Akwai tsuntsu mafi girma a cikin dangin falcon. Fuka-fukin fukafinta yana da kusan cm 135. Dangane da fasalukansa na waje, yayi dan kadan yayi kama da peregrine falcon, kawai wutsiyarsa tana da tsawo.

Da ake kira wannan tsuntsu gyrfalcon. Tun daga karni na 12, aka samo wannan kalma a cikin "Kalma akan Igor's Regiment". A halin yanzu, ana amfani dashi sosai a sassan Turai na Rasha. Wataƙila ya yi kama da kalmar Hungary "kerecheto", "kerechen" kuma ana iya tunawa da shi tun daga lokacin kasancewar pramadyar a cikin ƙasar Ugra.

Manyan wakilai na wannan aji suma suna da babban nauyi a wajen. Mace, kuma ita yawanci tana girma fiye da namiji, tana da nauyin kilogram 1.5, kuma namiji 1 kg. Kallon hoto na tsuntsu gyrfalcon, zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa suna da kyawawan kayan girki, wanda ba shi yiwuwa a kula dashi. Kuna hukunta by kwatancen tsuntsayen gyrfalcon, a launinta, sautunan haske sun fi rinjaye, gami da lokutan duhu.

Misali, likitan mata suna launin ruwan kasa-da launin baki, da fararen gashin fuka-fukai tare da alamuran duhu akan ciki. Wani sashi na gemun tsuntsu kusan galibi yana tare da mai tsananin duhu. Gyrfalcons suna da yawawar polymorphism; a cikin dukkan tsuntsayen, launin rudewar biri yana da bambance-bambance da aka sani.

Akwai ma baƙi baki na masu rauni jima'i. Suna da halayyar haƙori haƙƙin haƙora na duk falcons akan mandible. Annoba a cikin shuɗar shuɗi. Jimlar Tsuntsu tsayin cm 55-60. Jikinsu yana da girma, yana da dogayen fikafiyoyi da wutsiya. Muryarsu mara nauyi ce.

A cikin hoto, black gyrfalcon

Fasali da mazaunin gyrfalcon

Wannan tsuntsu ya fi son yankunan sanyi. Ba abin mamaki ba ana kiransu gyrfalcon tundra tsuntsu. Yankunan Arctic da subarctic yankuna na Arewacin Amurka, Asiya da Turai sune wuraren da aka fi so don gwanayen dabbobi. Altai, Tien Shan, Greenland da tsibirin Kwamandan suna da arziki a wasu jinsunan waɗannan kyawawan tsuntsayen.

Zuwa hunturu gyrfalcon tsuntsu na ganima fĩfĩta a kudancin yankunan. Amma akwai tsuntsayen marasa galihu a cikinsu. Suna zaune galibi a Greenland, Lapland da Taimyr. A nan suka zauna a cikin dajin-tundra, da kuma a cikin tsararren daji. Bugu da kari, akwai ƙaura a tsaye.

Misali, gyrfalcons na Asiya ya gangara zuwa kwari mai tsayi. Wadannan tsuntsayen sun bazu sosai a Yankin Gabas na Russianungiyar Rasha. Kudancin yankin Magadan da kuma arewacin yankin Kamchatka, sun zabi don farawa, kuma a lokacin bazara sun dawo. A saboda wannan, mutane sun kira gangamin gogfalcon goose.

Gashin fitsarin gyrfalcon kusan 135 cm.

Yanayi da yadda yanayin tsuntsu yake

Wadannan manyan tsuntsayen suna da wani matsayi na sloth. Basu damu da gidansu ba kuma basa yawan damuwa da tunanin girman kai. Mafi sau da yawa, mazaunan crows, gaggafa na gwal da gaggafa suna zama mafaka mai kyau a gare su. Wadannan tsuntsayen galibi suna da gida sama da ɗaya, saboda haka kowa ya gamsu kuma babu yanayin rikici ya tashi.

Muhimmin abu game da zabar gida don kwalliya shine kasancewarsa da rashin duk wata unguwa. Bayan sun tsallake bikin shekara-shekara, tsuntsayen sun fara ayyukanta don neman abin da suka samu, sannan, tare da shi, suka magance batun haifuwa.

A cikin hoto wani gida na gyrfalcon tare da kajin

Kwalaben dutse ko ƙananan tsarukan wurare sune wuraren da suka fi dacewa don girke girke-girke. Gidan su babu dadi sosai kuma mai nisa. Yana da ladabi, tare da gansakuka a ƙasa, fuka-fukai ko ciyawa bushe.

Saboda gaskiyar cewa tsuntsu da kanshi yayi girma kuma manyann sa. Girman dutsen daga cikin gyrfalcon yakai mita 1, tsayinsa yakai mita 0. An sami lokuta lokacin da tsararraki da yawa daga cikin waɗannan tsuntsaye suka zauna a cikin irin waɗannan wuraren. Wannan daya ne daga abubuwan ban sha'awa game da gyrfalcon.

Tun daga a tarihi, ƙwararrun likitan mata suna da ƙima a matsayin mataimakan wawaye a cikin farauta. Wannan ba sana'a ba ce, amma dai kamar al'ada ce ta al'ada, mai kama da bukukuwa da kuma abincin dare. Samun gyrfalcon an ɗauke shi gaye kuma baƙon abu ga mutane da yawa.

Ana amfani da gyrfalcons a matsayin mataimaki na farauta

Tare da taimakonsa, maigidan ya yi ƙoƙari ya fice tare da wasu. White gyrfalcon ya kasance koyaushe ana ba shi fifiko. Don neman harshe gama gari yayin tattaunawar kuma cimma yarjejeniya, an kawo gwanayen a matsayin kyauta.

Kuma a zamanin sarakuna a Rasha akwai ma irin wannan matsayi - falconer. Wuraren da aka ajiye wadannan tsuntsayen ana kiransu krechatny. A yau, ana sake farfado da irin wannan farauta, amma ana ci gaba da kallon wasanni. Dayawa sun ce godiya ga irin wannan farauta, ruhin jaruntaka ya dawo, ainihin ainihin mutumin Rasha ya farka.

