannan ja da baya kusan yana rama cikakkiyar ƙanshin kamshi ne.

Jin kai a cikin wannan dabba shima yayi matukar bunkasa, amma har yanzu yana da wasu halaye.Ba za ta iya jin sautin kararraki ba, kamar mutane suna magana, amma tana amsawa kai tsaye ga ƙananan tarzoma, guntun tsintsaye ko fashewar ruwa. Masana kimiyya sun bayyana wannan fasalin ta yanayin rayuwa.

Rayuwa

Waɗannan dabbobin suna yin rayuwa irin ta ruwa.. Mutumin Rasha yana zaɓar wuraren da zai zauna tare da hanyar kwantar da hankulan koguna, gadajen ruwa da tabkuna. Ramin rami - kuma waɗannan su ne tsarin injiniya na ainihi tare da tsawon 10 m ko fiye, tare da motsawa da yawa.

Wannan yana bawa maskrats damar adana kayan abincin da suke ci a lokutan yunwar, ɓoyewa daga makiya da kuma zagayawa don neman abinci. Irin waɗannan tashoshin ruwa suna da kyau a lokacin hunturu: suna da ɗumi sosai kuma akwai damar samo ganima. A bankunan Wuraren zaka sami dukkan hanyoyin tangal-tangal na karkashin kasa, ƙofar shiga wacce ake ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ɓangaren ruwa.

A lokacin zafi, lokacin da matakin ruwa ya sauka da alama, dabba tayi zurfi cikin karkashin kasa, zai sake jagorantar su karkashin ruwa. Yana da matukar wuya a sami irin wannan mazaunin, saboda waɗannan dabbobi masu kulawa ne sosai.

Yawancin haɗari, mafarauta da mafarauta sun koya wa dabbobin nan dabarar rayuwa ta ɓoye. Shekaru 30 miliyan, desman ya koyi ɓoye daga sararin duniya. Amma duk da haka, mazaunin su sau da yawa suna ba da ragowar abincin da suka bari a kusa da burrows. Wannan abin da masu farauta ke amfani da shi.

Har yaushe wani desani?

A karkashin yanayin halitta, waɗannan dabbobi masu saurin ratsawa; abubuwanda ke haifar da rikice-rikice da yawa suna shafar rayuwarsu: canji a matakin ruwa a jikin ruwa, mafarautan mutane. Sabili da haka, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba sa rayuwa a cikin yanayin halitta sama da shekaru 3-4.

Abin ban sha'awa ne! A cikin kyakkyawan yanayi na wuraren tsabta ko wuraren kiwon dabbobi, lokacin da muskrat ba ta tsoma baki ko yin barazanar ba, za ta iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 5-6.

Wannan dai shine takaitaccen rayuwar rayuwa, da rauni ga abubuwanda suka lalace da kuma karancin yanayin da ya sanya wannan nau'in cikin hadari ta hanyoyi da yawa. Musamman mawuyaci ga matasa muskrats, kamar yadda suke bayyana marasa taimako kuma duk wani lamari na iya kawo ƙarshen rayuwarsu. Saboda haka, a farkon matakin haɓaka, zuriya daga cikin desman suna buƙatar kulawa ta musamman.

Halayyar anatomical na mutumin Rasha

Wannan dabbar ta aiwatar da juyin halitta ya samo kyawawan kaddarorin da suka dace da rayuwar rayuwa mai ruwa-da-ruwa. An yi imani da cewa desman shekaru iri daya ne kamar na dabbobi masu shayarwa, amma ba kamar waɗannan ƙattai ba, ana bambanta su da mafi kyawun damar daidaitawa. Mutumin Rasha, kwatancin wanda ya ba mu damar fahimtar ainihin yadda wannan halitta take rayuwa, yana da abubuwa da yawa a cikin kusancin da danginsa na kusa - rakakai. Yawancin mutane waɗanda ba su san abin da dabba yake da ita ba galibi suna rikitar da waɗannan nau'ikan biyu. Koyaya, tawadar Allah da muskrat suna rayuwa a cikin halittu daban-daban na yanayi, wanda ke ƙayyade fasalin tsarinsu. Wannan halitta tana da girman kai sosai a girma.

Tsawon jikin mutum na Rasha shine game da cm 25. tailaunin wutsiyar da aka faɗa ya ƙunshi daidai adadin. Wannan bangare na jikin dabbar yana da matukar mamaki. Samun siffar dutsen, wutsiyar tana taimakawa dabbar ta iyo da sauri. Ganye mai da aka tara a wannan ɓangaren jiki, wanda ke ba su damar tsira lokacin sanyi lokacin sanyi lokacin da yake da wahala ka sami abinci ga halittar kwari. Bugu da kari, irin wannan wutsiyar tana ba desman karin rawar hannu cikin ruwa kuma yana shiga cikin canja wuri lokacin da dabba zata bukaci yayi sanyi da sauri. Abin da ya sa wannan ɓangaren jikin ba ya rufe da Jawo-ruwa mai lalata, amma tare da sikeli mai wuya. Akwai gland mai ƙanshi na musamman kusa da wutsiya. Thewararren mayafin Rasha ba ya wuce g 550 g. Mace yawanci ƙasa da maza ne.

Jawo na kayan wankin ba sabon abu bane. Gashi sun yi fari a saman, amma tushensu masu kauri ne. Dabba tana da farin gindinta. Tsarin ulu ya sa ya yiwu a rarraba kumfa a tsakanin su, wanda ke aiki a matsayin kyakkyawar rufin kwalliya a lokacin iyo a cikin ruwan sanyi. Jawo dabbar danshi ba ya jike. A bayan dabba yawanci launin ruwan kasa duhu ko launin toka. Kushin tumbi yawanci launin toka ne na azurfa.Hakanan akwai ƙananan fararen fata a idanu. Irin wannan launi yana bawa dabba damar ya ɓad da kanta a cikin ruwa a bakin bankunan kogin. Kamar danginsu na kusa, jingina, beraye kusan makafi ne. Suna da ƙananan idanu wanda yayi kama da beads baki.

Sabon littafin Red ya cika da mai dogon buri

Koyaya, waɗannan halittu suna biyan bashin hangen nesa mai kyau tare da kyakkyawan taɓawa da wari. Vibrissas a desman na Rasha suna da tsawo sosai, don haka dabbar za ta iya samun abinci da sauri don kanta. Paarfin waɗannan halittun suna gajeru. Ana sanya yatsu masu dogo tare da dogon yatsu. Yayin aiwatar da iyo, dabbar tana turawa 'yan biyu gaban ta zuwa jikin, kuma tayi birgima da kafafunsa na baya. An haɗa yatsun ta cikin membranes, wanda ke sauƙaƙe motsi a cikin ruwa. Hanci na dabbar na da jan hankali sosai, wanda ke taimaka masa ya sha iska, ba tare da ya taho gaba daya ba. Wannan yana ba dabba damar guje wa abokan gaba na halitta.

Yawan jama'a, kare dabbobi

A ƙarni na 19, sanadin kashe muskrats saboda ƙarin jikinsu da ruwan musky, wanda aka yi amfani dashi wurin ƙona turare don gyara ƙanshin. Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun haifar da raguwa sosai ga yawan jama'arsu. A halin yanzu, ba'a san ainihin adadin waɗannan dabbobin ba, tunda Khokhul yana jagorantar rayuwa mai ɓoye kuma yana da matukar wuya haduwa da ita akan ƙasa.

Abin ban sha'awa ne! Dangane da kimar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, yawan desman a yau kusan mutane dubu 30 ne. Wannan ba mahimmanci bane, amma har yanzu wannan lambar tana da iyaka.

Yawan dabbobi na fama da mummunar cuta ta hanyar gurbata yanayi da magudanan ruwa, lalata ambaliyar ruwa, gina madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa, haɓaka bangarorin kariya ruwa, da kafa tarkunan kamun kifi, waɗanda galibi suna da muskrat.

Don daidaita yanayin, an saka ɗan ƙasar Rasha (Khokhula) a cikin jerin dabbobi daga Littafin Red na Rasha tare da matsayin nau'in nau'ikan sake fasalin, yana raguwa cikin adadi. Yanzu akwai tanadi 4 da kusan ajiyar 80, inda wannan dabba take ƙarƙashin kulawar masana kimiyya.

Ana ɗaukar matakan aiki don kare da kare waɗannan dabbobin da kuma mayar da lambobin su. A shekara ta 2000, an kirkiro wani shiri na musamman a karkashin sunan “Kare mutumin Rasha,” wanda ke aikin tantance yawan mutanen desman tare da bunkasa matakan kiyaye shi.

