- Bishiyar wutar lantarki, ko rake na lantarki, ko marmara gnus (lat.Torpedo marmorata) - wani nau'in ƙyamar mahaifa gnusov iyali gniusovogo tawagar rake na lantarki. Waɗannan kifayen kifayen ne masu jagorar yanayin rayuwa, tare da manyan, ƙasusuwa da ƙoshin ciki, suna kasancewa kusan zagaye diski, gajeru mai kauri da kauri, ƙyallin baya biyu da ingantaccen caudal fin. Kamar sauran wakilan danginsu sun sami damar samar da wutar lantarki a halin yanzu. Suna zaune a gabashin tekun Atlantika daga Tekun Arewa zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. An samo su a cikin dutse mai zurfi, a cikin dunƙule na alkama da kan ƙasa mai zurfi zuwa zurfin 370 m. Suna da damar rayuwa cikin ruwa mai tsananin talauci a cikin iskar oxygen, alal misali, a cikin wuraren waha. Matsakaicin rajista mafi yawa shine cm 100. Launi mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da ɗigo da yawa. Maza da mata, a matsayin mai mulkin, kai 36-38 cm da 55-61 cm, bi da bi, a kan matsakaita.
Ramwararren wutar lantarki na marmara yana haifar da yanayin rayuwa na rayuwa. Yawancin abincin ya ƙunshi kifayen bony, waɗanda suke farauta daga ɓoye kuma suna ɗebo da zubar lantarki. Haɗin wutar lantarki da aka samar da su na iya samun ƙarfin lantarki har zuwa 70-80 volts. Marubutan wutar lantarki na Marmara na iya canzawa ta hanyar dawwama, a cikin zuriyar yara 332 wadanda suka sami damar samar da wutar lantarki daga haihuwa. Sake bugun yana da tsarin shekara ɗaya.
Zazzabin lantarki da aka haifar da marmara gnus yana da ikon yi ta yi, amma ba kashe mutum ba. Ana amfani da waɗannan stingrays, tare da sauran gnus, azaman abubuwan ƙira a cikin binciken kimiyyar halittu. Ba su da sha'awar kamun kifin kasuwanci. Kama-kama daga kan mashin da ke gabar teku.
Haraji
Sabon nau'in halittar an fara bayyana shi ne a cikin 1810 daga hannun masanin dabi'ar halitta Antoine Rissot. Marubucin bai tsara holotype ba, don haka a cikin 1999 Ronald Fricke ya nada ainihin hoton Risso a matsayin lactotype. Jinsi na nau'in halitta ya fito ne daga kalmar lat. marmorata - "marmara" kuma an danganta shi da takamaiman launi na waɗannan haskoki.
A cikin ƙwayar gnus, ramar wutar lantarki ta marmara ta kasance daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa Torpedowanda ya banbanta da wata hanyar Tetronarce launuka iri-iri da fesawa gefen fesawa.
Yankin
Jirgin ruwan wuta na Marmara yana zaune a gabashin Atlantic daga Scotland da kuma Kudancin Arewacin Tekun zuwa Cape na kyakkyawan fata, Afirka ta Kudu, gami da Tekun Bahar Rum, zuwa zurfin 370 m. Sun fi son zafin ruwa wanda bai wuce 20 ° C ba. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ana samun su a bakin tekun Biritaniya a zurfin 10-30 m, Italiya 20-100 m, kuma a cikin ruwayen Tunisiya mai zurfi sama da 200 mil.
Kasancewar kifayen ƙasa, ana samun dutsen maɓallin dutsen a kusa da tsaunukan dutse da kuma a cikin dunƙule na algae a kasan yashi. A cikin watanni na lokacin zafi, mata masu juna biyu suna ƙaura zuwa Arcachon Bay, Faransa, cikin ruwa mai zurfi kusa da bankunan oyster. Bugu da kari, toshewar wannan nau'in a lokacin bazara da damina na iya yin ƙaura zuwa arewa, shiga ruwan Tsibirin Burtaniya.
