Esudan zuma kowace lafiya rana daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa tsakiyar kaka, tashi daga fure zuwa fure don tattara daga kowane ɗayan daga digo na nectar sa'an nan kuma kawo shi zuwa ga hive. Komawa zuwa gidansu, sun sanya alkalin da aka kawo a cikin kwamfutocinsu, don haka suka sake haɗa kayayyakin da za'a yi amfani dasu a waɗancan ranakunda ba zai yiwu a kawo sabon ruwan ƙoshin ba (wannan na iya zama duka a lokacin hunturu da kuma bazara).
Da wuya, dabbobi suna cin abincinsu cikin furotin da kuma carbohydrate, kudan zuma suna ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan fewan dabbobin. An adana su a cikin sel daban-daban har ma a cikin tsarin zuma (abinci na carbohydrate) da kuma kudan zuma (abincin furotin). Za su yi amfani da zuma don samar da makamashi da kuma kula da yanayin zafin da ya dace a cikin hive duk shekara. Udan zuma suna buƙatar furotin kawai don haɓaka sabon ƙudan zuma.
A cikin hunturu, ƙudan zuma suna cin zuma kawai
Da zaran zazzabi na yanayi ya sauka, ga kudan zuma ya daina cin duri, sai ya fara cin zuma kawai. A cikin hunturu, a cikin hive, an shirya dukkanin ƙudan zuma a cikin siffar ƙwallon - kafa "ƙungiyar". Udan zuma located a gefuna da irin wannan kulob kullum cin zuma da dumi ƙudan zuma a ciki, wanda suka kasance m duk wannan lokacin da, saboda haka, kada ku ci zuma. A cikin hunturu, dangin kudan lafiya suna cin kusan gram 60 na zuma a rana. A mafi sanyi a cikin iska a kusa da hive, da more zuma ga ƙudan zuma bukatar ci don kula da akai zazzabi a cikin kulob.
Dole ne a sha zuma nan da nan.
Abubuwan carbohydrates wadanda ke yin zuma lokacin da kudan zuma suka mamaye shi dole ne a sha su nan da nan, ba tare da buƙatar kashe ƙarin kuzari don tsarin narkewar abinci ba. Wadannan carbohydrates sun hada da glucose da fructose, kuma ana samun su a cikin zuma.
Nectar da ƙudan zuma da aka tattara daga furanni bai dace da ajiyar dogon lokaci ba, tunda yana da adadin ruwa mai yawa, kuma bai dace da amfani ba a cikin hunturu, kamar ya ƙunshi takaddun carbohydrates, ɗaukar abin da ke buƙatar ƙarin ƙarin ƙarin sojojin. Duk lokacin rani, ƙudan zuma suna tsunduma cikin sarrafa dukkan abubuwan da ake shigo da su zuwa cikin hive cikin zuma, wanda zai ƙunshi carbohydrates lafiya da furotin. A lokacin rani, ƙudan zuma na iya samun wadatar kuzari domin lokacin ƙudan zuma na hunturu ya sami damar amfani da sakamakon aikinsu. Wadancan ƙudan zuma waɗanda ke shiga cikin tarin tarin zuma da kuma sarrafa ƙwayoyin nectar suna zaune ne kawai Kwana 35. Esudan zuma suna zuwa hunturu, waɗanda ba sa ɓatar da kuzarinsu a lokacin bazara, saboda suna da wani aiki iri ɗaya na daidai: ku ci zuma duk lokacin hunturu, ku sanyaya hive da ceton rayuwar masarautar har zuwa bazara. Irin waɗannan ƙudan zuma, suna cin zuma mai ƙoshin gaske, na iya rayuwa har zuwa Kwana 200.
Zuma na zahiri Yana da amfani sosai ga mutane, kamar yadda yake, shiga cikin jikin mutum, nan da nan ya fara amfani dashi don makamashi. A cikin hunturu, zai taimaka dumama cikin sauri sosai, kuma amfani da zuma yayin rashin lafiya zai taimaka wajen hana karin kuzari akan ayyukan narkewar abinci.
Shin yana yiwuwa ya dauki zuma wanda ƙudan zuma ya tattara daga hive
Esudan zuma suna da fasali mai amfani sosai - ikon ban mamaki don aiki. Suna adana zuma tare da ɗimbin yawa domin ku iya rayuwa har a cikin yanayin yanayi mafi muni.
Its ragi kawai za a iya pumped fitar da beekeeper a cikin apiary, domin a sa'an nan jen tebur tare da duk masoya na dadi na halitta zuma.
Yana da matukar muhimmanci a fahimci yaushe kuma nawa zuma take tattara ta wurin ƙudan zuma. Abu ne wanda ba a ke so ya yi wannan a cikin bazara (karanta game da shi a cikin labarin game da zuma Dandelion) a lokacin ci gaban aiki na kudan zuma a cikin kaka, lokacin da aka riga an gama tattara kuɗin zuma. A karo na farko, za a iya hana kudan zuma damar da za su yi renon jariri, kuma a karo na biyu, zabin zuma zai iya yin barazanar mutuwa a cikin hunturu saboda yunwar.