Hoto da kwatancen tsuntsu na gyrfalcon yana nuna dukkan ƙarfin ta. Ba za ku iya ɗauka da mahimmanci ba. Bayan wannan, ita ce ainihin ɗabi'un kyawawan halaye waɗanda zasu kasance cikin kowace halitta mai rai da ke girmama kanta.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Sauran tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa suna cikin abincin gyrfalcon. Suna da hanyar farauta iri ɗaya kamar duk masu lalata. Suna lura da wanda aka azabtar da su daga sama, da sauri suna faɗi kuma sun manne da shi tare da karfi mai ƙarfi. Suna kashe ganima nan take, domin wannan suna ciza kawunansu da baki, suna karya wuya. Suna kama tsuntsaye a sararin sama. Idan ba za su iya hulɗa da su ba a cikin iska, sai su faɗi ƙasa kuma su gama aikin da suka fara.

Mafi yawan duka, likitan mata suna son kayan gado, ƙwallon ƙafa, gulls da ƙananan kifayen fata. Voles, hares, gophers, kuma, gwanayen dabbobi ne suke lalata su nan take, da zaran sun bayyana a idanunsu. Akwai lokutan da waɗannan tsuntsayen ba sa ƙin ɗaukar nauyi. Wannan ba kasafai yake faruwa ba, amma yakan faru.

Kiwo da tsawon rai

Gyrfalcons sami mutum biyu kuma rayuwa. Mace ba su dame don gina babban birni. Don yin wannan, an zaɓi ɗan fili na dutsen, kuma an riga an shimfiɗa gida a kansa daga ciyawa, gansakuka da gashin fuka-fukai.

Wani lokaci, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, don shawo kan mahalli suna amfani da wasu mazaunan su. Zasu iya zama a gida ɗaya kamar shekara biyu. Don irin wannan lokacin yana samun ingantaccen bayyanar kuma ƙara girman ƙaruwa. A shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa, mahaifa suna da damar haihuwa.

A lokacin tarawar, sun sami damar sa qwai 1 zuwa 5. Ba su da kwatancen akwatin ba kuma suna yin kimanin gram 60. Matan kawai ke ƙwai ƙwai. Namiji a wannan lokacin yana ɗaukar duk kulawar ta. Watanni biyu bayan haka, kajin sun bar gidan iyayensu, kuma bayan shekaru hudu suka zama cikakkiyar 'yanci.

Kayan hoto sune kajin na gyrfalcon a cikin gida

Gyrfalcons suna rayuwa cikin yanayi na kimanin shekaru 20. Sayi tsuntsu na gyrfalcon ba mai sauki bane. A halin yanzu, kuɗi ne da gaske gaske. Cinikinsa da siyanta ana ɗaukarsa laifi ne na ƙasa kuma ana hukuncinsa a ƙarƙashin duk dokokin dokoki. Farashin tsuntsaye na gyrfalcon yana farawa daga dala dubu 500.

Bayanin

Mafi girma daga cikin falcons. Babbar reshen tana da kusan 120-135 cm tare da duka tsawonta kimanin cm 55-60. Matar tana da girma fiye da namiji, nauyinta ya kai kilogiram 2, nauyin namiji ya fi 1 kg. Jiki yana da girma, murfin an zana shi 2/3 na tsawon, fuka-fukan dogaye ne masu kaifi, wutsiya tana da tsawo.

Launi na Siberian gyrfalcon haske (mai haske fiye da na gyrfalcon Lapland), amma mai canzawa: daga launin toka-toka zuwa kusan fari a saman, gefen ventral yana da kyau tare da yanayin duhu. Yankin duhu a bakin da aka yanke (“gashin-baki”) kusan ba a gani bane. A kan baki, kamar kowane falno, hakoran halayyar. Aljihu suna rawaya. Saurin gudu yana da girma, bayan wasu 'yan bugun da tsuntsu yayi da sauri yai gaba, baya tsawa. Zaunar da gyrfalcon madaidaiciya

Gyrfalcon yayi kama da falcon pertrine, amma ya fi girma kuma yana da kamar wutsiya mai tsayi. Muryar kuma tana kama da muryar peregrine falcon, amma mai saurin magana da ƙarami: hoarse “kyak-kyak-kyak” ko kuma “kek-kek-kek”. A cikin bazara yana iya yin shuru da ƙima. Subsungiyoyin dutsen kudu maso kudu - Altai gyrfalcon, waɗanda masana da yawa suna la'akari da ƙaddamarwar ko murfin Saker Falcon - an bambanta shi da launi mai duhu mai launi iri ɗaya.

Yaɗa

Yankunan Arctic da subarctic na Turai, Asiya da Arewacin Amurka, ana samun keɓance daban daban a cikin Altai, Sayan, tsakiyar (tabbas gabashin) Tien Shan. Matsakaicin wuraren arewa suna cikin Greenland a 82 ° 15 's. w. kuma 83 ° 45 ', mafi yawan kudanci, banda ƙananan ƙasashen tuddai-Asiya - tsakiyar Scandinavia, tsibirin Kwamandan (tsibirin Bering, kimanin 55 ° N). A lokacin sanyi, har zuwa kusan 60 ° C. w. duk a ciki. Amurka, Asiya, Turai, mutane kuma zuwa kudu.

Iyakan abubuwan

Gyrfalcons suna halaka daga farauta, a cikin Arewa kuma a cikin tarko, musamman ma a cikin arctic fishery: a cikin tarkunan Taimyr don karnukan arctic a bayyane, a sararin samaniya da abubuwan kiba. Idan basu basu kariya ta gungumen azaba, the gyrfalcons migrating to the tundra in the fall, amfani dasu don kai hari, fadawa tarko ya mutu. Kawai a cikin makircin farauta biyu a cikin yammacin Taimyr tare da cikakken yanki na kusan 2,000 km² a watan Nuwamba-Disamba 1980-1981. 12 falcons sun mutu a cikin tarkunan arctic.

Farauta Gyrfalcon

A lokacin Tsakanin Tsarin Duniya, ana daukar likitan mata kamar tsuntsayen farauta a kan falke (duba Falcons) kuma gwamnati ce ta tura ta zuwa Denmark duk shekara daga Denmark.