Bayanin
Marmara gnus tana da taushi da taushi. Peashin ƙasashen da ke zaune na wannan gangara suna kafa kusan kek ɗin dishon, tsawon sa shine kusan 59-67% na tsawon duka. A ɓangarorin biyu na shugaban, abubuwa masu haɗuwa da wutan lantarki a cikin kamannin suna bayyane ta cikin fata. Bayan ƙananan idanu akwai manyan abubuwa masu fashewa, gefuna wanda aka rufe shi da yadudduka masu yatsa, kusan haɗuwa a tsakiyar. A bayan yayyafa a bayan kai akwai 5-7 na toshe mucous pores. Tsakanin hanci shine madaidaicin fata mai fa'ida na kusurwa, girman wanda yafi girman girmansa, kusan kai zuwa karamin bakin mai lankwasa. Teetharamin hakora ƙare tare da guda tip kuma samar da wata irin spiky “grater” a duka jaws. A kan bangon Disc ɗin nau'i-nau'i ne na ƙananan gill slits.
Doarfe guda biyu da ke tattare da juna biyu suna kusa da juna. Tushen kowannensu yakai kusan 2/3 na tsayinsu. Gefen fin din bayan-farko yana a matakin gangar harsashin kwarin gindin ventral. Karshen digon farko ya fi na biyu girma. Wutsiya takaice ce kuma mai kauri; Suna ƙare da fin uku ɗin caudal fin tare da kusurwa masu zagaye. Juyayin jikin mutum yayi launin ruwan kasa mai duhu kuma an rufe shi da wurare masu yawa. Wasu mutane suna da launi iri ɗaya ba tare da alamomi ba. Juyin iska yana farare da duhu baki ɗaya daga cikin diski. Matsakaicin da aka yi rikodin shine 100 cm, kodayake a matsakaita na maza da mata ba su da tsawo fiye da 36-38 cm da 55-61 cm, bi da bi. Wataƙila yanayin hulɗa ne mai girma dabam. Matsakaicin nauyi mai rijista 3 kg.
Ilimin halitta
Jagorancin tsarin rayuwa da kuma jinkirin marmara ba sa iya kasancewa babu motsi na tsawon kwanaki. A lokacin rana, suna kwance a ƙasa a ƙarƙashin wani hazo, daga inda kawai idanu da gizo-gizo suke bayyane. Saurin bugun kirji (bugi na 10-15 a minti daya) da karancin iskan oxygen na jini yana basu damar cinye karancin oxygen idan aka kwatanta da kifayen kifayen da kuma adon jiki. Suna da tsayayye ga hypoxia kuma suna iya rayuwa cikin raunin oxygen kusa da ruwa da kwari. Lokacin da m matsa lamba sauka a kasa 10-15 mm RT. Art., Ragin wutar lantarki na marmara gaba ɗaya yana dakatar da numfashi kuma yana iya zama a cikin wannan halin har zuwa 5 hours. Suna sarrafawa don jimre da matsanancin yanayi godiya ga glycolysis anaerobic da ƙarin hanyar da za a bi don samar da makamashi a cikin mitochondria, wanda ke rage jinkirin haɗarin lactates mai haɗari a sel. Kamar sauran wakilan membobin ƙungiyar su don tsaro da hari, marmara gnusy sun sami damar samar da wutar lantarki. Kowane ɗayan sassan jikin wutan lantarki sun haɗa da ginshiƙai na tsaye 400-600, waɗanda biyun kuma tarin juzu'i ne na kusan "allon lantarki" 400 cike da jel-like, suna aiki kamar batir. Fitar wutar lantarki ta hanyar waɗannan dunƙulen tana da ƙarfin wuta na 70-80 volts, kuma ana tsammanin iyakar ƙarfin shine 200 volts. Raarfe suna fitar da jerin fitarwa, a hankali ana fitar da fitowar "batir" da kuma ƙarfin lantarki. Gwaje-gwaje a cikin yanayin wucin gadi sun nuna cewa a yanayin zafi ƙasa da 15 ° C jijiyoyin gabobin lantarki sun daina aiki yadda yakamata. Lokacin da hunturu yanayin zafi da ruwa yake raguwa a cikin dabbobin daji, gwal mai marmara na iya daina amfani da waɗannan gabobin. In ba haka ba, stingrays na iya samun ingantaccen tsarin kimiyyar kere-kere wanda ya dace da waɗannan gabobin zuwa sanyi.
Tsutsotsi suna parasitize akan marmara gnus Anthocephalum gracile da Calyptrobothrium riggii leeches Pontobdella muricata da Trachelobdella lubrica , tsararrun iska Amphibdella torpedinis , Amphibdelloides kechemiraen , A. maccallumi , A. vallei , Rauliyana raiae, E. torpedinis da Kawaicinka yawara da nematodes Ascaris azaman da Mawsonascaris pastinacae .
