Marten dutse da bishiyar katen suna da dangi. Duk gidan Marten an mai suna. A waje dutse da dutse Marten mai kamanni: sun kasance girmansu duka biyu, mai sassauƙa da maras kyau, tare da kyawawan launuka masu launin shuɗi, kuma ana yin ado da wuya da kirji tare da wuri mai haske.
Yadda zaka rarrabe marten dutse daga gandun daji.
Kalli hoto na katako marten , tana da launin rawaya, amma a ƙasa hoto na dutse Marten fari ne.
Don wannan, martens samu sunan barkwanci da whitefin .
Ina marten zama kuma ga wa?
Duk da kama, martens suna da halaye daban-daban. Marten daji ya fi son gidaje akan bishiyoyi a cikin wasu wuraren ramuwar mutane, kuma dutse ya dauki ramuka a ƙarƙashin tushen bishiyoyi.
Amma duka martens a cikin lokacin bazara sun fi son farauta a cikin lokutan faɗuwar dare, lokacin alfijir ko lokacin faɗuwar rana. Abinda za'a iya samarwa an ci shine: zomo, da kuma ciyawar daji irin na bishiyoyi da blackberries,
kuma kifayen marten gaba ɗaya abinci ne.
Martens a cikin hunturu.
Farauta martens a cikin hunturu da wuya, fi so don matsananciyar yunwa musamman a kwanakin sanyi, a ɓoye cikin rami ko rami. Marten kuma zai iya farauta a karkashin dusar ƙanƙara, ta amfani da motsin da wasu dabbobi suka yi.
Kamar kowane garken shanu, dutse da gandun dajin suna yin kiyayya da kishin yankinsu na farauta kuma suna matukar kare kansu idan suna cikin haɗari.
Marten wakili ne na babban iyalin Marten. Abu ne mai iya magana mai wahala, mai iya shawo kan matsaloli daban-daban tare da sauki, hawa dutsen canopi da hawa dutsen bishiyoyi don neman ganima. Marten dabba ya kasance ga dabbobi masu dusar ƙanƙan da ke da mahimmanci kuma yana da kyawawan Jawo daga duhu zuwa ƙwaya mai launin launin shuɗi.
Marten dabbobi: bayanin
Marten dabba ce mai fure mai kauri, mai laushi, ana iya fentin sa a launuka daban-daban na launin ruwan kasa. (launin ruwan kasa, bakin ciki, launin ruwan kasa). A wuyan, Marten yana da tabo mai wuya na sautin rawaya, zagaye a siffar. Allumai gajere ne, yatsu biyar. Akwai yatsun yatsa a yatsunsu. A kashin baya mai kaifi ne. Kunnuwa suna gajeru, triangular, tare da rawaya rawaya gefen gefen. Jikin ne siriri, squat, dan kadan elongated (daga 45 cm zuwa 58 cm). Wutsiya mai laushi, tsawo, ya kai rabin jikin marten (daga cm 16 zuwa 28 cm tsayi). Girman jiki - daga 800 g zuwa 1.8 kg. Mace sunkai kimanin kashi 30 cikin dari fiye da maza. Jawo hunturu mai launin siliki yana da siliki kuma ya fi tsayi lokacin bazara, kuma lokacin bazara ya fi ƙanƙanta da gajere fiye da fur ɗin hunturu
Iri Martens
A dabi'a, akwai wasu nau'ikan martens, waɗanda kowane ɗayansu ke da yanki na yanki da kuma canjin yanayin ƙasa, suna yaduwa sosai a cikin mazauninsu.
- Martes americana - Marten Amurka an haɗa shi a cikin nau'in dabbobi masu rarrabe; yayi kama da marten, dabba dabbar da ba ta dace da dare ba.
- Martes pennanti - MDD ta mallaki bishiyoyi mara nauyi, kuma sun fi dacewa da bin gonakin dajin.
- Martes foina - dutse Marten zaune a cikin wani yanki mai girma, mafi sau da yawa fiye da sauran jinsunan shi hidima a matsayin abu don farauta don samar da Jawo.
- Martes Martes - Pine marten ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Turai da Eurasia, tushen samun salatin fata ne.
- Martes gwatkinsii - Nilgirian marten dabba ce ta musamman da ta mamaye yankunan kudu.
- Martes zibellina - sable abu ne da ya dade yana farauta, wani lokacin yakan samar da wani nau'in halitta mai suna Kidus (cakuda marten da sable).
- Martes flavigula - harza yana cikin rukunin mazaunan Asiya, suna mamaye wurare masu yawa a can.
- Martes melampus - Marten Jafananci tushen asalin Jawo ne a yankin manyan tsibiran Jafananci.
Marten Habitats
Ana samun marten Amurka a duk faɗin Amurka. Ilka ya mallaki mafi tsayi a cikin gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka, yana haɗuwa daga Appalachians (West Virginia) zuwa Sierra Nevada (California). Marten dutse yana zaune a mafi yawan Nahiyar Eurasia - mazauninsa ya haɗu daga Himalayas da Mongolia zuwa Yankin Iberian. Musamman shigo da kaya zuwa Wisconsin (Amurka). Martine na pine ya mamaye kusan dukkanin ƙasashen Turai: ana iya samo shi daga Yammacin Siberiya zuwa tsibirin Biritaniya na arewacin da kuma daga Elbrus da Caucasus zuwa Bahar Rum a kudu. Marten na Nilgirian yana zaune ne a kudanci kudancin Indiya, yana zaune a Yammacin Ghat da kuma Nilgiri Upland. Sable mazaunin tekun Rasha ne, wanda ya mamaye yankin daga Tekun Pacific zuwa Urals.
Ana samun Harza a cikin Tsibirin Koriya, a China, Turkiya, Iran, a cikin ƙafafun Himalayan, a cikin Indochina, Hindustan, a kan Tsibirin Maina da kuma tsibirin Manjo. An kuma wakilci sosai a Pakistan, Nepal, Georgia, Afghanistan. Hakanan yana faruwa a yankin Rasha, yana mamaye yankunan Khabarovsk da Primorsky, Sikhote-Alin, kwarin kogin Ussuri da Amurye. Marten Jafananci da farko yana da manyan tsibirai 3 na Japan - Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu. Tana zaune a Tsushima, a Koriya, a tsibiran Sado da Hokkaido. A cikin Russia, akwai irin wannan nau'in martens kamar sable, Pine marten, Marten dutse da charza.
Marten halaye
Tsarin mulkin Marten ya shafi al'adun ta kai tsaye: wannan dabbar zata iya motsawa kawai ta hanyar zamewa ko zubewa (a lokacin gudu). Jiki mai sassauƙawa na Marten yana aiki kamar maɓuɓɓugar roba, wanda ke sa filayen dabba mai gudu don ɗan lokaci a cikin gabobin ɗigon conifers. Marten ya gwammace tsayawa a tsakiya da kuma na saman tiers. A hankali ya hau bishiyoyi, yana murguda koda wani katako mai tsayi wanda ya ba ta damar yin kaifin baki.
Martine pine yana jagorantar rayuwar yau da kullun, farauta a ƙasa da ciyar da mafi yawan lokaci akan bishiyoyi. Marten yana shirya gidaje a cikin ramuka na bishiyoyi har tsawon mita 16 ko kuma kai tsaye a kambi. Marten bawai kawai ya nisanta dan Adam bane, amma yakan samu ne daga gareshi. Yana gudanar da rayuwa mai daidaitawa, ba tare da canza canjin wurin da yake so ba, koda da karancin abinci. Amma lokaci-lokaci, tana iya yawo don sunadarai waɗanda ke aiwatar da ƙaurawar lokaci lokaci-lokaci tsawon nisa.
A cikin yanki na gandun daji mallakin martens, ana rarrabe nau'ikan shafuka biyu: yawo, inda suke lokaci-lokaci, da kuma farauta yau da kullun, inda Martens suke cin lokaci mafi yawa. A lokacin rani da damina, martens yakan mamaye wani yanki na musamman na filayen farautarsu, suna rayuwa na dogon lokaci a wuraren manyan abinci. A cikin hunturu, waɗannan iyakokin suna faɗaɗa sosai saboda rashin abinci, kuma Marten suna da hanyoyi masu amfani da mai. Mafi yawan lokuta sukan ziyarci wurare kamar wuraren mafaka da wuraren ciyarwa, suna masu alamar fitsari.
Ina marten yake?
Tare da duk hanyar rayuwarsa, an haɗa marten tare da gandun daji. Ana samo shi a cikin yawancin daji na daji inda bishiyoyi daban-daban suke girma, amma mafi yawan abin shine ya fi son tsiro, daɗaɗɗun bishi da tsire-tsire masu kusa da su. A cikin yankuna na arewacin, shine spruce-fir, a cikin kudanci - spruce-deciduous, a yankin Caucasus - gandun fir-beech.
Don rayuwa ta dindindin, Marten yana zaɓar wuraren da aka ciccika na manyan gandun daji tare da bishiyoyi masu tsayi, tsohuwar gandun daji, wanda aka cakuda shi da ƙananan wuraren ƙaramin samari, tare da dogon gefuna, da wuraren daji tare da gandun daji da sharewa. Amma yana iya tsayawa akan yankuna masu fadi, a cikin gandun daji, inda aka samo shi cikin kwarin manyan koguna da koguna. Wasu nau'in Marten basa gujewa yanki mai dutse, masu sakawa. Mahalli na mutane suna ƙoƙarin su nisanci, suna shiga cikin ƙauyuka kawai ta wuraren shakatawa. Iyakar abin da banda shi ne dutse marten, sau da yawa yana daidaita kai tsaye a cikin birane da ƙauyuka.
Me Marten yake ci?
Martens dabbobi ne masu iko, amma galibi suna cin kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa (kamar, misali, berayen filin da squirrels), tsuntsaye, da ƙwaiƙansu. An bambanta su da gaskiyar cewa suna sha'awar berayen, a matsayin batun farauta, wanda kuliyoyi ke kokarin wucewa saboda girman su. Kada ku raina martens da carine, kwari, katantanwa, kwaɗi, dabbobi masu rarrafe. A cikin kaka, martens a hankali ba ci kwayoyi, berries da 'ya'yan itatuwa. A ƙarshen bazara da duk lokacin kaka, martens sa abinci a ajiye, wanda yake da amfani a gare su a cikin lokacin sanyi.
Suna: rawaya-matashi, ruwan leda na Turai.
Yankin : Rarraba Palaearctic - kewayon yankin yana daga Yammacin Siberiya a duk faɗin Rasha da Turai zuwa Scotland da Ireland, kuma daga arewacin iyaka daga dogayen gandun dazuzzukan daji (a arewa) zuwa Rum da kuma Caucasus (a kudu).
Hakanan ana samun shi a tsibirin da yawa na Rum, ciki har da Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia da tsibirin Balearic (Mallorca da Menorca).
Bayanin : jikin Pine Marten yana da tsawo, siriri da sassauƙa, an rufe shi da dogon furfura.
Zzlearfin baƙaƙen ƙananan ƙananan elongated, triangular a siffar, jaws suna da ƙarfi. Kunnuwa suna da manyan triangular, zagaye a saman. Kowane dunkulen yana da yatsu biyar tare da mai ƙarfi mai lankwasa Semi-retractable claws. Soles a cikin hunturu an rufe shi da Jawo. Wutsiya tana da tsawo, tana kaiwa rabin jiki.