A karshen kakar wasa, zaku iya fitar da ruwan zuma kawai, barin isasshen abinci don ƙudan zuma a cikin hive na hunturu.
Lokacin da kuke buƙatar fitar da zuma
Amma akwai kuma lokacin da fitar da matsanancin ruwan zuma ma ya zama dole. Da zaran ƙudan zuma sun cika duk sararin samaniya da ke a cikin hive tare da zuma, ilham mai ƙwanƙwasa na iya bayyana saboda wanda zasu shiga cikin yanayi mai rikitarwa kuma su daina adana zuma ko da bayan sarari kyauta sun bayyana a cikin hive. Saboda haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci a samar da kudan zuma tare da wadataccen filin ƙasa (Frames tare da saƙar zuma) ko kuma sarrafa yadda za a fitar da ƙoshin zuma a cikin lokaci.
Yadda ake fitar da karin zuma
Don haka kudan zuma zai iya raba zuma da yawa tare da mutum, mutum, a bangare, shima dole ne ya kula dasu:
- samar da yanayin rayuwa mai gamsarwa,
- tabbatar da ingantacciyar lafiya ga ƙudan zuma,
- yana da matukar muhimmanci a sha kawai ragi zuma
- an shirya sosai domin daskararre.
Kawai a wannan yanayin, ga ƙudan zuma za su gode wa kudan zuma tare da yawan girbi na ingancin sosai!
Yadda ƙudan zuma ke sanya zuma
Mutane da yawa suna kuskure, suna gaskata cewa ƙudan zuma, tattara nectar, suna kawo samfuran ƙare zuwa ga hive. Ga wasu, ana yin zuma ne ta hanyar kudan zuma. Amma duk wannan bayanan karya ne. Kuna iya koya game da yadda zuma ke bayyana, fahimtar mahimmancin kowane kudan zuma daga juji.
Zai yi wuya a iya tunanin cewa a cikin gidaje tare da rayayyun kwari wata ƙasa ta daban za ta iya tattarawa, a cikinta akwai gwamnati kuma kowane rukunin yana da nasa manufa. Babban ɓangare na rayuwar su ana kashewa akan tattara, dole ne su sami abinci don duk garin kudan zuma.
Tare da zuwan bazara, farkawa daga rashin himma, ƙananan kifayen whales sun fara kula da yawan adadin da ake buƙata na nectarines. Da farko dai, yana da mahimmanci a rabu da matattarar da aka tara yayin lokacin sanyi. Da zaran iska ta yi zafi har zuwa digiri 13, kwari suna yin abubuwan farko da suka mamaye yankin, wanda a zahiri ana kiransu tsabtacewa. Jirgin farko ba shine tattara pollen ba.
A bayanin kula! Don fara tattara pollen, yawan zafin jiki na iska dole yayi zafi ƙasa da digiri 15-17. Har zuwa wannan lokaci, an shirya amintar zuma, an tsabtace amya daga gurbacewa da kuma ragowar abokan da suka mutu.
Yana da karkatacciyar jihar da kuma kanta scouts. Irin wannan kudan zuma tana bincika yankin kuma tana sanar da tsire-tsire na zuma lokacin da shuka ta girma, kuma lallai ne a shirya don aiki. Jirgin saman bincike yana faruwa kowace rana. A farkon jirgin farko na masifa, masu sihirin zasu jagorance su zuwa asalin pollen. A wannan lokacin, masu karɓa suna kwana a cikin gidaje, suna jiran nectar, saboda sune suke karɓar zuma kuma su sadar da saƙar saƙar sa.
Tsarin kai tsaye, yadda ake samun zuma daga ƙudan zuma, ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa. Ganima, ciyayin da aka tara an ƙoshi ga ƙudan zuma ga masu karɓar. Bayan kwari sun fara samar da kayan zuma kai tsaye.
Kudin tattara Kudin Pollen
Pollen da aka karɓa yana da yawa sugars, carbohydrates, bitamin, amino acid, da ƙari. Yayin watsa ruwa, enzymes wanda sirrin mandibular glandon kwari ya shiga cikin abubuwanda aka hada dasu. Zara enzymes suna ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar maltose da ƙarin sugars, rage yawan danshi. Yanzu waɗanda aka kwantar da masu karɓa sun fara rago sassan jikin, suna ci gaba da lalata samfurin, suna haɓaka abubuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma yanayin zafi na amya. Haka kuma, ana adana thea withan sel cike da matattarar kakin zuma, daga abin da yakamata a samu mai kariya. Don haka samfurin ya ci gaba da yaduwa. Lokacin da aka keɓe sel, ƙudan zuma ya sa abubuwan da ke ajiyar halitta. A madadin haka, zuma zata kasance ƙarƙashin murfin kakin zuma; iska da ruwa ba su isa wurin. Saboda haka, an kiyaye maganin na dogon lokaci.