Gwarjinin kwalliya suna aiki kamar tsuntsayen farauta, sun kasu kashi fararen K. (Falco candicans, groenlandicus) - mafi kyau kuma mafi mahimmanci, Icelandic K. (F. tsibirin tsibiri), Yaren mutanen Norway ko talakawa ("launin toka") K. (F. hyrfalco) da ja K. (F. sacer) - yanzu ana yaba sosai a ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma a ƙarni da suka gabata ma a Faransa, Ingila da kuma farauta Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, waɗanda aka haƙa su a cikin Arkhangelsk Bay. kuma a cikin Siberiya. Kwayar halittar dabbobi ta kasance daga tsuntsaye masu farauta ne (haut-vol), kuma ana jefar da ita don ganima - sukan “doke” ta daga sama, wani lokacin sukan kama ta da makaman kuranta su kwashe ta ko kawai suke kashe ta da karfin tasiri [ Ba a ayyana asalin ranar 3895 ba ]. Don waɗannan dalilai, falcons suna girma cikin ƙwararrun jinya, a Rasha irin wannan gandun daji na wanzu a cikin Galichya Gora.

Malamai

Kama wannan tsuntsu, wanda daga baya aka tura shi kasashen waje, ya shahara a Rasha; farashin tsuntsu daya shine $ 30,000 a kasuwannin kasashen waje. Dokar Laifuka ta Tarayyar Rasha (Mataki na 258.1) ya tanadi har zuwa shekaru 4 a gidan yari don kamawa da siyar da kayan kwalliyar dabbobi da sauran tsuntsayen Littattafai, da kuma wasu manyan hukunce-hukuncen zartarwa.

Bayyanar

Gashin fitsari na grfalcon shine 120 - 135 cm tare da jimlar girman jikinsa 55-60 cm Mace tana da girma kuma tana da nauyi sau biyu kamar namiji: nauyin namiji ya fi 1000 g, mace kusan 1500 - 2000 g. kasusuwa tsakanin kafa da yatsunsu) ana tallafawa a 2/3 na tsawon, wutsiyar tana da tsawo.

Launi na kwalliya suna da bambanci sosai, saboda haka an bayyana polymorphism. Umwaya yana da yawa, mai alamar hoto, a cikin launi zai iya zama launin toka, launin ruwan kasa, azurfa, fari, ja. Launin launin fata yafi yawanci a cikin mata. Kudancin kudu sun yi duhu. Maza yawanci suna da filayen launin ruwan kasa mai haske, kuma za'a iya yin ado da farin ciki da launuka iri-iri da datse. Yankin duhu a bakin da aka yanke ("gashin-baki") a cikin gyrfalcon an nuna rauni sosai. Ciwo da kunci suna fari. Idanu koyaushe suna duhu tare da ɗabi'ar zafin hali. A nisan nesa, saman a cikin tsuntsayen balagaggu suna kama da duhu, kasan yana da fari, kuma matashi na gyrfalcon yana da duhu duk a sama da kasa. Paarfin tsuntsun yana rawaya.

Abin ban sha'awa ne! Gyrfalcon ya sami launi na ƙarshe na ƙarshe ta shekaru 4-5.

Jirgin yana da sauri, bayan 'yan bugun jini gyrfalcon ya ɗauki sauri da sauri yana tashi gaba. Idan ana neman wanda aka azabtar da shi daga sama, zai iya kaiwa zuwa saurin mita ɗari na biyu. Yanayin rarrabe: yana tashi ba a karkace ba, amma a tsaye. Hovering ne rare, mafi sau da yawa lokacin da farauta yana amfani da wani tsari da tashi jirgin, yawanci yana zaune a fili kuma kai tsaye a kan manyan wuraren a cikin tundra. Muryar tayi kara.

Halayya da salon rayuwa

Yana jagorantar rayuwar yau da kullun da farauta yayin rana. Ana iya gano wanda aka azabtar da shi ta hanyar kasancewa daga nesa nesa kusa da ita: fiye da kilomita ɗaya. Lokacin farauta, yakan yi ruwanta da shi da dutse daga sama, ya kama shi da ƙwanƙolin wuyansa kuma ya lalata wuyansa. Idan ba zai yiwu a kashe wanda aka kashe a cikin iska ba, gyrfalcon ya mutu tare da shi har ƙasa, inda ya gama. Kyawawan likitan mata, a waje da lokacin farauta, kowannensu yana farauta da kansu, amma don kar a manta da matansu.

Don fara'a, yana zaɓar bakin teku masu tsibiri da tsibiran, kogi da kwaruruka tare da kogunan dutse, kintinkiri ko gandun daji, tundra dutse har zuwa 1300 m sama da matakin teku. Harkoki a cikin wuraren wahalar kaiwa-kawo wuya, ya nisanta mutane. Babban mahimmancin zaɓi game da mazaunin zama shine wadatar abinci da yawa. Tun da dadewa dan Adam yayi amfani da halayen farauta wadanda suka sami abin fada a yayin farauta. Icelandic farin gyrfalcon an dauki mafi mahimmanci. Ya kasance alama ce ta daraja da ƙarfi, musamman a ƙasashen kudanci, kuma ba kowa ne aka yarda ya sami irin waɗannan tsuntsayen ba. Yau yana cikin hatsarin gaske daga masu fashin baki.

Nawa ne gyrfalcon yake zaune?

Tun daga lokacin da aka sami fuka-fukai, kamar yadda binciken dabbobi ya gabata, har zuwa mutuwa ta zahiri, wannan magabacin da yake dauke da wannan halin zai iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20. Rayuwar yarinyar fursunoni na iya zama a takaice, musamman idan an dauki tsuntsu da ya balaga. Hanyar hana gyrfalcon shima bai bambanta da jinƙai na musamman ba. A cikin zaman talala, likitan mata basa kiwo, saboda kawai basa samun ka'idodin da suka dace wa kansu, sabili da haka, a yayin da aka kashe tsuntsu, mafarauci kawai ya samo wani sabo, ya sanya jinginar, kuma hakan ya fara sake.