Maza sunkai 12-30% girma fiye da mace. Mace tana da nau'i biyu na shayarwa masu shayarwa. Hakoran suna da kaifi
Jaren bazara da damina mara nauyi ne, ya ƙunshi gajerun gashi da farar fata. Sanar da yara a cikin samari da tsofaffi ya fara ne a cikin bazara, furcin hunturu ya fara girma a watan Agusta-Satumba.
Launi : akwai haske mai launin rawaya mai haske mai launin rawaya a makogwaro da ƙuƙwalwar wucin gadi. Jawo hunturu daga haske mai launin shuɗi zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Launin tarnaƙi ya fi baya da ciki. Jirgin ruwan saman yana da launin toka mai launin shuɗi da launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi. Gashin wutsiya da kafafu sunyi duhu. Shugaban shine inuwa iri daya kamar jiki. Gaban kunnuwan tare da bugun haske.
Girma : tsayin jiki 33-56 cm, wutsiya 17-28 cm, tsayi a ƙasan 15 cm.
Tsawon rayuwa : a yanayi 3-4 (mafi yawa shekaru 11), a cikin shekaru 10-18.
'Yan kwikwiyo, kasancewar a cikin mahaifar, suna sadarwa da twitter.
Habitat : Pine marten yana da kusanci sosai da gandun daji, ya fi son ɓawon burodi, fir, itacen oak, yanke hukunci, gandun daji da tsayi da yawa, waɗanda aka yanko tare da katako tare da bishiyoyi masu laushi Yana fita don buɗe wuraren kawai lokacin farauta. Yana guje wa wuraren yin dutse da masu ajiye dutse.
Abokan gaba : farin dawakai, Wolves, goshawk, mikiya na zinare, mikiya gaggafa, lynx.
Daga masu tsinkaye (ban da tsuntsaye) ana samun ceto akan bishiyoyi. Sau da yawa, manyan masu farauta suna lalata shingen katako, ba don abinci ba, amma don kawar da yiwuwar mai gasa abinci.
Abinci : omnivorous, abincin ya dogara da lokacin da yalwar abinci - ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyi (ƙarancin voles, mice, ja squirrels, dormouse, hares, pikas), tsuntsayen da ƙwaiyensu (hazel grouse, black grouse, capercaillie, partridge, nuthatch, woodpecker, tsuntsaye) , kifi, kwari da larvae (larvae na daji ƙudan zuma da zuma, caterpillars), amphibians (frogs da roe), dabbobi masu rarrafe, shingehogs da shush, katantanwa, berries da 'ya'yan itace (blueberries, raspberries, pears, apples, dutse ash, cherries, cherries, kwatangwalo, kwaya)
A lokacin rani, rabo daga berries da 'ya'yan itatuwa na iya isa zuwa 30% na yawan abincin.
Martine Pine yana shirya wani ɓangare na abinci don hunturu, yana ɓoye shi a cikin ɓarnar itatuwa.
Ya kashe ganima tare da cizo a bayan kai.
Halayyar : ɗan annabta mai aiki (53-59% na lokacin, Marten yana aiki a cikin duhu da 14-19% da rana), wanda ke cin abinci a ƙasa da bishiyoyi. Da rana yana bacci a cikin kogo, wanda yake sauka a cikin ɓarna na bishiyoyi (a tsayin mil 2-5), murabba'in shimfiɗa ko kuran tsuntsu, cikin rami a tsakanin duwatsun, iska. A cikin dare (cikin neman abinci), yana iya barin titin don kilomita 10. A cikin tsananin sanyi, ya kasance a cikin gida, yana ciyar da kayayyaki.
Ba shi da kuran din na dindindin, amma yakan yi awon gaba da shafin yanar gizon don neman ganima Yana zaune akan rukunin yanar gizo tsawon shekaru a jere, lokaci-lokaci kawai masu yawon shakatawa don squirrels.
Pine marten yana da sha'awa da kuma wasa. Murmushi, hangen nesa da ji suna haɓaka da kyau. Gudun tsalle-tsalle, saboda wanda ya bar sawun ƙafa biyu (ƙafafun hind da aka sanya a ƙafafun gaba). Yana hawa sosai (tare da kututtura da rassan bishiyoyi) da tsalle-tsalle (daga reshe zuwa reshe a nesa har zuwa 4 m, daga tsayi mai girma zuwa dusar ƙanƙara). Zai iya tafiya tare da saman bishiyoyi. Lokacin hawa, zai iya murƙushe ƙafafun pa 180 "" Tana iyo ba tare da bata lokaci ba kuma cikin matsanancin yanayi.
Maza da mata suna da nau'i-nau'i na glandar mace mai ban sha'awa (ciki da ciki).
Tsarin zamantakewa : Pine marten yana jagorantar rayuwa mai kaɗaita, nau'i-nau'i nau'i kawai a lokacin kiwo. Dabbobin suna yiwa iyakokin ƙasa tare da sirrin glandon kamshi da fitsari.
A waje da lokacin kiwo, haɗuwa da maza biyu yawanci yakan faru ba tare da rikici ba.
Namijin maza (10-25 km 2) sau da yawa yana ma'amala da shafukan yanar gizo na mata da yawa (5-15 km 2).
Kiwo : daga watan Yuni zuwa Yuli, mace na da yawa leaks wanda ya wuce kwanaki 1-4, ainahin tsakanin su shine kwanaki 6-17. Mating yana minti 30-50.
Mace na haihuwar saniya sau ɗaya a shekara. Don haihuwa, mace za ta zaɓi mugu cikin tsohuwar itaciya. Idan akwai wani hadari, sai ta mika kofofin daga wani wurin ko kuma za su iya cinye dumamar abincin.
Yayin ciyar da saurayi, mace tana farauta da dare da rana.
Lokacin / kiwo : Yuni-Yuli. Ana lura da kara arya a watan Fabrairu-Maris.
Balaga : mace da maza sun balaga a watanni 14. shekaru, amma zuriya yawanci suna da shekaru 2-3.
Ciki : ciki tare da latent mataki na ci gaba na 236-275 kwanaki, ciki da kanta yana da kwanaki 27-28.
Zuriya : mace ta haife makaho 2-7, makafi, kurajen da basu da lafiya, masu nauyi kimanin gram 30, tsayi cm 10. Sabbin jarirai sun riga sun rufe da kankanin fur. Idanun sun buɗe a kwanakin 34-38 na rayuwa.
Lactation yana ɗaukar makonni 6-8, a ƙarshen wannan puan kwikwiyo yakai 68 g. Martan matasa masu martaba suna wuce abinci mai ƙarfi a kwanakin 36-45, lokacin da hakoransu suka fashe.
Sun fara fitowa daga gida a cikin watanni 1.5. 'Yan kuyaya suna kokarin hawa da tsalle tsaka-tsaki lokacin watanni 2-2.5.
Bayan wata daya, matasa suna tare da mahaifiyarsu, sannan suka bar gida don neman shafin nasu. Wasu daga cikin 'yan sanduna suna tare da mahaifiyarsu a cikin kogon har zuwa lokacin bazara mai zuwa.
Yawan jama'a / kiyayewa : A halin yanzu, akwai kusan mutane 200,000.
A Pine marten iya interbreed tare da sable, irin wannan bakarare hybrids ake kira cindus.
An tabbatar da tallafin tara na mambobin Pine marten: Mai martaba mai martaba (manyan masu girma dabam), Mai shayarwa m. borealis, M. m. latinorum Caucasian marten (M. m. lorenzi ), Menorca marten (M. m. ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ), M. m. sanar , RashaM. m. ruthena ), Pechora kumar marten (M. m. sabaneevi ), da Ural katako marten (M. m. uralensis ).
Kudi: Portal Zooclub
Lokacin sake maimaita wannan labarin, haɗin haɗin mai aiki zuwa tushen shine MALAMIYA, in ba haka ba, za a dauki amfani da labarin wannan cin zarafi ne na "Doka a Hakkin mallakar hakkin mallaka da na".
Duba: Marten - Martes (lat.)
Iyali: Cunyi
Squad: Tsarkaka
Fasali: Dabbobi masu shayarwa
Nau'i: Chordate
Subtype: Vertebrates
Bangarori:
tsawon jikin - 33-56 cm, wutsiya - 17-28 cm, tsayi a ƙ theƙasassu - 15 cm
nauyi - 0.5-2.4 kg
Tsawon rayuwa: har zuwa shekaru 20 a zaman talala
Mazaunin gandun daji, Marten ya fi son babban matakin ƙarni-old spruce da bishiyoyi na Pine. Nimble kuma baƙon abu ba, da sauri ta hau bishiyoyi, tana yin tsalle mai ban tsoro kuma ta kama ganima. A ƙarƙashin maraƙi mai ƙyalƙyali, zuciyar maharbi mai zafin rai da zubar jini. Bari mu ga yadda marten yake, hoto, abin da yake ci da inda yake zaune.
Habitat
Fi son ƙasar daji, martens quite ko'ina cikin ƙasa na Duniya. Gidajen su yana farawa ne daga Yammacin Siberiya, har zuwa zuwa gandun daji na Scotland da Ireland, ya shafi yankuna na arewacin, kuma yana ci gaba da tafiyarsa kudu zuwa ƙauyukan Kaucasus da Rum.
Dangane da yanayin shimfidar wuri, dabbar tana zaɓar gandun daji mai girma, tare da isasshen adadin bishiyoyi masu ban sha'awa da katako mai yawa. Yana cikin irin wannan yanayin da karamin ɗan gari ya ji daɗin kafa gida a cikin rami, da wuya ya gangara zuwa ƙasa, yana motsawa tare da rassan bishiyoyi da rassan bishiyoyi.
Ban sha'awa!Yin amfani da wutsiyarsa azaman mai daidaitawa, Marten yayi tsalle 4 mita, yana tsalle daga itace zuwa itace.
Siffar
Tare da kyakkyawar ji, wari da hangen nesa, babban marten yana haifar da rayuwar da ba zata ba. Ba ta dade a wuri guda ba kuma ba a ɗaure ta da rago ɗaya ba. Dabba zata iya samun mafaka a cikin kujerun murabba'i da kuma a cikin tsuntsayen tsuntsaye, tunda a baya suka lalata su. Jiki mai sauƙin hali zai ba dabba damar matsi cikin kunkuntar ramuka tsakanin duwatsun kuma shirya hutawa ta kwana a can.
Marten yana son rayuwar rayuwa kaɗai. Nau'i an kafa ne kawai don zuriya. Babban mafaraucin, dabba, don neman abinci, yana yin wani muhimmin manufa, yana tsara adadin ƙananan ƙanƙara a cikin yankin da take. Abin mamaki, a cikin rana guda ta farautar dabbar zata iya rufe nisan mil 20. Wanƙwasa madaukai masu ƙyalli a cikin yankin, dabba tana neman ganima har sai an cika ta. Bayan cin abinci, Marten ya kwanta ya huta a cikin kwari mafi kusa ko rami mafi kusa da wurin farauta.
Bayyanar
Siririn, dogon jikin Marten an rufe shi da Jawo ba tare da ɗan ɗan rudewa ba. A d Russia a Russia, kuni fur ya kasance mai daraja sosai kuma yana aiki a matsayin yanki na kuɗi. Bunches na sken skins sun biya kaya da aiyuka, daga inda suka karɓi suna da kuɗaɗen kuɗin.
- Kyakkyawan rawaya mai launin rawaya yana wucewa akan makogwaro da kuma kasan wuyan dabbar, sau da yawa suna ɗaukar siffofi masu ban mamaki da saukad da suka mamaye jikin dabbar.