Yadda ake kafa zuma
Samuwar zuma tsari ne mai tsawo kuma mai rikitarwa. Don fahimtar yadda ƙudan zuma ke sanya zuma, yana da daraja a ɗan zurfafa cikin tsarin kwari. Tsayawa akan tsire-tsire, gwoza masu ɓoye suna ƙoƙarin tattarawa, yin lasisin matsakaicin adadin, nectar. Yana shiga cikin makogwaro, inda aka cakuda shi da enzymes. A gaskiya wannan shine matakin farko na sarrafawa, mai dorewa ne kafin a sami zuma.
Esudan zuma cika gidan saƙar zuma tare da nectar
Yadda ake sanya zuma: gamsai gamsai, yana saukowa tare da esophagus, tara a cikin kayan zuma na musamman - goiter. Masu goge zuma suna toshe hanya zuwa ciki. Tsarin irin wadannan bangarorin sun ba da shawarar wani wuri don samar da karamin zuma don amfanin kansu, sauran kuma sun cika cikin sel. Haka ake yin zuma. Saboda haka, ga ƙudan zuma gudanar da shirya da kuma canja wurin mai yawa nectar zuwa hive. Kafin kwaro ya tattara adadin daidai kuma ya cika goiter gaba ɗaya, yana buƙatar tashi sama da tsire-tsire 100.
Me yasa kudan zuma ke sanya zuma?
Hannun kwari suna buƙatar samfuran zuma mai inganci masu inganci don kula da matakai masu yawa na ilimin, kamar:
- Ilimin Milk
- Ingantaccen enzyme,
- Wax Wax
- Haɓakawa, girma, numfashi.
Matukar ambaton! Kudan zuma da samfuran da ke da alaƙa suna da wadatuwa a cikin abubuwan lafiya da abinci mai gina jiki. Sun ƙunshi abubuwa fiye da 300, buƙatun wanda ba za'a iya bayyana shi cikin kalmomi ba.
Nectar da kai tsaye sanya zuma suna dauke da kyau kwarai kudan zuma, ya yi har da carbohydrates na dama. Kafin samun zuma, manya suna cinye ciyayin domin bukatun kansu. Haka ma, wannan da amfani abinci ga brood larvae. Anan, kowace ƙwai da mahaifa ke da manufa daban. Idan ba a hadu dashi ba, drones na kyankyaso daga larvae, qwai ya hadu ya zama mace, wanda, idan an ciyar dashi da kyau, nan gaba ya zama kwari masu aiki. Har ila yau, akwai tsintsiya guda ɗaya da aka ciyar da ita fiye da sauran - a nan gaba, ƙudan zuma kudan zuma ta fado daga gare ta.
Kudan zuma na tara kuɗaɗe, ban da zuma, suma suna cinye pollen. Haka kuma, suna buƙatar samfuran zuma a koyaushe, kuma zasu iya yi ba tare da pollen ba. Rashin cikakken irin wannan abincin na iya haifar da mutuwar kwari. A tsawon lokaci mai ban sha'awa, mutane masu aiki zasu iya ɗaukar wadataccen abincin da suke buƙata na kwanaki da yawa.
Mahimmanci! 'Ya'yan kwari da ke yawo suna sanya zuma don bukatunsu na abinci kuma suna ajiyar wuri na lokaci mai zuwa. Tsawon shekara guda, jihar kudan zuma zata iya cinye kilogram 100 na zuma. Don haka, ba za su iya cire duk abin da aka tara ba.
Makoma ta biyu game da kayan da aka gama shine abinci mai gina jiki ga matasa. A mataki na larvae, ci gaban matasa ya fara cinye zuma, pollen da ruwa a abinci daga ranar 4 na rayuwa. Wadannan samfuran suna da mahimmanci don abinci mai gina jiki na mahaifa, bayan barin mahaifiyar giya. A zahiri, samfurin da kwari da kansu ke samar shine kawai abin dogaro na tushen kuzarinsu mai mahimmanci. Lokacin da aka cinye, ana samar da zafi wanda zai ba da tabbaci ga yanayin kudan zuma gabaɗaya cikin rayuwa (riƙe da zafin jiki na iska a digiri 33-35).
Yadda ƙudan zuma ke tattara ƙwayoyin ƙwalƙwalwa
A cikin jihohin kudan zuma, kowane yanki yana da mahimmanci saboda yana da nasa manufa. Misali, masu tattara kwari suna tsunduma cikin tarin nectar da pollen, aikinda shine shine tattarawa da isar da isar da tsirrai yadda zai yiwu ga hive. Bugu da ƙari, samfuran suna canzawa zuwa mutane - masu karɓar ruwan noctarines daga bakin ƙudan zuma. A yayin wannan juyawa, kayan mai daɗin rai suna haɓaka ƙari tare da secretions na gland na ƙudan kudan zuma. Wannan shine yadda aka tsara mafita.
Ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin nesa mai nisa daga apiary ga tsire-tsire na zuma, kwari suna kawo ƙarancin nectar ga hive. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda buƙatar riƙe ƙarfin jiki na ma'aikata. Wannan yana nufin cewa kudan zuma suna buƙatar shirya wuraren apiary daidai. Ana amfani da radius mai amfani mai tsayi kamar nisa zuwa kilomita 3.
Kafin tattara ƙananan ƙwayoyin, kwari suna tauna ta aƙalla minti 30. A wannan tsari, rushewar hadaddun sugars na faruwa, yana mai da su abubuwa masu sauki. Don haka samfurin shuka ya zama abun narkewa kuma yana taimakawa kariya daga kwayoyin cuta yayin da aka adana su. Bayan aiwatarwa, an shimfiɗa ta a cikin sel.
Yadda ake yin zuma daga nectar
Da aka tattara da kuma bazu bayani mai dadi bayan aiki ya zauna a cikin tsefe. Duk wannan aikin ana kiransa matashin samfurin. Ingancin balagar zuma saboda yawan adadin ruwan da yake a cikin nectars an ƙaddara shi. Af, nectar na iya ƙunsar daga 40 zuwa 80% na ruwa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin sa. Wannan matakin na iya bambanta, ya danganta da yanayin damina, yanayin yanayi da kuma halayen tsire-tsire na zuma.
Yayin watsa ruwa, ana yin gwajin nectar akai-akai tare da tsoffin enzymes a jikin ƙudan zuma marasa tashi. Wannan tsari yana kara bushewa ruwan da yake gudana. Bugu da kari, a lokacin girbi, hive yana samun iska ta hanyar kudan zuma gaba daya. Ruwan da aka tara a hankali yana ɗan shayar dashi, yana samar da danshi mai bushewa. Don hanzarta aiwatar da lokacin farin ciki, ma'aikata suna busa shi da raƙuman fikafikai, kamar fan. A syrup da ciwon da ake so daidaito ne ainihin ƙãre samfurin. Yanzu cike gidan saƙar zuma suna haɗuwa da kayan ɗamara da kakin zuma, waɗanda aka yi daga flakes da ke ɓoye ta hancin giyan man.
Yin kayayyakin zuma shine babban aikin kwari na kwari. Matsakaicin matakin kudan zuma na iya zama daban. Duk wannan ya dogara da nisa tsakanin wurin da apiary da tushen zuma. Kyakkyawan yanayi yana ba ku damar yin zirga-zirga aƙalla 13 a kowace rana, yayin da daidaikun mutane zasu iya cika goiter ba tare da fiye da rabin awa ba. An tabbatar da cewa tare da madaidaicin wuri, dan kwaro ɗaya zai iya kawo kilo 20 na kayan zuma ga hive kowace rana.
Me yasa kudan zuma ke sanya zuma?
Kudan zuma abinci ne ga dukkan mambobin gidan kudan zuma. Kwayoyin suna cinye su ba kawai a cikin hunturu ba, har ma lokacin rani. Lokacin da lokacin sanyi ya zo, mazaunan gundumar hive uncork kuma suna cike da samfurin kuzarin mai-mai, wanda ke samar musu da ingantaccen makamashi.
Sannan kwari sun fara yaɗa fikafikan su ƙarfi, wanda ke taimakawa ci gaba da kyakkyawan yanayin cikin gida. Rastra na kuzarin da aka karɓa a zafin jiki da ake buƙata, buƙatar ƙudan zuma su dawo da wuri-wuri - kwari suna buƙatar abinci. Baya ga zuma, masu gidan wanka suna buƙatar burodin kudan zuma da ake kira "biredi na kudan zuma" - yana maye gurbin furotin.
Iyalin kudan zuma na iya samun sama da mutum dubu biyu da ke buƙatar manyan ɗakunan ajiya don hunturu. Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa kwari suna da yawa masu hankali kuma masu hankali, yawancin karnukan kudan zuma kayan abinci ne mai mahimmanci ga mutane. Wararrun kudan zuma waɗanda ke kula da jin daɗin rayuwarsu ta kudan zuma suna barin adadin zuma da ake buƙata a cikin hive na hunturu domin ɗakunan banɗaki su rayu har zuwa bazara kuma ba su mutu ba - suna ɗaukar sauran.
Kudan zuma wadanda ke tunanin riba kawai nan da nan suke tattara dukkan kayayyaki, kuma kudan zuma suna ciyar da sukari. Amma wannan samfurin ba zai iya zama cikakkiyar abinci ga kwari ba, tunda ba ya da mahimmancin bitamin, ma'adanai da enzymes. Saboda wannan, ƙudan zuma, cin syrup, ya zama mai rauni, haƙurinsu da aikinsu yana ragu sosai. Lokacin da kwanaki masu zafi suka zo, yana da wahala kwari su ringa fara tattara zuma.