Burrows - wuraren da aka fi so a cikin desman Rasha

Muskrat na Rasha, wanda yake fifita wuraren kwanciyar hankali a halin yanzu (tabkuna da wuraren saukar ruwa) na rayuwa, yana son yin tono burrows, mai rikitarwa da tsayi (sama da mita 10). A cikin rairayin bakin tekun da ke cike da ciyayi na daji, akwai duka labyrinth na hanyoyin karkashin kasa, ƙofar shiga wacce ake ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ɓangaren ruwa. Lokacin da matakin ruwa ya sauka, an tilasta dabbar ta tsawaita hanyoyin karkashin kasa, ta sake jagorantar su a saman kogin.
Hakanan, mai wankan Rasha yana yin gajeren zango tare da ɗakuna da kuma zuriyar shara, inda a cikin hunturu yakan mamaye ajiyar iska yayin motsawa ƙarƙashin kankara. Ainihin, sel a cikin ramuka suna ba da hutawa da cin abinci.

Habitat

Ina ne mayyar take? Bayan wasu wurare a Rasha, ana kuma samun wannan nau'in kayan maye a wasu wurare a Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Lithuania da Belarus.

Fasalin rarrabuwa game da ƙasar Rasha ya zauna a cikin waɗannan wurare:

1. A cikin tasirin Dnieper, waɗannan dabbobin sun mamaye koguna kamar Iput, Vyazma, da Oster.
2. A cikin Don basin, ana iya samun su a cikin koguna kamar: Voronezh, Bityug, Khoper.
3. A cikin Volga na sama, ana samun waɗannan dabbobin a wurare kamar Kotorosl da Uzha. An kuma hango wannan dabbar a ƙaramar ƙashin Klyazma, Moksha da Tsne.
4. A cikin yankin Chelyabinsk, wuraren da desman yake zaune: kasan rafin Uy a yankin Kurgan, kazalika da ambaliyar Tobola.

Dalilai na halakarwa

An jera desman din cikin littafin nan mai kyau. Yawan waɗannan dabbobin zuwa 1973 ya kai kusan dubu 70 a cikin USSR. Ainihin, raguwar adadin waɗannan dabbobin ya kasance ne saboda gaskiyar cewa furcinsu yana da matuƙar ƙima.

A farko-farkon da tsakiyar karni na 19, farautar wadannan dabbobin ya kasance cike yake, kuma kusan dabbobi dubu 100 aka lalata a kowace shekara. Sakamakon irin wannan zaluncin da aka yiwa wadannan dabbobi, da keta hurumin mazaunin su (magudanar jikin ruwan), lambobin su sun ragu.

Bidiyo

Kalli bidiyo mai ban sha'awa game da wannan dabba ta musamman.

Daga cikin dabbobi da ba a sani ba masu ban mamaki sun hada da desman. Dabba tayi shekaru sama da miliyan 30 tana rayuwa a duniya. Ana lissafin desman na Rasha a yanzu a cikin littafin Red na Rasha, tunda jinsunan suna kan gab da ƙarewa. Wannan wace irin dabba ce, yadda take, inda matashin yake zaune, muna koya daga labarin.

Haraji

Rashaman desman ko crest (Latin Desmana moschata) ya mamaye matsayi na gaba a cikin batun haraji:

• Masarautar dabbobi - Dabbobi
• Nau'in Chordata - Chordata
• Subtype Vertebrata - Vertebrates
• Class Mammalia-Dabbobi masu shayarwa
• Squad Insectivora-kwayar cuta
• Mole ko shrew iyali
• Desmaninae na ƙasa mai zurfi (wani lokacin ana bambanta shi azaman iyali, nau'in na biyu shine Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus)
• Genus Vykhuhol -Desmana
• Duba V.Russkaya - D. moschata

Bayanin hoto da kuma muskrat

Dabbobin suna cikin rukunin dabbobi masu shayarwa da dangi da kuma umarnin kwari. A cikin daji can nau'ikan muskrats:

Mutanen sun kuma kira dabba da kwayar halittar ruwa, tunda dabbar tana da ikon yin iyo da kyau, ta iya ragargaje ramuka cikin ƙasa. A cikin hoto, ana iya ganin cewa dabbar tana da bayyanar ban sha'awa. Kallon desman nan da nan zaka iya sanin cewa yana da alaƙa da mazaunin cikin ruwa.

Tsayin jikin dabbobi ya kai tsawon 18-22 cm . Yawan dabba zai iya kaiwa 520 gr. Wutsiyar desman daidai yake da jikinsa kuma an rufe shi da manyan abubuwa masu ban tsoro. An kuma rufe saman wutsiya da gashin gashi, yana haifar da keel. Wannan dabba tana kama da tsuntsaye, amma a cikin tsuntsaye ne keel keɓaɓɓen sashi na musamman na thoracic. Wutsiya tana da mafi ƙarancin diamita a gindi kuma a farkonta tana da kauri irin na lu'u-lu'u. A cikin wannan yanki na wutsiya akwai ƙayyadaddun gland. Yankunan ƙasa sunyi ƙasa kuma akwai ramuka masu yawa a cikinsu, musk na ƙanshin ƙanshin takamaiman ya fito ta cikinsu. Nan da nan bayan ya yi kauri, wutsiyar a garesu tayi rawar jiki sosai.

A desman kunkuntar elongated mucks tare da hanci mai santsi (akwati) sanye take da bawul na musamman. Yayin nutsewa cikin ruwa, bawuloli suna rufe hanci. Dabba tana da rawar jiki da daɗewa kuma tana da hankali. Hannun bera yana da gajerun kafafu, kafafun hancin suna da girma fiye da sawu. Hannun yatsu biyar ya na sanye da membranes wanda ke rufe paws har zuwa tafin. Hannun yatsun suna da tsayi da kusan madaidaiciya siffar. Gashinan paws suna rufe gashi mai laushi kuma yana taimakawa haɓaka yankin hulɗa tare da yanayin ruwa.

Hoton ya nuna a fili cewa muskrat yana da kauri da furfura mai kauri. A tarnaƙi kuma a baya, Jawo yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kuma yana iya zama launin toka mai duhu a launi. Partashin ɓangaren fuskar dabbar yana da haske, har da ciki da wuyansa. Waɗannan sassa na jiki suna da launin toka ko launin fari. Jawo yana da ikon da zai iya riƙe iska, wanda ke taimaka wa desman ɗin kada ya daskare cikin kwanakin sanyi. Dabba yana da mummunan gani, saboda haka kyakkyawan jagora da taɓawa yake ji shi.

Habitat

Ana la'akari da desman a matsayin nau'in relict, endemic a cikin sararin samaniya bayan Soviet. A zamanin prehistoric, ana iya samunsa ko'ina cikin Turai har zuwa Tsibirin Biritaniya. Yanzu mazaunin ta ya fi ƙanƙanta, yankin ya tsage, ya iyakance ga waɗannan koguna kamar Don, Dnieper, Volga, da Urals. Har yanzu kuna iya saduwa da ita a Kazakhstan, wani lokacin a Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Portugal.

Yankin rarrabuwa na muskrat

Ko da shekaru 500 da suka gabata, waɗannan halittu masu ban al'ajabi sun bazu ko'ina cikin Turai. A yawancin yankuna na wuraren tarihi, muskrats yanzu an kare.Ana samun ƙananan adadin waɗannan halittun a gabar koguna kuma a jikin ruwa a Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Lithuania da Belarus. Ana samun muskrats da yawa a kan ƙasar Rasha. Yawancin waɗannan halittu suna zaune a cikin kwari na Dnieper da Don. Bugu da kari, ana samun su a cikin Volga na sama. A halin yanzu, adadin mayaƙan Rasha ba ya wuce mutum dubu 30. Wadannan dabbobin suna shafar muhalli, magudanan koguna da gurbacewar muhalli.

'Yan wasan ba su da yawa. Baya ga Rashanci, akwai kuma wani ƙaƙƙarfan ƙawancen Pyrenean. Littafin nan mai suna Red Book shima ya hada da wannan nau'in. Yana da yanki mai iyaka mai iyaka. Ana samun irin wannan dabba a cikin koguna a gefen rafin Pyrenees a kan iyakar Spain da Faransa. Daga cikin abubuwan, Pyrenees desman yana zaune a Central Portugal. Wannan nau'in yana cikin hatsari sama da desman, wanda ke zaune a Tsakiyar Turai, tunda irin waɗannan halittu sun yi ƙanana. Sun kai kawai 11-16 cm a tsayi kuma suna da nauyin 80 g, saboda haka a koyaushe ana farautar su ba da ƙarfi. An yi imanin cewa mafi dacewa ga desman ƙananan tafkuna ne, kazalika da dattawan koguna, inda akwai ƙananan bankunan da ke kusa da gandun daji ko ciyawa tare da ciyayi mai yawa.

Gallery: Rasha muskrat (25 hotuna)

Yaya muskrats ke rayuwa a cikin yanayinsu?

