Bashin na marten yana da faɗi, an rufe shi da Jawo, babba babba, bari mu faɗi daidai gwargwado ga jiki. Wutsiya tana cika ba kawai aikin ado ba, har ma yana da matukar aiki - ta amfani da ita, marten yana kiyaye daidaituwa yayin tsalle ko motsawa tare da rassan bishiyoyi.

Itacewar dabbar dako yayi gajarta, a lokacin hunturu sanyi yana kara zama ulu. Wannan yana ba dabba damar rusawa tare da adon kankara ko dusar ƙanƙara ba tare da wahala ba. Kowane paw yana ƙare da yatsunsu biyar tare da m yantsun da za su iya amfani da ciki rabin girman.

Fashin marten Pine Marten yana da tsawo da fadi, dabba tana da muƙamuƙi mai ƙarfi da hakora masu kaifi sosai. Kunnuwa maharbi sunada uku a siffar, sai manyan murabba'i masu karfi. A gefen da aka zagaye su, gyaran yana da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi.

Fatar Marten baki ne, ya nuna. Idanu sunyi duhu, yayin da ke kulawa suna ɗaukar launi mai ɗan farin ƙarfe. Lokacin da aka kalle shi daga saman hoton dabba, zaku iya samun mafi kyawun motsin zuciyarmu. Daga kanta Marten yayi kallonta cikin nutsuwa da rauni, kallonta yayi daidai. Ya kamata a ba da kulawa ta musamman ga furotin dabbar da take da launi mai kyau.

Launin rigar Jawo na dabba na iya bambanta ta hanyar kirjin da haske launin ruwan kasa, zuwa launin rawaya. A baya, kafafu da kai, Jawo yawanci yana da inuwa mai duhu fiye da yadda ake samu a ciki da gefuna. Tail a ƙarshen sau da yawa (don baƙar fata.

Siffar halayyar waje na pine marten daga wasu wakilan irin ita ce inuwar Orange na gashi a cikin wuya, wasu kuma suna gudana sosai a goshin goshi. Daga nan ne beret din yake da suna, wani suna don dabbar - halittar rawaya.

Dangane da girman, marten yana daidai da babban cat. Tsawon jikin mutum zai iya kaiwa santimita 55, kuma wutsiya yawanci yakai cm 26. Idan aka kwatanta da ɗan mazan, pava shine kashi uku.

Habitat

Kusan har yanzu, Eudian daji suna cike da mazaunan bishiyar bishiyoyi. Waɗannan dabbobin suna zaune a cikin yanki mai faɗi: daga Caucasus da Iran, yamma da Siberiya da Corsica, a ƙarshen gabashin ƙasashen Asiya orarama da Sicily, zuwa tsibiran Rum da Sardinia.

Saurayi yakan zabi wuraren zama tare da gandunan daji, tare da gandun daji lokaci-lokaci. Mafi sau da yawa ba sau da yawa ana samun su a cikin shimfiɗar faɗin ƙasa shimfiɗaɗɗiya. A cikin lokuta na musamman, pine marten na iya ciyayi a tsaunuka, amma kawai inda igiyoyi suke.

Matsakaicin wurin zama (jinsunan dabbobi sune wuraren daji inda akwai bishiyoyi tare da rami. A sama, akwai fili da kuma wuraren bude fili, Marten yakan fito ne kawai don manufar farauta. Robotodrome, inda yanayin shakatawa yake gudana, bai dace da dabbobi ba.

Wannan dabba ba ta ba da kanta tare da keɓance mai keɓewa da madaidaiciya. Sau da yawa, launin rawaya yakan samo wa kansa wuraren rami, tsoffin gidaje, iska mai tsalle ta hanyar shinge, yana zaɓar wurare masu tsayi daga mita 5-6. Anan marten ya tsaya domin ciyar da sauran rana.

Bayan yin yawan maraice da maraice, magabacin mai ƙauna yakan fita neman abinci, sannan ya tafi wurin da zai huta. Koyaya, idan sanyi mai zafi ta zo wurin marten, aqidar na iya canzawa. A wannan yanayin, dabbar ta daɗe tana zaune a cikin tsari, ta yin amfani da abin da ta shirya don abinci. Yarinyar da ke da launin rawaya-ruwa sun fi son wuraren nesa da mutane da ƙauyuka.

Al'adar diyan dabbobi ta yanke hukuncin cewa Pine Marten a fili yake shine mafi mahimmancin kasuwancin kasuwancin marten. Don haka, halittar rawaya tana samun isasshen matsaloli tare da haifuwa da rayuwa. Kadan ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan: jahiliyya raguwa ce kawai a wuraren dazuzzuka da suka dace da zama a cikin dabba, amma karuwa da yawan mafarautan da suke son samun ƙananan tsada.

Siffofin Haraji

Marten ba shi da tsoro ko kaɗan daga cikin mafi yawan bishiyoyi, ƙaunataccen zai iya sauƙin motsawa daga reshe zuwa reshe, kuma matsakaicin nisa na tsalle dabba na iya isa mita huɗu. Kodayake a saman ƙasa tana iya yin tsalle. Bugu da kari, Marten kyakkyawar mai iyo ce, kuma tana iya shiga cikin ruwa a wasu lokuta na musamman.

An rarrabe Pine marten ta hanyar tsufa, datti da gudu. Dabbar zata iya shawo kan manyan nesa a cikin dan karamin lokaci. Dayawa daga cikin magabatan za su yi hassada da kyawun ganinsa, ji da jin warin, wanda hakan ke sanya kyakkyawar fata a harkar farauta. Rawaya mai rawaya kyakkyawa ne mai ban sha'awa, cute da m. A cikin garken nasu, martens suna magana da amfani da sautuna zuwa fuska guda tare da mai sarkakal ko purr. 'Ya'yan waɗannan dabbobi suna yin sauti kamar twitter.

Yawancin waɗannan dabbobi sun gwammace su zauna shi kaɗai, ban da wasu wakilan wannan nau'in. Kowace dabba tana da abin da ta yi da kanta. Marten ya mamaye yankin sa, ta amfani da alamun ƙanshin ƙanshi na musamman, wanda aka samo shi sabili da ɓarin ɓarin ɓoyayyen abubuwa masu narkewa daga gland ɗin fir. Mazinaciya na iya mamaye yanki na kadada 5000. Don mafi yawan lokuta, mace tana da shafin yanar gizon da yake ƙarami sau da yawa fiye da maza. Bugu da kari, yankin na iya narkewa tare da farkon lokacin sanyi.

Maza suna taka rawar kare filayen kansu ta hanyar wasu dabbobin na wannan. Bugu da kari, a wasu mata da maza, “rabe” na iya kutse. Hakanan, idan maza biyu suka hadu a waje da lokacin aiki, to wannan yawanci wannan baya tare da lalatattu da nuna zalunci.

Fiye da cin abinci marten abinci

Wannan dabba ba ta tsari ba ce a cikin abinci, ƙaddara ce mai iko da komai. Matsayin pine marten an yanke shi cikakke kuma lokacin bazara, kewayon mazaunin sa da ikon samun sauran abincin. Amma, duk da haka, ainihin abincinta shine abincin asalin dabba. Talakawa squirrels sune abubuwanda akafi so na cinn marten giya.

