Kyakyawar Orokin tana cikin dangi na ainihin crocodiles. Ita ce mafi girma da ke farautar Kudancin Amurka. Tana zaune a cikin kwarin kogin Orinoco a arewacin babban yankin. Gidajen ya ƙunshi ƙasashe kamar Columbia da Venezuela. Ana samun wakilan nau'ikan nau'ikan ba wai kawai cikin sabo bane, har ma a cikin ruwan gishiri, wanda yake na al'ada ne ga kowane irin karnuka. Da zarar wannan nau'in ya rayu a sarari mai nisa yana shimfida zuwa shimfidar Andes. Amma a halin yanzu, yawan jama'a basu wuce mutane 1000 ba. Haka kuma, babu karnuka sama da 50 da ke rayuwa a Kolumbia, sauran wakilan nau'in suna zaune a wuraren shakatawa na kasa na Venezuela. Anan matasa masu rarrafe ke tashi cikin bauta, kuma idan sun kai tsawon mita 2, za'a sake su. Kimanin dabbobi 85 ne ke zaune a wuraren dabbobi.
Bayyanar
Wakilan wannan nau'in ba su da ƙima da daraja a cikin takwarorinsu waɗanda ke zaune a Afirka, Indiya da Ostiraliya. Waɗannan ƙaddara masu ƙarfi ne waɗanda za su iya kai hari ga dabba ta kowane girman. Maza sun fi girma fiye da mace. A tsayin daka, sun kai mita 3.6-4.8. A cikin jima'i mai rauni, wannan adadi shine 3-3.3 mita. Yawan nauyin maza ya kama daga 380 zuwa 630 kg. Kuma mace tayi nauyi kilo 230-320. An kashe mafi kyawun samfurin a cikin 1800. Tsawonsa ya kai mita 6.6. Nan gaba, kawai ƙattai masu ɗauke da nisan ba su wuce mita 5 ba.
Mucks din wannan kunkuntar kunkuntar kuma dogo ne. Launi yana da inuwa guda uku. Akwai mutane masu launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi, launin toka-shuɗi da haske mai haske. Wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da duhu launin toka da ratsi a jiki, yayin da wasu basu. Launin fata na iya bambanta, saboda canji a cikin adadin melanin a cikin fata.
Kiwo
Lokacin kiwo yana cikin rani. A bakin yashi, mace ta haƙa rami a karkashin sheƙ. A cikin ta, tana sanya matsakaicin adadin ƙwai arba'in. Lokacin shiryawa yana da tsawon watanni 2.5. Bayan jariran sun kyankyasa, sai suka fara zubewa. Matar tana jin murƙushewa, ta karya yashi kuma tana ɗaukar saurayin a bakin ta cikin ruwa. Kusa da mahaifiya, yaran sun kai shekara daya. Wani lokaci sukan kasance har zuwa shekaru 3. Kada kukan Musicok tun yana ƙuruciya ba karamar ƙaddara ba ce gaba ɗaya. Shi mai rauni ne, kuma ba shi da ƙarfi. Balaguro, baƙi, baƙi, jaguars, anacondas da sauran mafarauta zasu iya kai masa hari.
Halayya da Abinci
Babban abincin da mai cin nama mara karfi ya ƙunshi yalwar kifaye. An sauƙaƙe kamun kifi ta hanyar kunkuntar gemu tare da haƙoran haƙora. A lokaci guda, mai rarrafe ba ya raina dabbobi masu shayarwa, idan suka fada a cikin ganuwarsa. Misali, capybara da sauran dabbobi kusan suma iri daya ne. Amma da aka bai wa kunkuntar makamin, mai rarrafe ya fi son cin kifin. Saboda haka, idan maharbi ya cika, ba zai taɓa kaiwa mazaunan ƙasar hari ba.
Amma game da kai hari ga mutane, irin waɗannan lokuta suna da wuya sosai. An yi bayanin wannan ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa macijin Zamani na Orinoc ya fi son zama a cikin yankuna masu nisa, nesa daga kowane gidaje. Idan mutane sun hadu sau da yawa, to za a sami ƙarin hare-hare. Bugu da kari, adadin dabbobi masu rarrafe yayi kadan, sabili da haka ana rage lambobin sadarwa da mutane.