Sinadaran dake kunshe a cikin zuma bawai suna bayarda gudummawa wajen kiyaye muhimman ayyukan jikin mutum ba, harma suna tabbatar da aiki yadda yakamata na glandon yoyon fitsari wadanda suke samar da kakin zuma - kayan da ake amfani dasu don gina gidan saƙar zuma.
Matsayi na zuma hakar
Tarin zuma shine babban aikin ƙudan zuma, saboda duk aikinsu lallai ne an umurce su da tabbatar da wannan tsari. Don yin wannan, ana rarraba duk nauyi a tsakanin duk mambobin gidan kudan zuma.
Ta yaya hakan ke faruwa:
- Mahaifa ya sanya qwai, saboda haka yana habaka yanayin halittar kudan zuma. 'Yan Scouts suna bincika tsire-tsire na zuma, ƙudan zuma masu aiki suna gina gidan saƙar zuma, suna tattara pollen da nectar. Koda ƙudan zuma ƙanana suna aiki tare da aiki - suna ciyar da larvae, tsaftace mazaunin kuma suna kula da yawan zafin jiki a ciki.
- Esudan zuma samun nectar daga furanni na tsire-tsire na zuma.Masu toilers suna fara aiki a lokacin bazara, lokacin da ciyawar tsire-tsire zata fara. 'Yan Scouts sune farkon waɗanda zasu fara "farauta" - ingantaccen tsarin jin ƙanshi yana ba ku damar samun tsire-tsire da wuri, ɗaukar ƙwaya daga gare su kuma ku dawo gida.
- A cikin gida, ƙudan zuma suna gaya wa membobin gidansu inda tsire-tsire suke daga abin da za su tattara nectar. Esudan zuma suna sadarwa a cikin motsi na musamman. Sannan masu siyo da kudan zuma sun tafi wurin da aka samo su.
- Masu toilers suna tattara zuma tare da proboscis, wanda a hankali yake ratsa cikin fure. Kwaro zai iya gane ɗanɗano ruwan taya ta amfani da masu karɓa - suna kan kannun paws.
- Kudan zuma suna zaune a kan wata shuka, kuma tana samun isassun lectar tare da proboscis, kuma zata fara tattara pollen daga gindinta, wanda akan sa gogewa na musamman, sannan ya sanya kwallon daga ciki. An sanya wannan dunƙule cikin kwandon musamman na kwari wanda yake kan ƙasan kwari na kwari. Za a iya samun irin wannan kwallon bayan tattara ƙwayoyin nectar daga tsire-tsire da yawa.
Esudan zuma kwari ne da ke da ciki biyu. A cikin ɗayansu, abinci yana narkewa, na biyu kuma shine a matsayin ɗakunan ajiya don tara tarin ƙwayoyin nectar - ya ƙunshi kimanin 70 MG na nectar. Amma idan ana buƙatar mai toiler don yin jirgin sama mai nisa, za ta kashe kusan 25-30% na ajiyar don dawo da sojojin da aka kashe. Kudan zuma da ke aiki na iya tashi sama da kilomita 8 a kowace rana, amma tsaran jirgin sama mai nisan zai iya zama haɗari a gare ta. Kyakkyawan nesa don tarin zuma shine 2-3 km.
A wannan yanayin, kwaro na iya aiwatar da kusan kadada 12 na filin. Don cike tarin ƙwayoyin nectar, kudan zuma yana buƙatar tashi sama da tsirrai dubu ɗaya da rabi, kuma don tattara kilogram 1 na nectar - don yin jirage 50 zuwa 150 na jirgin sama.
Yayin tarin zuma, an rufe kwari baki ɗaya cikin 'yar kumburi. Bayan haka, bayan ya tashi, ƙudan zuma suna ɗaukar furanni da furanni, suna tabbatar da haifuwar tsire-tsire kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga yawan amfanin ƙasa. Bayan sun cika tarin korafin da ƙoshin nectar, masu siyarwar sun koma gidan hive, inda suke canja wurin ƙurar nectar ga ƙudan zuma mai karɓar. Kwayoyin suna shiga cikin rarrabuwa daidai: wasu an barsu su ciyar da larvae, an aika sauran don aiki.
Siffofin kiwo da yawan zuma
Yawan zuma tattara da yawa na iya bambanta dangane da yankin, wurin da apiary, weather, irin ƙudan zuma da kuma kulawa, shuke-shuke zuma girma a nan kusa. Idan hunturu na baya yana da sanyi sosai, kuma bazara ta zo da wuri, dangin kudan zuma za su tattara samfurin da ba su da yawa fiye da yadda aka saba. Yanayin da ba ya dacewa (iska mai laushi da gumi) yana ba da gudummawar tarin yawan zuma.