Ku sani abin da ya faru shine mafarauci ya yi nasarar kama dabbobin su akai cikin kogon. Koyaya, idan wannan bai faru ba, Marten na iya kori ganima na dogon lokaci, yana motsi a bayansa tare da rassan bishiyoyi. Wannan shi ke nan akwai jerin kyawawan kananan dabbobi da dama, wanda marten zai yi da murna zai fara neman abin tausayi. Ana iya danganta su da katantanwa na yau da kullun da ƙangin daji da shinge. Abin lura ne cewa har ma da mafarauci ya kashe abin da ya ci, ya cinye wata baƙon da ba ta da tabbas a wuyanta. Dabba ba ta yin watsi da kaya.

A farkon lokacin bazara da lokacin kaka, pine marten yana aiki sosai don sake mamaye jikinta tare da bitamin mai mahimmanci. Sympathy yana cin kwayoyi, berries na daji, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari waɗanda ke girma a kan bishiyoyi, da sauran abincin da ke da wadatattun abubuwa. Adadin abinci wanda ba tabbas ba zai iya zuwa gobe don rami da aka kama. Mafi yawancin, wannan dabba tana son cin rowan berries ko blueberries.

Rayuwa da Sauyawa

A lokacin bazara, ranakun farawa ya fara a saman marten pine. Wotan saurayi ya zaɓi mace ɗaya ko biyu don ma'aurata. Yana da m cewa tare da farkon hunturu, abin da ake kira rutting rude lokaci na iya zuwa a cikin martens. A wannan yanayin, su, bi da bi, suna nuna damuwa, tsokanar zalunci da amfani da makamai, amma wannan ba ya haifar da canjin da ake buƙata.

Bayan an haifi zuriya, sai pava ta haihu har tsawon kwanaki 236 zuwa 274. A gaban Haisar yadda ake haihuwar ,a ,an, ƙaunataccen yana aiki da tsarin gidanta, ya mai da shi matsayin caponier. A can ne ta kasance har zuwa wannan lokacin ((wannan ba zai haifar da jarirai ba. Yawancin lokaci, mace ɗaya tana haihuwa tsawon lokaci) Ant tare da cuba eightan takwas. Jikin kowane jariri yana rufe da kanjuna da gajeru kaɗan, zuriyarsu da kansu kurma ne da makafi da farko.

Sai bayan ɗan ƙaramin abu sama da makonni uku suka shuɗe, jariran sun fara jin sautuka, kuma a rana ta 28, sai buɗewar yawls. Idan mace tana buƙatar farauta, tana iya barin zuriya na ɗan lokaci. A cikin yanayin babu, a'a, kuma a, yana cikin haɗari, mahaifiyarsa ta ɗauke su zuwa wani, mafaka mai lafiya.

A lokacin da ya kai watanni hudu, kananan dabbobi da suka balaga zasu iya nuna 'yanci kuma su sami nasu abincin, amma a wani lokaci har zuwa wani lokaci suna zama kusa da mahaifiyarsu. Matsayin rayuwa na pine marten yana ƙarancin haɓaka goma, amma a cikin mafi kyawun yanayin yana iya kasancewa zuwa shekaru goma sha biyar.

Kayan aiki

A Pine marten ne mai wuya wuya irin shi a cikin wani wuri da kerarre. Mafi yawa, kungiyoyin dabbobi na da yawa suna zaune a wuraren dabbobi da suke a cikin Jamus da Austria. Bugu da kari, wasu masu sha'awar kaddara masu ban dariya suna rike su a kasarsu. Koyaya, ya kamata a fahimci cewa ba a san yadda marten zai yi da mutum a cikin yanayin gidan ba. Wasu wakilai za su zama masu ƙauna da ladabi, wasu za su nuna wariya, wasu kuma za su fara nuna halin haɗi.

Duk da annabtarsu, wasu kannun ababen lemu suna daina zama masu jin daɗi. A lokacin tsoro, suna fuskantar tashin hankali, wanda yakan faru da tsauraran raɗaɗi, a wasu halaye, tare da raɗaɗi. Saboda haka, bayan wani lokaci, dabbar ta daskare. Mafi sau da yawa fiye da ba, bugun yakan wuce ba tare da wata alama ba, amma wani lokacin yana ƙare da mutuwar Marten.

Luteum rawaya mai haɗari na iya zama haɗari sosai, ba wai ga sauran dabbobi ba, har ma da mutane. Marten mai iya kawo cikas ne game da rabies, parasites da tsutsotsi, da annoba. Bugu da kari, marten hare-hare kan kaji guda biyu lokaci-lokaci faruwa.

A cikin jerin abokan gaban wannan dabbar akwai sauran magabatan mutane. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kyarkeci, lynx ko mikiya, ayaba da wasu tsuntsaye, alal misali, wurin yaƙin yaƙi ko mikiya. Daga masu cinyewar ƙasa, Marten na iya samun nasarar bace kan bishiyoyi masu tsayi. Yawancin lokaci yakan faru, kuma mafarautan dabbobi mafi girma suna kashe halittun rawaya, waɗanda ba su da kyau ga abinci, kuma don kawar da mai yin takara kai tsaye a sarkar trophic.

A halin yanzu, yawan duniyar Pine martens yana da wani abu game da shugabannin dubu 200. Hakanan, yana da sha'awar cewa halittar rawaya na iya ninkawa tare da wakilan nau'ikan nau'in halittar. A wannan yanayin, matasan saboda haka bakarare ne, ana kiranta Kindus.

Marten daji Rayuwar daji na marten rayuwa da mazauninsu

Dabbobi masu shayarwa dabbobi masu shayarwa tare da Jawo mai tsayi mai mahimmanci daga dangin marten kuma ana kiran sa martin fata. A wata hanyar, ana kuma kiranta kifin rawaya. Pine marten oblong kuma m.

Kyakkyawan wutsiyarsa mai kyau wacce take da ƙyalli tana da girma wacce ta fi rabin tsawon jikinta kyau. Wutsiya ba wai kawai ta zama abin adon wannan dabbar ba, tare da taimakon taimakon jinginar don kiyaye daidaituwa lokacin tsalle da tsayuwa a kan bishiyoyi.

Shortafaƙafun ƙafaf ɗinsa huɗu suna halaye saboda gaskiyar cewa ƙafafunsu sun lulluɓe da ulu tare da isowar sanyi lokacin sanyi, wanda ke taimakawa dabbar a sauƙaƙe tare dusar kankara da kankara. A kan waɗannan kafafu huɗu akwai yatsunsu biyar, tare da miƙa biyu.

Ana iya jan su cikin rabi. Mucks na Marten yana da fadi kuma yana da tsawo. Dabba tana da muƙamuƙi mai ƙarfi da haƙoran haƙora. Kunnen marten kunnan ne, yanada girma dangane da muck. A saman su suna da zagaye kuma tare da gyara launin rawaya.

Hanci ya yi kaifi, baki. Idanu suna duhu, Da dare launinsu yana ja da jan karfe. Marten daji a cikin hoto bar kawai tabbatacce ra'ayi. Yana kama da halitta mai laushi da marar lahani tare da kallon marasa laifi. Kyakkyawan launi da ingancin ulu Marten yana da ban sha'awa.

Daga haske ne mai ƙwanƙwasawa tare da yellowness zuwa launin ruwan kasa. A cikin ɓangaren baya, kai da kafafu, gashi koyaushe duhu ne fiye da na ƙasan ciki da gefuna. Ganin wutsiyar dabba kusan baki ce.

Kyakkyawan fasalin marten daga dukkan sauran nau'ikan marten shine launi mai launin rawaya ko ruwan lemo a cikin ɓangaren wuyansa, wanda ya shimfiɗa sama da ƙafafun gaba. Daga wannan ya zo na biyu sunan Marten - rawaya mai rawaya.