Ciyar da abinci
Marmara gnus farauta daga dako da kuma stun wanda aka azabtar da lantarki sallama. Hangen nesa ba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a lokacin farauta, lokacin da rami ya kasance a ƙasa, idanunsu sukan ɓoye a ƙarƙashin wani lokacin saukar ruwan sama. Maimakon sigina na gani, sautunan zazzaɓi suna nuna alamun siginar daga injina na layi, don haka kawai suna kaiwa hari ne akan abu mai motsi. Bugu da kari, ampoules na Lorenzini yana taimaka musu wajen gano ganima.
Abincin marmara gnus ya ƙunshi 90% na ƙananan baƙin kifi, irin su hake, goby, goose, ja mullet, mackerel doki, steamed, mullet, pomacenter, guban, maɓuɓɓugan teku da kuma daskararre. Tushen abinci na biyu shine cephalopods, misali, squid talakawa kuma Sepia elegans. Sau ɗaya a lokaci, samfurin guda na marmara gnus ya haɗiye jiyan iyali mafi girma crayfish ru enPenaeus kerathurus . Karatuttukan da aka kama sun nuna cewa wadannan abubuwan kararrakin sun ki karbar abincin dunkulalliyar mallakar turancin Macropodia ru en . A gefen tekun kudu na Faransa, mafi mahimmancin abincin abinci na marmara gnus sune ƙararren nodules. Skates suna cinye ganimar su gaba ɗaya: sau ɗaya tsawon mutum 41 cm ya haɗiye ruwan teku mai nauyin cm 34 sau uku.
A cikin marmara gnus akwai nau'ikan farauta iri biyu. Na farko - “hopping”, ana amfani da shi lokacin da kifi yayi iyo kusa da saman rami, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba ya wuce cm 4 Lokacin yin tsalle, gnus yana tura kansa gaba kuma yayi sama da wanda aka azabtar. A lokaci guda, yakan buge da wutsiyarsa kuma ya haifar da ɗimbin yawa (230-240 Hz) fitarwa na lantarki, mitar wanda yake ƙaruwa da yawan zafin jiki. Fitowa ta farko tayi gajere, wacce ta kunshi 1064 daskararru masu karfi wadanda zasu haifar da matsewar tsoka, wanda wani lokacin yakan fashe kashin wanda aka azabtar dashi. Yayin da ramin ke motsawa gaba, motsin ruwa wanda tsalle ya kirkira yana kawo ganima mai rauni a karkashinta, bayan wannan sai ya lullube ta da faifai ya tura ta cikin bakin. Duk cikin aikin, gnus yana ci gaba da haifar da fitar da wutar lantarki: jimlar adadin kuzarin da aka jefa a tsalle guda kai tsaye yana daidaita da girman da shekaru, kama daga 66 a cikin sabon mahaifa rake 12 cm tsayi zuwa 340 a cikin manya 45 cm tsayi. Tsalle da kansa bai wuce 2 seconds.
Nau'in nau'in farauta, "creeping", ana amfani da shi ta hanyar marmara, ana kaiwa hari kai tsaye ko kuma jinkirin abin da ya faru, gami da mamaki da kuma kwashe bayan abubuwan da ke gudana. Creeping, gnus yana yin motsi-kamar motsi tare da gefuna diski kuma ya ɗan doke tare da wutsiyarsa. Wanda aka kirkirar ta yanzu ta hanyar ɗibar faifai yana tarar da wanda aka azabtar wurin maharbin, da runtse diski kuma ya bugi rami da wutsiyarsa, a hankali ya matso kusa dashi. Bayan cin zarafin wanda aka azabtar, gnus ya buɗe bakinsa ya tsotse shi. Idan ya cancanta, idan wanda aka azabtar ya motsa, ya ƙirƙiri ƙananan ƙarancin lantarki wanda zai iya ci gaba yayin sha.