Lambar
Kayan rarrabawa yana da fatar fata. Wannan shine dalilin kusan hallakarwar alumma. Sai kawai a tsakiyar karni na 70 na ƙarni na karshe mutane sun canza tunaninsu kuma sun gabatar da dokoki waɗanda ke hana farauta game da wannan dabbar. Koyaya, a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata, adadin nau'in sun haɓaka kaɗan. Anan an taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar farauta. Kwanan nan, godiya ga wuraren shakatawa na kasa, yanayin ya inganta da ɗan ɗan lokaci. Amma girman wannan adadin har yanzu yana da ban tsoro tsakanin kwararru. Sabili da haka, ana yin duk abin da zai yiwu don kula da bayyanar.
An saka mutane masu haɗari
Cungiyar maciji ta Musicoccoc (kada ohi na Orinoco, macen Kolombiya) tana cikin waɗancan dabbobin ne mara sa rai wanda yawan su, saboda "taimako" na ɗan adam, yana gab da ƙarewa. Yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe a shekaru ɗari da suka gabata da suka mamaye ambaliyar Kogin Orinoco (arewa maso gabashin Kudancin Amurka) a halin yanzu, bisa ga ƙididdigar daban-daban, an kiyaye su a cikin adadin 250-1500 dabbobi. Kuma don mayar da lambar a nan gaba yana da matukar wahala, saboda haka, hawan Orokin yana buƙatar tsayayyen kulawar hukumomin muhalli da na jama'a.
An tsara bayanin kimiyya na Musicok macen maciji a cikin 1819 a ƙarƙashin sunan macijin mai suna Crocodylus intermedius, kuma shekara ɗari bayan haka, a cikin 20s na ƙarni na karshe, farautar caca don fata wannan dabba ya fara. Kusan rabin karni, dabbobi masu rarrafe ke kashe kansu ba da tausayi, kuma kyakkyawan fatarsu ya shiga masana'antar kayayyakin fata na Amurka a cikin koguna marasa iyaka. Ya isa a ce a cikin tsakiyar karni na karshe cinikin fatalun maciji na Orinok ya kai guda dubu uku.
Raguwar raguwar jama'a ya haifar da fatarar kasuwancin kamfanoni da yawa da ke sha'awar kayan kayan fata, amma wannan gaskiyar ba ta sanya masu rajin kare halitta ba - yawan masu cin abincin fata a cikin gandun dajin Musicoco ya ragu da saurin lalacewa na shekaru da yawa. Duk da cewa a cikin shekarun 70s an sanya dokar hana nau'ikan kamun kifi na Orinok, yin farauta, lalata rayuwar mutane da aka kama da tarun kifi, da kuma lalata kwanciya da kwan kwai.
Daraja ga masu ba da fata ba kawai fata na waɗannan dabbobi ba, har ma da nama, wanda jama'ar gari ke cinyewa. Jita-jita ta jama'a ta danganta kaddarorin mu'ujiza ga nama da kitsen macijin Orinok, yana warkarwa daga cututtuka da yawa - wani dalili na lalata waɗannan dabbobi. Farauta wanda ba a sarrafa shi ba ga dabbobi masu rarrafe har yanzu yana ci gaba. Fata na waɗannan dabbobi suna kama da fata na fata mai kama da fata, saboda haka yana da wuya a tsayar da tallace-tallace.
Muhimmiyar rawa a warwatse masu rarrafe ya kasance ta hanyar gurɓataccen ɗabi'ar mazaunin, wanda ke faruwa a wannan yankin mai koma bayan tattalin arziki. A halin yanzu, macijin Orinoc yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan da ke damun ta da lalata sosai.
Wannan abincin mai rarrafe yana zaune a tsakiyar da ƙananan rafin kogin Orinoco; mazaunin sa ya ƙunshi savannahs na Los Llanos (Savannah los llanos), wanda ke zama bazara bayan lokacin damina. Yankuna masu guba sun gwammace su jira lokacin fari a cikin mayukan da ke tono tare da bushewar ambaliyar ruwa. Za a iya samun karuwanciyan Orinoc a cikin ƙasashe kamar su Venezuela da Columbia. Masana kimiyya har yanzu ba su iya amsa tambayar ba - me yasa wannan mahaɗa ba ta kama mazaunan kirki a cikin ambaliyar Amazon, waɗanda ke kudu. Bayan haka, Haɗin Orokin yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai mafi girma na mamacin ta - an iya dogara da shi sosai game da kama mutane tsawon mita 6 kuma nauyinsa ya kai 340 kg. Ita ce mafi girma da ke farautar Kudancin Amurka. Koyaya, waɗannan karnukan sune masu sigin gidan Musicoco kawai, basa son hawa zuwa wasu wurare. An gano wasu mutane a tsibirin na Trinidad, arewacin Venezuela, wanda ke ba da shawarar haƙƙin cinye maciyoyin Orinoc zuwa ruwan gishiri.