Abubuwa da yawa masu ban sha'awa game da yanayin rayuwar wadannan halittu an sami sanannu ne kwanan nan. Duk da cewa desman dabbobi masu shayarwa ne suke shakar iska, galibi rayuwarsu suna cikin ruwa. Waɗannan dabbobin dabbobi dabbobi ne masu ruwa-ruwa kuma har yanzu basu rasa sha'awar ramuka ba. Sun sami wurin da ya dace kusa da bakin teku, inda suke ƙirƙirar rami, tsawonsa na iya zama daga 1 zuwa 10 m. Theofar tana koyaushe a ƙarƙashin ruwa, wanda ke zama kyakkyawan kariya ga masu hasara. Burrows yawanci sosai m kayayyakin. A cikin kauri daga ƙasa, suna ƙirƙirar ɗakuna da yawa waɗanda ke da iska da nests, waɗanda galibi suna kasancewa a nesa da aƙalla 30 cm daga juna.

Groupsungiyoyin dangi na waɗannan halittu yawanci suna tono ƙarin minks, tsawonsu wanda bai wuce mil 1. Suna da ɗakin da ke cike da iska kuma yana da zurfin shara. Irin waɗannan minks suna da mahimmanci ga desman ba kawai don hutawa a lokacin rani ba, har ma don rayuwa a ƙarƙashin kankara a cikin hunturu. Bugu da kari, dabbobi suna maimaita ajiyar iska lokacin da basa iya fitowa a saman. Duk da girman matsakaicin matsayi, dabba irin ta muskrat wata halitta ce mai yawan cin abinci, tunda tana da sikeli sosai. Abincinsa ya hada da:

• leeches
• tsutsotsi
• mollus
• karamin kifi
• tadpoles
• kwaɗi
• larvae
• rhizomes na tsirrai.

Kamshin da yake da ɗanɗano yana jawo farauta, saboda haka muskrat na Rasha ba kasafai ya kasance ba tare da abinci ba. A lokacin rani, waɗannan halittu suna ƙoƙarin yin ritaya. Wannan yana haɓaka damar samun isasshen abinci. Lokacin da gawawwakin ruwa suka bushe, rayuwar desman ta zama da wahala. A doron kasa, wadannan halittun suna da yawa kuma suna zama ganima ga kuliyoyin daji, mayya, dawakai da sauran mafarauta. Sakamakon saurin saurin motsa jiki, dabbobin ba za su iya sanya hibernate ba a lokacin sanyi. Yawancin lokaci ana rasa su cikin fakitoci. Fiye da mutane 10 na iya yin hunturu a cikin rami ɗaya.

Yaya yanayin lokacin kiwo na mutumin Rasha?

Tare da fara ambaliyar ruwan bazara, fara wasannin tsagera. Don samun abokin tarayya, dabbobin suna zuwa bakin titi suka fara yin takamammen sauti, masu kama da mai hira. Maza sun ja hankalinsu sau da yawa suna shirya faɗa don gano wanda ya sami mace. Cutar ciki a cikin wadannan dabbobi tana da kimanin watanni 2. Don haka, a ƙarshen Mayu da farkon Yuni, daga yara 1 zuwa 5 ana haihuwar su a cikin ɗakin shaƙatawa. Jariri jariri yana nauyin nauyin 3-5 ne kawai .. tsirara ne kuma makaho ne, saboda haka yana bukatar kulawa a koyaushe daga mahaifiyarsa. A wasu yankuna, waɗannan dabbobin suna yin kiwo sau 2 a shekara. Na biyu mafi girma a cikin haihuwa yakan faru ne a watan Nuwamba - Disamba.Matar ta kasance tare da saurayi a cikin ɗakin shayarwa na makonni 2 na farko. Bugu da kari, zai iya barin su na wani dan gajeren lokaci. Monthsan watanni 1.5 na farko na rayuwa, 'yan maruƙa suna cin madara na fari, wanda ke da duk abin da ya wajaba don ci gaba da haɓaka. Namiji yana kusa kuma yana aiki don kare burrows. Tun daga wata 1.5 da haihuwa, matasa suka fara barin kogon na ɗan lokaci kaɗan kuma koya samun abinci.

Desmana moschata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Vykhuhol: Mafi mashahuri mazaunin kogi

Desman yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu ban mamaki da kuma ban mamaki, wanda ke gab da karewa. Hotunan zamani na wannan dabba a dabi'a na iya zama na ƙarshe, idan ba kuyi ƙoƙari ku kula da kyan gani ba.

Desman na Rasha shine dabbar dabba.

Mutumin Rasha wanda aka jera a cikin littafin Red. Wannan nau'in halitta ne mai wuya, kuma adadin su yana raguwa.

Suna zaune a Turai, sun fi son bankunan koguna da tafkuna. Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi biyu kawai a cikin iyalin muskrat - Pyknean muskrat da muskrat na Rasha.

Raskrat na Rashanci babban kwari ne mai adalci. Dabbar tana da nauyin 520 g, tsayin jikinta ya kasance daga 18 zuwa 20 cm.

Dabba yana da lafiyayyen jiki; yana da kai mai kamannin fuska tare da hanci mai tsawo. Hanci shima ana kiranta proboscis. A ƙarshen hanci na dabba, hanci. Babu kunnuwa, kuma lokacin da ake nitsewa cikin ruwa, sai buɗe ido yake a rufe. Idanun suna kanana da baki, amma tsinkar tsiron ƙanƙanuwa tana da kyau.

Dabbobin suna da hakora 44. A wuya ne kusan babu abin da zai iya yi. Wata gabar jiki takaice, da yatsu biyar akan kowane paw. Yatsun suna hade da membrane. Tare da gefuna kafafu, iyakar gashin kansa mai ƙarfi, wanda ke haɓaka saman iyo.

Jawo daga dabbar yana da kauri, taushi da siliki. Jawo gashi yana da dindindin, kuma kusan baya samun rigar, saboda an shafa masa mai. Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda dabbar tana iyo cikin ruwa a cikin hunturu kuma. A saman Jawo (a bango) mai launin toka ne ko launin ruwan kasa, kuma akan launin toka, ko ɗan wuta fiye da launin toka.

Wutsiya tana da wuya, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu acikin launi, mai gashi mai ƙyalƙyali. Idanu ba su da gani, amma jin ƙanshi da taɓawa suna da kyau. Yana ciyarwa akan tsutsa kwari, mollusks, ƙananan kifi, da abincin shuka. A cikin rana guda, cin abinci mai yawa kamar yadda yake awo. Kai! Sai dai itace musirat mai cin abinci.

Ji mai kyau duka a ruwa da ƙasa. Yana jagorantar rayuwa mara kyau. Ya zaɓi wurin zamansa a wuraren ɗakunan ajiya tare da ciyayi mai ruwa. Yana samun abinci ta hanyar taimakon proboscis. Ganyen ɓoye a ƙarshen tafkin tare da proboscis, dabbar tana karɓar kwari da larvae, da mollusks don abincin rana.

Nora ya gina don haka ficewar daga gare ta yana ƙarƙashin ruwa kawai. Tsawon mink ɗaya zai iya kaiwa mita 12. Muskrat yana gina babban gida a ƙarƙashin tushen bishiyoyi ko shishika, wanda ke kare gidan daga rushewa. Dabba ba ta sarrafawa da mink ɗaya. Ya sake gina kansa biyu, inda ya adana kayayyaki, ya huta.

Suna zaune cikin dangi ko ma'aurata, a cikin hunturu suna cike da jama'a. Fiye da dabbobi 15 na iya zama a rami ɗaya. Desman yana iyo sosai. A cikin sakan daya yana iya iyo 25-30.

Ciki yakan kai kwanaki 45-50. Makaho da tsirara jarirai ana haife su cikin duniya. Yawancin lokaci a cikin zuriyar dabbobi akwai daga ɗaya zuwa biyar. Girman dabba ɗaya shine gram 3. Wane irin jariri. A cikin wata guda suna cin abincin shuka, kuma tuni a watanni 4 suna yin rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Yana kawo zuriya sau biyu a shekara.

Muskrat, ko Ukrainians, nau'in dabbobi ne masu relics da ke rayuwa a Rasha musamman. Tun daga 1986, desancin Rasha yana cikin Littafin Red. Muskrat zamani ne na mammoth, mutum zai iya cewa, dabba ne, mai martaba. A zamanin da, ya kasance kusan a ko'ina cikin Turai, amma yanzu iyakancewar ɗabi'arta yana iyakantacce ne a kan kwandon Dnieper, Don, Volga, da Urals. Ana samo shi a Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Lithuania, ƙasa da sau da yawa a Belarus.

Dabba tana da kusanci da tawadar.Don iyawarta ta ruwa ta banmamaki da tono a cikin kabari mai zurfi a cikin ƙasa, wani lokaci ana kiranta tawadar ruwa. A doron kasa, dabbar tana da wuya. Yana da bayyanar sabon salo, kafaffun kafaffun kafaffun kafa da fuska mai dawwamammen fuska suna jan hankali. Jikin 19-22 cm, kusan wutsiya iri ɗaya, nauyi 510 g.