Sigogi na maharbi sun yi kama da na babban cat. Tsawon jiki 34-57 cm tsawon tsayi 17-29 cm .. Mace yawanci 30% ƙasa da maza.

Fasali da mazaunin Pine Marten

Yankin daji na Eurasia gabaɗaya yake da wakilai na wannan nau'in. Martens suna rayuwa cikin gandun daji a kan babban yanki. Ana samun su a wurare daga Great Britain kuma suna ƙare tare da yammacin Siberia, Caucasus da tsibiran Rum, Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia, Iran da Asia Minarami.

Dabba ya fi son yanayin dazuzzuka da daɗaɗɗu, ba ƙasa da conifers. Ba da daɗewa ba, a wani lokacin marten yakan hau tuddai a tsaunuka, amma a cikin wuraren kawai akwai bishiyoyi.

Dabba ya fi son wuraren da bishiyoyi tare da wuraren shakatawa. A cikin bude yanki na iya fita kawai don farauta. Maƙasudin duwatsu don marten wuri ne wanda bai dace ba; ta nisanta kanta.

Babu wani tsayayyen mazauni a cikin jaririn rawaya. Ta nemi mafaka a cikin tsawan mita 6, a cikin manya-manyan kwari, da kantuna, ramuka da guguwar iska. A irin wadannan wuraren, dabbar tana tsayawa na hutawa na kwana ɗaya.

Da isowar magariba, maƙiyin ya fara farauta, bayan ya nemi mafaka a wani wuri. Amma tare da farko na tsananin sanyi, yanayin rayuwarta na iya canza ɗan ɗan lokaci, marten na dogon lokaci yana zaune a cikin tsari, cin abinci ne wanda aka tanada. Pine marten yana ƙoƙarin sasantawa daga mutane.

Hotunan Marten tilasta mata kallon ta da tausayawa da wasu muradin sha'awar shan dabba a hannunsa da bugun jini. Da yawan samun masu farauta don ƙarancin waɗannan dabbobin da ƙaramin gandun daji tare da yanayi mai kyau na Marten, zai zama mafi wahala ga rayuwarsu da kuma kiwo. Marten a Rasha har yanzu an dauki muhimmin nau'in kasuwanci saboda ƙimar furcinsa.

Halin hali da salon rayuwa

Pine marten fi son zama da kuma farauta itatuwa fiye da kowane sauran wakilan da irin. Tana iya hawa kwandonsu cikin sauki. Kayanta yana taimaka mata ta jimre da wannan, yana aiki a matsayin marten, dabaran, kuma wani lokacin parachute, godiya ga dabba dabba tayi ƙasa ba tare da wani sakamako ba.

The fi na Marten itatuwa ne da cikakken ba mai ban tsoro, yana sauƙin motsa daga wannan reshe zuwa wani kuma zai iya tsalle mita hudu. A ƙasa, ita ma ta tsalle. Yana iya wasan ninkaya da fasaha, amma ba wuya.

A cikin hoto, wata katuwar katen a cikin rami

Wannan dabba ce mai ƙazanta da sauri. Tana iya rufe nesa da sauri. Hankalinta game da wari, hangen nesa da sauraranta sun kasance a matakin farko, wanda ke taimakawa da yawa cikin zafi. Ta yanayinsa, dabba ce mai ban dariya da ban sha'awa. Tsakanin kansu, martens suna sadarwa tare da purrs da girma, kuma sautuna masu kama da twitter sun fito ne daga jarirai.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Wannan dabbar da ake sarrafawa ba ta ware abinci. Marten ya ci, ya danganta da yanayin, mazauni, da wadatar ciyarwar. Amma ta fi son abincin dabbobi. Abubuwan da aka fi so daga garken sune squirrels.

Mafi sau da yawa, maƙiyin yakan kama dako yana da gangar jikinsa, amma idan hakan bai faru ba, zai nemi daɗewa ya ci gaba, yana tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe. Akwai babban jerin wakilai na duniyar dabbobi da suka fada cikin kwandon kayan abinci na Marten.

Farawa daga ƙananan katantanwa, yana ƙare da hares da shinge. Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da Pine Marten sun ce ta kashe wanda aka azabtar da cizo guda a bayan kai. Maharbin bai ƙi ya faɗi ba.

Dabba tana amfani da damina da damina domin ta cika jikinta da bitamin. Berries, kwayoyi, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, duk abin da ke da wadatar amfani da microelements ana amfani dashi. Marten yana ɗaukar wasun su don nan gaba kuma ya ceci cikin m. Abubuwan da aka fi so a cikin launuka masu launin shuɗi sune shuɗin shuɗi da ash ash.

Kiwo da rayuwa irin na Martine

A lokacin rani, waɗannan dabbobin sun fara farawa. Ma'aurata namiji ɗaya tare da mace ɗaya ko biyu. A cikin hunturu, Martens sau da yawa suna da tseren gudu. A wannan lokacin, suna nuna hali marasa ƙarfi, suna zama kamar yaƙi da ɗaukar hoto, amma dabbar ta hanyar canjin ba ta faruwa.

Haihuwar mace ta kasance tsawon kwanaki 236-274. Kafin ta haihu, sai ta kula da matsuguni kuma ta zauna can har jariran su bayyana. 'Ya'yan 3-8 suna haihuwa. Dukda cewa an lullube su da karamar fur, yaran ba makaho ne da kurma.

Hoto na samari mai hoto

Har ila yau, kunne yana yanke ne kawai ranar 23, kuma idanun suka fara gani a rana ta 28. Mace na iya barin jariran na tsawon lokacin farauta. Idan akwai yiwuwar hatsari, sai ta kai su wani wuri mafi aminci.

Lokacin da ya kai watanni hudu, dabbobi za su iya rayuwa da kansu, amma na ɗan lokaci suna zaune tare da mahaifiyarsu. Marten yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 10, kuma a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayi, tsammanin rayuwarsa kusan shekaru 15 ne.

Bayyanar da tsarin jikin mutum

Martine na Pine yana da jiki mai dacewa, mai sassauƙa da siririn jiki. Wutsiya wadda take da ƙima tana da girmanwa ya wuce rabin tsawon jiki. Babban aikinta shine tabbatar da daidaito yayin tsalle da hawa bishiyoyi.

Marten yana da madaukai huɗu, waɗanda ƙafafunsu ke rufe da ulu a cikin hunturu. Saboda wannan, yanayin tallafin su yana ƙaruwa, motsi na dabba a cikin dusar ƙanƙara ya zama mafi sauƙi. Akwai yatsu biyar a kan paws tare da m yan yatsan da suke da ikon dawo da su cikin rabi.

A baya na ciki na bakin ciki akwai bakin ciki na musamman wanda yake tona asiri, wanda dabbar ke amfani dashi don yiwa alama. Mata suna da glandan dabbobi masu sha biyu.

Fushin Pine marten yana da fadi, elongated tare da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaya da haƙoran kaifi. Kunnuwa suna da triangular a cikin siffa tare da nasihun da aka zagaye suna da babba kuma suna da datti mai launin rawaya. Fuska mai hanci ne baki. Idanu suna da duhu sosai, da dare suna fitowa da jan ƙarfe.

Launi da kaddarorin Jawo

A launi na Pine marten Jawo na iya bambanta daga haske kirjin tare da launin toka mai launin shuɗi zuwa launin ruwan kasa. Wani lokacin akwai launin toka. A baya, kai da kafafu sun fi duhu ciki da bangarorin. A ƙarshen wutsiya, gashi kusan baki ne.