Musamman irin kudan zuma yana shafar yawan tarin zuma. Amma lokacin zabar irin, ana buƙatar yin la'akari da yankin da kuma yanayin yanayin yankin. Ga wasu yankuna, yana da kyau a zaɓi ɗan kudan Carpathian, don wasu - Rasha ta Tsakiya. Hakanan, girman da ingancin hive yana shafar adadin samfurin da aka samo. Zai fi kyau a zabi gidaje masu dimbin yawa. Wajibi ne a kula da gaskiyar cewa ba duk sel suna cike da hannun jari ba, sel kyauta koyaushe ya kasance cikin wadata.
Yana da mahimmanci cewa kudan zuma yana da gogewa a cikin ƙudan zuma, har da kula da kwari sosai. Wani gogaggen beekeeper zai iya ci gaba da karfi da iyalai da kuma high quality, manyan sarakuna. Don haka yana samar da yanayi mafi kyau ga rayuwarsu, kiwo da kuma lokacin girki, koyaushe yana sa ido a kan abin da ƙyallen keɓaɓɓu da kuma firam ɗin sa, yana ƙara ƙarin saƙar zuma, yana hana ƙudan zuma kumbura kuma, idan ya cancanta, ya ɗauki apiary zuwa wani wuri, inda akwai ciyawa masu ƙyalƙyali, ciyayi ko bishiyoyi.
Yawancin lokaci famfo guda ɗaya daga hive yana ba ku damar samun kilo 13-18 na samfurin na musamman. Tare da lokacin zafi mai zafi ko ruwan sama, wasan kwaikwayon ya ragu sosai - har fam 10. Yanayin da ba ya dacewa yana ba da gudummawa ga tarin har zuwa kilogiram 200 na ingantattun Sweets daga dangin kudan zuma ɗaya.
Tarin zuma shine babban aikin ƙudan zuma. Kwayoyin suna da cikakkun lafuffan, suna ba da kuzarinsu don tara ƙwayoyin nectar da kuma ƙara samar da samfuran zuma. Kowane kudan zuma daga babban iyali yana yin wasu ayyuka, amma a lokaci guda har yanzu suna da manufa ta gama gari - tattara ƙwayoyin kudan zuma da sarrafa shi cikin zuma mai lafiya.
4 girke-girke Irina Chadeeva
Daga littafin "Pirogovedenie don sabon shiga"
Kusan duk tsawon lokacin da mutane ke cin zuma, to ya zama asirinsu ga yadda ƙudan zuma ke fitar da shi. Wannan shine, ya bayyana sarai cewa suna yin shi daga abin da suke samarwa a cikin furanni, amma ta yaya kuma godiya ga abin da ba a sani ba.
Shekaru da yawa na ci gaba da lura kawai, nasarorin binciken ƙuraje da ci gaban binciken halittu a ƙwararrun ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa sun ba mu damar kusanci gano yawancin asirin da ke da alaƙa da wannan abin al'ajabi.
Mun yi wani gajeren zanen zanen abin da ke faruwa da ciyawar fure a jikin kudan zuma da kuma a cikin ƙwayoyin saƙar zuma, har ma yaro ya iya fahimtar asalin zuma.
Ba mu shiga cikin cikakkun bayanai na kimiyya ba - amma mun sanya mafi mahimmancin abu a sarari.
Daga ina ne ake samo nectar?
Esudan zuma suna sanya zuma daga ƙwan zuma. Nectar ruwan 'ya'yan itace ne mai sukari wanda tsire-tsire ke tsiro. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin nectaries, wanda aka haɓaka yayin juyin halitta na sassan furanni. Nectar, abincin mai kalori mai yawa, yana jan kwari, kuma su, bi da bi, ke dasa tsire-tsire, suna canja fitsarin tare da kayan ƙira daga juna zuwa juna, ta hakan ne ke ba da izinin tsiro. Kudan kudan zuma suna shan lectar a jikinta tare da taimakon proboscis, wanda aka kirkira daga karfi da ya rage lebe da kuma ƙananan hancinsa.
(Amma akwai kuma abin da ake kira daɗɗɗen zuma: ƙudan zuma na sanya shi daga ƙyallen dabba, ƙoshin zaki na kwari da ke zaune a ganyen tsire-tsire, ko daga raɓa na zuma, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, wanda ke bayyana akan ganyayyaki (ko allura) saboda bambancin zafin zafin.)
Ta yaya gabobin zuma suke da zuma
Esudan zuma suna da tsari mai ban sha'awa (ko da yake ba mai sha'awar ba). Babban jikinta shine zuma goiter, kantin sayar da kayayyaki da kuma wurin fara aiki na nectar, wanda kudan zuma ke tarawa tare da proboscis. An rabu da goiter daga cikin hanji na tsakiya ta hanyar bawul na musamman, saboda haka nectar ya shiga ta kawai lokacin da kudan zuma ke jin yunwa, kuma cikin iyakantaccen adadin. Don haka, kwaro ya ba da babban sashin abin da yake farashi zuwa ga saƙar zuma, a inda yake sa shi cikin sel.