Hoto - Desman, Matattarar, shude.

Dukkanin wutsiyar an rufe ta da tsoffin tsoratattun abubuwa, kuma a saman yana da gashin gashi, yana haifar da keel. A tushe, wutsiyar tana da mafi ƙarancin diamita. A farkon wutsiya, akwai daskararren launin fata mai launin lu'u-lu'u, inda takamaiman (kamshi, musky) yake, guguwar mai tana fitowa ta ramuka da yawa da ke cikin lamuran daga ƙasa. Bayan ya yi kauri, wutsiyar ta ba da labari sosai daga ɓangarorin biyu. Hanci shine gangar jikin mutum. Vibrisses yana da tsawo sosai, tare da yawancin hairs masu hankali a jiki.

Hoto. Sucker, crest, shrew - bayan iyo.

Yana da gajerun yatsun kafa biyar, yatsun kafafunsu sun fi gaban girma. An haɗa yatsun ta membrane mai iyo. Claws arelong, dan kadan an tanƙwara. Hemasasshen gashin gashi yana shimfidawa daga gefen paws ɗin, yana tsawaita wurin iyo.

Kuma a cikin wannan hoton, sha'awar yadda muke iyo.

Saƙar gashin gashi na muskrat mai kauri ne, mara kunya, mai dorewa, gashi ya haɗu zuwa saman. Akwai hakora 44. Jaridar kusan makaho ne. Amma suna da kyakkyawar ma'ana wari da taɓawa.

Lokacin kiwo yana farawa daga bazara. Gon faruwa a kan bango na maza faɗa. Cutar ciki tana da kwanaki 45-50, bayan wannan jarirai 1 ko 5 suka bayyana, makafi ne da tsiraici, masu nauyin gamma 2-3.3, wanda ƙasa da rabin haihuwar bera. A cikin ɗakin shaƙatawa, ana yin gida inda aka yi daga rigar teku mai rafi. Zuriya biyu a kowace shekara (ƙarshen Mayu - Yuni, Nuwamba - Disamba). A cikin wata guda, jarirai suna ciyar da abincin tsofaffi, sun zama masu 'yanci gabaɗaya a watanni 5.

Muskrat na Rasha ko crest - dabbar littafin jan: bayanin, hotuna, hotuna da bidiyo, yadda yake kallo da kuma inda muskrat ta shude take.

Hoto. Rasha ta muskrat.

Mun bayar da kallon fim din "bidiyon Rasha"

da kuma wani ɗan gajeren bidiyon game da ƙarancin masaniya

Matsayin Al'umma da Kariya

Vykhuhol wani nau'in halitta ne mai wahalar gaske wanda aka jera a cikin Littafin Red na Rasha tare da rukuni na 2: nau'in nau'in relict mai saurin raguwa yana raguwa a lamba. Irin wannan mummunan yanayin a cikin desman a Rasha ya haifar da irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar lalata gandun daji na ruwa, gurɓatattun jikin ruwa da dabbobi ke zaune, magudanan filayen ambaliyar ruwa, waɗanda ke taɓarɓare yanayin samar da abinci da kariya, gina madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa, gami da ci gaba a bankunan wuraren tafki, samar da wuraren ajiyar ruwa waje kiwo kusa da tafkunan.

A halin yanzu, dabbar tana cin nasarar kiyaye shi saboda hanyoyin da ba tsarin tsari na al'ada ba. Wato, ƙirƙirar ƙwararrun farauta, ainihin ƙa'idar wanda shine amfani da hankali da kariyar waɗannan dabbobin.

Iyakan abubuwan

Yankin muskrat yana da ƙarami, saboda akwai resan tafki kaɗan da suka dace da shi. Abubuwan da ke cikin dabi'un halitta waɗanda ba su da illa ga lambobinta sun haɗa da ambaliyar ruwa na hunturu da ambaliyar ruwa. Lokacin tashin ruwa na hunturu ruwa, ramuka na desman yana ambaliya, sai su nutsar. A cikin lokacin bazara, ragunan da ke kusa da ruwa sun zama mara amfani da bushewa, kuma muskrats dole ne su nemi sabon wurin zama. A ƙasa, muskrats kusan ba su da wata matsala saboda hangen nesa da rashi, duk da cewa magabatan ba kasafai za su ci su ba saboda tsananin ƙamshin turaren musky. Wani lokaci ana kai hari ta hanyar ermines, ferrets, otters, foxes, the stray karnuka da kuliyoyi, daga tsuntsaye - marsh harrier, black kite, osprey, gaggafa na zinare, babban tururuwa, mikiya, mujiya, gulma, maɗaukaki da magpie. A karkashin ruwa, pike da manyan kifin kifin a kan su. Har ila yau, ciyawar daji ta rurrushe wuraren hana ruwa, yana lalata ƙasa, har ma da makiyaya. Amma mafi girman matsin lamba a kansu shine ke haifar da nau'in halittun da aka gabatar da su - mink na Amurka da muskrat, ɗayan na ƙarshe yana tisa keyar mai dabbar, yana ɗaukar burush.

Koyaya, babban ragi a cikin kewayon da yawan desman yana faruwa ne saboda dalilai na rashin haɓakawa: kamun kifi, canjin tattalin arziki na ambaliyar ruwa (magudanar ruwa, janyewar ban ruwa, guguwar), kiwo, da gurɓatattun sassan jikin ruwa.

Darajar tattalin arziki da matakan tsaro

A da, desman wani nau'in kasuwanci ne mai mahimmanci. Har zuwa kashi ɗaya na uku na ƙarni na 17, an haƙa shi kawai saboda ƙamshin da aka ji. A Rasha, ana tura lilin tare da bushewar cokali, kuma daga baya aka fara amfani da asirin glandonsa a cikin turare a matsayin gyaran turare. Daga baya ne kawai suka fara samun muskrats saboda ja, kuma an ƙimanta shi sama da beaver.

Haramtacciyar kasar ta Soviet ta bayyana wannan haramcin ne a shekarar 1920, kuma ya fara aiki sama da shekaru 20. A wannan lokacin, yawan desman ya ƙaru sosai, kuma an sake haɓaka samar da kayan. Koyaya, a cikin 1957 an sake dakatar da ita, ban da kama dabbobi don sake zama.

A Rasha, an dauki matakai akai-akai don karewa da dawo da yawan muskrat. Daga birni, sama da mutane 10,000 ne aka sake yin lamuran, ciki har da a cikin lardunan Novosibirsk (r. Tortas) da Tomsk (r. Tagan) inda ba a taɓa samun muskrats ba a da. An kirkiro tanki 4 da kuma tanadin 80 na tarayya da na gida, inda sama da kashi 30% na yawan dabbobin ke tattarawa. Tun daga faduwar, Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Dabbobi, tare da tallafin kudi daga Asusun Kula da Gidajen Kasa, suna aiwatar da aikin "Tsayawa desman na Rasha", wanda aka sadaukar domin kimanta halin yanzu na mutanen desman da kuma inganta matakan kiyayewa.

Bayanan kula

• M jinsunan
• Dabbobi a haruffa
• Ra'ayin Rage Girma na Rasha
• Dabbobin ruwa-ruwa masu ruwa-ruwa
• Dabbobi masu shayarwa na Eurasia
• Mole
• An bayyana dabbobi a cikin 1758
• Monotypic dabbobi masu shayarwa

Gidauniyar Wikimedia. 2010.

Sakonni :

Desman wani sananne ne na dabba, amma akasinsa saboda sunansa na wasa ne. A zahiri, 'yan kaɗan za su yi fahariya cewa ya gan ta a yanayi. Dabba yana jagorantar rayuwa mai matukar amana, kasancewar ko dai a rami, ƙofar wacce take ɓoye ƙarƙashin ruwa, ko cikin ruwa kanta.

Ka yi tunanin halittar da aka rufe da farin furɗinsa na zare, da doguwar hancin proboscis kamar hanci, ƙyallen maƙalar ƙyallen ƙyallen a tarnaƙi kuma ƙafafun kafaffun kafaffun kafaffun kafaffun. A lokaci guda, wannan sake fasalin tsohuwar fauna ce ta wanzu wacce ta rayu har zuwa zamaninmu ta kusan canzawa. Mutumin Rasha (Desmana moschata), ko, kamar yadda kuma ana kiranta, Khokhula, wata alama ce ta rayuwa, wani nau'in mallakar ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin rukunin dabbobi masu shayarwa, wakilai waɗanda aka san su daga Oligocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 30 da suka gabata).

A halin yanzu, akwai nau'ikan muskrats guda biyu na mallakar biyu. Ofayansu shi ne Pyrenees muskrat (Galemys pyrenaicus), wanda ke zaune a cikin tsaunin ɓangaren tsakiyar Portugal, kazalika da tsaunin Pyrenees, yana rarraba Faransa da Spain. Wani nau'in (Desmana moschata) kyakkyawan tsari ne na ɓangaren Turai na tsohuwar USSR, wacce ba a taɓa samun ta ko'ina a duniya ba, don haka tana da kowane haƙƙin da za a kira shi ɗan Rasha.