A makogwaron Marten da kirji akwai ingantaccen haske mai launin rawaya ko ruwan lemo wanda aka shimfida sama da kafafu na gaba. Saboda haka, ana kiran sa kifin rawaya.

Kaddarorin Marten Jawo sun bambanta tare da kakar. A cikin hunturu, ya daɗe, siliki tare da haske mai laushi da gashi mai duhu. A lokacin rani, ma'anar ya zama ya fi kauri, ya fi guntu da danshi. Kowace shekara, a cikin bazara, marten fara molt, mai dawwama har zuwa Satumba.

Rarraba

Itace marten Pine martaba ta mamaye yankin dazuzzukan Eurasian. Yankakinta ya fito daga Burtaniya har zuwa Yammacin Siberiya, a kudu kuma ya iyakance ga Caucasus da tsibiran Rum, ciki har da Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia da sauransu. Hakanan, ana iya samun wannan dabba a Iran da Asiya .arami. A Iceland da ƙasashen Scandinavia ba haka ba ne.

Habitat

A Pine marten zaune ne musamman a cikin gauraye da deciduous gandun daji, m sau da yawa a cikin coniferous (spruce, fir). Wani lokacin yakan zauna a cikin tsaunuka, amma kawai ga tsayi wanda bishiyoyi suke girma.

Dabba ya fi son ƙasa tare da bishiyoyi mara nauyi da katako. Yana fita zuwa sararin samaniya kawai lokacin farauta. Amma filayen dutse suna wucewa.

Yellowbird bashi da gida na dindindin. A yankunanta, tana shirya wa kanta matsuguni masu yawa, suna zabar wuraren shakatawa a kansu mai tsayin mita 5, gidajen murabba'i, manyan gidaje da aka yi watsi da su, ɓarna, iska da sauransu. A can ne Marten yake hutawa da rana. Da sanyin safiya, ta tafi farauta, da safe kuma ta sake yin wani zama. Amma a cikin tsananin sanyi, dabbar ba zata yi ta hawa dutsen daga wani dogon lokaci ba, yana cin abinci. Dabbobin za su yi yawo a dandalinta, ba tare da barin iyakokinta na wasu shekaru a jere ba.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa, sabanin dutse marten, dajin ba shi da wuya ya zauna kusa da mutane.

Tsarin zamantakewa

Martens zaune shi kaɗai. Kowane mutum yana da nasa tsarin. An tsara iyakokin ƙasar dabbobi ta amfani da alamomin ƙanshi wanda aka samu ta hanyar ɓoyewa daga glandon anal. Yankin "yanki" ya bambanta daga murabba'in kilomita 3 zuwa 50. Mata suna da karancin shafuka fiye da maza. Bugu da kari, darajar su ta ragu a lokacin sanyi.

Maza suna kare yankinsu daga mutane jinsi ɗaya. Bayan haka, "rabo" na maza da na mata wasu lokuta wani bangare yana hadewa. Haɗu na maza biyu a waje da lokacin mating ba tare da alamun bayyanin tashin hankali ba.

Fasalin halayen

Itace marten Pine ta fi dangin ta damar zama a cikin bishiyoyi: ba wai kawai tana zaune ne a cikin gidajensu ba, har ma suna farauta, suna hawa tare da rassan. Tsarin musamman na jiki yana taimaka wa dabbar dutsen hawa dutsen - ƙafafunsa an juye da digiri 180. Tailarfin fararwa yana aiwatar da aikin rudder, kuma, idan ya cancanta, parachute, godiya ga wanda rawaya mai raɗaɗi zai iya tsalle zuwa ƙasa daga babban tsayi ba tare da mummunan sakamako ba.

A Pine Marten sauƙi motsa daga reshe zuwa reshe ko da a saman bene bishiyoyi. A cikin tsalle guda ɗaya, tana iya rufe nesa zuwa mita huɗu. A cikin kasa, dabba ma tana motsawa. Marten ya sami damar iyo, amma yana da matukar wuya.

Wannan maharbi, mai sassauƙa kuma mai saurin kuzari, yana da kyakkyawar wari, hangen nesa da ji, yakan farauta da daddare a cikin yankin, kuma a yayin da rana ke hutawa.

Yanayin Martens wasa ne da kuma son sani. Sadarwa a tsakanin su, dabbobi na iya yin haɓaka ko purr, kuma yara suna yin sautuna masu kama da twitter.

A cikin yanayi, martens suna rayuwa a matsakaici tsawon shekaru uku zuwa hudu, amma wasu mutane sun sami damar kai shekara goma sha ɗaya. A cikin bauta, sun tsira zuwa shekaru goma sha takwas.

Abokan gaba

Hadarin ga kifin kifi yana wakilta da dawakai, Wolves, lynxes, da kuma manyan tsuntsaye: shaho, mujiyoyi da gaggafa. A lokaci guda, mafarautan ba koyaushe suke kashe mata abinci ba. A wasu halayen, kawai suna kawar da mai gasa wanda ya ce abincinsu. Daga abokan gaba dabba ta gudu, suna ɓoye cikin bishiyoyi.

Menene ma'anar martens?

Waɗannan ƙaddara masu matsakaici ne: tsawon jikin jikin dabbobi, ya dogara da nau'in halittu, daga 30 zuwa 75 cm, tsawon wutsiya shine 12-45 cm, kuma nauyin shine 0.5-6 kg. A duk jinsunan halittar, maza sun fi maza yawa.

Marten yana da jiki mai zazzagewa na matsakaici, furucin sphenoid da kunnuwa masu zagaye, wanda ya fi girma fiye da na takwarorinsu - weasels da trochees. Wutsiya, wacce take a matsayin mai daidaitawa, kuma babban dansandan da ke daɗaɗɗen suturar fata tare da daskararrun dabbobin suna ba da babbar fa'ida ga waɗannan dabbobin da ke daɗaɗaɗɗu - cikin sauƙi suna tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe. Hakora, kamar yadda ya cancanci azabtarwa, masu kaifi ne.

A cikin hoto, marten ya nuna hakora.

Jawo marten yayi laushi da kauri, launin ruwan kasa, duhu akan wutsiya da wata gabar jiki. Akwai haske daidai a makogwaro, da wuya baƙar fata.

Me suke ci?

Martens suna ciyar da kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, kifi, kwari, da wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa. Dukkansu mafarauta ne masu gajiya, suna farauta da bin dukiyar daji, komai makamancin wannan. Suna da kyawawan kwayoyi masu guba kuma suna iya kama tsuntsaye da dabbobin a dama. Don tsira da rashin yiwuwar ciyarwar, dabbobi suna samun abinci mai yawa yayin lokutan da yawa suna da yawa. Sukan kashe duk abin da suke so, wani lokacin ma sun fi abin da za su ci.

Biyan kuɗi

Ya danganta da kewayon, halayen waje na martaba na Pine, wato, launi da kaddarorin ajalinsu, da girman jikinsu, ya canza sosai. Dangane da wannan, jinsin jinsuna tara na dabba sun banbanta:

1. Martes Martes Martes alama ce ta launin ruwan kasa mai yawan launuka masu launin tare da gurguwar bakin ciki. Tana zaune a arewacin Rasha da Yammacin Turai.
2. Martes M. Borealis - yana zaune a arewacin Eurasia.
3. Martes M. Latinorum - wanda aka rarraba a tsibirin Sardinia na Italiya.
4. Martes M. Lorenzi - yana zaune a cikin Caucasus, ana rarrabe shi da girman sa da Jajir mai launin shuɗi tare da farin toka.
5. Martes M. Minoricensis - kewayon shi shine tsibirin na Tekun Bahar Rum da ke ƙasar Minorca, mallakar Sipaniya.
6. Martes M. Notialis - yana zaune a kudancin Italiya.
7. Martes M. Ruthena - wanda ke zaune a tsakiyar yankin turai na Rasha, ana saninsa da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, mai duhu a cikin hunturu.
8. Martes M. Sabaneevi - aka rarraba shi a cikin Pechora taiga (Russia).
9. Martes M. Uralensis - yana zaune a Urals (Russia).