Yadda carbohydrates masu rikitarwa ke rushewa a jikin kudan zuma
Invertase wani enzyme ne wanda ke daukar nauyin rushewar sucrose zuwa mafi sauki ga sukari - fructose da glucose.
Glucose oxidase yana haɓaka rushewar glucose a cikin gluconic acid (na dukkanin acid, yana rinjayar dandano na zuma) da hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide ba shi da kwanciyar hankali kuma an lalata shi daga baya, amma a farkon aiwatar da kare zuma daga kwayoyin.
Diastase (amylase) yana rushe wani hadadden carbohydrate kamar sitaci ga masu sauki kamar maltose. Haɗa tare da wannan enzyme irin wannan alama ce mai kyau na ƙoshin zuma kamar ƙwanƙarar abinci, wato adadin enzyme da ƙarar naúrar. Yawan cin abinci daban-daban ne na zuma iri daban daban kuma na zuma ne daga yankuna daban daban. A cikin Linden, Acacia, zuma sunflower, yana da ƙasa, a cikin buckwheat - babba. A cikin zuma daga yankuna masu yanayin zafi, lambar diastase tana ƙasa da guda a cikin zuma daga wurare masu sanyi. Amma tun da yawan diastase na wani iri-iri daga wani yanki ya bambanta tsakanin sanannu (kuma har da daidaitawa ta GOST), ƙarami idan aka kwatanta da na yau da kullun, alamu suna nuna cewa ƙusar zuma, ta kasance mai zafi ko ma an gurbata.
Yadda kudan zuma yake cika zuma da zuma
Picker ƙudan zuma kawo tattara nectar ga hive. A can aka karbe shi ta kudan zuma. Kudan zuma da aka karɓa yana karɓar alkamar da aka kawo kuma yana riƙe ta na ɗan lokaci a cikin goiter na zuma, inda ake maganta. Bayan haka sai ta narkar da wani digon abu a saman kwayar ta proboscis domin danshi ya bushe, sannan kuma ya tsotse ta don karin fermentation. Ana maimaita wannan hanyar sau 120-240, bayan an sanya ƙoshin ƙurar fata a cikin tantanin halitta. Esudan zuma akai-akai canja wurin nectar, juya zuwa zuma, daga wannan sel zuwa wani, kuma sau da yawa bar iska ta saƙar zuma saƙar fuka-fuki, bayar da tasu gudunmuwar zuwa mafi girma danshi daga danshi. Sabili da haka, tare da taimakon fermentation kuma a lokaci guda suna rage abun cikin ruwa, nectar shima ya zama zuma. Don ƙirƙirar 100 g na zuma, kuna buƙatar nectar, an tattara daga furanni miliyan.
Kudan zuma na Samarwa
Kafin ka fara tattara itacen nectar da kuma samar da zuma, kwari dole ne su sanya saƙar zuma, inda za a adana nectar da kuma inda za'a adana samfurin da aka gama. Gidan saƙar zuma ya kasance ƙwayoyin hexagonal da aka yi da kakin zuma. An yi nufin su ba kawai don samarwa da ajiyar "zina mai ƙoshin" ba, har ma don kwanciya ƙwai da ɗiyan yara.
Ta yaya ƙudan zuma ke sanya zuma? Mutane da yawa suna tsammanin ƙudan zuma nan da nan suna ɗaukar wannan samfurin mai dadi daga fure kuma suna ɗaukar shi zuwa hive, amma wannan ba haka bane. Hanyar sanya zuma yana da matukar wahala. Da farko, ƙudan zuma masu tsalle-tsalle suna tashi zuwa wurare daban-daban don bincika furanni da tsire-tsire masu dacewa, sannan kuma suka koma ga hive kuma suka ba da rahoton amfani da rawa ta musamman ga masu tattara kwari game da wurin da ƙasashe masu daraja.
Ta yaya ƙudan zuma suke tattara ciyayin? Beesudan zuma masu aiki suna tara ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyi tare da proboscis, suna tashi daga tsiro zuwa shuka, kuma suna sanya shi a cikin jakunkuna na musamman waɗanda ke kan ciki, yayin kula da shi da ƙwal din sa, wanda shine enzyme don rushe sukari. Kuma haka fara samar da zuma.
Bayan ta tattara ne kuma ta iya sarrafa ciyawa kamar yadda karamin kudan zuma zai iya kawowa, sai ta sata a cikin hive sannan ta dawo, bayan ta kewaye shi kadada 12 a rana.