Habitat, mazaunin gyrfalcon

Zamu iya cewa wannan tsuntsu yana dacewa da wurin da aka fi so. Wasu nau'ikan suna yin ƙaura, amma wasu ba sa buƙatar yin yawon, kuma suna zama a cikin gandun daji-tundra da ramin daji.

Aka rarrabu cikin yankunan subarctic da arctic na Asiya, Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Wasu nau'ikan sun zauna a Altai da Tien Shan. Matsakaicin wuraren arewa inda aka lura da bayyanar gyrfalcon sune Greenland a 82 ° 15. S. w. da 83 ° 45 ′, mafi rarrabuwar kawuna, ban da ƙasashen yankin Asiya - tsakiyar Scandinavia, Bering Island, kimanin 55 ° c. w. Zai iya yin ƙaura dan kadan daga bangarorin Alpine zuwa kwari.

Wadannan tsuntsayen sun bazu sosai a Yankin Gabashin Rasha.. Don farauta, sun zabi yankuna na arewacin Kamchatka da kuma kudancin yankin Magadan, kuma a lokacin bazara sun dawo. Don wannan, ana kiran gyrfalcon "'yar ƙoshin Goose". Abubuwan da aka fi so a lura da su na grfalcon sune kandagaran dutse waɗanda ke ba da kyakkyawan yanayin yankin. A gefen tekun arewacin tsibirin Scandinavia, gyrfalcon ya zauna kan kankara tare da wasu yankuna na mazauna.

Zai iya tashi da nisa zuwa cikin teku don neman ganima tsakanin daskararren kankara. Yawancin lokaci, matasa tsuntsaye masu shekaru ɗaya ko biyu suna tashi zuwa kudu don neman abinci. A cikin hunturu, gwanayen dabbobi suna bayyana a bakin teku, a cikin kwari da kuma wuraren noma, kuma a lokacin bazara sun dawo arewa. Likitocin Turai na yawo a cikin hunturu, wani lokacin hunturu a Iceland, wani lokacin ma sukan yi nesa da kudu.

Abincin Gyrfalcon

Gyrfalcon maɓarnaci ne, kuma tana cin nasara ne musamman akan dabbobi masu daɗin jini: tsuntsaye, dabbobi, da ƙananan dabbobi. Wannan mafarauci ne gwani, kuma a matsayin mai mulkin, babu ceto ga wanda aka yi niyya. Hanya farauta don gyrfalcon iri ɗaya ne da na sauran falmo. Ya ninka fikafikan sa, yayi sauri ya sauka kan wanda aka azabtar dashi daga sama, ya manne wa hancinsa kuma ya dauki ransa nan take.

Kowace rana, gyrfalcon yana cin kimanin g 200 na nama. Abinda ya fi so shine abincin farin da tundra. Ya kuma farauta geese, gulls, skuas, wakar, ducks, da eel. Hatta mujiya za ta gado daga gare ta - na polar, da tundra, da gandun daji. Gyrfalcon ba zai ƙi cin abinci a kan zomo ba, leming, gopher, vole.

Abin ban sha'awa ne! Dokar da ba a rubuta ta yanayi ba ta ba da damar gyrfalcon ya kai hari ga tsuntsaye a yankin gidansa, ko ga wasu 'yan uwan. Yankin farauta da wurin da ake nema wa kowane nau'i na gwanayen dabbobi ana kiyaye su kuma an kiyaye su daga masu baƙi waɗanda ba a sa musu ba.

Wani lokacin ganima ya zama kifi, wani lokacin amphibians. Da wuya, in babu sauran abinci, zai iya cin abinci.Gyrfalcon yana ɗaukar ganima don kansa, ya kwace ta, ya zubar da shi a gaban kusa da gida kuma ya ci shi, kuma babu makawa a ciki - sikeli, ƙashi da ƙananan gashinsa - burp. Koyaya, bai taba shirya gidan katako a cikin gida ba. Tsabta yana mulki a can. Ganima ta taho wa kawunan, mata da ke zubar da hawaye har ma a waje.

Kiwo da zuriya

Matsakaicin nesting na gyrfalcon shine kusan nau'i biyu a cikin yanki na 100 km 2. Gyrfalcon ya girma zuwa ƙarshen shekarar farko ta rayuwa kuma a wannan zamani ya riga ya sami abokin aure. Tsuntsu mai biri. An kirkiro ƙungiyar don rayuwa, har zuwa mutuwar ɗaya daga cikin abokan.

Ma’auratan sun gwammace kada su karkatar da nasu gida, amma su mamaye ginin da ƙuruciya, mikiya ko hankaka da kuma gina ta. Ko kuma suna shirya gida a cikin duwatsun, a aya, a tsakanin duwatsun, sanya ciyawa, gashin fuka-fuka da ƙwanƙwasa a can. An zaɓi wurin ba kasa da mita 9 daga ƙasa.

Gidajen gyrfalcons na iya zama tsawan mitoci zuwa zurfin rabin nisan. Gyrfalcons sukan koma zuwa wurin girke girken shekara bayan shekara. Akwai sanannun lokuta na fitarwa daga zuriyar yawancin tsararraki a cikin gida guda. A watan Fabrairu da Maris, madatsun ruwan dila ke farawa a gurnin mata, kuma a watan Afrilu, mace ta riga ta sanya kwai - guda ɗaya a kowane kwana uku. Qwai ƙaramin abu ne, kusan daidai yake da kaza, kowannensu ya kai kimanin g 60. A cikin matattarar akwai ƙwai 7 na fararen launi masu launin shuɗi.

Mahimmanci! Ko da kuwa yawan ƙwai da aka aza, kawai 2-3 na kajin mafi ƙarfi za su rayu.

Mace kawai ke ƙwai ƙwai, namiji a wannan lokacin yana farauta ya kawo abincinsa. Lokacin yankan shine kwanaki 35. Ana haihuwar kaji, an rufe su da farin, farar fata ko launin toka mai haske. Lokacin da zuriya take kara karfi da karfi, macen ma zata fara farautar yara, ta barsu ga wani dan gajeren lokaci. Uwa da uba sun kawo abin farauta a kan gida, suka tsage shi har suka ciyar da kajin.