- Matsala mai ƙwanƙwasa ya shimfiɗa ta cikin alwati mai kaifi. An yi kambi da manyan kunnuwa, tare da gefuna ɗan gewaye.
- Saƙar tsuntsaye wacce take iya zama daidai yake da jikin ta. Motoci biyar ana samansu a kan kududdufin, tare da wasu maɓallan dabbobin da ke taimaka wa marten hawa dutsen da kuma amintar da ganima.
- Jawo yana canza launi dangane da yanayin: a cikin hunturu duhu ne mai duhu, tare da tabarau masu launin shuɗi, a lokacin rani yana girma mara nauyi kuma an rage girmansa sosai tsawon.
- Bayanan yana da launin duhu, kuma bangarorin da ciki suna ɗaukar haske inuwar babban launi.
Ban sha'awa!Daga cikin babban martens akwai mutane masu launin shuɗi da Ja, kamar harza, a cikin ɗayan nau'in, tashar tashar Nilgir, ana saka maƙogwaron mai launi mai haske.
Abubuwan Kyau
Ba a yin tafiya mai zurfi a ƙasa, hoton marten galibi yakan samo dabba a kan rassan ko a cikin zurfin bishiyoyi. A cikin rayuwarsa, marten ya yi tsalle, yana barin ƙafafun ƙafafun da aka haɗa cikin dusar ƙanƙara da ƙasa. Ba tare da canza ainihin wurin zama ba, dabbar za ta iya samun mafaka da yawa a cikin yankin don yin bacci da kuma yin renon kananan yara. Karamin mai farautar ba ya barin shafin sa ko da ya zama mara kyau da abinci.
A cikin farauta, ya fi son dare, da ziyartar kuranin tsuntsu, da kujeru masu zaman kansu, da kuma masu tsaron kananan dabbobi, suna zaune a hankali a kan gungumen itace. Smallarami, amma abin mamaki mai ƙarfin hali da ƙarfi, mai marten zai iya jurewa da zomo kuma ya haɗa da capercaillie.
Akwai lokuta da yawa na marten ziyartar coops kaji. Rashin kwashe kayan ganima, dabba na iya murda duk kajin, wanda hakan ya jawo fushin mutane. Koyaya, kuskure ne a yi tunanin cewa wannan zarin yana mallakar dabba. Komai ya sauƙaƙa sosai: tsuntsayen sun tsoratar da mamayar da maƙiyin suka fara yi da sauri, suna ɗumama ilhami na dabbar, don haka tana "nutsuwa" duka da su.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Ban sha'awa!Marten yana son ziyartar kudan zuma, suna cin abinci a kan zuma da ƙwari a can. Ba za ta wuce ta wurin kitse mai kitse ba.
Irin wannan omnivore yana taimaka wa dabba a cikin shekaru, ba wadatattu ba a cikin karamin wasa. Bugu da kari, da Marten son rai da keɓaɓɓiyar reserves ga hunturu, clogging hollows tare da kayan lambu kayayyakin.
Kiwo
Balagagge yakan faru ne tun yana shekara 14 a cikin mace da namiji. Koyaya, dabbar tazarar yawanci yakan faru ne tsakanin shekaru 2 zuwa 3. Lokacin mating yana farawa a farkon watan Yuni kuma zai ci gaba har Yuli. A wannan lokacin, mata su ne estrus, wanda yakai kimanin kwanaki 4, tare da tazara tsakanin kwanaki 6 zuwa 17.
Ban sha'awa!Cutar da marten ya kai kimanin kwanaki 28, amma kafin wannan ya wuce matakin ci gaba, zai kasance kwanaki 235 - 275.
Femaleaya mace tana kawo froman kwikwiyo 2 zuwa 7, wanda ya kasance tare da mahaifiyarsu tsawon watanni 3. Idan haihuwar tayi latti, to 'yan kwikwiyo zasu iya rayuwa a kogonsu sai lokacin bazara.
Kiwo, kamun kifi, darajar kasuwanci
Daga dangin Marten kawai wasu nau'in ba su da sha'awa cikin sharuddan samar da Jawo. Yawancin, suna farawa daga sarki mai santsi, ana ɗaukar su da dabbobi masu ƙamshi. Dogayen riguna masu launuka masu launuka iri-iri suna ƙawata wajan sutturar gargajiyar zamani kuma ba su da tsada. Kyakkyawan marten marten fur yana yin tsayayya da yanayi 7 na safa da gaskiya ya mallaki ɗayan manyan mukamai a cikin jerin sunayen shahara.
Ban sha'awa!Tsarin Marten Jawo yana da iska mai kyau ba tare da jinkirta barbashi ƙura ba, wanda ke haɓaka kayan aikin hypoallergenic.
Babbar farauta ta shekara shekara ana iyakance ne saboda ƙarancin dabbobi a cikin mazaunanta. A saurin sayar da fata, sayar da faten sken din ta iyakance ga 500. A cikin hanyoyin farautar dabbar, mafi kyawun shine kama kifi tare da kare. Tarkuna da tarko waɗanda dabbar da ta faɗa ba su da kayan abinci masu inganci. Lokacin da maharbi ya kama tarko domin bincike, fur ɗin ya samu lokacin da zai kwato ƙananan dabbobi da kuma wasu masu farauta.
Don biyan bukatun masana'antu, Marten yana rayayye a gonakin fur. Kokarin siyan marten don kula da gida sau da yawa kan kasa. Yana da wuya a sami receivedan kwikwiyo waɗanda aka karɓa cikin bauta, amma waɗanda aka kawo daga kurmi ko dai sun mutu ko suna buƙatar yanayi na musamman don ci gaban al'ada. Ba a adana Marten a cikin ƙaramin karami, domin wajibi ne don gina babban aviary sanye take da bishiyoyi, manholes da ke ɓoye da sauran halaye na rayuwar dabbar.
A dabi'a, dabbobi da wuya suyi rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 5 - 6, amma a zaman talala, tare da kulawa da ta dace, suna samun nasarar tsufa, suna rayuwa 18 - 20.
A bayyanar ta, marten yayi kama da cat a hanyoyi da yawa. Tana da sutura mai kyau, mara kyau, sassauƙa da jakar jiki. Martens kuma suna da wutsiya mai faɗi, amma muzzles ɗin su takaice ne kuma masu fadi. Dabba karami ce. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, tsayinsa bai wuce santimita 60 ba.
Nau'o'in martens biyu suna zaune a cikin gandun daji na Rasha - gandun daji da dutse. A waje, dukkan jinsunan suna kama da juna. Bambanci za'a iya gani kawai a cikin duffon na dutse marten. Gaskiyar ita ce a baya da kuma bangarorin rukunin wannan dabbar suna da sauki. Kuma martens dutse suna zaune musamman a yankin dutse.
A cikin abinci mai gina jiki, dabbobi su ne quite unpretentious. Abincinsu da farko ya dogara da lokacin shekara. Suna ciyar da jijiyoyin kwaro, kwaro, kwari, tsuntsaye, lizards, bera da beraye. Kada ku raina martens da kaji. A lokacin bazara da farkon kaka, dabbar ta himmatu wajen cin abincin shuka - furanni dabam-dabam, kwayoyi da itatuwa.
Tun da dabbar tana da kyau sosai, ana daukar furfarta da matukar amfani a duniyar zamani. Bugu da kari, galibi suna cutar da gida, suna lalata tsuntsaye, zomaye, da kayan amfanin gona. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa dabbobi suna farauta. Kodayake an haramta farautar ba da izinin farauta ko kuma ana sarrafa shi sosai. Ba bisa doka ba don farautar haramtaccen farashi mai kyau. Mafi sau da yawa, ana farautar mahaɗa tare da taimakon tarkuna, kodayake akwai hanyoyi masu yawa da yawa. Yawancin lokaci ana kama kare tare da su don farauta; yana taimakawa wajan dabbar.
Hoton hoto - kyawawan marten a cikin daji.
Bidiyo game da martens. Kalli fim din "Far Eastern Marten Kharza" - kashi biyu. Mafi karancin kalmomi. Abin mamakin sa'a daya da rabi za ku ciyar kawai tare da yanayi.
Kuma yanzu zaku iya zuwa gabar Albion mai daci kuma kalli bidiyon “Marten. Ruhun gandun daji. ”
Kuma wani bidiyo - "Marten Hunt".
Kuma bidiyo ta ƙarshe - shigar da tarko a kan marten
Halayen Marten da abinci mai gina jiki
Ana nuna ayyukan Marten a maraice da dare. Yayin rana, dabbobi suna barci a cikin rami na bishiyoyi ko kuma a cikin manyan wuraren ƙwararrun tsuntsaye. Martens suna cin lokaci mai yawa akan bishiyoyi, saboda haka zasu iya hawa kango kuma tsallake daga wannan reshe zuwa wani. Zasu iya tsalle sama zuwa mita 4.
Wani saurayi mai Marten.
Martens yana tafiya da sauri a ƙasa. Kowane mutum yana da nasa kasada, iyakokin da aka yi masu alama da sirri mai ƙamshi, wanda aka ɓoye shi daga glandon anal. Idan baƙon ya keta kan iyakokin, to, rikici ya tashi tsakanin dabbobi. Amma a cikin mace da namiji, jeri na iya cudanya. Yankin yankuna na iya bambanta dangane da lokacin shekara. Don haka, a lokacin rani akwai filaye da yawa fiye da na hunturu.
Saurari muryar Marten
Martens suna da hakora masu kaifi, godiya ga wanda suke saurin shawo kan abincin dabbobi da shuka. Abincin Marten ya ƙunshi voles, squirrels, kananan tsuntsaye da qwai.
Hakanan, dabbobi suna cin kwari, dabbobi masu rarrafe har ma da jigilar dabbobi. Marten yana kashe wanda aka kashe ta hanyar ciza shi a bayan ta. Daga tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu martens suna cin berries, kwayoyi da zuma. A cikin kaka, dabbobi suna yin abinci don hunturu.
Marten dutse.
Abokan shahidai
Abokan gaban maharan sune dawakai da jan gaggafa, amma babban lalacewar jama'a yana jawo mutane.
Lokaci guda, an lalata martens a massage saboda fatansu. Wannan ya haifar da raguwar adadin dabbobi. Amma tunda mazaunan martens suna da faɗi sosai, babu buƙatar yin magana game da haɗarin hallaka. A wasu ƙasashe, doka tana ba da kariya ga masu kare martaba kuma an haramta harbinsu.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Ilka, ko angen angler
Ilka, wanda aka samo a cikin gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka, wanda kuma aka sani da marten angler, ko pecans, sabanin sunan sa, yana cin kifin a banda. A cewar masu binciken, dabbobin suna iya samun suna sakamakon aro daga harshen Faransanci kalmar da ta fi ma'ana, ma'ana "ferret" a cikin fassara. Wakilan wannan nau'in galibi suna ciyar da katako, itace, squirrels, farin hares da tsuntsaye. Ci abinci da ƙararrawa. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, mutum na iya lura da yadda martens suka sake dawowa da kansu tare da wasu 'ya'yan itace da yayan itace, musamman apples.