Yaya ake sanya zuma a gaba? Kudan zuma mai aiki, bayan ya dawo da rashawa, ya miqa ma wani wanda yake aiki a cikin hive. Ta sha shi kuma ya ci gaba da kara fermentation, sannan ya sanya shi a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin sel, inda danshi mai yawa. Wannan nectar za a canja shi da yawa daga wannan kwayar zuwa wani, kuma wani hadadden tsari na zuma shiri faruwa, da lokacin ripening wanda daga lokacin isar da nectar zuwa hive ne kwanaki 10. Tare da samfurin da aka gama, kwari suna cika sel na saƙar zuma kuma su rufe su da kakin zuma. Don haka, ana iya adana samfurin na dogon lokaci ba tare da rasa halayensa ba.
Ina so in lura cewa don samar da zuma ya zama dole don kula da wani zazzabi a cikin hive, wanda ya samu ta hanyar iska ta mutum. Esudan zuma suna ƙirƙira shi ta hanyar girgiza fikafikan su sosai.
Abin da dalilai ke tasiri kan tarin ƙwayoyin nectar da kuma samar da zuma
Yadda ƙudan zuma ke sa zuma, mun koya, amma nawa ɗan ƙaramin ƙaramin lectar ɗaya zai iya tattarawa ya dogara da yawa.
Da farko dai, yanayin yanayi ne. A cikin mummunan yanayi, yanayin yanayi da ruwan sama, kwari ba za su tashi su tattara nectar ba. Kamfar ruwa kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Idan yanayi bai bushe ba, to, tsire-tsire na zuma zasu zama ƙasa sosai, bi da bi, adadin da aka tattara na ƙosar nectar zai zama ƙarami.
Lokacin da nisan daga wurin tara tsire-tsire na zuma zuwa wurin da yake hive babba ne, to kudan zuma ma ba zai kawo isasshiyar lectar ba, za ta ci sashi na huɗu da kanta don kula da ƙarfi. Don yin 1 kilogiram na zuma, ƙudan zuma suna buƙatar tattara kilogiram 4 na nectar, yayin da suke tashi sama da furanni miliyan. Duk tsawon kakar, dangin kudan zuma suna samar da kilogiram na 150 na abubuwan jin daɗin abinci, rabin abin da yake ciyarwa akan kansa.
Sabuwar sigar musamman ta musamman don kamun kifi! "Wannan shine kawai mai kunna cizo har zuwa yau tare da ingantaccen sakamako."
Amfanin zuma
Bayan sanin menene zuma, yadda ake jujjuya wannan halitta mai ban mamaki, Ina so in ƙara game da ƙayyadaddun kayan aikinta. Wannan samfurin yana da nau'i biyu:
Nau'in farko an yi shi ne daga ƙwayoyin nectar waɗanda aka tattara daga tsire-tsire na zuma. Zai iya haɗawa da nau'ikan sugars bakwai. Abubuwan halayensa na dandano kai tsaye sun dogara da nau'in shuka da abubuwan waje - da zaran an fara aikin fure, adadin ƙwayoyin nectar sun fi yawa, kuma bayan pollination ya ragu, tare da ƙara yawan zafi - nectar ba shi da daɗi da sabanin haka.
An yi gurnani daga ruwa mai laushi na asalin dabba, wanda aka samo daga wasu kwari waɗanda ke ciyar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace da ciyawar ciyayi da furanni.
Kudan zuma na nau’i na biyu sunada amfani sosai fiye da na farko ga yan Adam, saboda yana da yawan amino acid, acid Organic, ma'adinai da abubuwa masu sinadarai, da kuma enzymes daban-daban, amma wannan samfurin bai dace da ciyar da dangin kudan zuma ba, saboda yana da dumbin gishiri na ma'adinai masu cutarwa. kwari.
Samfurin kudan zuma mai dadi yana da kyan kayan warkarwa na musamman. Yana kwantar da hankali, yana da tasiri mai amfani akan metabolism, yana inganta rigakafi. Ba shi da daidai a jiyya da zazzabi da cututtukan hoto, da rauni na ciki da gudawa. Kudan zuma suna da rauni na warkarwa da kaddarorin kwayoyin. Ana amfani dashi a cikin kwaskwarima don fata da gashi. Na dogon lokaci zaku iya jera fa'idodi da fa'idar "zinar mai zaki".
Samun ƙudan zuma, ƙudan zuma ba wai kawai yana samar da zuma ba, har ila yau, suna fitar da tsire-tsire, suna juyar da tsire-tsire daga wata fure zuwa waccan, ta haka suna kawo fa'idodi masu yawa ga aikin gona. Idan da waɗannan mayaƙan wahalan, ba za a sami amfanin gona a gonaki da kayan lambu ba. Thearfafa da aiki tuƙuru na waɗannan kwari masu ban mamaki, waɗanda suke wata mu'ujiza ce ta mahaifiya da kanta kuma misali ga mutane da yawa, kawai suna sha'awar. Udan zuma da zuma kyauta ce ta halitta ga mutum, wanda ya kamata a yaba.