Fitowar fuska tana da fuska mai tazara mai zurfi sosai, tana kama da irin fuskar fuskar macicin Afirka. Hanci ya dan yi tsayi kadan, saboda haka hanci ya ninka. Doarfin dorsal ba ya bambanta da iko, faranti faranti suna kan mara baya da wuya a cikin layuka masu fasali, ba a cika garkuwar ciki da garkuwa ba, wanda hakan ya sanya fata na Orokin maciji mai mahimmanci ga haberdashery. Idanun suna da ɗigo na ɗimbin ɗigo na ɗigo, kamar na kowane irin. Tsarin jaws da cizo kwatankwacinsu ne ga wakilan dangi na hakika. Yawan hakora yakai 68. Kamar kowane hakora ne, mace tana da ƙaranci fiye da maza.
Launin launin jiki na iya bambanta dan kadan dangane da wurin zama. Mafi yawan lokuta, ana sanya bakin Orokin a cikin launi mai launin shuɗi-launin shuɗi, wanda ya bambanta ta tsakanin duhu duhu a baya da kuma bangarorin jiki. Wasu lokuta akan wutsiya akwai ƙananan bambanci duhu ratsi mai ratsi. Akwai mutane da aka kwantar da su a cikin launi mai ruwan duhu mai duhu, da kuma shuɗi mai launin shuɗi da launin shuɗi. A cikin mutane da aka kamo, an lura da ɗan canje-canje a cikin tsananin da inuwa launuka na jiki bayan dogon lokaci.
Abincin na dabbobi masu ruwa ana bayar da shi ta hanyar ruwa mai ruwa da tsalle-tsalle-tsalle - kifi, tsuntsayen, jijiyoyi, 'yan tsirrai, da duk wata halitta mai rai da za a iya samu da ita. Maza manya suna da rikice-rikice, kuma sau da yawa suna shirya tashin hankali tsakanin kansu, galibi saboda rikice-rikicen ƙasa. Akwai sanannun lokuta na hare-hare na macijin Orinoc a kan dabbobi har ma da mutane. Amma a halin yanzu, da aka ba da nau'i na jinsin, ba a ambaci irin waɗannan gaskiyar na dogon lokaci ba. Aƙalla yawan mutanen karkara basa tsoron waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe. Matasa masu rarrafe suna cin ƙananan abincin - kifi, amphibians, invertebrates da larvae.
Propagated da kwan kwanciya. Dabbar ta hanyar yin canjin a watan Satumba-Oktoba, sannan, bayan watanni biyu da rabi, mace ta sanya sama da 70 (matsakaici - kimanin 40) manyan qwai a cikin ciyawar da aka gina daga ciyayi da kasar gona. Mace yawanci tana kan aiki ne kusa da gida, tana kiyaye shaƙewa daga tsuntsayen masu farauta, masu shayarwa da sauran masoya don cin abinci akan ƙwai. A watan Mayu-Yuni (kimanin kwanaki 70 bayan oviposition), an saki zuriya daga kwalin kuma ta garzaya zuwa ruwa tare da taimakon mahaifiyar. Yawanci, tsarin kyankyaso daga ƙwai yayi daidai da lokacin damina, lokacin da ambaliyar Orinoco ta zama juzu'i mai kyau ga jarirai. Kamar yawancin dangi, macen da ke tattare da macijin gidan Musicok suna lura da zuriya kuma suna kare ta daga magabatan kusan shekara guda (wani lokacin har zuwa shekaru uku).
Mafi yawancin lokuta, matasa suna zama ganima ga anacondas da caimans. Mutane daya-daya wadanda suka girma har zuwa shekaru uku kusan basu da abokan gaba na zahiri. Suna yin jima'i cikin shekaru 7-8, kuma jimlar rayuwar shine shekaru 50-60 (da alama).
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, nau'in Crocodylus intermedius yana cikin haɗari - an jera shi cikin Jerin IUCN Red a ƙarƙashin matsayin CR - yana cikin mawuyacin hali. Yankunan kimiyya na kwanan nan a cikin ambaliyar ruwan kogin Orinoco sun nuna cewa a cikin Venezuela yawan waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna wakiltar kananan groupsungiyoyin da ke warwatse tare da adadin kusan dabbobi 1000. Yawan jama'ar Colombia kusan an gama dasu gabaɗaya - a cewar masana, sama da mutane 50 masu rayuwa masu rarrafe ke rayuwa a wannan ƙasa.
Thearfin ocabiyoyin maciji ta Orinoc sun shafi karuwar adadin mutanen caiman da ke zaune a cikin gandun Orinoco - kasancewar babu mai gasa da abinci da maƙiyan halitta wanda ke taimaka wa wadatar waɗannan masu rarrafe.
17.12.2018
Cwurin maciji na Musicocio (lat.Crocodylus intermedius) - mafi ƙaddara mafi girma a Latin Amurka. Girman mai girman cm 678 ya gani da idanunsa kuma an auna shi da kansa a cikin 1800 daga masanin kimiyar ƙasa na Faransa Eme Jacques Boplan da masanin kimiyyar ɗabi'ar kasar Jamus Alexander von Humboldt yayin balaguron kimiyya a kan Kogin Orinoco.
An bayyana wani dodo mafi girma da Baƙon Spanishan Spain Frya Jacinto de Carvajal yayi a cikin bayanansa yayin tafiya tare da Kogin Apure a 1618. Yana mai cewa kada macen da sahabbansa suka kashe ya kai cm 696. Likitocin zamani sun nuna shakku kan irin wadannan bayanan. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, da wuya a sami damar yin rijistar ƙungiyar gwarzayen da za su iya sarrafa kai zuwa shekaru masu daraja don girma fiye da 5 m.
Yawancin dabbobi kawai ba su da lokaci a cikin daji don isa ga wannan girman, suna zama wadanda ke fama da masu kiban yawa. Yankunan da aka gane suna kan gab da ƙarewa kuma an haɗa su a cikin Littafin Tarihi na Duniya. A bisa ƙididdigar da aka yi tsammani, ba fiye da mutane 1,500 a cikin Venezuela da 200 a Columbia suka tsira ba a vivo.
Rarraba
Kwakwalwar Orinoc yana da ma'ana ga tushen Musicoco. Yankin da adadin ya mamaye ya wuce kilomita dubu 600,000. Baya ga Venezuela da Colombia, dabbobi masu rarrafe ana ganin su sau da yawa a tsibirin Grenada da Trinidad, waɗanda ke Tekun Caribbean, mai nisan kilomita 240 daga babban yankin. Da alama an kawo masu bakin ruwa bayan ambaliyar.
Wakilan wannan nau'in suna haifar da wasu ƙananan keɓantattun mutane. Sun zauna a kogunan koguna masu guduna, da lamuransu da ruwa mai gudu.
Kudancin iyakar iyakar ya isa Kogin Casikyar, wanda ya kwarara zuwa Rio Negra, harafin hagu na Amazon. A lokacin damina, dabbobi masu rarrafe sun bayyana a cikin savannah da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a kan sassan ofisoshin na Aruac da Casanare, dake arewa maso gabashin kasar. A yamma, kewayon yana iyakance zuwa ƙafafun Andes.
Caukan maciji na Orinoc suna zaune a cikin jikunan ruwa na ruwa. Babu wani ingantaccen bayani cewa ana samun su a cikin Orinoco delta. Yawancinsu suna yin ƙaura shekara-shekara a lokacin damina, kuma suna fuskantar fari a cikin zurfin kogunan ruwa da lagos.
Yadda ma'anar karnukan Orinoc ke magana
Don sadarwa, ana amfani da alamun sauti na nau'ikan nau'ikan. Sauti mai zurfi da kuma guttural, abin tunawa ta snoring, ana yin ta ne da bakin da yake buɗe kuma ya ɗora kai kamar 30 ° a saman ruwa. An maimaita shi sau 3-6, ana jin sa'a sosai a nesa na 200-300 m kuma ana amfani dashi don ƙayyade iyakokin gidan yanar gizon kuma bincika abokan tarayya a cikin lokacin mating.
Don tsoratar da masu fafatawa, ana amfani da gurnani, wanda aka tsinkaye shi azaman ƙarawa ko gajere a cikin nisa na 10-20 m. A cikin yanayin farko, an yi shi da rufe bakin, kuma a na biyu tare da buɗe baki.
Yawancin lokaci grunts suna faruwa ne ta hanyar maganganun na saƙo na musamman. Mafi yawan lokuta mata sukan yi biris yayin kare mazauna ko zuriyarsu. Suna iya bayyana zafin fushinsu ko da a ruwa, to, kumfa mai yawa ko ainihin "hanci hanci" ya bayyana a farfajiya.
Don tsoratar da baƙi da ba a ziyarta ba, maƙiyin ɓacin rai yana buɗe danna mai ƙarfi tare da jaws, yana rufe bakinsa nan take. A bayyane suke a bayyane a nesa har zuwa 35 m.
Yarkakkun can matasa suna fitar da sokin da sautin maimaitawa wanda ba zai wuce na biyu ba. Matan suna hango su a matsayin kira don taimako da haifar da kariya ta hanzari. A cikin nutsuwa, yara sun bayyana kasancewar mahaifiyarsu da takwarorinsu.
Ana nuna ɗanɗanowa ga barazanar sau da yawa ta hanyar maɗaukakin wutsiya gefen hancin kaifi. Mata kuma suna son ɗaukar babbar rawar tsoro, suna samun iska a cikin huhun su kuma suna ƙaruwa da yawa.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Karin macijin Orinoc zai iya gano wanda abin ya shafa a cikin tazarar mita 300. Don kama ganima, yana amfani da dabbobin farauta. Yawancin lokaci yakan kusanci ta a cikin yanayin ruwa kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma ya kama shi da sauri-sauri.
Maharbi mai matsakaici mai girman dabba yana rusa wani mummunan rauni na wutsiya kuma yana jan su ganima kai tsaye bakinsa. Ya san yadda ake kama tsuntsaye da kwari da ke shawagi a sararin sama, da jawo hankalin kifaye, daɗaɗa ruwa mai mai kamar bait. A cikin matattakalar bututun, mai rarrafe yana kan gaban na yanzu kuma yana buɗe bakin sa. Idan kifi ya shiga ciki, sai kawai ya rufe bakinsa.
Abincin dabbobi na manya yana mamaye kifaye kusan 25 cm, kuma yara kanana suna ciyar da yawancin kwari da ƙananan crustaceans da amphibians.
A lokacin samartaka, mabuɗan ya cika da dabbobi masu shayarwa masu nauyin 30 kilogiram, ruwan ruwa, kunkuru da macizai. Anacondas mai mita biyu (Eunectes murinus), capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochoerus) da kuma masu yin buroshi fari (Tayassu pecari) suna zama ganima akai-akai.
Bayanin
Tsawon Jikin maza ya kai kimanin 350-420 cm tare da nauyinsa ya kai kilo 428, kuma mace tayi nauyi zuwa 390 cm da 195, bi da bi. Takalmin yana da fadi da fadi da kuma tsawo, amma ya fi na fayel din girma (Gavialis gangeticus). An tsara ma'aunin keratinized akan bayan gida a cikin layuka masu daidaituwa.
Launi mai launin kore-mai launin toka mai launin shuɗi, launin ruwan kasa mai haske da launin toka mai duhu.A cikin bauta, ana iya canzawa dangane da yanayin tsarewa.
Jiki yana da ƙarfi kuma ya daidaita, ya fi girma a cikin ɓangaren tsakiya. Saƙar tsoka ta gaugawa a gefe kuma ya ƙulla yarjejeniya zuwa ƙarshen. A ƙafafun kafafu mai ƙarfi na hagu akwai yatsunsu 4 waɗanda mahaɗa ta iyo ke haɗa su. A goshin, yatsunsu 5 ba tare da membrane ba.
Shekarun rayuwar Akeok na Musicok shine shekaru 70-80.