Martens na Arewacin Amurka
Martens na Amurka, har ma da ilk, sune kaɗai a cikin waɗanda ke tsinkayen girman su, wanda ke iya farauta da sauƙi a cikin ɓoye da bishiyoyi. Koyaya, Martens na Amurka har yanzu ba a ɗan yi nazari ba, kamar yadda ake rarrabe su da tsananin kulawa da rayuwar dare. Masana kimiyya kawai suna karkatar da zaton cewa abincinsu da halayensu na iya zama irin kamannin sifofin jinsi na wasu nau'in.
Me Martens dutse suke ci?
Stone Marten (sauran suna kuma an san shi - mai farin-breasted) ana samun shi a kan yankin Turai, kuma baya jin tsoro, sabanin wakilan wasu nau'in Marten, don zama kusa da ƙauyuka, lokaci-lokaci har ma a gidajen mazauna karkara. Dutsen Marten ya sami sunan sa saboda gaskiyar cewa an samo shi koda a cikin ƙasa mai dutse. Wakilan wannan nau'in suna ciyar da abinci ne da nama, farauta da ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa (mice, bera, zomaye) da tsuntsayen. Kada ku raina farin kifayen da kwaɗi da kwari. A lokacin rani, sukan ci 'ya'yan itatuwa da berries da son rai. An lura cewa galibi masu garkuwa da mutane suna yin fashi da makami akan kaji da tattabarai. Kaji, fara tsoratar da dusar kaji, nan da nan ya farkar da maye gurbi a cikin martens. A sakamakon haka, za su iya kashe tsuntsaye da yawa fiye da yadda za su ci.
Abincin Marten
Hannun bishiyoyi (rawaya) waɗanda ke zaune a yankuna da yawa na Turai da kuma yammacin wasu ƙasashen Asiya, kamar yadda sunan su ya nuna, sun fi son zama a cikin gandun daji, a hankali guje wa haɗuwa da mutane. Wakilan wannan nau'in, kamar sauran martins, kusan suna da iko akan komai. Abinda suka fi so shine ƙananan ƙwayoyi, gami da squirrels, da ƙwaiƙun tsuntsaye. Tare da jin daɗi, bisa ga masana ilimin dabbobi, rawaya masu rawaya suna cin kwaɗi da katantanwa, kuma a cikin bazara yawanci suna cin berries da kwayoyi, kuma sun sami damar tara ɗakuna don hunturu.
Abubuwan waje
Marten yana daya daga cikin masu yawan cin amanar dabbobi masu shayarwa. Wannan karamar dabba, tana da santsi da sassauya, gashi mai laushi, babban maƙiyi ne ga tsuntsaye da dabbobi. Zuwa yau, masana kimiyya sun bambanta nau'ikan martens 8. Mafi mashahuri daga gare su - dutse da itace iri-iri.
Dutsen Marten yana da haɓaka mai santsi da dogon wutsiya. Hannunta na gajeru. A cikin wannan dabba, kashin yana da siffar triangular. kafa babba. Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa wannan dabba tana da alaƙa da ferret. Babu shakka kama. Babban bambanci shine madaidaicin haske mai haske akan kirjin Marten, wucewa ta bangarori biyu zuwa goshin. Amma kuna buƙatar sanin cewa ƙididdigar Asiya na nau'in bazai da tabo kwata-kwata.
Gashin dabbar yana da wuya, an yi masa fenti a launin toka-mai launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi. Idanu sunyi duhu. A cikin dare sukan yi haske da launin shuɗi. Marten dutse, hoto wanda zaku iya gani a wannan labarin, ya bar bayyane bayyanannun ƙasa fiye da gandun dajin "ɗan uwan". Wannan karamin mai farautar yana motsawa a tsalle, yayin da kafafun hular sun fadi a fili akan waƙoƙin gaba. A sakamakon haka, akwai kwafi waɗanda mafarautan ke kira "dot-dot".
Daga cikin gandun daji, fararen halittar (dutse marten) ya banbanta sosai. Tana da wutsiya mai dan tsayi, dankwalin a wuyanta yana da launin shuɗi, hancinta ya yi duhu, ƙafafunta sun cika da ulu. Marten dutse yana da nauyi, kuma girmanta yayi karami. Tsawon jikin dabbar dabba shine santimita 55, wutsiya ita ce cm 30. nauyi daga kilo 1 zuwa 2.5. Maza sunfi girma fiye da mace.
Marten Dutse: Yankin rarraba
Wannan dabba tana zaune a cikin tsaunukan marasa itace na Altai a cikin Caucasus, a cikin dazuzzukan kurmi na Ciscaucasia, wani lokacin kuma a birane da wuraren shakatawa na yankuna na kudancin Rasha. Wannan nau'in Martens yana tartsatsi a Eurasia, a cikin Mongolia da Himalayas.
Hakanan yana faruwa a cikin Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, da Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Asiya. Wannan dabba ba ta zama a cikin gandun daji, ta fi son bude fili tare da ɗan ƙaramin itace da bishiyoyi masu wuya, yanayin ƙasa. Abin da ya sa aka sa wa dabbar suna. Abin mamaki, wannan karamin dabba baya tsoron mutane gaba daya, ana iya samunsa sau da yawa a cikin manyan gidaje da sito, a cikin ɗakunan gine-ginen gidaje.
Kana sha'awar gyaran gida? A cikin bauta, dutsen Marten a zahiri ba ya rayuwa. A saboda wannan dalili, ba kasafai ake gani ba har ma a cikin manyan gidajen dabbobi. Gaskiya ne, a cikin Jamusanci, a cikin Zoo na tsakiyar Berlin, Jamusawa sunyi nasarar ƙirƙirar kusan kyakkyawan yanayin, kusanci zuwa ga mazaunin halitta.
Biyan kuɗi
Masana ilimin halittu sun rarrabe dukkanin martabar dutse zuwa rashi guda hudu.
- Turai Belydushka. Yana zaune a wasu yankuna na ɓangaren Turai na tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet da Yammacin Turai.
- Crimean farin mace. Kamar yadda aka rigaya ya bayyana, wannan mazaunin Crimea ne. Yana da tsarin ɗan hakori daban daban daga wasu dangi, ƙaramin kwanyar da launi mai wuta.
- Farin cinikin Caucasian. Wannan shi ne mafi yawan ƙasashe masu zaman kansu da ke zaune a cikin Caucasus, suna da farashi mai ƙyalƙyali mai kyan gani.
- Yarinyar Asiya ta fari mai farin gashi ta zabi Altai a matsayin mazaunin ta. Gaban kirjin ta yayi kyau sosai. Tana da Jawo mai kyan gaske.
Halin Habitat
Stone Marten yana aiki a maraice da dare. Da rana, suna bacci a cikin kogon bishiyoyi ko zaunar da su a cikin mazaunan maharbin zuriya. Yawancin rayuwar rayuwar marten an kashe su a kan rassan bishiyoyi, don haka a can suna jin matukar ƙarfin gwiwa - suna hawa tare da kututture, suna tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe. Tsalle-tsalle na su na iya kaiwa mita 4.
Martens yayi saurin motsawa a doron kasa. Kowane mutum yana da nasa rabon gado, iyakokin abin da ya sanya alama ta sirri na musamman. Idan baƙon ya keta yankin, to akwai yiwuwar rikici tsakanin dabbobi. Gaskiya ne, a cikin maza da mace jeri a koyaushe suna cudanya. Yankin irin wannan yanki ya bambanta da lokacin shekara. Akwai filaye da yawa cikin rani fiye da lokacin hunturu.
Dutsen Marten farauta tare da tarko
Ga gogaggen mafarauci, mai marten yakamata ya lashe gasar. Wannan mayaudari ne, mai tsufa kuma mai saurin cin nasara wanda ke da ikon ƙetarewa matsaloli daban-daban yayin neman, abin birgewa da ɓoyewa cikin bishiyoyi. Lokacin hukuma yana farawa a watan Nuwamba. Kamar yadda muka riga muka fada, wannan shine farkon annabta (dutse Marten). Farauta yana yiwuwa ne da dare. A wannan yanayin kawai ba zaku koma gida hannu wofi ba.
Hanya mafi inganci don farautar wannan dabba ita ce amfani da tarko. Mafi yawan lokuta suna amfani da tarko A'a. 1. Kowane mafarauci yana da nasa sirrin shigarwarsa. Raba ɗayansu. Ya kamata a sanya tarkuna a jikin rassan bishiyun a tsawan mita daya zuwa biyu, sannan ba za a rufe su da dusar ƙanƙara ba. Kuma idan dabbar ta faɗi cikin tarko, to ba zai samu damar fita ba (a cikin limbo).
Dole a saka tarko tare da maƙogwaron kusa da sawu na gandun daji. Farauta ba adadi, saboda yawan waɗannan dabbobin basu da yawa. Bugu da kari, yana da matukar wahala a sami irin wannan dabbar. Koyaya, ga mafi yawan farauta masu caca, marten kyauta ce mai farin jini.
Yaya ma'anar marten gama gari suke a cikin dazuzukanmu da duwatsunmu? Idan wani ya yi irin wannan tambayar, to yawanci ana iya yin bayanin, yana ɗauka azaman asalin abin da ya saba da shi. Kowa yaga beyar, aƙalla a cikin gidan dabbobi da kuma hoto. Don haka rage beyar sau da yawa, sanya jikinta tsayi, siriri da haske. Kar ka manta shimfidawa da sanya fuska a fuska. Haka ne, har yanzu kafafu suna buƙatar sanya ƙananan, haske, amma kullun suna taƙama. Don haka za mu sami marten.
Martens sune dabbobi masu shayarwa daga dangin marten.
Martens sune dabbobi masu shayarwa daga dangin marten. Danginsu na kusanci, ban da wasu nau'ikan martens kansu, sune:
Don haka, dangin martens sun hada da ƙarami mai ƙyalli da babban warin wutsiya, fiye da beyar. Koyaya, dukkan wauta ƙanana ne, masu azancin ƙarfi ne.
Dabbobin wannan nau'in suna da haɓaka na matsakaici, a cikin ma'anar cewa sigoginsu suna tsakiyar tsakanin ƙaton Wolverine da dwarf weasel. Marten dabba ce mai yatsa, mai tsinkaye, tare da gajerun yatsun yatsa biyar. Fan yatsu suna nan da yardar rai kuma suna da makamai masu kaifi, waɗanda ke ba dabba damar sauƙi da sauri hawa bishiyoyi. Murfin marten ya yi kaifi tare da gajeren kunnuwa, aka kasu kashi 2. Jikinta yana da tsayi, siriri, shimfiɗa, ingantacce don motsi mai sauri ta cikin bishiyoyi da tsalle-tsalle mai tsayi da nisa.
Wutsiya tana da tsayi, tana kai rabin girman jiki. Ya bambanta da wutsiyar squirrel a cikin rashin fan, wanda ke kara ratsa jikin mutum da saurin motsi ta hanyar bishiyoyi, haka kuma cikin tsaunuka da kankara a tsaunuka.
Kawai nau'ikan martens 2 suna zaune a kan ƙasar Rasha - gandun daji da dutse. Speciesarancin da aka ƙaddara shi ne Pine Marten.
A launi na Pine Marten jere daga kirji zuwa duhu launin ruwan kasa tare da launin ruwan hoda zagaye zagaye makogwaro. A cikin hunturu, fur ɗin dabbar yana da tsayi da siliki, a lokacin rani ya zama ya fi guntu kuma ya fi ƙarfin.
Kamar yawancin wakilan wannan dangin, jikin bishiyar marten yana da kusanci da guntun wando da gashi a ƙafa. A tsayi, girman dabbar ya kai kusan 50 cm, tsawon wutsiya ba ta wuce 28 cm, tana nauyin kimanin kilogram 1.5. Maza yawanci suna daya bisa uku fiye da na mace.