Bugu da kari, a dabi'a akwai wani tsiro da aka samo sakamakon tsabtace kifin kifi da sable. Wannan dabba ana kiranta Kidus. Yana da dan kadan fi girma fiye da matsakaitan pine marten. Tana da tabo mai haske a kirji da dogon wutsiya. Jawo furus ya fi wuya fiye da dusar fur. Wannan dabba bata da ikon bayar da zuriya.

Marten daji da mutum

Jawo na Pine Marten an dauki shi mai mahimmanci sosai kusan kamar sable. A zamanin d, a, ana amfani da fatar wannan dabbar a matsayin sashin kuɗi. A lokacin Kievan Rus, ɗayan tsabar tsabar kuɗi ana kiranta Kuna. A yau shi ne ake kira yanki na kuɗi na Croatia, kuma ana nuna hoton bishiyoyin martabar a tsabar kuɗi na wannan ƙasar ta Balkan.

An daɗe ana gudanar da farauta mai aiki a kan kifin kifi. A baya can, mafarautan sun bi wata dabba da ke gudu ta rawanin bishiyoyi. Yanzu haka ana amfani da tarko domin kama shi, kuma ana buƙatar lasisi don farauta.

A cikin decadesan shekarun da suka gabata, adadin martens ɗin yana raguwa. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda dalilai biyu: sakamakon farauta, kuma saboda raguwar yanki na dazuzzukan daji. Koyaya, masana kimiyyar sun yi imani cewa babu wata barazanar bacewar wannan nau'in. A yau, akwai mutane sama da ɗari biyu da dubu ɗari a duniya.

A cikin yanayin wucin gadi, warin ja bai da kyau. Manyan groupsungiyoyinsa suna zaune a cikin zoos a cikin biranen Hankensbüttel (Jamus) da Innsbruck (Austria).

Wasu masoya dabbobin suna riƙe martens a gida. Shafaffun waɗanda aka ɗaure a cikin bauta suna yin halayen dabam. Wasu suna kusaci da mutum kuma suna nuna ƙauna, wasu mutane suna nuna son kai, wasu suna nuna zalunci. Akwai dabbobi masu yawan kunya, suna fuskantar hare-hare na jijiyoyi, tare da raɗaɗin raɗaɗi da rudewa, sannan kuma suna ta sauka ba tare da motsi ba. Bayan wani lokaci, irin wannan harin ya ɓace, amma yana iya haifar da mutuwar dabbar.

Pine marten yana da matukar muhimmanci ga ɗan adam a matsayin wani abu na cinikin fur, musamman a ɓangaren Turai na Rasha da Urals. Bugu da kari, wannan dabba mai tsinkaye tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar tsirrai na daji: tana daidaita yawan ƙwayoyin kwari da kwari.

Koyaya, Pine marten yana haifar da haɗarin haɗari ga mutane da sauran dabbobi, saboda zai iya zama mai ɗaukar hoto na rabies, annoba da cututtukan ciki. Hakanan ta iya kai hari ga dafaffen kaji, amma wannan yana da wuya.

A cikin martens, kamar a cikin dabbobin daji da yawa, nau'ikan tsutsotsi masu tsinkaye masu kama da kwayar cutar sanyi:

• tsawwala (Euparyphium melis),
• nematodes (Capillaria mucronata, Capillaria mustelorum, Capillaria putorii, Trichinella karkace, Thominx aerophilus, Molineus patens, Crenosoma vulpis, Ascaris columnaris),
• bukin (Tenia mustelae, Sparganum spirometra erinacei, Mesocestoides lineatus),
• farashin-kai (Centrorhynchus sp).

Mafi haɗari sune Filaroides martis (parasitizing a cikin huhu) da Skrjabingylus petrowi - parasites na launin ja mai haske, har zuwa 4 cm tsayi (parasitizing a cikin sinal frontal, haifar da thinning na kashin gaban, waɗannan parasites na iya haifar da mutuwar dabba).

Bayanin Marten

Wannan babbar dabba ce. Gidajen Marten birni ne da ke hade da kuma gandun daji, waɗanda akwai wadatattun tsoffin bishiyoyi masu banƙyama da na bushes. A cikin irin waɗannan wuraren ne Marten zai iya samun abinci da sauƙi ya sami mafaka, wanda yake shirya cikin ramuka mai tsayi.

Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Marten na iya hawa bishiyoyi da sauri har ma ya tsallake daga wannan reshe zuwa wani, yana amfani da wutsiyarsa mai marmari kamar parachute. Tana yin iyo kuma tana gudana sosai (gami da cikin dusar ƙanƙara, tunda lokacin farin ciki a kan paws ɗin yana hana dabbar ta faɗa cikin zurfin dusar ƙanƙara).

Sakamakon saurinsa, ƙarfinsa da lalata, wannan dabbar kyakkyawar mafarauta ce. Animalsanan dabbobi, tsuntsayen da kuma amintattun mutane suna zama ganima, kuma a cikin neman squirrel, Marten yana da ikon yin manyan tsalle-tsalle tare da rassan bishiyoyi. Marten yakan shagaltar da kukan tsuntsun. Ba wai kawai tsuntsayen ƙasa kawai ke wahala daga hare-hare ba, har ma, da gina mazaunin su, a kan bishiyoyi. Hakanan ya kamata a lura cewa Pine marten yana amfanar mutum ta hanyar daidaita yawan ƙwayoyin dabbobi a mazauninsa.

Bayyanar

Marten yana da riguna mai kyau da kyau, wanda yake silky sosai a cikin hunturu sama da lokacin bazara. Launinsa na iya samun launuka daban-daban na launin ruwan kasa (cakulan, kirji, launin ruwan kasa). Komawar dabbar tana da launin toka-shuɗi mai launi, kuma ɓangarorinta sun fi haske. A kan nono, tabarau mai launin shuɗi mai haske yana bayyane a bayyane, wanda yafi haske a lokacin rani fiye da lokacin hunturu.

'Ya'yan marten suna da gajeru, tare da yatsu biyar wanda akwai kaifi mai kaifi. Makarfan da aka nuna, tare da gajeren kunnuwa sau uku, pubescent tare da gefuna tare da Jawo fur. Jikin Marten squat ne kuma yana da sikeli mai elongated, kuma girman manya yakai rabin m. Yawan maza sun fi mace yawa kuma ba sa wuce kilo 2.

Marten Amurka

Wannan wata nau'in dabbobi ce da ba a sani ba kuma marasa karancin karatu. A waje, Marten Amurka kamar marten gandun daji ne. Launinsa na iya bambanta daga launin rawaya zuwa inuwa mai cakulan. Kirji mai haske ne launin shuɗi a launi, kafafu na iya kusan baki. Ba a yi nazarin halaye na wannan wakilin dangin marten ba, tun da marten Amurka ya fi son farauta da daddare kuma a kowane hanya mai yiwuwa tana nisanta mutane.

Ilka

Quite babban gani na Marten. Tsawon jikinsa tare da wutsiya a wasu mutane ya kai mita ɗaya, kuma nauyi - kilo 4. Mayafin yana da duhu, galibi launin ruwan kasa. A lokacin rani, Jawo yana da wahala, amma ta lokacin hunturu ya zama ya fi kyau kuma ya fi tsayi, tintaccen azurfa mai kyau yana bayyana a kai. Ilka farauta don squirrels, hares, mice, porcupines na itace da tsuntsayen. Yana son cin abinci akan 'ya'yan itatuwa da berries. Wadannan 'yan dangin Kunih na iya samun sauƙin neman ganima ba kawai a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ba, har ma suna da girma a cikin bishiyoyi.

Marten dutse

Babban yankin da aka rarraba shi shine yankin Turai. Stone Marten sau da yawa yakan zauna ba da nisa daga mazaunin ɗan adam, wanda yake shi ne rashin kulawa sosai ga wakilan dangin Marten. Jawo wannan nau'in dabbobi ya zama da wuya, launin toka-launin ruwan hoda cikin launi. A wuyansa yana da yanki mai haske mai walƙiya. Abubuwan halayyar fasalin marten dutse sune hanci mai haske da ƙafafunsu, waɗanda aka hana bakin. Babban abincin wannan nau'in sune ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, frogs, lizards, tsuntsaye da kwari. A lokacin rani, za su iya cin abincin shuka. Zasu iya kai hari kan kajin gida da zomaye. Wannan nau'in ne mafi sau da yawa fiye da wasu ya zama abin farauta da kuma hakar fur mai mahimmanci.

Harza

Wannan wakilin dangin Kunih ba sabon abu bane a launi wanda mutane da yawa ke rarrabe wannan dabba a matsayin jinsin masu zaman kanta. Kharza babban dabba ne. Tsawon jikin mutum (tare da wutsiya) wani lokacin ya wuce mita ɗaya, kuma nauyin samfuran mutum zai iya zama kilo 6. Mayafin yana da kyawawan sheen. Tana cin zarafi musamman akan squirrels, sables, chipmunks, karnukan karnukan rakoni, hares, tsuntsayen da jijiyoyi. Zaku iya bambanta abincin saboda kwari ko kwaro. An taɓa samun lokuta na kai hari na ƙarar charza akan ƙwayoyin muzuru, barewa, da ciyawar daji. Hakanan ta ci kwayoyi, berries da zuma daji.

Nilgir Harza

Ana neman babban wakilin dangi. Tsawonsa ya kai mita ɗaya, da nauyi - har kilogram 2.5. Ingantattun halaye da salon rayuwar Nilgir Kharza ba su yin karanci ba. An yi imanin cewa dabbar ta fi son rayuwar yau da kullun kuma galibi tana kan bishiyoyi. Masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa yayin farauta, dabba ta gangaro zuwa ƙasa, kamar sauran nau'ikan martens. Wasu shaidun gani da ido sunce sun shaida farautar wannan dabbar ga tsuntsaye da tsuntsayen.

Nawa ne Marten rayuwa?

A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, rayuwar Marten zata iya kaiwa shekaru 15, amma a cikin daji suna rayuwa da karancin rayuwa. Wannan dabba tana da gwanaye da yawa dangane da samar da abinci - duk matsakaici da manyan mazauna gandun daji. Koyaya, babu abokan gaba da ke haifar da mummunar barazana ga al'umar Marten a yanayi.

A wasu yankuna, adadin dabbobin sun dogara da ambaliyar ruwan bazara (a lokacin da wani sashi mai girma na rodents, wanda shine ɗayan manyan abubuwan abinci na martens) ya mutu da kuma lalata gandun daji na dindindin (lalata tsohuwar gandun daji na ƙarshe zai haifar da cikakkiyar ɓacewar waɗannan dabbobin).

Habitat, mazauni

Rayuwar Marten tana da alaƙa da kurmi. Mafi yawancin lokuta ana iya samun shi a cikin spruce, Pine ko wasu gandun daji coniferous. A cikin yankin arewacin mazaunun, wannan shine tsiro ko kuma fir, kuma a yankuna na kudu, gurnani ko gandun daji gauraye.

Don zama na dindindin, sai ta zaɓi gandun daji masu wadataccen iska, tsofaffin bishiyoyi, manyan gefuna, kazalika da yalwataccen bayyani tare da ƙaramin underanƙara.

Marten na iya kasancewa cikin ƙauna tare da filayen da gandun daji inda suke zama a kwarin manyan koguna da koguna. Wasu nau'ikan wannan dabbar suna son ƙauyukan dutse da masu ajiye dutse. Yawancin waɗannan wakilan marten suna ƙoƙarin guje wa mazaunin ɗan adam. Banda shi ne marten dutse, wanda zai iya tsayawa kai tsaye kusa da matsugun mutane.

Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Ba kamar sauran membobin dangi ba, misali, sables (kawai zaune a Siberiya), ana rarraba marten kusan a duk yankin Turai, har zuwa tsaunin Ural da kuma Kogin Ob.

Abincin Marten

Sharin dabbobi dabbobi ne masu iko, amma manyan abubuwan da suke nema shine kananan dabbobi (squirrels, mice filin). Sukan farautar beraye, wadanda yawancin kuliyoyi suke kokarin gujewa saboda girman su. Suna iya lalata gidan tsuntsayen su, kuma suna cin ganyayyaki a kan dabbobi masu rarrafe da 'yan dabbobi. Wasu lokuta sukan kyale kansu su ci abinci. A cikin lokacin dumi, martens sun sake dawo da kansu tare da 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi, berries, musamman ash.

A ƙarshen bazara kuma a ko'ina cikin kaka, martens suna yin hannun jari wanda zai taimake su tsira lokacin hunturu. Abincin da ake amfani da shi daga marten ya dogara da tsawon lokacin sanyi, mazaunin, wanda ya dace da yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi, tsuntsaye da tsirrai. Kodayake dabba tana motsawa daidai tare da rassan bishiyoyi, yafi ciyar da ƙasa. A cikin tsiri ta arewaci da tsakiyar Rasha, babban abincin shine sunadarai, baƙar fata, ƙyallen hazel, partridge, ƙwayayensu da kajin.

A Marten dutse ne rigakafi ga kwari da ƙudan zuma da wasps, don haka Martens wani lokacin hari apiaries ko ci zuma daga daji ƙudan zuma. Lokaci-lokaci sukan hau zuwa matattarar kaji ko wasu gidaje. Tsoro na tsuntsu mai firgita ya farkar da tunanin magabatan mutum a cikinsu, wanda ke haifar musu da kashe duk wani abinda ya mallaka, har ma da abinda basu iya ci ba.

Kiwo da zuriya

Yawan martens ba ya canzawa daga shekara zuwa shekara, saboda yanayin girman dabba. Rashin abinci guda, wannan dabbar tana iya maye gurbin wani. Increasearuwa ko raguwa a yawan jama'arsu na faruwa ne saboda wuce haddi ko rashi abinci na shekaru da yawa a jere, amma, irin waɗannan canje-canje suna da wuya. Strongerarfi da yawa a kan adadin martens a cikin wani yanki yana shafar kamun kifin mutum a kan wannan dabbar da ke ɗauke da dabba.

Martens sun kai ga balaga bayan shekaru uku na rayuwa. Lokacin mating yana farawa a ƙarshen bazara. Matar tana ɗaukar yarinyar tsawon watanni 7-9. Irin waɗannan dogayen lokuta suna da alaƙa da kasancewar lokacin haila a cikin tayi, wanda zai sake farawa ne kawai a lokacin bazara.

Nan da nan, 'yan biyu zuwa 8 sun bayyana a mace. An haife su tsirara da makafi (hangen nesa yana bayyana ne kawai bayan wata daya) kuma basu cika nauyin 30 ba. Bayan wani kankanin lokaci, hakoransu suka bushe sannan uwa ta fara basu abincin dabbobi. Martens matasa sun fara tsalle da hawa bishiyoyi a cikin watanni 3-4, kuma a cikin rabin shekara don farauta da kansu. Daga lokacin da ya kai watanni biyu, mace na fara zama mara nauyi a cikin nauyi daga maza kuma yana kula da wannan bambancin a rayuwa.

Zuwa lokacin hunturu, sun kai girman dabbobin da suka girma, kuma tsintsiyar ta karye. Da farko, kananan dabbobi suna farauta a wurin masu juna biyu, daga nan suka fara kware a wuraren da ba a rufe su ba, wadanda suke da muni sosai kuma suna da karancin mafaka fiye da wadanda suka ci gaba. Don haka, a farkon kamun kifi, su ne ke yin babban adadin farautar farauta.

Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu

Yana zaune yawancin Eurasia. Wurin zama ya yadu daga Pyrenees zuwa Himalayas. Yalwa ko'ina cikin ƙasa yana da matuƙar girma kuma an yarda da marten ya yi farauta. A wasu jihohin Arewacin Amurka, an gabatar da martani ta musamman kuma an yi bita don farauta.

Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Marten wakili ne na babban gidan Marten. Ita dabba ce mai matukar amfani, kuma tana da tsananin farin ciki mai danshi ko kuma ja mai launin shuɗi.

Rayuwa, haihuwa

Martens suna aiki cikin duhu. Maƙaddara na iya rufe kilo da yawa na dare don neman abinci. Da maraice, ana jefa dabba mai gaji a cikin mafaka, wadda m, baƙon zai iya ba ta, ɓarna a cikin manyan duwatsun, ciyayi na dabbobin ruwa ko tsuntsaye, da sauransu.

Martens galibi ne kawai. Lokacin saduwa da dangi, sun nuna rashin jituwa, kuma kawai a cikin lokacin kiwo yakan zama tsayayyen wucin gadi tsakanin maza da mata. Suna da yawa da yawa, i.e. Kowace shekara suna fara dangi tare da abokan tarayya daban-daban.

Lokacin mating yana yawanci a ƙarshen bazara (kawai a pecans - a farkon lokacin bazara). A yawancin jinsunan arewacin, daukar ciki ya kai watanni 8-9, gami da jinkirta watanni 6-7 a cikin haihuwa.

A lokacin bazara, macen ta haihu kamar 1 zuwa 5. An haife yara makafi, kurma, an rufe shi da furcin sawu. Suna ciyar da madara uwar kimanin watanni biyu, kuma suka fara farautar kansu a cikin watanni 3-4.

Tsawon rayuwar mafi yawan shekaru shekaru 10-15 ne.

Tunda wasu nau'ikan martens, musamman sable da pecans, suna da fur mai mahimmanci, latsawar farauta tare da bindigogi da tarko a yawan su yana da ƙarfi a wasu lokuta. Wannan matsin lamba, haɗe tare da lalata al'aurarsu - gandun daji masu haɗama da haɗuwa - ya haifar da raguwa sosai a cikin adadin yawan jama'a. Koyaya, kawai Nilgir charza da ke zaune a Kudancin Indiya ana ɗauka a matsayin jinsin masu rauni.

Tyra

Tyra yana da kusanci ga martens, amma ya kasance ga wani nau'in halittar jini (Eira). Ya bambanta da girma girma, ƙarancin jikin mutum, bsarfin ƙafafu. Yana zaune a cikin gandun daji na Amurka daga Mexico zuwa Argentina da kuma tsibirin na Trinidad.

Tyra tana ciyar da tsuntsaye, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da 'ya'yan itatuwa, yawanci suna haifar da lahani ga noman ayaba.

Sable

Ya mamaye dukkan ɓangaren ɓangaren ɓangaren ƙasar ta Rasha daga Urals zuwa tekun Pacific. Gidan asalin garin Sable wani yanki ne mai duhu mai cike da duhu.

Tsawon jikin wannan dabbar yana 35-55 cm, nauyi shine 0.5-2 kg. Launin Jawo ya bambanta daga haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, tabon amare yana da launin rawaya.

Saban Jafananci

Gasar Jafananci ta ratsa tsibirin Tsushima, Kyushu, Shikoku da Honshu.

Tsawon jikin wannan magabacin shine 30-45 cm, nauyin bai wuce kilogram 1.5 ba. An rarrabe shi da launi, wanda zai iya zama daga launin rawaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da alamar haske akan bayan kai. Tabon makogwaron farin ko cream.

Sable na Amurka

Yana zaune yankuna na Arewacin Amurka.

Wannan nau'in yana kama da girmansa zuwa sable na Jafananci. Launi ya bambanta daga zinari zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Mau kirim ya sanyata tabo.

Tsawon rayuwa

A zaman talala, marten ya dauki tushe ba tare da bata lokaci ba kuma ta hanyoyi daban-daban - ko dai ya zama cikin gida, ko kuma yana da m. Tare da kyakkyawan sakamako, ta sami damar rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 15 ko fiye. A cikin yanayin halitta, mai ƙaddara mai mahimmanci zai iya rayuwa shekaru 11-13, amma a zahiri ba wuya ya kai wannan lokacin ba. Dabbar tana da rauni zuwa kamuwa da cututtukan da ke haifar da mutuwarta.

Hakanan a cikin daji, sauran nau'in mazaunan gandun daji suna gani a cikin marten da mai yin gasa, da kuma abincin rana mai yiwuwa. Abokan gabadaya waɗanda suke aiki su ne dawakai, lynx da kyarkeci, da kuma tsuntsayen da ke lalata daji - muguwar gaggafa, mikiya da gwal.

Amma babban laifin kisan dabba shine mutum. Jawo Jawo koyaushe yana da tsada. Ko da a cikin jinsunan da ke yaduwa, kamar su Marten dutse ko kifin kifi, ba a taɓa samun rahusa ba.

Marten farauta

Marten dabba ce mai darajar kasuwanci. Lokacin farauta yana farawa a watan Nuwamba kuma yana ƙarewa har zuwa Maris, yayin da furcin dabbar yana da kauri da ƙoshin lafiya A cikin bazara, fatar jiki ta gaza kuma ta zama saniya, sannan kuma maharbi ya lalace kawai a matsayin kwaro (yawanci dutse marten, wanda ke fusata manoma). Mafi yawan lokuta martons suna kama su da tarko da jirgin sama.

Nilgir Harza da Jafananci Sable na doka ne ke ba da kariya. Marten farauta duk wadannan fitattun wakilan jinsin Kunih haramun ne. Sauran masu ƙaddara za su iya yin farauta idan akwai lasisi na lokaci guda, farashin abin da ya dogara da nau'in dabba. Lokacin da aka kama marten ba tare da wannan takaddama ba, ana farauta ɗan farauta ne kuma doka ta tuhume shi.

Asalin gani da kwatancin

Tambayar asalin Martens mai rikitarwa ce mai wuyar ganewa. Don yin wannan, Dole ne in gudanar da cikakken bincike, tare da yanke hukunci game da mallakar dukkan nau'in halittu masu rai:

1. Sable.
2. Marten daji
3. Marten dutse.
4. Ussuri marten (harza).
5. Kidus (cakuda sable da Pine marten).

Wadannan nau'ikan suna cikin martin halittar dangi kuma kusanci ne na halittar halittar halittar halittar dan Adam, weasels, rodents, Wolverines, ferrets, dressings, badgers, har ma teku da otters. Wadannan dabbobin suna dacewa sosai ga rayuwa akan duk nahiyoyin da mutane ke rayuwa cikin 'yanci. Kuna iya haɗuwa da su a cikin Taiga, Turai, Afirka, Kudu da Arewacin Amurka, kuma tabbas ko'ina.

Sun fito ne daga magabata na gama gari wanda wataƙila sun rayu shekaru miliyan 35 da suka gabata. Dabbobin da ke sama suna cikin dangin Marten kuma suna da alaƙa ta dangi tare da karnukan karnuka, raccoon, bear da kuli. Zai yi wuya a iya tunanin, amma da gaske sun yi daidai, saboda suna wakiltar ɗaukar makircin.

Mysterarin banmamaki shine myacid na magabata na yau da kullun, wanda ya zauna duniyar sama da shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata! Ana tsammanin cewa shine babban magabatan duk sanannun halittun dabbobi masu shayarwa. Ya kasance karami, mai sassauƙa, mai dogon wutsiya da babban kwakwalwa, wanda ke nuna ingantaccen hankali a lokacin. Bayan shekaru miliyan 15, wasu wakilai sun fara samun sifofin martens, daga wannan lokacin labarinsu ya fara.

Ina marten yake?

Hoto: Marten

Za a iya samun kwalin Marten a Turai, arewacin Asiya da Caucasus. A ƙasa yana zaune a kan bishiyoyi masu tsayi na Urals da Western Siber. Wasu lokuta ana iya samo shi a cikin wuraren shakatawa na birni na Moscow: Tsaritsyno da Vorobyovy Gory. A hankali, a hankali ana iya fitar da shi daga kogin Ob, a farko an samo shi can da wadataccen adadin.

Sable ya mamaye wani yanki mai faɗi: Siberiya, arewa maso gabashin Sin, Korea, arewacin Japan, Mongolia, wani ɓangaren Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ba kamar itacen maraba, ya fi son yin gudu a ƙasa maimakon hawa bishiyoyi, yana ƙaunar zama a cikin daji fiye da daji. Wadannan dabbobin marasa galihu ba sa canza mazaunin su, kawai a lokuta masu tsauri: gobara, rashin abinci ko maƙarƙashiyar masu farauta.

Kidas, a matsayin magajin ga mahalli na marten da sable, yana zaune ne a kusa da shigawar waɗannan mutane masu lalata. A cewar shaidun gani da ido, ana samunsa mafi yawan lokuta a cikin kwarin kogin Pechora, a cikin Trans-Urals, Urals da arewacin Urals. Kamar sable, yana son zama duniya.

Marten Pine, ba kamar danginsa ba, yana son yanayi mai zafi kuma yana zaune a kudu. Gidajen ya ƙunshi kusan dukkanin Eurasia kuma sun haɗu daga Pyrenees zuwa ga Mongolian steppe da kuma Himalayan. Yana ƙaunar yankin mai amfani da tsire-tsire masu yawa. Wasu alumomin suna jin daɗin tsawan mita 4000, wanda saboda sunan su.

Harza ya fi son yanayin yanayi mai zafi kuma yana zaune a kudu har sama da Pine marten. Ya yi yawa sosai a gabar ruwan Hindustan, filayen Sinawa da tsibirai. An samo shi a cikin Malesiya, kazalika da Yankin Amur, Yankin Primorsky da Khabarovsk. Wasu mazauna yankin Amur wani lokacin ma suna haɗuwa da charza, amma ƙasa da kullun.

Me Marten yake ci?

Hoto: Marten

Martens gandun daji ne omnivores. Sukan farauta, musamman a dare, don squirrels, hares, voles, tsuntsaye da qwai. Wani lokaci ku ci katantanwa, kwaɗi, kwari da ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin wuraren shakatawa na birni suna yin yaƙi a cikin berayen ruwa da muskrats. A cikin kaka, ku ji daɗin 'ya'yan itace, ƙwayaye da berries. Kama kifi da ƙananan kwari. Wani lokaci shinge. A ƙarshen bazara da farkon kaka, yana samarwa abinci don hunturu.

Sable, kamar sa Kidas, shima yana kiyaye gandun daji. Amma, ba kamar martaba na itacen pine ba, yana ba da fifiko ga farauta a ƙasa, wanda shine dalilin da yasa chipmunks da moles sun fi rinjaye a cikin abincin. Manyan maza sun sami damar kashe zomaye. Daga cikin tsuntsayen, farauta suna yin nasara akan kangulu, rabe-raben gado da filato-dama - damar da zasu rayu idan sun sadu ba komai bane.

Neman farawa ya zama mai ban sha'awa - wanda ake azabtarwa yana bi shi a cikin bishiyoyin, lokaci-lokaci tsalle daga tsayi mita 7.

Hakanan ana haihuwar dutse masu farauta, tare da kyakkyawan gani, ji da kamshi. Godiya ga wanda suka sami damar bin diddigin kowane dabbar da alama ba ta kasance a gare su. Sun banbanta da wakilan mutanen Kunih da suka gabata ta ƙarfin hali da zalunci: sun shiga cikin pige tare da dafaffen kaza, inda suke lalata duk abin da ake ci.

Harza shine mafarauci mafi karfi na dangi. Yana gudana da sauri kuma yayi tsalle zuwa nesa na mita 4. Tana birgima a kan rodents, tsuntsaye kuma baya ma raina ciyayi. Sau da yawa ana bin abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Ana cin 'ya'yan itace da berries a cikin adadi kaɗan don kula da isasshen matakin bitamin a jiki. An fi so a ci abinci a kan barewar musk.

Abokan gaba na Marten

Hoto: Marten tsalle

Komai girman marten gandun daji iri-iri, a cikin daji kowane majibinci yana da nasa ƙaddara. Abokan haɗari sune shaho da gaggafa na zinare - ba za a iya ceta ba a cikin yanayin halitta, wato a kan bishiyoyi. A dare, yayin farauta, akwai haɗarin gaske na zama ganima ta gaggafa. Kuma a ƙasa, foxes, Wolves da lynxes suna jira. Mafi yawan lokuta suna kai hari martens ba saboda abinci ba, amma ta hanyar cire mai gasa.

Sable zai iya kama beyar, kyarkeci da dawakai. Amma sun yi nasara musamman da wuya. Haƙiƙar haɗari ya fito ne daga wakilin shahidai - harza. Hakanan, in ya yiwu, na iya kai hari da mikiya ko mikiya da fari. Masu gasa sun kasance ermines, capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, jarkoki da sauran tsuntsayen da ke cin berries wanda ke ci a kan sable.

Martens dutse ba su da abokan gaba masu haɗari musamman. Wani lokacin Wolverines, dawakai, damisa ko kyarketai suna farauto su, amma bin irin wannan dabba da sauri yana da matsala. Problemsarin matsaloli na iya tasowa tare da tsuntsaye: gaggafa na zinariya, gaggafa, shaho kuma yawancin mujiya.

Kharza babbar inji ce ta kisa wacce za ta iya tsayayya da masu farauta, daga abin da sauran wakilan wakilan za su fi son tserewa. Kuma waɗanda suke da ikon kama shi da gaske ba sa yin hakan saboda takamaiman ƙanshin nama, wanda da gaske abin cutarwa ne. Amma bears-beas da bears kuma damisa suna kashe waɗannan dabbobi.