Gyrfalcon shine tsuntsu mai karfin hali mai karfin gaske, bazai bar gida ba, koda kuwa babban maƙiyin ya kusance ta, amma zai kai hari ga mai kutse, yana kare yara. Lokacin da jariri ya ɗanɗana yaran a cikin kajin an maye gurbinsu da kayan maye, iyayen sun fara koya musu tashi da farauta. Wannan na faruwa ne kimanin makonni 7-8 na rayuwar kajin. Zuwa wata na 4 - wannan shine tsakiyar da ƙarshen bazara - sadarwa tare da iyaye a hankali ya raunana kuma ya daina, kuma tsuntsayen matasa sun fara rayuwa mai 'yanci.

Abokan halitta

Magabantaka sun kasance a kan daidaita daidai tare da mikiya na zinariya. Sauran tsuntsayen suna nisanta shi ko, ta wata ma'ana, baza su iya auna karfin su tare da shi ba, har ma mikiya ma bata yi karfin gwiwar mamaye koran ko kuma kalubalance shi ba. Kuma menene zamu iya faɗi game da tsuntsaye idan an yi amfani da gyrfalcons don farauta gazelles da gazelles.

Yawan cutar da yawa ga yawan gyrfalcon shine ya haifar da mutum. A duk zamanin rayuwa, mutane sun yi kokarin karɓar samfurin wani tsuntsu mai farauta don ɗaga mataimakin farauta daga gare ta. A cikin aiwatar da haka, yawancin masanan yara, manya da manya, da mata a cikin gida, sun bar ba tare da masu kula da gurasar ba kuma sun kasa barin zuriya na minti daya, sun lalace.

Yawan jama'a da matsayi

A halin yanzu, kawai sama da nau'i-nau'i na g gyfalcons suna zaune akan ƙasa na Rasha. Wannan lamari ne mai ƙarancin ƙasƙanci. An bayyana raguwar yawan jama'a ne ta hanyar ayyukan masu ba da agaji. Birdaya daga cikin tsuntsaye na iya cinye dala dubu 30, kuma akwai magoya baya da yawa a cikin sikeli: ya kasance koyaushe ya shahara a Gabas kuma ya dawo cikin salon yamma.

Mahimmanci! Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta suna halaka ta hanyar haɗari na rashin hankali a cikin tarkuna waɗanda aka saita don ganima mai kafa huɗu - hares, foxes arctic, foxes.

Atoƙarin in ɓata tsuntsaye mai fahariya, mai ƙarfi da hannaye marasa kyau galibi suna ƙare mutuwarta daga kamuwa da cuta da ke lahani ga ɗan adam, amma wanda gyrfalcon ba shi da wata kariya ta dabi'a - kodayake a cikin yanayin waɗannan magabatan baƙar fata ba sa yin rashin lafiya.

Daga zamanin da, sultans da sarakuna ne kawai zasu iya mallakar irin waɗannan tsuntsayen. Yana yiwuwa mu horar da gyrfalcon a zamaninmu, amma tsuntsu ya san mutum a matsayin mai shi don shi ne kawai mai ikon mallaka. Kuma duk da haka shine mafi yawan kwayoyin halitta don gyrfalcon ya kasance cikin yanayi, kuma ba don bauta wa mutum ba.

Muryar Gyrfalcon

Sautin tsuntsun gyrfalcon yana kama da muryar peregrine falcon, amma yana da ƙasa da mai saɓo. Sautunan da wannan tsuntsu ke ji mutum yana amfani da shi azaman "mayk-kyak" ko "kek-kek". Bayan mun kalli hotuna da bidiyo tare da gyrfalcon, mun fara fahimtar cewa a cikin bazara wadannan tsuntsayen suna fitar da wani yanayi mai natsuwa.

Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa

Gyrfalcon yakan jagoranci rayuwar yau da kullun kuma farauta kawai a cikin rana. Ya lura da wanda aka azabtar, kasancewar yana da nisa sosai da ita, wanda yafi kilomita ɗaya. Yayin farautar, tsuntsun da yake gashin tsuntsu ya yi rayuwa daga wani tsayi, yana riko da kaifinsa ya kuma ciji wuyan wanda aka cutar da shi. Idan ba za ku iya kashe wanda aka azabtar ba a cikin iska, to, ƙwayar gyrfalcon ta mutu tare da shi har ƙasa, inda ya ƙare. Wani nau'in likitan mata, a waje da lokacin farauta, yana da ikon farawa da kansa, amma don kar ya rasa gaban mace.

Wadannan manyan tsuntsayen suna da wani matsayi na sloth. Basu dame kansa da nasu gida kuma basa yawan damuwa da tunani game da ginin sa. Kusan sau da yawa, nastan na hankaka, gaggafa da gaggafa masu ƙarfi suna zama mafaka mai kyau ga likitan mata. Irin waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da gida sama da ɗaya, sabili da haka kowa zai gamsu kuma babu wani yanayi na rikici tsakanin su.

Muhimmin abu game da zabar gida don gyrfalcon shine kawaicinsa da rashin makwabta. Daga shekarun rayuwa, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun fara neman abokin aure, sannan kuma suka yi kiwo tare.

Saboda gaskiyar cewa wannan nau'in tsuntsu yana da girma a kansa, maɗaukakansa ma manya ne. Diamita na gida na iya zama kimanin mita 1, tsayinsa yana da mita 0.5. Yana faruwa lokacin da yawancin ƙarni na gyrfalcons ke zaune a cikin waɗannan mazaunan.

Tun zamanin d, a, gyrfalcon ya kasance mai daraja a matsayin mai taimako mai wayo a farauta. Wannan ba sana'a ba ce, amma an dauke ta azaman gargajiya, kamar ƙwallo da liyafar cin abincin dare. Kasancewa gyrfalcon a cikin gidanka ya kasance na zamani ne kuma na waje.