Marten dabba ce mai yatsa, mai tsinkaye, tare da gajerun yatsun kafa biyar
Abubuwan zaɓi na abinci na Marten
Cewa martens sune maɓarnata kamar a ce komai. A bisa ƙa'ida, mafarautan sun haɗa da dukkanin dabbobin da kansu suke kashe wasu dabbobi kuma nan da nan suke cin su. Koyaya, ana iya amfani da shuka azaman mai ƙaddara? Tabbas, zaka iya, ita kanta tana kashe dabbobi kuma tana cin su da kanta. Amma shi maƙarƙaciyar maharbi ce? Haka ne, wannan ma maƙaryaci ne, mai ban tsoro da kowane irin boogers.
Marten dabba ce mai tsabta ba tare da wata takaddama ba. Tana cin duk abin da ke gudana, yin iyo, kwari, kwari, rairayi. Wadanda abin ya shafa su ne:
- Dukansu suna da fasalin linzamin kwamfuta,
- kowane tsuntsu wanda bashi da lokacin da zai iya haɓaka fararen haƙoransa da haƙoransa,
- squirrels
- chipmunks,
- wasu dabaru wadanda basuda karfi da girman su,
- Dukkanin dabbobi ba su san inda suke ba.
Marten dabba ce mai tsabta ba tare da wata takaddama ba
Dabba zai iya cin cuban akuya na kyar, da kyarkeci, da bajo, da bola, idan iyayensu sun tafi wani wuri. Koyaya, babban abincin martens sune rodents da tsuntsaye.
Da fari dai, jikin waɗannan dabbobin suna da girman da zasu iya tabbatar da marten aƙalla na ɗan lokaci. Abu na biyu, akwai da yawa a cikin su don adana adadin mafi ƙarancin waɗannan tsintsayen matsakaitan.
Gallery: marten dabba (25 hotuna)
Rayuwa & Biotope
Ma'aikatan gandun daji cikakke haɗuwa da sunan su. A cikinsu, kowane abu yana dacewa da rayuwa akan bishiyoyi. Martens dutse ya samu sunan su saboda salon rayuwarsu da kuma ɗaurin wasu takaddun halittu. Zasu iya rayuwa a tsakanin bishiyoyi cikakke, amma suna jin daɗin yin kyau a cikin sararin buɗe tuddai tsakanin duwatsu da duwatsun.
Koyaya, cunyi asalinsu mazaunan gandun daji. Dukkanin canje-canjen halittar su yana da alaƙa da canje-canje a cikin halittun halittu waɗanda yanayin samar da yanayi na bishiyoyi ya zama ƙasa da ƙasa. Ban da wannan dokar ita ce kawai Wolverine, wanda ya yi girma girma da tsalle a kan rassa kuma zai iya tashi daga bishiya zuwa bishiya cikin sauki.
Dukkanin masu martaba sun san yadda za su hau da tsalle bishiyoyi da kyau, a sauƙaƙe shawo kan nesa ta 4 a tsalle. Matsar da ci gaba a cikin hadadden tsarin bishiyar, sun sami damar juyawa ƙafafunsu 180 °. Irin wannan filastik shine halayyar dukkanin masu katako.
Idan muka yi magana game da abun da ke ciki na gandun daji, inda martens fi so su shirya, to waɗannan sune yawancin gandun daji coniferous-deciduous. Irin wannan takaddara saboda gaskiyar cewa a nan kowane ɗan dabba zai iya samun isasshen abinci don kansa. A irin wannan dazuzzuka, mice, squirrels, chipmunks suna iya ciyar da:
- coniferous kwayoyi,
- namomin kaza
- ciyawa
- tushen amfanin gona
- acorns da bishiyoyi masu rarrafe
- dabbobi marasa amfani.
Kyakkyawan ingantaccen abinci ga dabbobi shine daji da ake kira pine, wato, manyan tsuntsayen da ke ciyar da allura, hatsi da ciyawa. Partarfin gado da yawa, ƙwarƙwarar hazel har ma da capercaillie suna da wadatarwa don ciyar da irin wannan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ɗan tsoro kamar marten.
Abincin dutse na Marten ya ɗan bambanta da na marten gandun daji. Koyaya, bambance-bambancen ba masu tsattsauran ra'ayi bane. Daga cikin rubutattun dutsen, bunnies na dutse - pikas na iya zama abinci. Masu goge goge na iya sake buɗe tushen abincin a cikin yankuna na gaba. Sauran kuma, tushen abinci shine daidai iri iri da kuma tsuntsaye.
Martens suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka masu rarrafe, musamman a cikin gandun daji na itacen oak, tun da itacen oak da fruitsa ofan wasu bishiyoyi masu rarrafe suna jawo hankalin squirrels, beraye da tsuntsaye.
Koyaya, mafi kyawun halittun halittar ga marten shine taiga da kuma gandun daji gauraye. A nan ne take samun wadataccen abinci ba wai kawai abinci ba, har da wuraren shakatawa na wuraren kiwo.
Garkuwa da Gidaje
Duk martens fi so su shirya a cikin manyan rami. A cikin gandun daji, m, amma har yanzu suna raye da kuma bishiyoyi masu ƙarfi koyaushe suna cikin ƙarancin yanayi. Baya ga martens, squirrels, chipmunks, tsuntsaye (katako, pikas, nuthatching, tsuntsaye, da dai sauransu) da'awar irin wannan hollows. Da zarar wani lokaci, Easterna bean berayen farin wake da ke zaune suna zaune kuma suna yin birgima a cikinsu. Yanzu, lokacin da manyan bishiyoyi suka zama abin da ba a saba gani ba, a wasu lokuta akan tilasta wadannan bears zuwa hunturu a cikin wani rami a ƙarƙashin wani daji, wanda ba koyaushe yake dacewa da ƙarshen lokacin bazara mai nisa ba.
Inda bishiyoyin da kansu suka zama ƙasa, martens riga sun zauna a cikin minks daga cikin duwatsun. Saboda haka sunan nau'in - dutse Marten. Baya ga sararin samaniya tsakanin duwatsun, wannan marten na iya amfani da ƙasan manyan tsuntsaye.
Wannan dabbar tana iya raba duk mafaka zuwa wuraren da zaku iya kwanciya ku zauna tare da yanayi, da kuma wuraren da zaku iya ƙirƙirar kogo. Wasu lokuta waɗannan abubuwan suna daidai, amma yanayin ramin dole ne na musamman.
Martens dabbobi ne wadanda ke da yanayin halinsu. Don kiyaye shafin, dole ne a yi shinge. Martens, kamar dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa, suna yin wannan tare da wari. Alamu alama ce mai daɗaɗɗen narkewa ta narkewa. Samuwar ƙyallen kamshi ya zama tilas, da farko, don a sami karɓuwa daga mutane jinsi ɗaya. Yankunan maza da mata na iya mamayewa.
Yawancin lokaci maza suna da kawunansu fiye da na mata. Girman makircin ya dogara da ikon mutum ba wai kawai don sanya alamomin wari a kan asalin makircin ba, har ma don tabbatar da 'yancin wannan ƙasa. Babban mutum zai iya cinye babban yanki.
Akwai bambance-bambance a cikin girman shafin da yanayi. A cikin hunturu, yankuna ɗaiɗaikun mutane na iya zama rabin kamar lokacin rani. Areaaramin yanki na hunturu ya fi sauƙi don kare cikin yanayin dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi da ƙarancin abinci.
Marten da mutum: fuskokin ma'amala
Dangantaka tsakanin mutane da dabbobi na iya bambanta sosai. Masu yin fitsari na iya jefa hatsarin kai tsaye ga rayuwar ɗan adam ko ga dabbobi. A wannan batun, Martens wani wuri a cikin kewayen birni suna ƙoƙarin su guji ƙauyukan. Ba sa sanya haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da rayuwa, ban da halin da ake ciki lokacin da mutumin da kansa ya tilasta wa dabba mara kyau don kare kansa da kare zuriyarsa.
Tabbas, akwai damar cewa a cikin abincin hunturu dabbar za ta yi kawanya cikin kwandon kaji kuma ta kai kajin zuwa dajin ta. Koyaya, wannan yana da matukar wuya.
An yi imani da cewa dutse Marten yafi sau da yawa kai hari a kan kaji fiye da ta dangi na dangi. Wataƙila wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin mazaunan wannan nau'in yawan iceanƙara da sauran ƙananan dabbobi da tsuntsaye sun fi ƙasa cikin gandun daji na Eurasia.
Akwai ƙarin bayani game da martens zuwa inda mutum ke zaune, kiyaye kayan sa kuma ya ƙunshi dabbobin gida. Wannan shi ne lalata yanayin rayuwar waɗannan dabbobi.
Ukuzzuka suna kara yin gidaje da yawa. A lokaci guda, shi ne yankin da ke hade da ke shan wahala mafi yawa, inda har yanzu marten ya sami isasshen abinci da tsari. Yayyafa da haɓaka, hakika, yana lalata babban yanayin mazaunin Marten. Koyaya, za a iya gane mahimmancin ƙwayar cutar a matsayin mafi lalacewa.
Gobarar daji tana lalata bishiyoyi gaba daya, suna yin ciyawa ko tsiro a cikin daji. A cikin waɗannan yanayin, maginan martin Pine ba zai iya rayuwa ba. Rayuwa da dabbobi, idan basu da inda zasu yi ƙaura, yi ƙoƙarin ciyarwa, kiwo da damuna a cikin toka. Sakamakon haka, ana tilasta musu ziyartar gidajen mutane, wanda kuma yawanci yana ƙare musu.
Idan gobarar ta kasance ciyawar ciyawa ce (ciyawa, baha, ciyawa, ƙonewa na ƙonewa) kuma akai akai, bishiyoyi suna samun pyrotrauma. Bayan shekaru da yawa na irin wannan wutar, itaciyar zata iya ƙone ta kuma faɗi. Don haka gobarar daji mai yawa take haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya kamar gobarar dawakai. Tsarin kawai yana da hankali. Don martens da sauran dabbobin bishiyoyi, akwai sakamako ɗaya kawai - mutuwa daga abinci, ƙaura zuwa cikin gandun daji wanda har yanzu ba a ƙone ba, da hare-hare kan tasoshin da mutum ya yi.
Tsayawa akan matsayin mai sauki ne - kar a rusa gidan bioenpe wanda zai kewaye gidajenku. Wannan dabbar tana son zama a cikin kurmi mai duhu, inda akwai abinda za'a ciyar da kuma inda zasu ɓoye. Ka barshi irin waɗannan dunƙulewar ba zai yarda da gidanka ba.
Hankali, kawai yau!
Dabbobi masu shayarwa dabbobi masu shayarwa tare da Jawo mai tsayi mai mahimmanci daga dangin marten kuma ana kiran sa martin fata. A wata hanyar, ana kuma kiranta kifin rawaya. Pine marten oblong kuma m.
Kyakkyawan wutsiyarsa mai kyau wacce take da ƙyalli tana da girma wacce ta fi rabin tsawon jikinta kyau. Wutsiya ba wai kawai ta zama abin adon wannan dabbar ba, tare da taimakon taimakon jinginar don kiyaye daidaituwa lokacin tsalle da tsayuwa a kan bishiyoyi.