Dabba ta zama sabon abu. Jikin da ya kumbura, ya kai tsawon 20 cm, ya wuce zuwa ga siffar shugaban kai, yana karewa cikin rowa da yake cikin cikin proboscis. A saman muƙamuƙi akwai abubuwa biyu waɗanda aka faɗaɗa da abu mai ƙarfi, waɗanda ke aiki da maye gurbin fasahar da ta ɓullo da abin da desman ke murƙushe ɓarkewar mollusk. Kafafun hular sun fi gaban girma kuma suna sanye take da membranes na iyo.

Wutsiya ce mai laushi (a hankali a hankali) kuma scaly, gashin gashi siliki ne, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu akan bango, farin-farin kan ciki. Saboda wannan na ƙarshe, lokacin farin ciki, Jawo mai ɗumi, an fara neman muskrat an daɗe yana farauta.

A cikin hoto da ke sama: mutumin da yake kwance a kan dutse ya ɓoye rami.

Muskrat dabba ce mai dusar ƙanƙan da take ɗauke da fata wacce aka kimanta fata fiye da beaver, kodayake ƙarshen ta yana da yawa sau da yawa fiye da girmanta.Amma ya kamata a san cewa ana jin daɗin gashin kansa kawai a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17, har zuwa wannan lokacin da ake farautar dabbar kawai don ƙanshin ƙanshi ne.

Ina ne mayyar take?

Yankunan farko na muskrats sun mamaye wani yanki mai mahimmanci na Turai. A cikin Pleistocene da farkon Holocene a tsakiyar Turai, yanayin rashin ruwa mai lalacewa ya inganta ga wannan dabba: tsarin hunturu mara tsayayye tare da canje-canje akai-akai a cikin daskarewa koguna da dumama, tare da ambaliyar hunturu. Wannan, ga alama, ya haifar da raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin jimlar adadin muskrat. Bayan haka, abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin nasara, kuma sama da dukkanin ci gaban masunta, sun fara taka rawa wajen rage kewayon.

Rarraba desman na Rasha a yau ya iyakance ga ƙananan bangarori na kwandunan Volga, Don da Ural. A farkon karni na ashirin. dabbar ta ɓace daga gandun Dnieper, daga baya - daga ɓangarori da dama na tsarin Volga, kusan rabin ƙarni da suka gabata - daga tasirin Seversky.

A cikin kewayonsa, dabbar tana zaune kusa da matsakaita da ƙaramin koguna, tsoffin mata, tafkuna, da wuraren saukar ruwa. Abinda yafi dacewa dashi shine gawarwakin ruwa tare da gabar ruwan da ciyayi masu tasowa masu kyau. A wuraren ajiyar irin wannan ciyayi, dabbar tana wanzuwa lafiya har sai ambaliyar farko. Da farko na wannan mawuyacin lokaci, 'yan kasar Ukrain da ke gabar tekun ba su iya yin tsayayya ba, kuma halin yanzu ke rushe shi. A karkashin yanayi na al'ada, a gabar ruwan da ke bakin ruwa, mai maye ya tsira daga ambaliyar ruwa, ya zauna a wuri guda.

Dabbobin da aka tsere daga ramuka suna samun matsuguni na ɗan lokaci akan wasu sassan da ba a cika bishiyoyi ba a cikin reshe na rassan, wuraren ɓuya, da tarin tsiran bishiyoyin. Rashin kasancewa wurin sa a cikin tafkuna marasa itace suna karfafa dabba ta shiga yawo. Yawancin lokaci ana ɗaukarsa ƙasa, inda ya fada cikin al'adun sauran iyalai, yana fama da zalunci. Wannan yanayin yakan ƙare da mutuwar mai ɓatarwa. Fari na lokacin bazara, wanda matakin ruwa a jikin ruwan ya kwarara kwarjini, shima zai iya haifar da ƙaura, wanda kuma ya wuce zuwa ƙasa mai girma.

Siffofin salon rayuwar mutumin Rasha

Yawanci, rami yana da ɗakunan gida biyu na 2-3 da kuma adadin ɗakunan da suke hutawa waɗanda ke aiki don bushewa bayan dogon dogon ruwa. Dabba ta bushe da sauri, tunda da wuya ulu ya jike. Wani tsagi mai zurfi yana buɗewa daga ƙofar zuwa rami tare da ƙasan tafki, wanda aka kafa saboda yawan motsi dabbobi baya da gaba. A cikin fari, wannan tsagi (galibi yana da rassa 2-3) yana bushewa. Desman yana zurfafa shi kuma ya ci gaba da amfani dashi wasu lokuta har sai tafki ya bushe.

Yankin na Ukrainan na iya zama a cikin ruwa na tsawon mintina 5, bayan haka ya kamata su sha iska. Tana iya yin hakan ta hanyar zama a karkashin ruwa da fallasar da proboscis kawai a farfajiya. An nuna shi kamar ciyawar ciyawar ciyawar, dabba ba ta kasance a bayyane ga maƙiyanta ba, waɗanda ke da yawa - macizai, dawakai, matattakala da sauran mafarauta.

Aikin Khokhuli

Desman mai aiki a duk shekara. Bubbles na iska wanda yake fitowa daga ajikin dabbar iyo kuma yana tarawa a cikin hunturu akan hanyar motsi ya fito da bayyane a bayyane a ƙarƙashin kankara - amintacciyar alama ce ta yawan mashigar ruwa ta wurin wani ɗan adam.

Gabaɗaya, ayyukan Khokhuli baya dogaro da haske da lokacin rana. Dabba na iya zama mai aiki duka a cikin hasken rana da kuma a cikin daren dare. Lokacin da aka tsare shi a zaman talala, duk ya dogara da lokacin ciyarwa. Tare da canji a cikin ciyarwar, ana aiwatar da tsarin ayyukan yau da kullun na dabba. Ana lura da abu iri ɗaya a cikin yanayin halitta: idan wani abu ya sami matsala game da neman abinci da rana, alal misali, kiwo shanu a ranakun zafi, lokacin da garken ke kiyaye tudu gabaɗaya, dabbobin da ke zaune a wannan yankin suna canza ayyukan su na rana zuwa ayyukan dare.

Matsakaicin matsakaita na kayan yau da kullun na mutum a cikin hunturu yawanci ya kai awanni 6-7, daga farkon bazara wannan alamar tana ƙaruwa zuwa awa 9-10.Kasancewa a cikin gida, 'Yan kasar Ukrain na dogon lokaci suna gyara gashinsu. Idan murfin gida-gida ya canza daga wuri, dabba a hankali "kintsattse" rata mai sakamakon.

Dabba tana ciyar da yawancin ranakun hunturu cikin gida a cikin kwanciyar hankali. Idan a lokacin rani ya isa ya ɗora murfin gidan har dabbar da ke kwance nan da nan ta fado daga ciki, to a lokacin hunturu sai ta ci gaba da yin bacci, ta soke shi a cikin ciyawa, tana farkawa sai bayan “turawa” mai aiki. Khokhul baya fada cikakke, amma tana cikin yanayi na hunturu.

Menene abincin rana?

Abincin desman yana da ƙananan ƙananan hanyoyin ruwa na ruwa (mollusks, kwari, larvae, leeches). Arancin lokaci, dabbar tana samar da kifi da kwaɗi. Baya ga abincin dabbobi, Khokhuli daga lokaci zuwa lokaci suna sake cin abincinsu da kayan marmari - suna cin girke girke, ciyawar cattail, 'ya'yan itacen ƙyallen kwai da lililin ruwa, da sauransu.

Ya kamata a lura da mahimmancin tsagi a ƙasa - madaidaiciyar hanyoyin motsi na desman daga rami zuwa wuraren ciyarwa. Sakamakon motsi akai-akai, ruwa yana da kyau a cikin su, wanda ke jan hankalin ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa waɗanda ke zama abincin dabba. Wannan wani nau'in tarko ne na kullun da ba matsala. Ciyar da yankin farauta, dabbar da ke iyo a cikin gonar ta farauta, ta rike jikin a wani wuri mai dan karen tsaye, proboscis ke bayyana kayan abinci tare da proboscis da vibrissae. Dabbobin ya karbe su ya sanya su cikin “ramuka na ciyarwa”, ko ma a wuraren da babu kowa a bakin tudu, inda yake ci. Bayan haduwa da babban ganima (kifi, tsintsiya), Khokhula ba da gangan yake hanzarta zuwa gare shi ba, wani lokacin ya rasa shi, ya fara neman zazzabi, ya sake kai hari, ya tashi daga gefe zuwa gefe kuma galibi yakan daina farauta, bai kai ga burin ba. A bayyane yake, a cikin yanayi na dabi'a, yana yiwuwa a jimre wa irin wannan ganima kawai a ƙarƙashin musamman yanayi mai kyau (alal misali, a lokacin daskarewa a cikin kandami a cikin hunturu ko lokacin da tafkin ambaliyar ruwa ya bushe a lokacin rani).