Kariya
Saboda girman girma da kuma ikon samar da wutar lantarki, marmara gnus da wuya ya zama ganima ga wasu dabbobi, kamar sharks. Lokacin kare, ƙungiyar ta yi dabam dabam, gwargwadon wane wuri (ta wutsiya ko faifai) maƙiyin yana ƙoƙarin kama. Game da taɓa diski, gnus da sauri ya juya zuwa gefen barazanar kuma yana da alamar wutar lantarki, bayan wannan ya tashi a cikin madaidaiciya layi kuma ana iya binne shi a cikin hazo. Lokacin da suka taɓa wutsiya, ramin ya juya waje tare da ciki kuma ya narkar da ƙwallo, bayan ya aikata wannan rawar, ba ta birgewa ba, amma yana wanzuwa a wannan matsayin, tare da mafi girman yiwuwar bayyanar da gabobin lantarki. Wadannan motsi suna hade da fitowar fitowar lantarki. Wannan nau'in sitaci tare da taimakon wutar lantarki yana kare wutsiya ƙarfi sosai fiye da diski.
Tsarin rayuwa
Ganyayyakin marmara wanda ke haifar da kwai-kwai, da farko tayi shine ciyar da gwaiduwa, sannan kuma kwayoyin halittar mahaifiyar. Matan da suka manyanta suna da ƙwayoyin ciki biyu da na mahaifa biyu, za a rufe farfajiyar ciki ta cikin ɗakoki da yawa. Tsarin haihuwar mata a cikin wataƙila ya kai shekara 2, yayin da maza za su iya haihuwar kowace shekara. Dabbar ta hanyar canjin yana faruwa daga Nuwamba zuwa Disamba, an haife jarirai shekara ta gaba bayan watanni 9-12. A cikin zuriyar dabbobi na 3 - 332, yawan zuriyar dabbobi ya dogara da girman mace.
Abubuwan lantarki suna farawa ne a cikin amfrayo 1.9-2.3 cm tsayi, a wannan lokacin suna da idanu, gami da gurnati da kuma jijiyoyin waje. Lokacin da tayi tayi girma zuwa ga 1-2-2.7 cm, gundarin bakin ciki ya rufe kuma gibin da yake fitowa kawai ya ragu, kamar yadda yake a cikin haskoki duka. A lokaci guda, toshe guda 4 na sel waɗanda ke haɓaka gabobin lantarki suna haɗuwa tare da juna. A cikin tsayi 2.8-3.7 cm tsayi, guntuwar kewar tana kara girma kuma tayi girma tare da hancin, samar da wani diski mai zagaye da yake kamar hasken rana. Tare da tsawon 3.5-5.5 cm, gills na waje ya ɓace kuma launi ya bayyana. Tsayi embryos 6.6-7.3 cm suna iya ƙirƙirar fitowar lantarki. A lokacin daukar ciki, karfin cirewar ya karu da 10 5 kuma ya kai maki 47-55 a cikin tayin na 8.6-13 cm tsayi, wanda yake daidai da ɗigon ɗigon tsoho.
An haife jariran kusan 10-14 cm kuma daga haihuwa suna iya nuna halin farauta da halayen kariya. Maza da mata sun isa ga balaga tare da tsawon 21-29 cm yana da kimanin shekaru 5, da kuma 31-39 cm da shekaru 12, bi da bi. An kiyasta yawan rayuwar mace a cikin mace yana da shekaru 20.
Haɗin ɗan adam
Hanyoyin marmara suna iya azabtar da mai raɗaɗi, amma ba mummunan girgiza wutar lantarki akan mutum ba, wataƙila suna haifar da haɗari ga nau'ikan scuba, tunda mutum, cikin mamaki, zai iya shaƙa. Ofarfin waɗannan kifin don samar da wutar lantarki ya kasance sananne tun lokacin tsufa; ana amfani dashi a magani. Tsoffin Helenawa da Romawa sun yi amfani da kayan raye-raye don maganin ciwon kai da gout, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa masu cututtukan dabbobi su ci naman su.
Waɗannan ramuwar ba su da sha'awar kamun kifin kasuwanci. Kamar yadda kashi-kashi, ana iya kama su a cikin kamun kifi na kasuwanci. Kifayen da aka tuhuma ana yawan jefa su a ciki. Ana amfani da marmara gnus, tare da sauran kayan aikin wutar lantarki, azaman abubuwan ƙira a cikin binciken kimiyyar halittu, tunda gabobin su na lantarki suna da wadatattun masu karɓar acetylcholine, waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin juyayi na ɗan adam.
Aƙalla, a cikin arewacin Tekun Bahar Rum, ana samun waɗannan gangara sau da yawa, wataƙila yawancin jama'a suna cikin haɗari a bakin tekun Italiya. Babu isasshen bayanai don kimanta matsayin nau'in halittar theungiyar Internationalasa ta Duniya don Kula da Yanayi.
Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa
aji: kifi na kerekere
oda: stingrays
iyali: rhombic
HALITTAR: stingrays of rhombuses
Habitat
Farin teku, ko gangara mai kauri, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari gefen gabas na Tekun Atlantika. Fitar da ruwa daga Norway zuwa Namibia sune wuraren da yawan jama'ar duniya suke. Akwai ra'ayi a cikin Bahar Rum da Bahar Maliya, a bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu da Madagascar.
Menene fox na teku yayi kama?
Farin teku na mace na iya kaiwa tsawon 120 cm, namiji yana ɗan ƙarami - matsakaicin tsawon jikinsa shine 70 cm. Siffar jikin ta tayi kama da rhombus. Kashi na biyu na jikin kyarwar teku an rufe shi da dunkule masu yawa, yana da laushi da zane a cikin sautunan launin ruwan kasa tare da fasalin duhu da haske. Dogon dogaye da bakin ciki kuma an lullube su da dunkule. Jikin jikin mara nauyi yana da taushi. Launin launi na fata yana da alaƙa - ya dogara da yanayin mazaunin mahaifa.
Rayuwa & Abinci
Babban muhalli don wanzuwar jinsin shine rafin ƙasan teku. Stingrays suna rayuwa a zurfin 20-300 m da zurfi. A lokacin rani, sun zo kusa da bakin tekun, kuma a cikin hunturu suna ƙaura zuwa zurfin.
Yana ciyar da ƙananan crustaceans, wani lokacin ƙananan kifi.
Kifaye iri iri masu haɗari suna da haɗari, amma masu toshewa suna iya kare kansu kuma an daidaita su sosai don rayuwa cikin yanayin ruwa.
Kiwo
Farin teku, kamar sauran magudanun ruwa, suna yaduwar kwayar kwai. Bayan dabbar ta balaga, macen ta fara kwanciya qwai - har zuwa 170 a cikin shekarar. Kowane kwai an lullube shi da ƙyallen kariya mai ƙarfi, wacce ke da matakai na musamman da zaren a gefuna, tare da taimakon wanda mace ta jingina ƙwai zuwa algae. A kusurwar kowane kwai, akwai karamin rami don oxygen, don haka soya na iya numfasawa. Bayan watanni 5, ana haifar ƙananan gangara - kowannensu bai wuce 12 cm ba tsayi. Lokacin da matashi ya kai 15 cm a tsayi, matashi ya sami damar farauta da kansa.
Mai tushe
Ina kwana. Ina sayar da tsabtace ruwa na cikin ruwa. Akwai nau'ikan daban-daban, launuka, shekaru. Leopoldi ramp Henley ramp Motar rami, babura rak sp., Motar-peruvian ramp, babur ra.brazilian dispers falkneri watsa shrodery ko chamomile harbin stingray tiger ko tiger salo lu'ulu'u lu'u lu'u Tarihix ko na ruwan kogin na kowa da kowa shine gurneti matakala x matasan Farashin yana farawa daga dubu 6. Malek kuma daga 15,000 rubles. - manya. Kifayen suna cikin yankuna na Isar da ko'ina cikin Russia, kazalika a Kazakhstan da Belarus.
Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai, kira 8 916 659 87 09, 8 926 010 67 67 ko rubuta zuwa mail - [email protected] Hotunan kifayen
Kifi mai kama da katako shine kifin ruwan kifayen da baƙon abu bane. A cikin bukatar kawai tare da ilimi aquarists. Kifi na Kifi a cikin Wuta shine wakili na Gidan Masarautar Electric Catfish (Malapteruridae). Gidajen muhalli wuri ne na wurare masu zafi da keɓaɓɓu na Afirka. Wannan shine ƙasa, kifin ruwa mai tsabta wanda ke jagorantar ma'aunin rayuwa da natsuwa. Koyaya, bai kamata mutum ya ruɗe shi da halayensa na natsuwa ba, a zahiri shi maƙiyi ne mai haɗarin gaske wanda zai iya cutar da mazaunan akwatin kifaye ba kawai ba, har ma da mai shi. Hadarin yana da alaƙa da ikon wannan nau'in don samar da ƙarfin lantarki, yana kaiwa 350 V. Masu karɓa da gabobin da aka tsara don samar da halin yanzu, sun mamaye kusan 25% na babban nauyin kifin Wutar lantarki. Bayyanar