Shortafaƙafun ƙafaf ɗinsa huɗu suna halaye saboda gaskiyar cewa ƙafafunsu sun lulluɓe da ulu tare da isowar sanyi lokacin sanyi, wanda ke taimakawa dabbar a sauƙaƙe tare dusar kankara da kankara. A kan waɗannan kafafu huɗu akwai yatsunsu biyar, tare da miƙa biyu.
Ana iya jan su cikin rabi. Mucks na Marten yana da fadi kuma yana da tsawo. Dabba tana da muƙamuƙi mai ƙarfi da haƙoran haƙora. Kunnen marten kunnan ne, yanada girma dangane da muck. A saman su suna da zagaye kuma tare da gyara launin rawaya.
Hanci ya yi kaifi, baki. Idanu suna duhu, Da dare launinsu yana ja da jan karfe. Marten daji a cikin hoto bar kawai tabbatacce ra'ayi. Yana kama da halitta mai laushi da marar lahani tare da kallon marasa laifi. Kyakkyawan launi da ingancin ulu Marten yana da ban sha'awa.
Daga haske ne mai ƙwanƙwasawa tare da yellowness zuwa launin ruwan kasa. A cikin ɓangaren baya, kai da kafafu, gashi koyaushe duhu ne fiye da na ƙasan ciki da gefuna. Ganin wutsiyar dabba kusan baki ce.
Kyakkyawan fasalin marten daga dukkan sauran nau'ikan marten shine launi mai launin rawaya ko ruwan lemo a cikin ɓangaren wuyansa, wanda ya shimfiɗa sama da ƙafafun gaba. Daga wannan ya zo na biyu sunan Marten - rawaya mai rawaya.
Sigogi na mai ƙaddara sun yi daidai da sigogin babban ɗaya. Tsawon jiki 34-57 cm tsawon tsayi 17-29 cm .. Mace yawanci 30% ƙasa da maza.
Fasali da mazaunin Pine Marten
Yankin daji na Eurasia gabaɗaya yake da wakilai na wannan nau'in. Martens suna rayuwa cikin gandun daji a kan babban yanki. Ana samun su a wurare daga Great Britain zuwa Yammacin Turai, a cikin Caucasus da tsibiran na Bahar Rum, a Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia, Iran da Asia Minarami.
Dabba ya fi son yanayin dazuzzuka da daɗaɗɗu, ba ƙasa da conifers. Ba da daɗewa ba, a wani lokacin marten yakan hau tuddai a tsaunuka, amma a cikin wuraren kawai akwai bishiyoyi.
Dabba ya fi son wuraren da bishiyoyi tare da wuraren shakatawa. A cikin bude yanki na iya fita kawai don farauta. Maƙasudin duwatsu don marten wuri ne wanda bai dace ba; ta nisanta kanta.
Babu wani tsayayyen mazauni a cikin jaririn rawaya. Tana neman mafaka a cikin bishiyun tsayin mita 6, cikin rami, ramuwar ƙaika, da ɓarna da iska. A irin wadannan wuraren, dabbar tana tsayawa na hutawa na kwana ɗaya.
Da isowar magariba, maƙiyin ya fara farauta, bayan ya nemi mafaka a wani wuri. Amma tare da farko na tsananin sanyi, yanayin rayuwarta na iya canza ɗan ɗan lokaci, marten na dogon lokaci yana zaune a cikin tsari, cin abinci ne wanda aka tanada. Pine marten yana ƙoƙarin sasantawa daga mutane.
Hotunan Marten tilasta mata kallon ta da tausayawa da wasu muradin sha'awar shan dabba a hannunsa da bugun jini. Da yawan samun masu farauta don ƙarancin waɗannan dabbobin da ƙaramin gandun daji tare da yanayi mai kyau na Marten, zai zama mafi wahala ga rayuwarsu da kuma kiwo. Marten a Rasha har yanzu an dauki muhimmin nau'in kasuwanci saboda ƙimar furcinsa.
Halin hali da salon rayuwa
Pine marten fi son zama da kuma farauta itatuwa fiye da kowane sauran wakilan da irin. Tana iya hawa kwandonsu cikin sauki. Kayanta yana taimaka mata ta jimre da wannan, yana aiki a matsayin marten, dabaran, kuma wani lokacin parachute, godiya ga dabba dabba tayi ƙasa ba tare da wani sakamako ba.
The fi na Marten itatuwa ne da cikakken ba mai ban tsoro, yana sauƙin motsa daga wannan reshe zuwa wani kuma zai iya tsalle mita hudu. A ƙasa, ita ma ta tsalle. Yana iya wasan ninkaya da fasaha, amma ba wuya.
A cikin hoto, wata katuwar katen a cikin rami
Wannan dabba ce mai ƙazanta da sauri. Tana iya rufe nesa da sauri. Hankalinta game da wari, hangen nesa da sauraranta sun kasance a matakin farko, wanda ke taimakawa da yawa cikin zafi. Ta yanayinsa, dabba ce mai ban dariya da ban sha'awa. Tsakanin kansu, martens suna sadarwa tare da purrs da girma, kuma sautuna masu kama da twitter sun fito ne daga jarirai.
Listen to meowing na wani Pine Marten
Habitat
Kowane ɗayan wannan nau'in galibi yana rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzukan bee-beram . A cikin yankuna na Polesie, a cikin gandun daji gauraye, ana samun dabbar sau da yawa. Marten pine yana da ikon tsira har ma a cikin manyan tsaunukan tsaunuka, wanda tsayinsa ya kai mita 1800 sama da matakin teku.
Mafi kyawun wurin zama na wakilan wannan nau'in ana ɗaukar su dazuzzuka ne, mutane ba su taɓa su ba. Guguwar iska da rami a cikin tsoffin bishiyoyi suna taimakawa bishiyar marten don ɓoyewa daga haɗari, nemi wurin dumi don hunturu kuma ku huta kawai.
Dabbobi basa rayuwa a wuri guda . Suna riko da rayuwar rayuwa ta nomadic don shakatar da rana, dabbar ta ga wani dutsen da ya dace ya yi bacci kafin duhu. Dabbobin suna farauta da dare. , da rana kusan kusan ba shi yiwuwa haɗuwa.
Wakilan wannan nau'in suna rayuwa su kadai. . Kowane mutum ana ba shi takamaiman yanki na yankin, wanda dabbobi ke alama da kyau. Yankin mata yana ɗan ƙarami fiye da yankin maza, wani lokacin iyakoki suna iya kutsewa.
A cikin daji, wannan nau'in kaddara ta ci karo da abokan gaba da yawa. Yana da al'adar mu'amala da su :
Wa zai iya farautar?
Sable, wanda za'a iya samu a cikin taiga Siberian, ban da abincin gargajiya na dukkanin martens, dayan farauta da kuma capercaillie. Koyaya, mafi yawan abincinsa ya kasance kwalliya ne (senostavki) da squirrels - sables a shekara-shekara suna wargaza ta wannan hanyar kusan miliyoyin waɗannan dabbobin gandun daji.
Yawancin nau'ikan martens
Martens (daga Lat. Martes) - asalin halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa daga dangin marten (Mustelidae). Ya danganta da kewayon, ana rarrabe nau'ikan iri da ragi iri daban-daban, gami da gidan mayannan. A Rasha akwai charza, dutse da bishiyar marten, sable. Don Jawo, ana amfani da manyan nau'ikan wannan dabba - daji da dutse Marten. Martens suna zaune a Turai, yankin Turai na Russia, Yammacin Siberiya, China, Mongolia, Yammacin Asiya.
Marten Amurka (Martes americana)
Ilka (Martes pennanti), ko Pecan
Stone Marten (Martina foina)
Marten (shaidanu)
Nilgir Harza (Martes gwatkinsii)
Sable (Martes zibellina)
Harza (Martes flavigula)
Jafananci Marten (Martes melampus)
Amurka Marten - a rarity
Marten Amurka (lat. Martes americana) wani salo ne mai wuya ga danginen Marten. A waje kama da Pine Marten, ya bambanta kawai a cikin manyan ƙafa da wani haske wulakanci. Mahalli mazaunin Amurka shine Alaska, Kanada, Arewacin Amurka. Gyare-gyaren mazaunin Amurka shine tsohuwar conan daji da kuma gauraye.
Marten na Amurka yana da tsayi, siriri, mai laushi, mai kauri, mai kauri da walƙiya, yana launuka daban-daban daga launin rawaya zuwa launin ruwan hoda. Kwakwalwar dabbar tana da launin rawaya, kuma wutsiya da ƙafafu suna launin ruwan kasa duhu. A wulakanci akwai layi biyu na baki da ke gudana tsaye daga idanu. Dogon wutsiya mai tsayi shine kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duka tsawon dabbar. Marten yana da fizikan rabin kafa biyu wanda ke sauƙaƙe hawa hawan bishiyoyi, har ma da manyan ƙafafu, waɗanda suka dace da ƙarin wuraren dusar ƙanƙara.
Farauta da gandun daji ya haifar da asarar mazauna, kuma saboda haka rage yawan jama'a. A halin yanzu, Marten Amurka ta fara sarrafa kanta na adadin mutane kuma babu wata barazanar hallakawa. Yawancin Martens na Amurkawa suna mutuwa cikin tarko na zomo. Marten Amurka shine abokin gaban dabbobi masu kasuwanci - squirrels da zomaye. Sukan farautar martens sabili da furfura mai mahimmanci. A da, sun biya $ 100 kowace fata, amma yanzu farashin $ 12- $ 20 ne ga fata.
Ilka - mafi girma nau'in Marten
Hakanan an san masanin pine marten angler na Arewacin Amurka (Martes pennanti) da sunayen Fisher (Ingilishi), Pecan (Faransanci), Ilka (Rashanci), Americanan Amurka da Budurwa Budurwa. Marten ya karbi sunan "masunta" daga yaren Ingilishi - "masunta", ma'ana tare da Faransanci "mafi shahara" - ferret.
Ilka yana zaune a cikin dazuzzukan kurmi na Arewacin Amurka, daga tsaunin Sierra Nevada a California har zuwa Dutsen Appalachian da ke Yammacin Virginia. Ya fi son gandun daji na taiga tare da yalwataccen bishiyoyi. A cikin hunturu, sau da yawa settles a cikin ramuka, wani lokacin digging su a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Ilki masu sassauƙa ne da saurin sauri, bishiyoyin hawa da sauri, hawan hawan dutse, amma yawanci suna motsawa a ƙasa.
M dabbobi masu cin abincin dabbobi daga manyan gidan Marten. Duk da cewa sun kira shi Marten-fisherman, yana cin kifin ba da daɗewa ba, ba wuya. Ilka shine mafi girman wakilcin dangin marten, tsawon jikin sa da wutsiya 75-120 cm.Fafar data yi kama da tafin kai - doguwar gajeru tare da gajerun kafafu, wanda yatsun guda biyar, tare da yatsun saurin zage-zage, lebur da na kusurwa uku, kananan kananan kunnuwa a kambi, dogo , kauri da bushewa.
Dabba tana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, fur a kai, wuyansa da kafadu tare da tintin azurfuna, paws da wutsiya sunyi duhu ko baƙi. Wani sanannen fasalin bayanai shi ne fari ko mai mai laushi mai laushi na gashi a cikin yanki. Mayafin yana da tsawo, kauri da kauri. Wool a bango har zuwa 3 cm, a kirji har zuwa 7 cm tsayi.