Dangantaka ta dangi

Dankanawa da haifuwa a desman na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci na shekara, amma dabbobi sun fi aiki yayin lokacin ambaliyar. A wannan lokacin ne wasannin Lardin galibi ke faruwa. A lokaci guda, a wasu lokuta ana lura da mummunan fada tsakanin maza, amma a mafi yawan lokuta an iyakance ga gajeriyar rashin nasara yayin ganawa da abokin gaba.

Kowane mutum na kowane namiji ya mallaki nasa ramin, wanda a ke sa zuriyar a ciki. Bayan hadi, mace nan da nan ta fara aikin ginin kuma da wuya ta fito daga ciki. Cutar ciki tana kwana 40-45. Da isowar 'ya' ya, uwa tana kula da shi sosai, yana yin labanin 'ya' yan, ya ciyar da madara ba tare da barin komai ba. A nan gaba, sai ta shirya wa kanta additionalarin gida, wanda a ciki yake hutawa tsakanin ciyarwa. Damuwa game da wani abu, mace na dauke da 'ya'yan a cikin wani rami (ko kuma zuwa wani ɗakin wannan rami ɗaya). Uba yana daukar nauyin kula da zuriya. Koyaya, ba kamar mahaifiyarsa ba, da sauri ya fita daga gida idan ƙararrawa yayi.

Har zuwa dabbobi bakwai ana iya kirga su a cikin zuriyar dangi: iyayen biyu da zuriya na ƙarshe. Tare da yawan jama'a masu yawa, amma tare da iyakance dama don gina ramuka, iyalai mafi girma na iya tashi saboda ƙari na mutane marasa alaƙa. Sai abin ya faru cewa dabbobi 12-13 sun yi huda a rami ɗaya. Tare da wannan akwai Khokhulis, wanda ke jagorancin salon rayuwa mai kaɗaita. Broods na bazara suna wucewa cikin bazara zuwa rayuwa mai 'yanci, kuma iyaye sun watse. Gidan ya daina zama.

Sau da yawa mazan da mata na dangi daban-daban a wuraren shiga sukan shiga fada, wani lokacin ma sukan mutu ne daga ɗaya daga cikin mayaƙan. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, muskrats na manya suna kai hari ga matasa marasa alaƙa.

Lokacin da Khokhuli ya gamu da wata baƙon nata, sai ta tsaya a kan kafafunta biyu kuma al'adar 'bayyana ma'amala' ta fara. Dukkanin abokan haɗin gwiwar suna shimfiɗa proboscis ga junan su kuma, bayan sun taɓa fa theidar girgiza, suna bi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wannan na iya ci gaba har tsawon wani lokaci.A karshen, dabbobin sun yi ruwa sau da yawa kuma sun sake haduwa. Ya ƙare da gaskiyar cewa ko dai sun shiga cikin yaƙin ko kuma su yi lumana cikin lumana ta fuskoki daban-daban. Wani lokaci Ukraan ƙasar Ukrainiya suna amfani da hanyar tsoratar da abokan gaba, suna yin huhu a hanunsa da danna haƙoransa. Ya firgita, mutumin ya zauna a cikin gida ko cikin ruwa, wani lokaci yakan fallasa bakin hanci kawai don ya sake dawo da iska.

Jin, gani, kamshi da kuma muryar wani desani

Furucin faɗakarwa game da desman a ƙasa kuma wani ɓangare na ruwa ana aiwatar dashi ta hanyar ji. Dabba tana maida hankali da saurin daskarar da ruwa. A nesa nesa, ana aiwatar da daidaituwa ta amfani da gashin gashi - vibrissae da ke kan disigma.

Harshen wari yana da ɗan talauci ci gaba. Ana iya zaton cewa komawa ga wani rami ko farauta a cikin duhun duhu, muskrat baya bata, yana bin lamuran sa mai kyau. Da sanin kamshin wasu mutane na halittun ta, dabbar zata sami abokin tarayya a lokacin kiwo.

Raunin hangen nesa ya lalace sosai wanda har haske mai haske ya shiga cikin duhu baya haifarda wani sakamako. Kamar yadda abubuwan lura a cikin akwatin kifaye suka nuna, a cikin dabba a cikin ruwa, a hankali rufe ido yake.

Ana iya jin sautin danshin a cikin yanayin halitta kawai a cikin bazara, lokacin zube, lokacin da dabbobin ke iyo a kan mace .. Namiji, yana bin mace, yana yin sautin amo na wani yanayi, wani lokacin wani irin nishi mai natsuwa. Hakanan zaka iya jin sautin kiran mace mai laushi. Wani lokaci, ana jin ƙaramar abu daga dabba mai ƙin ji. Idan wani karo ya faru da wani baƙon da ke da nasa nau'in, alal misali, tare da muskrat, ana jin latsawar haƙoran hakora.

Abota da ƙiyayya

Musamman bayanin shine dangantakar abokantaka ta musamman tsakanin muskrats da dabbobi kamar beavers (ƙari akan beavers a cikin labarin). Beaver burrows sukan danganta su da burrows na desman. A tsakiyar kisan, babban kifi, don neman oxygen, tara a bakin ramuwar beaver da a rami beaver a kankara. Wannan yana samar da abinci ga Khokhuli. Bugu da kari, ramuka a cikin kankara ta masu beavers suna taimakawa sosai game da wanzuwar desman, suna samar da isashshen oxygen.

Wani nau'in da 'yan kasar Ukrain zasu yi ma'amala dashi shine babban garkuwar ruwa na muskrat. A mahaifarta ta Arewacin Amurka, takan yi hulɗa da masu bi. An kafa alaƙa iri ɗaya tsakanin muskrats da beavers ɗinmu. Amma ga muskrat, haɗuwa a cikin biocenosis na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi mai muskrat ya zama wani abu mara kyau. Zuwa yau, bayanai da yawa sun tara game da yawan cunkoson jama'a daga Khokhuli tare da muskrat. Thearfin ɗayan na ƙarshe don yaɗa ramuka na muskrat ya kai irin har yanzu ya fi son mamaye ramuka da aka shirya da muskrat, da ɗan daidaita su da kansu. Yaro mafi girma muskrat kusan sau biyu ya fi muskrat girma. Ta kewaya dabbar, ta faɗaɗa abubuwan da ta mallaka. Gaskiya ne, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, adadin muskrats a cikin rijiyoyin da yawa ya ragu sosai saboda ƙarancin abinci.

Siffofin halayen desman

Yawancin bayanai game da halayen desman basu bayyana ba saboda yanayin rayuwar sirri. Akwai lokuta idan dabba da aka kama kawai, ta wutsiya ta kawo shi ga kifin, rataye a gefen hannun mutumin, duk da irin wannan sabon yanayi da tsoro, nan da nan suka ruga da sauri don cinye shi! Akasin haka, a wani yanayin, wani matashi mai son maza, wanda ya rayu, yana jin daɗin cikakken 'yanci na motsi, a cikin mazaunin gida sama da watanni bakwai, da taurin kansa ya ƙi ɗaukar abinci daga hannunsa. A mafi karancin amo, ya gudu daga wurin mai siye da ɓoye na dogon lokaci a cikin mazaunin sa. Wata dabba ta zagaya cikin gidan yayin rana, gaba daya ba ta jin karar hayaniya, kasancewar mutane, kide-kide.

A cikin tsananin tsananin farin ciki ko firgita, mahaifiyar da ta cancanci a wasu lokuta ta kan lalata zuriyarta.Amma akwai wasu lokuta sanannu lokacin da wata mace da kawai aka kama ta saka tare da 'ya'yanta a cikin ɗakin jigilar kayayyaki kai tsaye ta fara ciyar da su madara.

Ana iya faɗi cewa bambanci mai kaifi a cikin halayyar mutane daban-daban a cikin yanayi iri ɗaya fasalin halayyar wannan nau'in ne.

Lokacin da aka ajiye shi a cikin jirgin sama, yakan yanke sabon yanayi da sabon salon rayuwa. Ta saba da wani aiki na yau da kullun, ta daina yin hankali, zata iya karbar abinci daga hannun ta. Amma ba za ku iya kiran ta da suna ba a cikin cikakkiyar ma'anar kalmar. Ko da mutumin da yake kula da ita koyaushe kuma yake ciyar da ita, Khokhul baya taɓa alaƙa da shi Sifar halayyar Khokhuli za a iya ɗauka ta rashin gazawar mulkin da aka riga aka cimma. Babu wani dalili da ya bayyana, kwatsam sai tsoro ya kama ta, ta tilasta mata ta gudu. Bayan wannan, dabbar wani lokaci yakan ɓoye a cikin mazauninsa na wani lokaci, kamar dai daji ne kuma. Yana ɗaukar dogon lokaci har sai ya sake "dawowa cikin hankalinsa."