Nau'in nau'ikan gyrfalcon

1. Gwifalcon na Yaren mutanen Norway yawanci suna zaune a Lapland, a gabar Tekun White da kuma a Scandinavia. Gabaɗaya, gyrfalcon tsuntsu ne mai ƙaura, amma wannan hukuncin gaskiya ne. Ya danganta da mazauninsu, tsuntsaye na wannan nau'in za a iya zaunar dasu. Mazauna wasu yankuna na arewacin, kamar wakilan daular Norwegian, yawanci sukan tashi zuwa kudu lokacin da yanayin sanyi yake. Dangane da yanayin wannan hunturu, ana iya lura da waɗannan tsuntsayen a yankuna daban-daban na Tsakiyar Turai, wani lokacin har ma a cikin wasu yankuna na kudanci na wannan nahiya.
2. Ural gyrfalcon, wanda ya fi girma fiye da nau'in da ya gabata, an rarraba shi a yammacin Siberiya. A wani lokaci na shekara, wannan tsuntsu zai iya yin ƙaura zuwa wani yanki na wata. Misali, an ga likitocin wannan nau'in a kudu na Altai, a yankin Baikal, har ma a jihohin Baltic. Wadannan tsuntsayen sun bambanta da bambancin Yaren mutanen Norway a wani launi mai sauƙin haske tare da adon kayan ado na yau da kullun na yau da kullun.
3. White gyrfalcon a tsakiyar zamanai a lokacin sanannun falconry shine mafi girman jinsin da aka zaba don kyakkyawa. Sannan wadannan tsuntsaye kyauta ne da suka dace kuma aka gabatar da su ga manyan shugabannin sojoji da sarakuna a lokutan da ake rikici a siyasa don samun zaman lafiya, fahimta da kwanciyar hankali. Mafi yawanci, ana samun irin waɗannan ilimin halittar jiki a yankuna na arewacin da a cikin wurare masu sanyi. Hoton ya nuna cewa suna da dusar kankara-fari.
4. Grey gyrfalcon tsuntsu ne wanda yawanci ana samun shi a gabashin Siberiya. Ya bambanta da nau'in Ural kawai a cikin bayyanannun bayanai na bayyanar, musamman ma suna da ƙarancin alamun mottled a jiki. Hatta wakilan mafi girma na waɗannan nau'ikan biyu ba sa bambanta.
5. Altai gyrfalcon wani nau'in tsuntsayen dutsen ne da ake ganin ba kasada ba. An samo wannan tsuntsu a kudu fiye da dangi. Baya ga Altai, irin waɗannan nau'ikan kwalliya sun zama ruwan dare a cikin tsaunukan Tien Shan, Tarbagatai da Sayan. An lura da yanayin yawo daga cikin wadannan tsuntsayen zuwa kasashen Turkmenistan, Mongolia da kuma yankunan Siber. Launin irin waɗannan tsuntsayen sun fi kama da na dangi, kuma akwai nau'ikan 2: haske da duhu.

Habitat da mazauninsu

Gyrfalcon yana zaune a yankuna masu sanyi, sabili da haka wannan tsuntsu ba a banza ba ana kiranta da tundra featured.

Yankunan Arctic da subarctic yankuna na Arewacin Amurka, Asiya da Turai sune wuraren da aka fi so don gurneti.

Hunturu kamar gyrfalcon a yankuna na kudanci.

Daga cikin likitan mata akwai kuma tsuntsayen marasa kan gado. Suna zaune galibi a Lapland, Greenland da Taimyr. A can suna da tushe a cikin gandun daji-tundra, kazalika a cikin gandun daji. Bugu da kari, akwai ƙaura a tsaye.

Fasali mai gina jiki gyrfalcon

Sauran tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa suna haɗuwa a cikin abinci da abinci na gyrfalcon. Hanyarsu ta farauta iri ɗaya ce da ta sauran wakilan dangin falcon. Suna lura da wanda aka azabtar da su daga sama, da sauri sun faɗi ƙasa kuma sun manne da shi tare da kawunansu mai ƙarfi. Suna kashe ganima nan take, kuma saboda wannan tsuntsu yakan cije kansa da gemunsa kuma ya karya wuya. Sun kama tsuntsaye a sama. Idan ba zai yiwu a yi wannan ba a iska, to kuwa gyrfalcon ya gangara ƙasa ya kuma gama aikin da aka fara.

Fahimtar abin da gyrfalcon ke ci, yana da daraja a lura cewa wannan tsuntsu na son barbashi, gyada da gulls. Hares, voles da squirrels, suma, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun lalata su nan da nan, da zarar sun bayyana a fagen hangen nesa. Yana faruwa lokacin da irin waɗannan tsuntsaye ba sa ƙin ɗaukar nauyi. Amma hakan ba zai yiwu ba.

MENENE Abincin

Abincin da aka fi so na gyrfalcon shine fari da tundra partridges. A bakin tekun, ya yi wutiri a kan gulls, wakar, geese, eel da ducks. Tsuntsu yana jira yana neman ganima, yana zaune a kan dutse ko kan itace. Ganin ganima, gyrfalcon ya karye ya kuma kai hari.

Gyrfalcon shine tsuntsu mai tsananin wuya wanda zai iya bin wanda aka azabtar har zuwa nisan mil daya. Namiji, seagulls da skuas suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga gyrfalcon, suna tashi zuwa wani ɗan ƙara girma.

Gyrfalcons sau da yawa farauta nau'i biyu, ɗauka bi da bi rawar da ruwa. A cikin hunturu, lokacin da tsuntsayen wasa suka zama karami, nau'i-nau'i daga nau'in kwalliya suna tarwatsewa cikin dazuzzuka, suna fatan fitar da jakar su daga can. Grffalcon yakan kama abin da aka kama har zuwa gida ko kuma wurin lura dashi, inda zai fashe shi kuma ya ci shi. Sharan gona, kamar gashin fuka-fukai da kasusuwa wanda ciki ba ya iya narkewa, burp.

Greyfalcons da ke zaune a cikin tundra kuma suna cin ganyayyaki a lemings, shingen ƙasa da farin hares, har ma ana kama kifayen kifi da kifi a lokacin yunwar. A cikin shekaru tare da ƙaramin adadin barbashin gado, waɗannan tsuntsayen ba su da mazauni, don haka a cikin shekaru daban-daban yawan adadin kwalliya sun bambanta.

INA SON LAFIYA

Gyrfalcon yana zaune ne a cikin tsaunukan Arctic masu tsaunuka kusa da da'irar Arctic. Hakanan ana samun shi a cikin yanki mai sauƙin digiri - a cikin tundra kuma a kan karkarar dazuzzuka.