Ilka shine asalin dabbobi masu cin naman dabbobi, ɗaya daga cikin fewan dabbobin da ke cin abinci a cikin kwakwa. Yana ciyarwa akan wasu ganima - mice, chipmunks, squirrels, hares. Ilka yana da abokan gaba, galibi mutum. Ilka shine batun farauta saboda kyakkyawar launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da yalwar silifa ta "gashin gashi".
Riersauraruwa suna jin daɗin furcin na ɗaya na ed: m motley, low tari a wuya daga kan giciye kuma zuwa gindi ya zama duhu, mai girma tare da irin marten. Ba Jawo guda ba yana da irin wannan tasirin. A cikin manyan konkoma karãtunsa fãtun, tari yana da wuya. Ana sanya kayayyaki da dama daga fur ako - sutura ta gashi, gajeren wando, mayafi, datti. Saboda yawan kuɗin kumburin kumburi, da wuya ake samun samfura daga ƙirar, galibi ne kawai a kann hanyoyin da kuma tarin shahararrun masu zanen kaya. Wannan ya faru ne saboda hakar fur ako, wanda ke zaune a cikin Arewacin Amurka kawai.
Dutsen Marten
Marten dutse, ko farar fata mai farin-dutse ko dutsen (daga Latin Martes foina) dabba ce mai cin gashin kanta daga dangin Marten (Mustelidae). Dutse marten zaune yawancin Eurasia. Yankin rarraba shi yana daga yankin Iberian Peninsula zuwa Mongolia da Himalayas. Yana da mafi mashahuri marten a Turai da kuma kawai nau'in Marten, baya jin tsoron zama kusa da ƙauyukan ɗan adam. Marten dutse, ya fi son rugujewar tsoffin gidaje da ginin tushen gine-ginen gona, na iya tsayawa a sarari, a cikin tsaunukan dutse, dajin daji da kuma hamada, a cikin tsaunukan tuddai.
Marten dutse yana da babban kai da kashin dan kadan. Jiki yana da sassauƙa, tsayi da siriri. Wsayuka biyu gajeru ne tare da yatsunsu biyar akan kowane pawies, mai iya juyawa. Kafafu kan paws danda. Wutsiya tana da tsayi, an rufe ta da m gashi, manyan kunnuwa suna da faɗi uku. Marten dutse yana da ja. Babban launi na marten dutse shine launin toka-launin ruwan kasa. A makogwaro shine fari fari mai haɓaka, a cikin kamannin dawakai, wanda zai iya kaiwa zuwa gaban gabansa. Launi na hunturu, launin launin ruwan kasa-da-baki mara nauyi tare da inuwa mai haske, yana ba da haɓakar ɗan adam ga marten Jawo. A lokacin rani da damina, Marten fur ya fi duhu, ya fi guntu da ƙarancin yanayi.
Yi amfani da konkoma hunturu da bazara na samarten dutse, lokacin da fur ɗin ke da haske, fitar da haske, da sutura mai tsayi, idan aka kwatanta da damina da damina. Fur na dutse Marten ana amfani dashi a zahirinsa, an yi masa fentin da wuya. An sanya riguna masu launin fari, da wando na gajeren fur daga dutse marten fur, trimmed collars, cuffs da huluna.
Noble Pine marten
Martine na Pine, ko mai launin shuɗi, ko taushi (daga martaban Martes) wani nau'in dabbobi ne masu shayarwa daga dangin Marten (Mustelidae). Wani lokacin ana kiranta "marten martaba", saboda ingancin da kaddarorin fur ɗin. Yana zaune a Turai da yammacin Asiya. Yankunan ya tashi daga tsibiran Burtaniya zuwa Yammacin Siberiya da kuma kudu daga Rum har zuwa Caucasus da Elburz. Pine marten (baum marten) yana zaune akan bishiyoyi, a cikin gandun daji na coniferous da gauraye. Tana cin abinci a kan tsuntsaye, ƙwanƙwasa (squirrels), ciyarwa akan ƙwai tsuntsaye.
Shugaban Pine Marten karami ne, tare da nuna wulakanci, kunnuwa tare da kololuwa masu zagaye. Abun yadudduka suna da kaifi, mai jujjuyawa, wanda yake da alaƙa da rayuwar yau da kullun na rayuwa. Jikin pine marten yana da tsawo tare da takaitaccen gajeren kafafu da gashi a ƙafa. Wutsiya tana da tsayi kuma tayi kyau, aikinta shine tabbatar da daidaito yayin hawa da tsalle. A kai akwai kunnuwa masu faɗi uku ta bakin tsiri mai rawaya, hanci yana duhu. Tsawon jiki daga 45 zuwa 58 cm, tsawon wutsiya daga 16 zuwa 28 cm, kuma nauyin daga 0.8 zuwa 1.8 kg. Maza sunkai kimanin kashi 30% fiye da mace.
Martine na Pine yana da laushi mai kauri, kauri, mai taushi da ɗan kadan, mai shege a wuyansa da dogon wutsiya. Dangane da cututtukan fuka-fukan, iskar da take aiki tana ba fatar jiki ɗan kallo. Jawo hunturu yana da laushi da siliki. A lokacin rani, gashin itacen mara marten ya zama ya fi guntu kuma ya zama mai ƙarfi. Jawowar da aka yi da paintin marten an yi masa fenti a kirji ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan hoda, mai launin launin ruwan hoda tare da adon launin shege. Baya, kai da ciki suna da launi iri ɗaya. Wsunuka da ƙarshen wutsiya sun yi duhu, kunnuwa tare da bugun jini a gefen gefen, a makogwaro da ƙananan farfajiya na wuyan - babba tare da launin toka mai launin shuɗi.
Speciesungiyar nau'ikan martaba na Pine, waɗanda aka samu a yankuna daban-daban na sararin ƙasar Rasha, suna da halaye masu yawa. A wannan batun, dukkanin fatalwa sun kasu kashi biyu na martens: Kuban, tsakiya, yamma, arewa, Murmansk, Ural.
Baya ga nau'ikan, launuka na fata Marten an kasu kashi hudu launi:
Dark mai duhu. Jawo gashi mai duhu ne mai launin fata ba tare da sautunan launin ja ba. Isasa yana da launin toka-shuɗi a gindi da haske launin toka a saman.
Mai bakin ciki. Jawo yana kirjin. Isasa tana da launin toka.
Yashi mai duhu. Jawo mai launin ruwan kasa ne ko yashi mai duhu, akwai alaƙar jan launi, musamman mai yawa akan ɓangarorin fata. Atasa a gindi yana da launin toka, kuma a ƙarshen ƙarshen yashi.
Sand. Jawo mai haske launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi mai haske. Isasa tana da launin toka a gindi, mai launin shuɗi a saman kololuwa.
Mafi mahimmanci sune fatalwar fata tare da Jawo mai duhu. Marten fatalwar jikinta galibi ana zanen ta musamman. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da tsarin launi mai kama da samfurori daga sable. Anyi amfani dashi don kera tufafi da huluna. Abubuwan da aka yi da irin wannan kayan suna da matukar kyau ga taɓawa, villi yana gudana a zahiri.
Nilgir Harza - mai saurin kaddara
Nilgir harza (Latin Martes gwatkinsii) shi ne dabba mai shayarwa ga dangin Mustelidae. Daya daga cikin wakilai mafi girma kuma masu launuka masu haske na martani, tare da harza (Martes flavigula). Iyakar nau'in Marten da aka samo a Kudancin India. Yana zaune a kan tudun Nilgiri da kuma yammacin Ghats.
Gasar mazaunin Nilgirian marten yana da tsayayyiyar tsawa, tsaunin dutse (kofi, cardamom, tsiren Acacia) da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Yana zaune a tsaunuka daga 600 zuwa 1400 m sama da matakin teku. Guji bude wuraren.
Rashin yarda da Nilgir charza tare da wasu wakilan halittar dan kusan bashi yiwuwa. Kasancewa mai duhu launin ruwan sama a saman kuma tare da canza launin launin shuɗi-orange a kan kirji da wuya, yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilan launuka masu mahimmanci na al'adun marten.
Nilgirian Marten wata dabba ce da ke farautar tsuntsayen farauta, masu tsinkaye (tsuntsayen Indiya, berayen ƙafa), kwari (cicadas), dabbobi masu rarrafe (masu shayarwa, masu amo na Bengal) da ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa (deer Asia).
Nilgirian marten dabba ce mai matukar wuya. An jera nau'ikan a cikin Littafin Duniya na Red C da kuma a cikin CITES Convention (Shafi na III). Yawan jama'a na ci gaba da tabarbarewa saboda asarar mazauninsu. Yana nisantar gaban mutum.
Harza - Exotically Motley Marten
Kharza, ko marten-yellow-breasted, ko Ussuri marten (Martes flavigula) tsoffin dabbobi ne na zuriya. Mafi girma, mai matukar bambanta a tsarin jikin mutum kuma wakilin mai martaba mai haske, wanda wani lokacin ya keɓance a cikin wata ta dabam.
A cikin sahun yankin Amur-Ussuri na Rasha, charza ta fito ne daga ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, tunda babban ɓangarenta ya ƙunshi Babban tsibirin Sunda, Tsarin Malacca, Indochina, ƙafafun Himalayas, China, da Koriya ta Koriya. An san keɓaɓɓen mazaunin mazaunin a kudu maso gabashin Indiya.
Kharza wani irin salo ne irin na dabbobi masu rarrafe da gandun daji. Ya zaɓi ya zauna a kan tsaunin tuddai da bakin koguna. A cikin Myanmar, yana zama a cikin fadama, kuma a Pakistan - a cikin hamada, tsaunukan da babu itace. Yana kula da yafi akan ƙasa, dukda cewa yana hawa kyawawan bishiyoyi. Yana gudana cikin sauri, kuma tsalle daga itace zuwa itace, yana yin tsalle-tsalle har zuwa mita 4.
Tsayin jiki 55-80 cm, wutsiya 35-44 cm, nauyi zuwa 5.7 kg. A dogon wuyan zaune karamin kai tare da nuna wulakantacce kuma ba manya-manyan kunnuwa. Jikin yana da elongated, tsoka, mai sassauƙa, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙafafu mai ƙarfi tare da ƙafafu. Wutsiya tana da faɗi. A Jawo ne wajen m, gajere, m. Jawo bazara ya fi guntu da tsayi fiye da hunturu, duhu, musamman a bango. Ko da a cikin hunturu, ulu charza yana da ɗan gajarta, m, m, m.
An bambanta shi ta hanyar mai launi da yawa, mai launi mai launi. Launin matasa na charz ya zama karama da wuta, musamman akan baya. Saman kai da wulakancin charza an fentin baƙi, ƙananan muƙammu fari. Mayafin a makogwaro da kirji yana da launin rawaya mai haske, a jiki yana da launin ruwan zinare mai launin shuɗi, yana yin duhu zuwa ga sacrum, kuma akan ƙafafu launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Wutsiyar duhu ce.
Kharza yana daya daga cikin manya manyan magabatan Ussuri taiga. Yana ciyarwa a kan sanduna, ciyawar kankara, mollusks, hares, da tsuntsaye. Wani lokacin yakan kai hari ga 'yan maruƙa na unguwar - boar daji, barewar Manchurian, ƙwanƙwasa, bareyi, barewa, da gorel. Sau da yawa suna kai hari ga karnukan karnuka, masu magana da sabulu. Berries da kwaro na Pine ana cinyewa a adadi kaɗan, ana bi da su ga kudan zuma. Amma abin da aka fi so daga cikin Kharza shi ne naman musk.