Desman a cikin Littafin Jan

Dangane da raguwar ci gaban adadi, yawanci a shekarar 1957 an hana farautar muskrat, kodayake, dakatar da kamun kifi bai iya tabbatar da kare halittar wannan nau'in ba, wanda ke matukar wahala da ayyukan dan adam.

Kamar yadda kuka sani, rayuwar wani mutum tana da kusanci da yanayin ambaliyar ruwan jikin mutane. Ba tare da tsarin ambaliyar ruwa ba, da wuya kasancewar wata nau'in halittu da wahala. Kawar dabbobi ta faru ne dangane da canji a muhalli, da kuma ci gaban aikin gona. Sake dawowa cikin USSR, tare da manufar maido da haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfa da ƙara yawan rarraba yankin, a wurare da yawa sun saki mutumin da aka kama don sake gina wucin gadi. Amma a mafi yawan lokuta, wadannan ayyukan ba su samar da sakamakon da ake so ba.

A yau, ya cancanci a cikin desman a cikin Babban littafin Federationungiyar Rashanci tare da rukuni na 2: nau'in nau'in kumburi mai ɗanɗano da ke raguwa da lamba. Babban aikin a yanzu shine kiyaye ragowar wani tsohuwar halitta, mai ban sha'awa. Idan 'yan Ukrain suka ɓace ba tare da wata alama ba - to laifin zai hau kan mu waɗanda suka gaza ceton ta har zuwa gaba.

Abokan gaba na maƙiyan Rasha

Kodayake muskrat yana jagorantar wata hanya ta siriri da kulawa, tana da makiya da yawa a cikin daji! Kasancewar yana da karamin girma, wannan dabba yakan zama ganima ga masu farauta.

Babban maƙiyan ƙasa:

• dawakai
• masu ban tsoro
• ferrets
• kuliyoyin daji
• wasu tsuntsaye iri-iri.

Yawancin lokaci dabba mai furry ta zama wanda aka azabtar a cikin ƙasa, saboda Kafafu ba su dace da motsi ba don tafiya akan ƙasa. Lokaci mafi hatsari a wannan batun shine ambaliyar ruwan sama. Kuma kawai a wannan lokacin lokacin mating yana faɗi. Dabbobin da ke cikin aikin zaɓi na ma'aurata sun rasa kulawa, kuma tafkin da aka zubar ya hana su mafaka ta halitta - burrows. Don haka, desman ya zama mai sauƙin ganima ga masu farauta. Har ila yau, boars na daji suna haifar da wata babbar illa, wanda, kodayake basa cinye tsofaffi, galibi sukan tsage damtse.

A cikin ruwa, 'yan kasar Ukrain sun fi fama da karancin damar kaiwa hari, amma har ma a nan ba su da cikakken tsaro. Animalan ƙaramin dabba na iya zama ganima ga babban pike ko kifayen kifi. Wani babban abokin gaba na desman ya zama mutum da ayyukansa. Shekaru ƙarnuka, yana zubar da dabbobi don fur da musk. Amma idan yanzu an haramta farauta don Ukrainians kuma an kare ta, to, lalata halayen mazaunin ta na ci gaba da rage adadin waɗannan dabbobin na da.

Yanayi da halayyar mutumin Rasha

Duk da cewa dabbar dabbar dabba ce, tana ciyar da rabin rayuwar ta cikin ruwa.

Dabbobin suna zaune a cikin ƙananan minks daga mita 1 zuwa 10, tsawonti wanda yake ƙarƙashin ruwa. Daga ƙofar, rami ya hau zuwa ƙaramin gida, wanda ke saman ruwa. Yawancin lokaci, burrows suna da rassa da yawa, kuma ana iya shimfida su a wurare daban-daban kuma nisan kusan mita 30 daga juna.Don samun daga wannan ƙwanƙwasa zuwa waccan, berayen ya riƙe numfashinsa yana iyo a ƙarƙashin ruwa, a hankali yana shakar iska a cikin ƙananan ƙananan kumfa. A cikin hunturu, waɗannan kumfa suna zama rago a cikin kan kankara.

Muskrats suna ciyar da larvae, leeches, mollusks, a cikin lokacin hunturu mai jin yunwa suna iya cin frogs, karamin kifi da cizon rhizomes. Dabbobi ba su shiga cikin rashin isasshen gashi, dusar ƙanƙara mai ɗumi tana kare su daga sanyi, desman yana yin iyo tare da ramuka waɗanda ƙwararrun iska ke kafawa a cikin kankara, kuma suna cin larvae da soya, waɗanda ke jawo hankalin ƙanshin musky da ƙarin aeration.

A cikin hunturu, kusan muskrats 10 suna zama a rami ɗaya, kuma a lokacin rani yawanci suna zaune su kaɗai.

Halayyar

Dabba tana ƙaunar wuraren yin matsakaici da ruwa mai tsafta da zurfin da bai wuce mita 5 ba. Yana da kyawawa cewa gaɓar teku ta yi ƙaura a lokaci guda, a cikin kusanci akwai gandun dajin ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan bawai ace wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna shayarwa zuwa matsayin kawaici ba. An haɗa su cikin ƙananan rukuni na dabbobi 3-5 ba tare da dangi ba. Suna da tsarin zamantakewar su, amma ba a karance shi ba.

Livesungiyar tana zaune, a matsayin ƙa'ida, a cikin rami ɗaya tare da samun damar ruwa. Amma kowane memba na karamar kungiya yana da ƙarin fewan ramuka na kansa. Dabbobi daga rami ɗaya zuwa wani rami, suna motsawa ƙarƙashin ruwa. Amma ba sa iyo a cikin ruwa ruwa. A cikin ƙasa mai laka, ana yin ramuka na musamman, tare da abin da yake gudana. Zurfi mai zurfi - a kan dukkan kauri daga murƙushe.

A ƙarƙashin ruwa, mai lalata kayan Rasha na iya zama minti 3-5. Sabili da haka, nisa tsakanin ramuka yawanci baya wuce mita 20-25. Dukkanin hanyar motsi, dabbar tana cin mollusks daban-daban. Su da kansu suna jan kicin. An jawo hankalin su ga ƙanshi na musk, wanda aka saki daga wutsiya a ƙananan allurai. Wato, dabbobi masu shayarwa kawai suna cin kowane abu kaɗan, ba tare da yin wani ƙoƙari ba. Wannan dabba tana da lada sosai. Yana cin abinci da yawa a kowace rana kamar yadda yake awo. Saboda haka, iyo a cikin ramuka na ɗaukar dogon lokaci.

A wannan yanayin, kumburin iska ya fito daga huhu. A cikin lokacin hunturu, lokacin da tafkin yayi dusar kankara, kumfa ta daskare a kasan dinta, kuma a ciki ake yin voids. A irin wa annan wurare yayin ambaliyar bazara, lokacin kankara ya fara sauka, dabbobi kuma suka fara bayyana. Wannan yana kuɓutar da su daga takamaiman mutuwa, saboda waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna iya yin iska ba tare da tsawan minti 5-7 ba.

Yawan mayafin Rasha

A zamanin da, diyan dabbar da ake amfani da shi ya kasance cikin tsananin bukatar kasuwanci. Don haka, an share shi har lambar ta zama marasa ƙima. Sannan mutane sun canza tunaninsu kuma suna kare dabba mara kyau da dokoki. A tsakiyar tsakiyar 70s na karni na ƙarshe, yawan jama'ar wannan adadin ya kai kimanin mutane dubu 70. Ta kasance a wannan matakin har zuwa 90s, sannan kuma ya sake faɗi.

Lokaci na ƙarshe da aka yi la'akari da dabbobi a cikin 2004. Akwai kusan dubu 35 daga gare su. Har zuwa yau, ba a san ainihin adadin mayaƙin Rasha ba. Amma a cewar wasu rahotanni, adadin ya karu kaɗan. Aƙalla a cikin yanayin, wannan nau'in ya wanzu, amma abin da zai faru da shi na gaba yana rufe cikin duhu.

Tsawon wannan nau'in ya kai cm 12 zuwa 12. Wutsiya ya yi daidai da tsawon jiki. Wararren nauyi daga nauyin 50 zuwa 80. Shekarun dabba na tsawon shekaru 3-4 ne. Wutsiyar ba a matse ta gefen shi ba, amma yana da siffar zagaye. Launin rigar yana da haske fiye da na takwaran na Rasha. Wata gabar jiki tayi duhu - kusan baki ne.

Mutumin Pyrenean yana ciyar da mollusks da kwari iri-iri. An fitar da kayan abinci ba wai kawai a ruwa ba, har ma da ƙasa. Lokacin farauta ya faɗi da dare. Matar na samar da 2aya 2-5. Lokacin mating shine sau 2-3 a shekara. Dabbobin suna rayuwa cikin nau'i-nau'i. Yawan nau'in ya kai mutum dubu 15. Barga.