Abubuwan da aka fi so a lura da su na grfalcon sune madaidaicin dutse wanda aka baiwa tsuntsu kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da yankin. A gefen tekun arewacin tsibirin Scandinavia, gyrfalcon ya zauna kan kankara tare da wasu yankuna na mazauna. Gwarzon ƙasa na Turai suna yawo a cikin hunturu.

Yawancin lokaci matasa tsuntsaye masu shekaru ɗaya zuwa biyu suna zuwa kudu don neman abinci. A cikin hunturu, ƙwaƙwalwar jiki suna bayyana a bakin teku, a cikin kwari har ma a wuraren noma, kuma a lokacin bazara sun dawo arewa. Yawancin hunturu na Iceland a cikin Iceland, wani lokacin kuma sai sun tashi kudu. Matsakaicin nesting na gyrfalcon shine kusan nau'i biyu a cikin yanki na 100 km 2.

Yaduwa

A watan Janairu-Fabrairu, likitan mata sun fara nuna rashin jituwa ga masu gasa. Maza hunturu a kudu sun koma wuraren kiwo a watan Fabrairu ko Maris. Tsuntsaye suna yin nau'i biyu kuma suna yin rawa a cikin rawar matsi a sama, Dutse yana faɗuwa zuwa wurin da aka zaɓa don gida. Matar tana sanya ƙwai akan katako mai wuya wanda ba a cikin dutse ko a tsakanin duwatsun. Wani lokaci gurneti akan gida akan bishiyoyi masu tsayi, suna zama babu komai a cikin gidajen hankakan. A watan Afrilu, kowane ranakun kwana uku, mace na sanya kwai ɗaya kowannensu, sannan zai iya haɗa abin da ya kama, kuma namiji ya kawo abincinsa. Uwa a hankali tana kiyaye kajinan da aka lullube ta da m beff daga sanyi, yayin da mahaifin ke farauta. Bayan kajin na samun karfi kadan, namiji da mace sun fara tashi daga neman abinci. Waɗannan falcancin suna kawo ganima a gida, suka tsage ta gami da ba kajin. Duk da gaskiyar cewa mace wani lokacin ta kan sanya ƙwai biyar, yawanci biyu ko uku ne kawai daga kajin ke rayuwa. A reshe sun zama wata daya da rabi.

GANGAR JIKINSA

Mafi girman falcon. Yawan mata ya kai kilogiram 2, fuka-fukan firam shine 135. Sun zauna kuma a kan tekun dutse, a cikin tundra da daji-tundra. Gidaje ana gina su ne da aibi na kankara, a cikin tarin wurare, yawancin baƙi sun mamaye su - buzzards, hankaka. Sanya ƙwai 3-4 waɗanda mace tayi. Karnuka suna girma da sauri kuma bayan watanni 1.5 za su iya rigaya tashi. Gyrfalcons suna ciyar da kajin tare da lemomi, hares da sauran ƙananan dabbobi. Tun da dadewa dan Adam yayi amfani da halayen farauta wadanda suka sami abin fada a yayin farauta.

A zamanin Kievan Rus da jihar Moscow, gyrfalcons sune kaya mafi tsada na ƙasar Rasha, kuma sarakuna da sultans ne kawai zasu iya mallakar farin likitan mata. Har ila yau, a bakin Tekun Bahar Maliya na Gagauzia, ana farautar dabbar kwalliya tare da kukan tsuntsayen, kuma a tsakiyar Asiya suna farautar manyan ganima da mikiya. Amma koyaushe a lokacin falconry, farauta masu kwalliya suna da godiya sosai, musamman tare da kyawawan kayan dusar ƙanƙara.

BAYANIN FASAHA, BAYANIN.

• Anyi nasarar amfani da Gyrfalcons don kama herons da cranes - tsuntsayen da basa farauta a yanayi.
• Sakamakon jinkirin buɗe fikafikan, gyrfalcon da alama ba shi da matsala fiye da peregrine falcon, amma tare da jirgin jirgi mai ɗorewa yana haɓaka mafi sauri.
• Sokolniki ya yaba sosai da kyawun dusar dusar kankara daga bakin tekun Greenland. Shekaru da yawa, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da daɗin masana halitta, masu zane-zane da mawaƙa. An san cewa Duke na Burgundy ya sayi ɗansa daga bauta ta Baturke don fararen likitan mata 12.
• Kayan gashi na iya samun launi daban. A cikin gida ɗaya, ana samun kaji na launin toka kusa da fata.
• Gyrfalcon ana ɗaukarsa kamar tsuntsu mai farauta.

HUKUNCIN HUKUNCIN CIKIN MUTUNCI

Beak: a ƙarshen rabin ƙarshen baki akwai haƙori na haƙora, halayyar duk wakilai na yawan falcon-like ko tsuntsaye masu cin nama.

Umyalli: daga kusan dusar ƙanƙara-fari (Greenland da Chukotka) zuwa taupe ko kawai launin toka (Scandinavian Peninsula). A kirji - tsarin lancet.

Wuta: kafaffen fuka-fukai masu dogon zango.

Jirgi: tsayi, mai sauri, kodayake motsin fuka-fuki yana da alama yana da rauni da rauni. Jirgin yana tashi kamar haka kuma yana guduwa.

- Habitat na gyrfalcon

INA SON LAFIYA

Ana samun Gyrfalcon a cikin yankuna ƙasa na Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Greenland, Kanada, Alaska da Siberia.

KYAUTA DA KYAUTATA

Ba zai yiwu a kimanta adadin tsuntsayen wannan nau'in ba saboda rashin mazaunin mazaunin sa. Wataƙila mafi girma ya fi girma fiye da yadda muke tsammani. Sai kawai a Arewacin Turai daga 600 zuwa 1000 nau'i-nau'i na gyrfalcons gida.