Darajar kasuwanci ta charza kadan ce, tun da wuya ta ke, kuma fatarta ba ta da fa'ida. Kharza ba kasafai ba ne a yankin Rasha; a halin yanzu, da wuya a farauta. Ciyawar gandun daji da fadada filayen noma na kara rage yankin da ya dace da rayuwar wannan mahalli; An haɗa shi a cikin Annex III zuwa ga Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Internationalasa ta Duniya a cikin Abubuwan da ke Faruwa da Fauna da Flora (CITES). An jera shi a cikin "Jerin abubuwa na duniyar dabba wanda ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman game da yanayin su a cikin yanayin halitta."
Marten Jafananci dangi ne mara kyau
Marten Jafananci, ko kuma ni 'yar kasar Japan ce (Latin Martes melampus), wani nau'in dabbobi ne na dabbobi masu shayarwa daga dangin Mustelidae. Masu ba da labari na Jafananci sun fara zama a Japan a cikin manyan tsibirin kudu guda uku na Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima, da kuma Koriya. Don Jawo a cikin 1949 an kawo su zuwa tsibiran Jafananci na Hokkaido da Sado. Tana zaune a cikin dazuzzuka masu raɗaɗi da dazuzzuka, da bude filaye. Marten Jafananci ya haura zuwa 1800 m sama da matakin teku.
Launi na Jawo na Marten Jafananci ya bambanta da launin shuɗi-launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, akwai farin tabo a wuyansa da baya na kai. Yana da nau'in halayen jiki na yau da kullun irin na martens da dama, gajerun kafafu, da wutsiyar wutsiya. Tsawon jiki daga 47 zuwa 54 cm, wutsiya daga 17 zuwa 23 cm.
Marten Jafananci dangi ne mara kyau a cikin gidan Marten. Jafananci suna godiya ga wannan fur ɗin don launinta mai haske mai launin shuɗi, alamar alama da rana a gare su. Wannan Jawo yana da launin launi mara kyau. Bayan zanen, fatar ya zama ya zama mai tawada-launuka kuma farashi mai launin shuɗi ya shuɗe gaba ɗaya. Jawo ba shi da arha kuma kusan ba a taɓa yin amfani da shi a masana'antu.
Ana farautar masu martaba na Japan saboda furcinsu, amma wasu alƙawura (a Hokkaido da Tsushima) suna da cikakken kariya. An kama marten Jafananci don furcinsa mai mahimmanci daga 1 ga Disamba zuwa 31 ga Janairu a ko'ina cikin kewayon, ban da tsibirin Hokkaido da Tsushima, inda doka ta ba da kariya da kariya. Na gama gari a cikin tallafin Tsushima M. m. WWOP yana fuskantar barazanar tsuensis. Nazarin kwayoyin halitta sun nuna cewa M. melampus ya rabu da Martes zibellina a matsayin wata halitta mai 'yanci kusan shekaru miliyan 1.8 da suka gabata.
Darajar kasuwanci na martens
Ba da martaba mai mahimmanci ga marten fur, martens suna daga cikin mahimman cinikin dabbobi. A mafi yawan yankuna na mazauninsu, martens suna inan lamba, saboda haka haramcin neman su kuma hakar su yana cikin tsari mai iyaka. Ofarar shirye-shiryen masana'antu na Marten ƙanƙane.Bangarorin da aka gudanar a kan siyarwar da wuya su wuce konkoma karãtun 500, yawancinsu ana sayar da su ta hanyar masu farauta ne.
Mafarautan farauta da farauta tare da tarkuna da sauran jiragen sama, amma kwararru masu farauta sun tabbatar da cewa kwakwalwar dabbobi da aka samu ta wannan hanyar kusan kashi 50 cikin dari tana da ƙima fiye da waɗanda aka samo tare da kare. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa gawawwakin Marten da aka kashe a cikin siket ɗin an lalata su da ƙwayoyin linzamin kwamfuta da tsuntsaye.
A zamanin da akwai mafarauta waɗanda suka san yadda ake bi da Marten da ke gudana tare da rawanin bishiyoyi na tsawon kilomita, suna bin sa a ƙafafun dusar ƙanƙara da suka fado daga rassa. Yanzu kusan babu irin waɗannan masters, kuma marten galibi an kama shi.
Jahar fur ce hypoallergenic
Babban fa'idar Marten ita ce amfani mai inganci da ƙyalli, farashi mai kyau, wanda idan aka kwatanta shi da sauran furs, yana da arha kuma mai araha. Wannan kayan yana da ɗumi, mai ɗaukar nauyi kuma yayi kyau. Samfurori da aka yi da marten fur suna da matukar sauki, saboda marten fur yana da wahalar zane. Rayuwar sabis ɗin marten fur akalla 7 yanayi. Tun zamanin da, anyi amfani da marten fur don dinka tufafi masu ɗumi.
Daidai ne ga duka tsawon sutura da kuma gajeren wando na gashi ko kuma kyawawan kayan gado. Kuna iya dinki huluna, daskararru, cuffs daga marten, kunsa sutturar waje, mayafin marten da rigunan fur na furkul suna aiki sosai.
Gabaɗaya, don fashionista na zamani, kuni fur shine ɗayan mafi kyawun zaɓuɓɓuka, duka a kyakkyawa da sutura, kuma dangane da farashi da inganci. Tabbas, samfuran marten ba zai iya inganta daidaitaccen mutum kaɗai ba, harma yana iya maye gurbin sabkoki masu tsada sosai. Suttattun gashi, Scarves, Marten sata - wannan kyakkyawan inganci ne, yana da dumin yanayi a kowane yanayi, kallon mutane ne da ke wucewa, amintacce ne a cikin kwarjinin ku, ba zai iya jurewa ba.
Distinwararren fasalin marten fur shine asalinta. Pile yana da tsari mai kyau-iska, sakamakon abin da ƙurar ƙura ke haifar da rashin lafiyan ciki baya cikin ta. Godiya ga wannan, har ma mutane da yawa suna da haɗarin rashin lafiyar jiki na iya farantawa kansu da samfurin fur ko tare da marten fur trim, ba tare da tsoron wani abin da ba a so ba.
Matsayin tarihi na marten fur
A cikin Rasha, da kakanninmu suna da daraja da marten fur An yi amfani da fatalwar Kunya don kasuwanci, biyan haraji, musayar kayayyaki daga ketare da azurfar larabawa, yin aiki a madadin kuɗi da zinariya. Da farko, ana kiran kunas daure na furs na wani darajar, sannan na monetary, sannan kuɗi gabaɗaya. A cikin tsohuwar Rasha, fata marten yayi aiki a matsayin ɓangare na kuɗi - kun.
An ambaci Cuny furs a cikin sanannen wakar Tsohon Rashanci "Kalmar game da rikodin Igor", a matsayin "furs dama". Sarakuna, boyars da sauran wakilan magabata sun baiyana rigunan shahada. Daren mara kunya ko yadin da aka ba shi da wuya ya sami saukin kayan alatu ko keɓaɓɓiyar sana'a, kuma ba kowane ɗan kasuwa ne zai iya ba. Marubutan Girkawa na da daɗewa sun yi amfani da irin wannan kalmar asali ta Slavic don suna da tufafin furcin mutanen da ke zaune a arewacin su.
Tun lokacin da, zamanin gabaɗaya na abubuwan banƙyama da camfi suna ta buɗewa a bayan marten, an daɗe ana ganin dabba ce da ake iya gani. Kamar er er er, abu ne mai kunshe da murna, raunanan abubuwa.
Dajin gida ne ga dabbobi daban-daban. Masu cin gashin dabbobi, dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe - nesa da cikakken jerin mazaunan gandun daji. Kyawawan gandun daji, sanye da mayafin da ba a saba da shi ba da launin ruwan ƙira na buckwheat, ana kiranta marten. Ana kuma kiranta yellowbird.
Shin masu martens suna cin furotin?
Sanannen abu ne cewa wasu masana sunyi jayayya cewa idan ba'a samo furotin a cikin mazaunin Marten ba, to martens din zai iya barin wannan yanki koda don neman abinci kamar. Koyaya, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ta likitocin dabbobi da masana kimiyya sun bamu damar yanke hukuncin cewa tunanin wannan ba daidai bane. Sai kawai a cikin yanki na taiga coniferous a lokacin hunturu, 44.5% na martens girbe sunyi nasarar gano ragowar furotin a ciki. Ganin cewa, a lokacin rani, marten ɗin bazai kula dasu ba kwata-kwata. Saboda haka, babu wata alaka tsakanin sunadarai da martens da kuma ko abubuwan da martaba na marten ke haifar da canzawa da lambobin sunadaran da kansu. Ban da haka ba za a iya yin hakan ba lokacin da adadin martens ɗin ya yi yawa kuma don samar wa kansu abinci, za su iya fara lalata furotin. A duk sauran halin da ake ciki, sanadin ƙarancin furotin (wannan galibi ana korafi ne daga mafarautan da ke zuwa murabba) da alama dalilai na ciyarwa - ƙarancin abinci na wannan dabba.
Martins na ciki
Ciki a cikin marten yana tsawon kwanaki 236-237 kuma an kasu kashi biyu. Lokaci na farko ya haɗa da kwanaki 200 kuma yana latti kuma yana ɓoye. A wannan lokacin, amfrayo ba su inganta kuma ba su haɗe bangon mahaifa. Kuma, a nan ne karo na biyu na ci gaba - m, yana wuce kwanaki 27-28 kawai. Kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, a ƙarshen Maris-farkon Afrilu, ciki ya ƙare a cikin haihuwa. Haka kuma, a cikin zuriyar dabbobi guda ɗaya na iya zama daga 1aya 1 zuwa 8, amma yawancin lokuta waɗannan dabbobi 4 ne. Ana lura da manyan lafuffukan wuta kawai a cikin shekaru masu dacewa, wanda muka rubuta game da sama. Koyaya, yawan mace-macen yara har yanzu yana da girma. Kuma, kawai 39-58% na ƙananan martens suna tsira zuwa shekara 1. Gaskiya ne, wannan yana rinjayar da dalilai masu dangantaka, kuma ba kawai ainihin mutuwar farkon waɗannan ƙananan masu cin zarafin ba.
Ina Marten zai sauka
Mun riga mun rubuta a sama cewa waɗannan ƙananan mafarautan ba sa rayuwa a wajen gandun daji. Koyaya, don Marten ya sami kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali a cikin gandun daji, tana buƙatar kyakkyawan tsari. Itace marten kanta ba ta gina gidaje ba, amma ba wai ta ɗaukar ɗakin kurege ba ne, ko kuma neman mafaka cikin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin rijiyar da aka rufe ko a cikin rami na tsohuwar bishiya. Ee, martens har yanzu suna hawa bishiyoyi. Kuma, kodayake har kwanan nan al'ada ce ta gaskata cewa wannan ba haka bane, yana da matukar mahimmanci a nemi irin wannan katako na katako. Gaskiya ne, a wasu yankuna na mazauninta, saboda gaskiyar cewa babu irin wannan buƙatar, Marten baya nuna irin wannan ƙwarewar hawa bishiyoyi. Don fitar da maharbi a jikin bishiya na iya cazawa - mai marten zai bi ta, ko kuma kare - ya ɓoye a cikin itacen daga bin sa. Haka kuma, mace sau da yawa fiye da maza hawa saman bishiyoyi.