Daga cikin dabbobi da ba a sani ba masu ban mamaki sun hada da desman. Dabba tayi shekaru sama da miliyan 30 tana rayuwa a duniya.Ana lissafin desman na Rasha a yanzu a cikin littafin Red na Rasha, tunda jinsunan suna kan gab da ƙarewa. Wannan wace irin dabba ce, yadda take, inda matashin yake zaune, muna koya daga labarin.

Kasancewa da tsohuwar iyali

Da kyau, duk wanda baya son canji shine mutumin Rasha. Wannan relic yana rayuwa akan duniyar ba tare da canzawa ba fiye da shekaru miliyan 30, yayin da aka gano shi kawai a ƙarshen karni na XVIII. Tun da dadewa don guje wa haɗuwa da mai haɗari mafi haɗari a doron ƙasa - mutum, zai iya kawai halitta mai rufin asiri.

Sau ɗaya, Ukraan ƙasar Ukrainiya sun mamaye koguna da tabkuna a duk faɗin Turai kuma suna rayuwa a lokaci guda kamar yadda mammoth da kuma mafi yawan wakilan wakilai na lalata gwanayen kare, wanda ya rayu har zuwa zamaninmu - tare da hatteria mai ido uku.

Proboscis yana kawo mata kusa da mai ƙeta, amma wannan shine inda kamanceceniyar ta ƙare. Mutumin Rasha ya yanke shawarar rayuwarsa miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce kuma ya bi wannan yau.

Babban maqiyan Khokhuli

Rushewar waɗannan dabbobin masu ɗaukaka sun fara kusan nan da nan bayan gano su da kwatancinsu. Farkon gashinsu ya kasance yana da daraja sau ɗaya fiye da dawakai da beaver, saboda kaddarorin da suke da ruwa. Babu ƙarancin jawo hankalin mutane da musk waɗanda desman suka samar. Don haka jinsunan da suka tsira daga dinosaurs da wayewar ƙasa, sun kasance a ƙarshen ƙare saboda haɗama da ɗan adam.

A karni na 20 a yankin tsakiyar Rasha an haramta farauta daga mutum biyu, wanda hakan ya taimaka wajen kara yawan jama'arta, amma hakan bai taimaka ba. Sabili da haka, a yau sake Rashawar ta kare ta hanyar doka (Red Book tabbaci ne na wannan), amma ba mutane ne suke lalata da kansu ba, amma mahimman ayyukansu.

Yawancin muskrats ne suka rage

Yau, a duk wuraren zama na yau na wannan dabbar mai ban sha'awa, babu mutane sama da 30,000 da suka rage, kuma ana rage wannan adadin kowace shekara. Baya ga babban abokin gaba - mutum, shi ma yana da abokan gaba - tsuntsaye masu farauta, dawakai, mayuka, da sauransu.

Yawancin lokaci desani yana mutuwa saboda ambaliyar yayin da ciyamansu ke cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Da yawa gwaji da abokan gaba ga irin waɗannan ƙananan halittu. Idan wannan ya ci gaba, to a cikin shekaru 40-60 zaka iya karanta game dasu kawai a cikin littafi ko kuma ganinsu akan TV. Waɗannan an dabbobin a hankali a hankali suna faruwa a bakin kogunan ruwa kamar Don, Urals, Dnieper da Volga.

Cetarwar Relic

Gurbataccen ruwa, magudanar fadama da kananan rivulets, raguwa da yawaitar kwari da masussukan da dabbar ta dame su - duk wannan har yanzu yana barazana ga yawan wannan nau'in. Don aƙalla su gyara kuskuren su, masana kimiyya sun fara tsara dabbobi a wuraren da ba a taɓa samun irinsu ba, kuma tare da fargaba cewa "baƙi" za su ba da zuriya a cikin sabon wuri.

Wasu cibiyoyin koyar da dabbobi da wuraren shakatawa sun kuma fara ceton mutum, yana haifar da yanayin yanayin zaman rayuwar wanda ya yi daidai da na halitta. Kamar yadda al'adar ta nuna, wannan yana aiki, amma tare da kulawa da dabbobi akai-akai. Zai ɗauki lokaci mai yawa don ƙididdigar muskrat ta cika girma har za'a iya cire ta daga Littafin Jar.

Ba zai yiwu a ce a ajiye su a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu ba, tunda kusan ba zai yiwu a ƙirƙirar yanayin rayuwa a gida ba. A halin yanzu, ana iya kama desman kawai don sake zama, kuma koda akwai izini, in ba haka ba, masu ba da matsala za su iya fuskantar matsaloli tare da doka da kuma masu ba da shawara game da gandun daji.

Idan motsin ruwa kamar sabon rairayin bakin teku, to akwai fatan cewa waɗannan dabbobin da aka yi musu murmushi zasu ci gaba da wakiltar tsohuwar tseren su a duniya. A wannan yanayin, mai son Rasha zai karbi sabon labari, taƙaitaccen bayanin abin da muka kawo hankalinka.

Duba: Rashanci na Rasha

Bangarori: tsayin jiki: 18-22 cm da wutsiya game da wannan girman, nauyin jikin: har zuwa 500 g

Tsawon rayuwa: Shekaru 4 a cikin yanayi, har zuwa shekaru 5 a zaman talala

Desman yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu ban mamaki da kuma ban mamaki, wanda ke gab da karewa.

Hotunan zamani na wannan dabba a dabi'a na iya zama na ƙarshe, idan ba kuyi ƙoƙari ku kula da kyan gani ba.

Neman hoto mai inganci na kayan wanki, har ma fiye da haka ganin sa a cikin mazaunan halitta, yana zama da wahala.

Wannan dabba mai ban mamaki da baƙon abu yana mutuƙar mutuwa. Shin zuriyayenmu zasu gan shi a dabi'a babbar tambaya ce.

Idan aka kalli hoton, ga alama cewa murmushi mai daɗi da dawwama ba zata taɓa fuskantar wannan dabbar ba

Hadari a kowane juji

Yawan rayuwar fatar mutum kusan shekaru 5 kenan, in dai ba a gajarta shi daga abubuwanda suka fito daga waje ba. Kuma wannan na iya zama tsawan ruwan bazara wanda ba tsammani ba, yana kwarara ramuka wanda duk iyalai zasu iya mutuwa. Ana tilasta wa masu tseratar da kansu tserewa a kan tituna, ko kuma a gaggauta tono kaburbura na ɗan lokaci a wuraren da ba shi da aminci. Abun ɓoye, wanda ba shi da mafaka na zahiri, yana gaban gani, wanda ke sa ya isa ga tsuntsayen da suka farauto, karnukan karnuka, dawakai, beraye da beraye. A cikin bazara ne desman ya yi ƙaura zuwa wuraren ajiyar makwabta, yana canza mazaunin da yake nema kusa (iyakar 5-6 kilomita daga tsohuwar gidanta).

A cikin ruwa, babban beban Rasha yana cikin haɗari daga gefen pikeperch, pike, catfish da babban rafin kogi. A lokacin bazara, dabbar za ta iya tsayayya da dogon canji zuwa wurin da yafi dacewa kuma ta mutu a hanya. Ko da a cikin ramin mutum kansa akwai haɗarin wahala daga mahaɗan garken daji, waɗanda ke da sauƙin lalata ramuka waɗanda ke kusa da saman.

Muskrat ya sami nasarar zama a mazauninsa tare da beavers, wani lokacin amfani da rawunansu da burrows. A cikin dangantakar wadannan dabbobin suna girmama juna a bayyane. Hatta gaskiyar an lura da lokacin da dabbar ta hau dutsen zuwa hular da ke hutawa a baya, wanda karshensa ya koma cikin natsuwa.

Adadin ɗaliban Rasha

A ƙarni na 19, an lalata muskrats saboda fatansu da ruwan musk, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar adadinsu. A halin yanzu, ba a san takamaiman adadin waɗannan dabbobin ba, saboda dabba ce mai rufin asiri kuma kusan ba zai yuwu a sadu da ita ba. Dangane da kimantawar kimiya masu ilimin kimiya, yawan mazaunan kasar kusan dabbobi dubu 30 ne.

Yawan dabbobi an rage ne saboda gurbacewa da magudanar jikin ruwa, faduwar bishiyoyin ambaliyar ruwa, gina madatsun ruwa da madatsun ruwa, haɓaka iyakoki da rarraba raga. Dalilai na zahiri na raguwar yawan desman ana iya danganta su da ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa, lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta zauna inda kansar ba za ta iya tashi daga karkashin kankara ba.

A doron kasa, dabbar da ba ta da taimako kuma wasu lokuta karnuka da karnuka, maƙiyi, maƙeranta, kwari da kuma tsuntsayen da ke cinye ta suna fuskantar ta.