Sabon shiga gyrfalcon. Bidiyo (00:04:11)

A farkon Oktoba, falcon ya bayyana a gandun daji. Da farko kwaikwayon - gyrfalcon! Babu shakka ba daji ba ne, amma kuma ba mafarauci ba (ba tare da matafiya ba, ba ya tashi sama da kwaɗayi). Lokacin da suka sami damar yin zurfin bincike, sun yanke shawara - kamar matasan! Amma kwari. Na tsallaka hanyoyi tare da haɗuwata sau da yawa - abin da na ga yana da kyau a cikin jirgin sama - tsari ne na ɗaukaka mafi ƙarfi da sauri! A tsaye sama, daga ragin, yakan bar mita 100, sautin ya yi kamar ƙaramin faɗa ne! Na yanke shawarar kama (sun ga zoben ta hanyar binocular), don kare kanka da sha'awa. Akwai shi! Ban yi barci tsawon wata guda ba, Na gwada duk tarkuna - hrenushki! Gaskiya ne, da zarar ya yi karo da raga a cikin raga da aka kafa (a kan mujiya), sai ya fashe ta kuma ƙari - a'a, a'a! A kan tattabarai, a kan mujiya, kan katako, kan beraye da beraye. Figures! Dole na yi amfani da hanya ta ƙarshe! - nan: Galichya Gora

Gyrfalcon da tsintsiya madaidaiciya a cikin hunturu. Bidiyo (00:02:23)

Gyrfalcon shine mafi girma na falcon, ainihin shahararren tsuntsu mai farashi mai tsada, wanda ake amfani dashi tun zamanin da a cikin falconry.Babban abincinta shine tsuntsaye masu matsakaici, galibi farin fararen gado, tunda iyakokin mazauninsu sun dace da yankin da aka rarraba shi. A cikin tsibirin taiga ta kudu da sub-taiga, tarurruka tare da gyrfalcon suna faruwa ne kawai a lokacin lokacin ƙaura ko ƙaura, a kowane yanayi, don gani, har ma fiye da haka don yin fim a waɗannan latitudes babbar nasara ce, ko kuma, wani mummunan haɗari. Mun lura da shi a gefen filin, inda falcon yake duban gawarwakin baƙar fata da ke gudana a ƙasa. Don Nuwamba, kwararar tsuntsaye tare da irin wannan sikelin kuma irin wannan adadi yana da nisa daga sabon abu. Yanzu, kallon bidiyo, ban ma rasa abin da za a ce wanene daga cikin waɗannan tarurrukan biyu da suka zama mafi mahimmanci da abin tunawa ba.

Ina yake zama

Wannan falcon yana zaune a yankin Arctic da subarctic na Arewacin Hemisphere. Gyrfalcon yana zaune a cikin manyan wurare na Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka: a kan iyakar Arctic, a cikin tundra da tundra-tundra zuwa iyakar iyakokin arewa na taiga. A cikin lokacin da ba nesting ba, gyrfalcon akan nomads yana faruwa duka a cikin kewayon faratsi da zuwa kudu - har zuwa yankin steppe. Babban wuraren zama na gyrfalcon sune dutsen da kuma gaɓar teku, kogi da kwaruruka tare da kogunan dutse, kintinkiri ko gandun daji, da tundra dutse.

Alamun waje

Gyrfalcon shine mafi girman abubuwan falsafar ƙasarmu (fuka-fuki - har zuwa 1.6 m). Launin waɗannan tsuntsayen sun bambanta daga kusan fari zuwa duhu mai duhu da saman launin shuɗi-launin toka da fari, tare da ƙasa da ke ƙasa. Mace sun fi girma yawanci duhu fiye da maza. Girman tsuntsaye daga yamma zuwa gabas na ƙasar a hankali yana ƙaruwa, launin launi kuma yana haskakawa. Tsuntsayen matasa suna launin ruwan kasa, a Bugu da kari, ƙananan tsuntsayen sun bambanta da tsoffin a cikin launi na paws ɗinsu: a cikin manyan abubuwan kwalliya suna launin rawaya, a cikin matasa - launin toka.

Gyrfalcon a cikin jirgin sama

A cikin Littafin Red of Russia

Adadin nau'ikan jinsin a ƙasarmu kusan nau'i-nau'i ne 1000, mafi yawan jama'a (game da nau'i-nau'i 200) suna zaune a Kamchatka.

Ragewar yaduwar adadin ƙwayar cuta tana da nasaba da ɓarnar gida, kamawar da ba'a sarrafa shi ba da kuma cire kajin na katako. Tare da ci gaban Arewa, hargitsi da ilimin kwalliya akan nunin yana ƙara zama mahimmanci. Kari akan haka, kwalliyar likitan mata ta fadi a karkashin harbe-harben malamai kuma suka mutu cikin tarko.

Karyane

Tun daga lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, an yi amfani da ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin falconry kuma ana ɗaukar su kamar tsuntsayen farauta. A cikin adalci, ya kamata a lura cewa falconry bai taɓa kamun kifi ba. Maimakon haka, wani nau'in al'ada tare da bukukuwa da kuma gayyatar liyafar. Gyfalcon wani tsuntsu ne mai gaye, mai son sha'awa wanda mai shi zaiyi alfahari dashi kuma ya kasance tare da wasu. A cikin teburin maki na makarantar Turai ta farauta, farin gyrfalcon koyaushe ya mamaye wurin farko.

An gabatar da Krechetov tare da kyauta, ƙoƙarin cimma yarjejeniya a cikin dangantakar diflomasiyya. Kuma a kotun masarauta a Rasha akwai ma wani matsayi na musamman na falconer. Wurin da ake ajiye gwanayen dabbobi ana kiransa krechatni.

A yau, ana sake farfado da al'adun falconry, amma a cikin sabon tsari. Tana da mai son, mai wasan motsa jiki. Dayawa sun yi imanin cewa falconry na zamani na iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye ire-iren halitta na tsuntsaye masu farauta da kuma farfado da gaskiyar ma'anar hadin kai da dabi'a a cikin rayuwar mutumin Rasha. Bayan wannan, menene kuma zaka ji, riƙe hannunka amintaccen aboki, mai hikima!

Rarrabawa

Mulkin: dabbobi (Animalia).
Nau'i: chordates (Chordata).
Fasali: tsuntsaye (Aves).
Squad: Falconiformes (Falconiformes).
Iyali: Falcon (Falconidae).
Jinsi: Falcon (Falco).
Duba: gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus).