Fenrir - a cikin labarin tarihi na Yaren mutanen Scandinavia babbar ƙyarkeci, dan Loki da Angrboda. Ya fara ne a garin Asgard na sama.
A karo na farko da ya gan shi tun yana ƙarami, alloli sun yanke shawarar horar da olfan wolf. Allah mai daraja na yaƙi Tyr ya ba da kansa don ciyar da shi da kuma horar da shi. Dodo ya yi girma ta tsalle-tsalle da kan iyaka, yanzu ya zama ya yi girma har bakinsa na buɗewa ya yaɗu daga ƙasa zuwa sama, tsummokinta kuwa kauri ne na babban itacen itacen oak mai kaifi kamar wukake.
Lokacin da dabbar ta yayyage ɗanyen nama, kukan nata ya yi muni kwarai har alloli duka, banda Thur, ba su kushe shi ba, suna tsoron ko za a cinye shi da rai.
Sau biyu allolin sunyi ƙoƙarin sarkar da ƙyarkeci a cikin duwatsu, amma Fenrir mai girma yana da sauƙin fasa ƙyallen. Sa’annan dwarf masu maye na zwerg sun yi taushi, kamar zaren siliki, da sarkar Gleipnir mai karfi na abubuwa guda shida: tushen dutsen, da sautin tsawan cat, gemu na mace, gurnin kifin, iskar jijiyoyi da kuma tsirin tsuntsu.
Suna so su gwada kagararsa, gumakan sun tura Fenrir zuwa wani tsibiri a cikin tekun kuma da yaudarar ya saka masa sihiri.
Kafin wannan, don kada dodo ya ji wata dabara, allahn yaƙin Tyr ya sanya hannunsa a bakinsa a alamar babu muguntar niyya. Fenrir ya dan taba ta lokacin da yasan cewa suna da shi, amma ya makara. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya 'yantu, ya girgiza tsibirin duka, amma alloli a ɗaure suka jefa shi zurfi cikin ƙasa, inda ya ci gaba da haɓaka.
Abubuwan tatsuniyoyi sun ce kafin ƙarshen duniya, Fenrir ya rabu da shaidu kuma zai shiga yaƙin ƙarshe na alloli da ƙattai, da aka sani da Ragnarok. A cikin yaƙin jini, allahntaka mafi girma Odin zai mutu daga tsummokinsa. Koyaya, Vidar, ɗan Odin, wanda yake ɗaukar fansa ga mahaifinsa, zai tsinke dodo ɗin.
A tsohuwar yaren Yaren mutanen Norway, “Fenrir” ya fito daga jumlar “fen-mazauni”, wanda a zahiri ke fassara shi da “mazaunin ramin fadama”. Hakanan an ba Fenrir lambobin yabo kamar su: Fenrisulfr (daga "Fenris wolf"), Hrodvitnir ("sanannen ƙyar wolf"), Vanagandr (tsohuwar tsohuwar dutsen 'tsohuwar kogin Van').
A yau, masana tarihi ba su da wani zaɓi face su ɗauka cewa siffar Fenrir ya taso azaman asalin ikon sojojin da suke ƙi da mutane. Kodayake ban da wannan ƙarshe, akwai tunani cewa irin waɗannan haruffa sun tashi a cikin ayyukan mutane a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun abubuwa na dabbobi, alal misali, dabbobin da suka riga sun rayu fiye da yadda aka saba, alal misali, bea, kogo, sabar-toothed.
Kuma kyarkeci ya tsaya shi kaɗai a nan Cutar Canismai suna "Mummunan Wolf".
Daga cikin fossil fosil, yana da ban sha'awa da ban mamaki. Itsayyadaddun karatunsa suna da yawa a cikin binciken da aka samu na marigayi Pleistocene na shekarun dusar ƙanƙara, tun daga lokacin mafi girman sanyi, wanda ya yi aiki kusan shekaru 25-15 dubu da suka gabata.
Wolves da mutane sun rayu tare da juna a ƙarƙashin mawuyacin yanayin ƙarshen shekarun kankara, kuma su biyu sun fara farauta cikin rukuni guda don ganima iri ɗaya, gami da manyan falo, bison da matasa masu shayarwa daga garken. Wannan kamance ta taimaka don haɓaka dangantakar gaba tsakanin jinsunan dabbobi masu shayarwa.
An sami mafi yawan adadin wadatar da aka kiyaye su a cikin burbushin iskar gas na halitta a Florida da California. Gabaɗayan ma'aunin, wannan kwanyar tamu ce ta ƙwararren ƙimar gwajin ƙyar fata (Canis lupus), amma ya fi tsayi 1/5, tare da faɗin sararin sama da babban goshinta.
Goshin Cutar Canis ya kasance ƙasa ƙanƙanta a cikin yankin ido fiye da launin toka. Bugu da kari, "mummunan" kyarkeke yana da ƙarin hakora - diamita daga haƙori na sama ya kai 3.5 cm! Wannan dabbar mai ban mamaki tana zaune a kudu maso yammacin Kanada, a cikin Florida, inda ba ta da daɗi kamar yadda take a yanzu, cikin yanayin sanyi a lokacin Mexico, Peru, da kuma yiwu Argentina.
Saboda ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasusuwa da ƙoshin squat, maharbin ba mai tsufa ba ne kuma mai sauri, wato, bai mallaki halayen da suka wajaba don rayuwa da kuma asali a cikin wasu karnukan karnukan wancan lokacin ba. Mummunan ƙyarkeci ya mutu bayan da ganima ya mutu waje - manyan wuraren kiwo. Labarin wannan kyarkeken kuwa wani abin birgewa ne game da tarihin wani bears mai ban tsoro.
Koyaya, watakila bai mutu ba gaba ɗaya, ko kuma aƙalla “shimfida” a cikin Turai fiye da masanan dabbobi waɗanda suka gano ragowar gawarsa a cikin tarkacen bututun da ke cikin Florida. Wannan lokacin ya ishe shi shiga al'adun mutane kamar ɗayan halayen almara da muka sani. Wannan shi ne hasashe. Kuma babu wanda ya isa ya musanta hakan.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa hoton Fenrir ya kasance mai ban sha'awa ga mutanen kirki a cikin tsufa: a nan ne ake kira "Cross of Thornwald", wanda aka samo akan Isle na mutum. Ya nuna wani mutum yana tattake babban kyarke da nuna mashi a bisan sa.
An nuna tsuntsu a kafada ta mutum, wanda ya bashi damar bayyana shi Odin. Ana zaton cewa yakin karshe na Odin da Fenrir an nuna akan giciye. “The Cross of Thornwald” yana nufin “art syncretic art” wanda ya bayyana a lokacin hada arna da imanin kirista, wato, kafin karni na 11, ban da wannan, an sami "Gicciyen Gosfort" da "Stone na Ledberg".
Hakanan sun sassaka wasu hotuna daga Ragnarok. Kamar daga yanayi. Don haka watakila Fenrir ya tsira zuwa Tsakiyar Tsakiya?
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Hoto: Marasa kishi
Duk da kasancewar wasu kamanceceniya da ƙyamar wolf, akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin "dangi" - wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, ya taimaka wa rayuwa iri ɗaya kuma ya haifar da halakar yawan dabbabben dabbar mai kama da mugunta. Misali, tsawon kafafun wata mummunar kyarma yayi kadan, dukda cewa a lokaci guda sunada karfi sosai. Amma kwanyar ta ƙanƙanta - idan aka kwatanta da wolf ƙyallen mai girman ɗaya. A cikin tsayi, mummunan ƙyarn kyarkeci ya wuce ƙyar wolf, yana kaiwa, a matsakaici, 1.5 m.
Bidiyo: Mummunan Wolf
Daga duk wannan, za a iya yin ma'anar ƙarshe - mummunar karnukan kisa sun kai girman girma da girma (danganta da ƙyalran kyarke da muka saba da su), muna auna (daidaitawa don halayen ɗabi'ar mutum) kimanin 55-80 kg. Haka ne, a zahiri (wato, a tsarin jikin) mummunan karnukan sun yi kama da karnukan kyarma na zamani, amma 2 daga cikin ire-iren wadannan, a zahiri, basu da alaƙa ta kusa da yadda take da farko. Idan kawai saboda suna da wurin zama daban - gidan kakannin ƙarshe shine Eurasia, kuma mummunan nau'in karnukan wolf a Arewacin Amurka.
Dangane da wannan, ƙarshen magana yana nuna kansa: wata tsohuwar tsararraki ce, mummunan kyarke a cikin dangi zai kasance kusa da coyote (ƙarshen Amurka) fiye da ƙyamar wolf na Turai. Amma tare da wannan duka, kada mutum ya manta cewa duk waɗannan dabbobin sun kasance iri ɗaya ne - Canis kuma suna kusanci da juna ta hanyoyi da yawa.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Abin da mummunan wolf yayi kama
Babban bambanci tsakanin mummunan kyarkeci da dangin sa na yau shine rakodi mai narkewa - tsohuwar magabacan tana da dan madaidaicin girman dangi a jiki. Hakanan, mahautansa sunada yawa - idan aka kwatanta da warin kyarkeci da coyotes na Arewacin Amurka. Wato, kwanyar mummunan wolf tana da kama da babban skull na wolf wolf, amma jikin (idan an ɗauka gwargwado) yayi karami.
Wasu masana ilimin burbushin halitta sunyi imani da cewa mummunan karnukan Wolves suna ciyar da abinci kawai, amma ba duk masana kimiyya bane suke da wannan ra'ayi. A bangare guda, ee, babban bakin hakoran masu bada fatawar sun bada shaidar jin tsoron mummunan karnukan karnuka (kallon kunkuntar, kuna buƙatar kulawa da hankali game da barauniyar karshe da mandibular). Wata hujja (har ma ta kai tsaye) shaidar kwashe wadannan dabbobin zata iya zama hujja ta zamani. Gaskiyar ita ce yayin ƙirƙirar mummunan nau'in karnukan wolf a arewacin na Arewacin Amurka, karnuka daga asalin halittar Borophagus sun ɓace - masu cinyewa na al'ada sun faɗi.
Ko da ya ke, zai zama mafi ma'ana a ɗauka cewa mummunan ƙarnukan karnukan nan suna zama na ainihi ne. Wataƙila dole ne su ci gawawwakin dabbobi sau da yawa fiye da kyarke da ke da launin toka, amma waɗannan dabbobin ba tilas ba ne (a takaice dai, ƙwararrun) masu ba da izini (alal misali, kamar jeji ko dodannin)
An kuma lura da kamannin wolf da coyote a cikin halaye na shugaban. Amma hakoran tsohuwar dabba sun fi girma yawa, kuma ƙarfin cizo ya fi duka sanannu (daga waɗanda aka ayyana a cikin kyarkeci). Abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin hakora sun ba da mummunan karnuka masu ƙarfi tare da babban ikon yankan, suna iya haifar da ɓarnar raunuka mai zurfi fiye da masu farauta na zamani.
A ina mummunar kyarkeke ya rayu?
Hoto: Mai Girma Golf Wolf
Gidajen mummunan mummunan karnuka shine Arewa da Kudancin Amurka - waɗannan dabbobin suna zaune a nahiyoyi biyu na tsari na shekaru dubu 100 na BC. Lokacin "heyday" na mummunan nau'in wolf ya faru ne a zamanin Pleistocene. Wannan ƙarshen bayani ana iya zana shi bisa nazarin burbushin ƙarnukan kyarkeci da aka samu yayin ramuka da aka gudanar a yankuna daban-daban.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, an ƙwace burbushin ƙarnukan karnuka biyu a kudu maso gabashin nahiyar (ƙasar Florida) da kuma a Kudancin Arewacin Amurka (yan ƙasa - wannan shine Kwarin Meksiko City). “Kyauta” da aka samu a Rancho Labrea, an samu alamun kasancewar waɗannan dabbobin a California a cikin asusun ajiya na Pleistocene da ke cikin Lambmore Valley, da kuma cikin tsararraki iri ɗaya da ke San Pedro. Samfuran da aka samo a California da Mexico City sun yi ƙanana da gajeru na ƙasa da waɗancan samfuran waɗanda aka binne gawawwakinsu a yankuna na tsakiya da gabashin Amurka.
Muguwar wolf nau'in ƙarshe ta mutu tare da ɓacewar megafa na mammoth na kimanin shekaru 10,000 BC. Dalilin ɓacewar mummunan kewayon ƙyar bera ya ta'allaka ne da mutuwar yawancin ɗiyan manyan dabbobi a lokacin ƙarni na ƙarshe na zamanin Pleistocene, wanda zai iya gamsar da sha'awar manyan masu farauta. Wannan shine, yunwar banal ta taka rawa matuka. Baya ga wannan, ba shakka, ci gaba da yaduwar ofan Homo sapiens da ƙannen wolf sun ba da gudummawa ga ɓarnar ƙyamar wolf a matsayin jinsuna. Su ne (kuma galibi sune na farkon) waɗanda suka zamo sabbin masu fafutukar neman abinci na ɗanɗano.
Duk da dabarun farauta masu fa'ida, ƙarfi, fushi da juriya, mummunan karnuka basa iya adawa da komai ga mai hankali. Don haka, rashin yardarsu da komawarsa tare da yarda da kai sun yi mummunar ba'a - azzalumai kansu da kansu sun zama ganima. Yanzu fatansu sun kare mutane daga sanyi, kuma fatansu suka zama kayan adon mata. Karnukan karnuka masu launin fata sun zama masu gwanin gani - sun tafi hidimar mutane, sun zama karnukan gida.
Yanzu kun san inda mummunan kyarkeci ya rayu. Bari mu ga abin da ya ci.
Me mummunan shanyar ƙyarkeci ya ci?
Hoto: Wolves na Kunya
Babban "tasa akan menu" na mummunan Wolves shine tsohuwar bison da artiodactyls na Amurka. Hakanan, waɗannan dabbobin na iya cin abincin naman manya-manyan abubuwan alaƙa da raƙuma na yamma. Wani tsoho mai girma mammoth na iya tsayayya da ko da fakitin mugayen karnukan kyar, amma ɗan sa, ko mara ƙarfi, yana yaƙi da garken, zai iya zama abin karin kumallo na mummunan karnukan kyar.
Hanyar farauta ba ta bambanta da waɗanda karnukan kyarkeci ke amfani da ita don neman abinci ba. Ganin cewa wannan dabba ba ta ƙin yarda kuma ta faɗo ta cin abinci, akwai kowane dalili don yin imani da cewa mummunan ƙyarkeci ya yi kama da kyarke da ƙyallen wolf a cikin rayuwar sa da abinci.
Koyaya, mummunan ƙyarn kyar yana da bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin dabarun samun abinci daga duk sauran masu farauta daga danginsa. Sakamakon yanayin yanki na Arewacin Amurka, tare da ramuka masu yawa na bitumen, wanda manyan dabbobin dabbobi suka faɗi, ɗayan hanyoyin da aka fi so don samo abinci don mummunan karnukan karnuka (kamar tsuntsayen dabbobi masu yawa) shine cin dabbobin da aka kama cikin tarko.
Ee, manyan wuraren kiwo a lokuta da dama sun fada tarko na asali, inda maharba ke iya cin dabbobin da suka mutu, amma a lokaci guda su da kansu sukan mutu, suna makale a cikin bitumen. Kowace rami na rabin karni an binne kimanin 10-15 masu farauta, sun bar mutanen zamaninmu da kyawawan kayayyaki don karatu.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
HOTO: riblewace Wolves masu Taurin Kai
D. guildayi, ɗaya daga cikin mummunan ta'addancin da ya mamaye Kudancin Amurka da Mekziko, mafi yawan lokuta daga kowane magabaci sun fada cikin ramin bitumen. Dangane da bayanan da masana binciken burbushin halittu suka gabatar, ana samun ragowar mugayen karnuka sau da yawa fiye da ragowar karnukan kyar - an lura da kashi 5 zuwa 1. Bisa la’akari da wannan gaskiyar, yanke shawara 2 tana ba da kanta.
Na farko: adadin mummunan karnukan karnuka a wancan lokacin sun mamaye yawan duk sauran tsararrun halittu. Na biyu: la'akari da gaskiyar cewa yawancin karnukan karnuka da kansu sun zama masu fama da rami na bitumen, ana iya ɗauka cewa don farauta ne da suka taru a cikin garken kuma sun ci galibi ba dabbobi, amma dabbobin da suka fada cikin ramin bitumen.
Masana ilmin halitta sun kafa doka - duk maharbar da ke cin naman dabbobi wanda nauyin jikinsu bai wuce nauyin daukacin wakilan masu kai harin ba. Daidaitawa don ƙididdigar yawan mummunan ƙyar wolf, masana binciken burbushin halittu sun kammala cewa matsakaiciyar haɓaka nauyinsu ya kai kilogiram 300-600.
Wato, bison ya zama abubuwan da aka fi so (a cikin wannan nau'in nauyi), duk da haka, an ba da talaucin sarkar abinci, kyarkeci ya fadada “menu”, yana mai da hankali ga manyan dabbobi ko ƙanana.
Akwai wata shaidar cewa mummunan kyarketan da suka taru a cikin fakitin suna neman kifayen kifayen da aka jefa a bakin su kuma suka cinye su don abinci. Ganin cewa garken karnukan kyarma masu sauƙin ci sauron kilo 500, to kuwa garken waɗannan dabbobin bazai zama da wahala kashe ko da lafiyayye ba, amma ɓarayi ne daga garken.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
HOTO: ubayoyi na ƙyamar Wolf
Binciken masana binciken burbushin halittu na jikin mutane da kwanyar mummunan kyarketai sun gano kasancewar tsarin jinsi. Wannan karshen abin yana nuni da gaskiyar rayuwar karnuka a wasu mata biyu. Lokacin farauta, mafarautan sun kuma yi aiki ta nau'i-nau'i - mai kama da kyarke da karnuka masu furfura. “Ban kashin baya” na maharan sun kasance maza da mata, kuma dukkan sauran karnukan karnukan da ke cikin taimakon sune mataimakan su. Kasancewar dabbobi da yawa yayin farautar sun ba da tabbacin kariya ga dabbar da aka yanka ko wanda aka kashe ya makale a cikin ramin bitumen daga farmakin wasu mahara.
Wataƙila, mummunan karnuka, masu rarrabewa cikin ƙarfi da babban taro, amma a lokaci guda kuma ƙasa da ƙarfi, sun kai hari har ma da dabbobi masu lafiya, waɗanda suka fi girma kansu. Bayan duk wannan, karnukan kyarkeci masu fyaɗe a kan dabbobi masu saurin shiga cikin fakitoci - to me yasa ƙarfi da ɗaukakar mugayen karnukan kyar ba za su iya kai wa manyan dabbobi hari ba. Hakanan ya haifar da ƙayyadaddun mafarauta ta hanyar zamantakewa - ba a bayyana wannan sabon abu a cikin mummunan karnukan karnuka iri ɗaya daidai da na launin toka ba.
Wataƙila, su, kamar yoan Arewa na coyotes, suna zaune a cikin ƙananan rukuni na dangi, kuma ba sa shirya manyan garken dabbobi, kamar karnukan kyar. Kuma farauta ya tafi cikin rukuni na mutane 4-5. Pairaya daga cikin biyu da matasa karnuka biyu "insurers" ne. Wannan halin yana da ma'ana - wanda ya isa ya bayar da tabbacin kyakkyawan sakamako (koda bison da aka daɗe ba zai iya tsayar da masu kai hari biyar a lokaci guda ba), kuma ba lallai ne ku rarraba ganima cikin mutane da yawa ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A 2009, an gabatar da babban abin ban tsoro a allon finafinan fina-finai, babban halayen wanda mummunan mummunan kyarkeci ne. Bayan haka, fim din ya kasance mai suna bayan wanda ya riga ya fada - yana da ma'ana. Mahimmin makircin shine masana kimiyyar Amurka sun iya hada DNA dan adam da DNA wani mummunan kyarma da aka samo daga kasusuwan burbushin halittar mutum - wani magabacin zubar da jini ne wanda ya mamaye shi lokacin dusar kankara. Sakamakon irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen da ba a saba gani ba sun sami mummunan matasan.A zahiri, irin wannan dabba ya ƙi zama babban berayen gwaje-gwaje, don haka ya sami hanyar da zai 'yantu kuma ya fara neman abinci.
Abokanan ƙabilar mugayen karnuka
Hoto: Abin da mummunan wolf yayi kama
Babban abokan gasa don naman manyan dabbobi a lokacin kasancewar mummunan karnukan kyanwa sun kasance murmushi da zaki na Amurka. Wadannan annabawan guda uku sun rarrabu tsakanin su da yawan bison, raƙuma na yamma, mammansu Columbus da mambobi. Haka kuma, yanayin canza yanayin saurin yanayi ya haifar da babbar gasa tsakanin wadannan magabatan.
Sakamakon sauye-sauyen yanayin da ya faru, a lokacin mafi girman yanayin glaci, raƙuma da bishiyar sun wuce daga makiyaya da ciyayi musamman zuwa gandun daji, don ciyar da abinci. Ganin cewa matsakaicin adadin a cikin "menu" na mummunan kyarkeci (da kuma duk masu fafatawa) ya kasance daidai-dawakai (dawakai daji), da katako, bison bishiyoyi, rakumi da raƙuma suna zuwa waɗannan masu cin abincin “abincin rana” ba sau da yawa ba sau ɗaya ba, yawan masu cin ganyayyaki yana raguwa da sauri . Ganyayyakin da aka lissafa a sama suna da adadi kaɗan sabili da haka ya kasa "ciyar" masu farautar kiwo.
Koyaya, farauta da halayyar zamantakewar mummunan karnuka sun ba su damar yin nasara tare da abokan gaba na halitta, sun fi su fifiko a cikin dukkan bayanan zahiri, amma sun fifita su "aiki" shi kaɗai. Kammalawa - Murmushi da zakuna na Amurka sun ɓace tun farko fiye da mummunan karnukan kyar. Amma abin da ke akwai - su da kansu sukan zama ganima na fakkunan kyarkeci.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Wolves na Kunya
Gasar mazauni shine yankin ƙasar Amurka kimanin shekaru 115,000-9,340 da suka gabata, lokacin Late Pleistocene da farkon Holocene. Wannan nau'in ya samo asali daga magabacinsa - Canis armbrusteri, wanda ya rayu a cikin wannan yanki game da kusan miliyan 1.8 - shekaru dubu 300 da suka gabata. Yankin mafi girma na dukkan kyarketai ya haura har zuwa digiri 42 arewa na nesa (iyakarta ta zama shinge na halitta a cikin manyan gilasai). Matsakaicin tsawo akan abin da aka samo ragowar ƙyar wolf shine mita 2255. Masu tsinkaye sun rayu a wurare da yawa - a kan tudu mai faɗi da ciyayi, a cikin tsaunukan daji da kuma cikin savannas na Kudancin Amurka.
Kawar da kwayar cutar Canis ta faru ne yayin da ake kankara. Abubuwa da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga wannan sabon abu. Da fari dai, mutanen farko masu hankali waɗanda suka fito fili suka bayyana a yankin da mummunan karnukan ƙyar Wolves, wanda fatar karnukan wolf da aka kashe suna sanye da sutura mai daɗi. Abu na biyu, canjin yanayi ya yi wasa da ba'a tare da mummunan karnuka (a zahiri, kamar sauran dabbobi na zamanin Pleistocene).
A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na lokacin kankara, tsananin zafi ya fara, yawan ɗumbin tsire-tsire, wanda ya zama babban abincin abincin mummunan wolf, ya ɓace gaba ɗaya ko ya tafi arewa. Tare da ድብin gajerun fuska, wannan maharbin ba adadi da sauri ba. Skeaƙƙarfan lafazin letaƙwalwar mutum, mai ba da gudummawa har yanzu mamaye waɗannan dabbobin, ya zama nauyi wanda bai ba shi damar daidaita da sabbin yanayin muhalli ba. Kuma mummunan karnukan wolf bai sami damar sake gina "abubuwan da suka fi son shi ba".
Muguwar mummunar kyarkeci ya faru a cikin tsarin rushewar nau'in halittun da suka faru a Quaternary. Yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi ba zasu iya sajewa da canjin yanayin canjin yanayin da maɓallin anthropogenic wanda ya shigo fagen ba. Sabili da haka, a faɗi cewa mutane masu ƙarfi da masu tsoro ba su daidaita da mafi kyawun - sau da yawa jimiri, ikon jira, kuma mafi mahimmanci - yanayin zamantakewa, tsarin halayyar suna da mahimmanci.
Haka ne, manyan mutane daga cikin tsoffin magada sun kai ga ƙasan mayukkan kusan 97 cm, tsayin jikinsu yakai 180 cm. Tsawon kwanyar ya kasance mm 310, haka kuma ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasusuwa da powerfulan iko sun ba da ikon kama wanda aka azabtar. Amma gajeriyar tazara ta barin lambobin ba su barin mummunan karnukan su kasance da sauri kamar coyotes ko kyarma. Concarasa - competan takara Millennium da ke faɗakarwa sun kasance mamayewa daga waɗanda suka sami damar daidaita yanayin sauƙin yanayin muhalli cikin sauri.
Ƙyamar ƙyar - dabba mai ban mamaki ta ban mamaki. A cikin zamani na zamani, garken karnukan kyarketai da coyotes suna jin daɗi, kuma zaku iya ganin burbushin karnukan wolf da masana binciken burbushin halitta suka nuna a matsayin kayan tarihi masu mahimmanci a Gidan Tarihi na Rancho Labreus (wanda ke Los Angeles, California).
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Alamu
Canis dirus (Leidy) - mummunan kyarkeci
Wannan dabba ta yaɗu sosai a yankin Arewacin Amurka yayin Pleistocene. Ana iya yin wannan hukunci da ragowar mummunan karnukan kyar da aka samu a wurare daban-daban. Asalin an samo asalin ne daga ragin Pleistocene na kwarin Mississippi.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana samun ragowar mummunan karnuka biyu a kudu maso gabas (Florida) da kuma a kudu (Kwarin Meksiko City). Bayan binciken da aka samu a La Brea Ranch, ana samun halayen kasancewarsu a cikin California a cikin Pleistocene na kwarin na Livermore, a cikin yadudduka iri daya tare da iyakar San Joaquim a Mckittrick da kuma a San Pedro. Samfuran daga California da Mexico sun kasance karami, kuma suna da guntun hannu da guntu fiye da samfuran da aka samo a tsakiya da gabashin sassan Amurka (koma zuwa B. Courten da Anderson).
Canis dirus, wanda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 15, babban kyarkeci ne, amma kusan kashi 8% ya fi ƙanƙanin kyar dajin dajin da yake rayuwa a yau a Arewacin Alberta (Kanada). Ko yaya, cutar Canis ta fi ta karnukan daji yawa, waɗanda a yau suke cikin mafi yawan latattun kudurorin Arewacin Amurka. Bayyanar yanayin halayen da karnuka masu rai, ga wani yanayi, sun bambanta da juna. Canis dirus yana da babban nauyi, ƙaramin kwakwalwa, manyan hakora, babban falo da ƙashin ƙugu. Teethaƙƙarfan haƙoransa da jajayensa sun kasance suna dacewa da tsage manyan ganima kuma sun murƙushe ƙasusuwa. Wannan yana nuna cewa mummunan kerkeci bai ƙin ɗaukar kaya ba. An bayyana bambance-bambance na bayyanar tsakanin mummunan wolf da na zamani (C. lupus) a ma'auni daban-daban na gaba da gaban wata da kuma gabobin daban daban na jikinsu. Canis dirus yana da ɗan gajeren gajere ya fi guntu gaban kafafu. Bsananan ƙananan ƙafafu (musamman maƙasushin hagu) na mummunar ƙyar Wolves sun fi gajerun wuyar wolf gandun daji na zamani (i, watau femur da humerus na mummunan ƙyar wolf sun kasance mafi tsayi, kuma ulnar da tibia sun kasance kaɗan). Wannan yana nuna cewa mummunan karnukan wolf bai yi sauri ba kamar na dajin ƙyar na daji.
Ta taɓa halayen waɗannan halittu, Merriam (1912) ya lura cewa an sa kansa a ƙasa (girmansa da sifar sa yana nuna wannan) kuma dabba sau da yawa dole yayi amfani da shi don jan gawawwakin. Yawancin samfuran karnukan wolf da aka samo a La Brea suna ba da shawarar cewa kyarkeci ya tattara a fakitoci don kashe kadaitattun unguwannin da ba yatsun kafa. Gaskiya yana da kyau ga matasa da rauni, waɗanda za a iya tsegunta su daga garkensu ko kuma rukunin su, don zama ainihin wanda aka kashe da ƙyar. Koyaya, manya, lafiyayyun dabbobi na iya zama waɗanda ke fama da harin na mahara da yawa.
Kamar yadda yake tare da damisar-hakori mai tsini, tarin ƙasusuwan mugayen karnuka sun haɗa da samfurori tare da karaya da haɓakawa a cikin ƙas bonesuwa. Tarwatsawa ya kasance saboda raunin da ya faru. Wasu daga raunukan da aka bincika a cikin karnukan karnukan karnuka an samo su ne sakamakon bugun kai da ƙwanƙwasa da ƙafafun gaban ungulates (an samu raunuka iri ɗaya a cikin kyarukan kyarma, kuma an samo su yayin farauta). Abin ban sha'awa, raunin halayyar da mummunan ƙyar ya yi ya banbanta da raunukan murmushin na yau da kullun (wannan yana nuna hanya gaba ɗaya ta farauta). Miyagun kyarketai ba shakka sune manyan magabatan gandun dawa a Los Angeles yayin da akeyin karshe na cinikin Pleistocene. - Duba Rancho La Brea. Rikodi na rayuwar pleistocene a California ta Chester Stock No. 37. Jerin Tarihi na Tarihi na Kayan Tarihi na Lardin Los Angeles.
Bayanan kula:
Mummunan ƙyarma dabba ce mai ban sha'awa. Ba a cika fahimtar iliminsa ba. Karatuttukan kwayoyin halittar da aka yi kwanan nan sun nuna cewa bambance-bambance tsakanin C. dirus da C. lupus ba su da yawa sosai. Mummunan ƙyar Wolf ba asalin magabatan wolf na zamani ba ne. Extarshenta yana da alaƙa da hallakar megafauna. Ana jan hankalin mai girma ga babba da hakoran wannan maharbin. Kwanyar kwanyar ƙyamar wolf ta kasance matsakaita 20% fiye da kwanyar kyar na wolf na zamani (samfuran 62). Kodayake mummunan ƙyarn kyar da kanta ba ta da girma, kuma a girma tana da kwatankwaci da mafi girma ta ƙaramar hukumar C. lupus. Alroy ya ƙaddara matsakaicin nauyin mummunan kyarkeci a kilogiram 63. A ƙasa, don kwatantawa, an ba da taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani game da yanayin wolf, yana ba da ra'ayi game da bambancin yanki, ƙarancin jima'i, da bambancin mutum na C. lupus.
Geptner V.G., Sludsky A.A.
Girman karnukan karnuka: don yankin Saratov, kyarkeci mai nauyin kilogram 62.4 (an danganta shi da Ognev), an san namiji mai nauyin kilogiram 76 ga yankuna na Moscow (wannan shine mafi girma daga cikin dabbobin 250 da aka kashe da shahararren wolf V.M. Hartuleri (duba Geptner da Morozova -Turova), don Altai - namiji ne mai nauyin kilogram 92 (duba Afanasyev). A cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na jami'ar jihar Moscow akwai tsoro mai ban tsoro na kyar na Rasha, wanda yakai kimanin kilo 80. A cikin yankin Vladimir, daga cikin karnuka 641 da aka kama a tsakanin 1951-1963, kawai 3 suka wuce 70 kg (70, 76,3, kilogiram 79), yayin da ƙananan maza suka yi awo 32-36 a cikin Oksky Reserve da yankuna na kusa A cikin dabbobi kimanin 500 da aka auna, maza 3 ne kawai suka fi nauyin kilo 50. A Belovezhskaya Pushcha, tsawon jikin mutum yakai 140 cm (matsakaita 119 cm) Tsawon kwanyar kwanyar da ya wuce na maza daga Belovezhskaya Pushcha ya kasance mm 275 (matsakaita - 256 mm), tsayin condylobasal 253 da 237 mm dabam. Girma na Wolves Wolves (C. l. albus): mafi girman kwanyar cikin maza ya kai 288.3 mm (matsakaici - 267 mm), a cikin mata - 261 da 251, bi da bi .. Nisa a cikin cheekbones a cikin maza ya kai 160, 7 mm (matsakaici - 146.9 mm), a cikin mata - har zuwa 142 (matsakaici 137). A cikin kukan karnukan ciyawa babu ƙattai sama da kilogiram 70, amma dabbobi sama da 50 basu wuce ba. Girman jiki na Wolves Wolves: na maza, matsakaicin girman jiki shine 146 cm, wutsiya 48 cm (matsakaici adadi 127.7 da 44.4 cm), ga mace matsakaicin girman jiki shine 129 cm (matsakaici 121.3 cm).
Suvorov A. Wolves na Kodakia // Farauta da Farauta, 2003. A'a. 8. Haɓakar karnukan kyarukan daji masu nauyi sama da kilogiram 60 ba lamari ne ba ga Koda ya kasance. Wolves a cikin kilogiram 75 an yi hakar ma'adinan a yankin kogin. Vanavara, a cikin kogin Ilimpei, Uchiami, Kimchi. Wolves sun haƙa a farkon 80 na auna: a cikin rafin kogin. Camo - kilogiram 96, a cikin yankin Ekonda - kilogiram 97. An kama wolf mafi girma a cikin 1999 a cikin kwarin kogin. Taimyr, nauyinta shine - 118 kilogiram (wanda aka yiwa ma'aunin sikirin koda koda ne shugaban sashen farauta).
Duba menene "Mummunan Wolf" a cikin wasu ƙamus ɗin:
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Iyali - (Bovidae) ** * * Iyalin bovids, ko bovines, shine mafi yawan rukuni na artiodactyls, sun hada da sababbin 50 50 na zamani da kusan nau'ikan 130. Dabbobin ƙasa masu alaƙa suna zama rukuni na halitta, ma'ana a sarari. Ko yaya yaya ... ... Rayuwar dabbobi
Iyali dangi - (Cervidae) * * Reindeer (Cervidae) shine ɗayan mafi girman iyayen ƙwara da ke cikin ungulates, mafi girma a cikin tsari bayan barnacle. Ya haɗu da ƙananan ƙananan wurare 6 6, 14 genera da kusan nau'ikan 40 na zamani. Farkon fari ya bayyana a ... ... Rayuwar dabbobi
Bayanin
Waɗannan manyan dabbobi ne masu ƙarfi kuma sun fi manyan kyarketan talakawa girma. A zahiri, a cikin duka saga, bakwai direwai ne kawai suka bayyana: tsohuwar she-wolf, an sami gawa tare da ƙaho a cikin wuyanta, da wasu 'yan kwikwiyo shida daga kwandenta: Grey Wind, Lady, Nimeria, Summer, Shaggy Dog da Ghost. Wadannan hardwolves, waɗanda aka haife su a cikin gidan mutane kusa da karnuka, suna da halin ɗabi'ar kare, kodayake Nimeria da Leto daga baya sun shiga cikin garken karnukan kyarketai ba tare da wata matsala ba.
Lokaci na ƙarshe da aka sadu da wani babban rauni a kudancin bangon shekara ɗari biyu kafin farkon bayar da labarun littattafai. Wataƙila, yawan hardwarlves ba shi da mahimmanci ko da a cikin ƙasashe na Zasteniya - a kowane yanayi, ba lokacin zafi ko Ruhun ba ne suka sami irin nasu a bangon bangon ba. Koyaya, Benjen Stark ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya taɓa jin kukan murƙushewar ɓarna yayin nau'ikan. Jior Mormont ya kuma lura cewa yayin da ake yin hunturu a cikin dazuzzuka sama da bango akwai furrywolves. A cewar Rousse Bolton, a cikin tsohuwar zamanin, an rushe manyan Arewa a cikin manyan garken, har zuwa daruruwan burin ko sama da haka, kuma ba sa tsoron mutane ko mammoth. A cewar Old Nan, a cikin dogon lokacin rani, direwolves suna da fata da kuma matsananciyar yunwa.
Hatta tsiran karnukan-zaki-gari da sannu-sannu sukan riski karnuka na yau da kullun a cikin girma, kuma tsofaffin karnukan wukake suna da girman pony kuma sun ninka biyu har ma da firam farauta. Wani mawuyacin hali na iya kama hannun mutum, kamar dai kare yana cin bera. Wolfwolf mai kai hari yana ƙoƙari da farko ya faɗi a kan abokin hamayyarsa tare da kirjinsa da buga shi, sun kasance mafi yawan lokaci abu ne na farko, ba tare da la’akari da ko abokin hamayya biyu mai kafaɗun ba, ko ƙoƙarin cutar da ƙungiyar abokan gaba, sannan kuma ciji amai ko sakin hanjin. Wire, Grey Wind, Robb Stark's wolf wolf, a yaƙin a cikin kururuwar Whispering, ciji dozin doki ɗari da doki, kuma a cikin Yakin sansanin ya ɗaga dawakai dozin da sojoji Lannister huɗu. Waɗannan halittu ne masu matukar tayar da hankali: a cewar Merrett Frey, wolfwolf, lokacin da masu gadin Frey suka zo don su kashe shi, suka kashe karnukan wolfhounds huɗu kuma suka kakkabe hannun maigidansu a kan gidan, ko da yake tuni an harba shi da kibiyoyi daga shinge. John Snow yayi tunanin tashin Phantom, cewa a cikin gandun daji kudu na Bango bazai zama dabba da zata iya zama haɗari ga Wolverine ba, sai dai idan Phantom ta yanke shawarar lalata bear. Lokacin bazara na shekaru biyu, lokacin haɗuwa da manyan karnuka na talakawa, ya ninka girma fiye da ƙarami daga cikinsu kuma sau ɗaya da rabi fiye da shugaba.
The lyutovolka yana da kai na zagaye da kuma na bakin ciki, mai nuna tsananin kisa fiye da kyarkeci na yau da kullun, kafafu dangane da jiki sun fi tsayi. Launin yau da kullun da ɓoyayyen ɓarke ɗin launin toka ne ko baki, fatalwa ita ce kawai albinolf. Fiercewolves yana da harshe mai taushi wanda yayi kama da rigar grater. Kamar sauran masu farauta, lutewolves suna da idanu masu haske a cikin duhu. A cikin fushi ko tsoro-ƙyarke-wolf, da fur ɗin da ke kan kuncin wuyan sa ya tsaya a ƙarshen. Wuri, ji, da kamshi suna da kyau a cikin wadatar zuci fiye da na mutane. Lutovolki sun fi son wasan na rayuwa, ko da yake sun ci abinci.
Karnuka da dawakai suna tsoron tsoron ɓarke, dawakai waɗanda ba su san su ba sun faɗi cikin tsoro sun fara jin kunya da harbi. Yaƙin Oxcross ya fara ne da Robb Stark yana ƙaddamar da Jirgin Grey a cikin corral tare da dawakan Lannister, bayan wannan dawakai masu banƙyama sun gudu zuwa sansanin, suna tursasa waɗanda suke barci kai tsaye a cikin tantuna. Karnukan daji, da ganin fatalwa, kowane lokaci sun hadu da shi da haushi da haushi, kuma karnuka mafi girma a cikin ɗayan filin ajiye motoci sun yi ƙoƙari su kai hari ga babban dabbar daga baya, amma an sake jefa ta da cinya. Talakawa karnuka tare da fatararwa suna da halaye na yau da kullun, suna fahimtar juna da kyau - saboda haka, Rana aƙalla akalla sau biyu an yi karo da ƙyarkuwan yau da kullun, an fahimci su sosai kuma sun yarda da mika wuya na abokan gaba da aka yi nasara. A karo na biyu, ya kasance yana yin maye a kan jagoran da aka kayar a matsayin alamar nasara. Nimeria ba ta sami daidaituwa da karnukan karnuka na yau da kullun daga Kogin Bahar, amma sun jagoranci babban garken - Dermot daga dajin Rainy, wanda ke neman Brinden Tully a gefen bankin arewa na Red Jag, ya tabbatar da cewa akwai daruruwan karnukan wolf, kuma tarin karnukan wolf na manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da jakar. Lokacin rani ma ya jagoranci ƙaramin garken karnukan Waramir.
A kan suturar makamai na Starks akwai launin toka mai launin toka wanda ke gudana a filin farar fata. A cikin lu'ulu'u na Winterfell, kusa da gumakan iyayengiji da aka binne a wurin, akwai wasu gumakan da ke kwance karnukan karnuka masu ban tsoro. An kawata kursiyin sarakunan Arewa a babban masarauta ta Winterfell da kawunan kawunan akan tagar.
A cikin tatsuniyar Sauran an bayyana cewa sun hau gadon mutu-yara, kamar sauran dabbobi da suka mutu. Ofan dajin Leaflet ya yi iƙirarin cewa direbobi sun tsira daga sauran tsoffin halittu - ofan dajin da kansu, ƙattai, dabbobi masu shayarwa, zaki da kogo - amma ajalinsu zai zo, saboda ba su da wani matsayi a duniyar da mutane ke rayuwa.
Prototype
Dire Wolf (Latin Canis dirus, mummunan wolf na Rasha) - wani nau'in da ya rayu da gaske akan duniyarmu a ƙarshen zamanin Pleistocene a Arewacin Amurka. Da alama, kamar karnukan kyar na zamani, waɗannan dabbobin suna farauta a fakitoci kusan 30. Zasu iya farautar dawakai da bison, wani lokacin harda mastodons da manyan giloli. Rashin abinci da rashin iya gasawa tare da matsanancin ragi da ƙananan karnuka talakawa ana kiransu sanadin lalacewa. Ужасные волки имели чуть более короткие, но крепкие лапы в сравнении с туловищем, имели более выраженную челюсть и более длинные зубы, чем современные серые волки, мозг был несколько меньше. Туловище в среднем достигало длины в 150 см, вес — от 50 до 80 кг.Abin sha'awa ne cewa mummunan karnuka ba su da mahimmancin jima'i - mace tana da girman daidai da ta maza, suna da kusan tsarin guda ɗaya na ƙasusuwa da hakora.
Wolf na Tsakiya na Tsakiya, ɗaya daga cikin manyan karnuka a kan gabashin Eurasian, yawanci yana nauyin 40-45 kuma yana da tsawon har zuwa mita, duk da haka, a cikin tarihi an sami lokuta na harbi karnuka masu nauyin kilogram 80 waɗanda ke da nauyi zuwa 160 cm a tsayi, wanda yake daidai yake da mummunan karnuka.
Tunani
Wannan shafin yana amfani da abun ciki Sashin Wikipedia a cikin Rashanci. Asalin labarin yana wurin: Mummunan Wolf. Za'a iya samun jerin ainihin marubutan labarin bita tarihi. Wannan labarin, kamar labarin da aka sanya akan Wikipedia, yana samuwa a ƙarƙashin sharuddan CC-BY-SA.
Quotes
Ba tukuna rabin girma, sun (lyutovolki) sun kasance mafi tsayi fiye da kowane kyarkeci, amma bambanci ba shi da wuya a lura. Shugaban lyutovolka ya na zagaye, kafafu sun fi tsayi, kuma kashin kano ya zube a gaba. Wani abin al'ajabi da eerie ya ji a cikin waɗannan dabbobin, musamman ma a cikin daji mai duhu a karkashin dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi. Game da Al'arshi, V V
Idanun jajayen jajayen idanun sun yi duhu fiye da gurneti, sun ji hikimar da ake da ita a cikin mutum. Game da Al'arshi, John VIII