Canje-canjen da aka samu daga wadanda abin ya shafa don tinkarar magabatan sun taimaka wajen ci gaban dabarun samarda magabata don shawo kan wadannan karbuwa. Dogon dangantakar magabata da wadanda abin ya shafa yana haifar da kirkirar tsarin hulɗa wanda za'a kiyaye duka ɓangarorin biyu cikin fannin nazarin. Take hakkin irin wannan tsarin yakan haifar da mummunan sakamako ga muhalli.
Ana lura da mummunan tasirin cin zarafin alakar juyin halitta yayin gabatar da nau'in halitta. Musamman, awaki da zomaye da aka gabatar a Ostiraliya ba su da ingantattun hanyoyin sarrafawa a wannan nahiya, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar tsabtace yanayin ƙasa.
Tsarin lissafi
Zaton cewa jinsunan dabbobi guda biyu sun zauna a wani yanki: zomaye (ciyar da tsirrai) da dawakai (ciyar da zomaye). Bari yawan zomaye x < nunistyle x>, yawan karnuka y < nunistyle y>. Yin amfani da samfurin Malthus tare da gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci, yin la'akari da cin zomaye ta dawakai, mun isa ga tsarin da ke gaba, yana ɗauke da sunan samfurin Volterra - Trays:
<x ˙ = (α - c y) x, y ˙ = (- β + d x) y. < farawar farashi fara Wannan tsarin yana da matsayin daidaitawa yayin da adadin zomaye da dawakai suke akai. Ragewa daga wannan halin yana haifar da canji a cikin yawan zomaye da foxes, mai kama da hawa da sauka a cikin oscillator na harmonic. Kamar yadda yake game da oscillator mai jituwa, wannan halayen ba ingantaccen tsari bane: ƙaramin canji a ƙirar (alal misali, yin la'akari da iyakokin albarkatun da zomaye suke buƙata) na iya haifar da canjin cancantar halaye. Misali, yanayin daidaitawa na iya zama mai dorewa, kuma sauye sauye cikin lambobi zai yi ruwa. Halin da ake ciki ma yana yiwuwa, yayin da kowane ƙananan karkatawa daga matsayin daidaituwa zai haifar da mummunar sakamako, har zuwa ƙarshen lalata ɗayan jinsin. Lokacin da aka tambaya game da wanne ɗayan waɗannan al'amuran ke aiwatarwa, ƙirar Volterra-Tray ba ta ba da amsa ba: Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a nan. Daga ra'ayi na ka'idar oscillations, samfurin Volterra - Lotka shine tsarin ra'ayin mazan jiya tare da haɗin farko na motsi. Wannan tsarin ba gurbataccen abu bane, tunda ƙananan canje-canje a gefen dama na lissafin suna haifar da canjin cancantar canjin yanayinsa. Koyaya, yana yiwuwa a "dan kadan" gyara gefen dama na daidaito domin tsarin ya zama mai aiwatar da kai na kanka. Kasancewar yanayin kafaffen iyaka mai tsari a cikin tsarin tsauraran matakai yana ba da gudummawa ga gagarumin fadada filin aiwatar da tsarin. Yanayin rukunin kungiyoyi na masu tsinkaye da wadanda abin ya shafa suna canza halayen ƙira, yana ba shi ƙarin kwanciyar hankali. Dalili: tare da salon rayuwar gungun mutane, yawan fadace-fadace na abokan gaba tare da masu yuwuwar raguwa, wanda aka tabbatar da lura da sauyin adadin zaki da wildebeests a Serengeti Park. Misalin hadin gwiwar jinsunan halittu guda biyu (yawan jama'a) na nau'in “mafarauta - ganima” kuma ana kiranta samfurin Volterra - Lotka. Alfred Lotka ya fara siyar da shi a cikin 1925 (wanda aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana ma'anar ayyukan cudanya da halittu). A cikin 1926 (ba tare da la'akari da Lotka ba) irin wannan (kuma mafi rikitarwa) masanin ilimin lissafi dan Italiyanci Vito Volterra ya inganta. Karatuttukansa na zurfi a fagen matsalolin muhalli sun aza harsashin ka'idodin lissafi na al'ummomin ilimin halitta (ilmin kimiya na lissafi).Halin Model
Labari