Bariwaƙan baribal zae kewaye ... babu, a'a, a'a. Tsaya. Muna son dabbobi a nan. Bari mu sake gwadawa.
Ci gaba da bin buƙatunku a cikin tattaunawar, a yau zamuyi magana game da beyar baribal.
Iyalin dabbar bera itace gungun dabbobi masu nasara gabaɗaya. Daban-daban wakilan na bears suna zaune a ko'ina cikin Eurasia da kuma duk Amerika. Musamman mutanen da aka yiwa jinkiri suka shiga ko da aikin Gwamnatin Tarayya ne.
Baribal ko baƙi (ahahah) bear - baƙon mu daga ̶С̶е̶р̶в̶е̶р̶н̶о̶й̶ Arewacin Amurka. Wadannan niggas sune kadan kadan da beyar mu masu ruwan kasa kuma galibi suna nauyin kilo 200-300. Aka rarraba kusan ko'ina cikin Amurka da Kanada, ban da matsanancin arewa da kudu.
Ba kamar bera mai launin ruwan kasa da maƙwabtanta ba, grizzly bear, baribal yana da matukar kyau. Inda manyan jinsuna, cikin fushi, zasu je su lalata dukkan abubuwa masu rai (musamman idan Dicaprio ne), baribal din zai gudu da kyau, tunda ya matse ƙananan ƙwayayensa.
Mafi sau da yawa, baribal yana da launin baki baki ɗaya, amma akwai ƙananan banbanci. A wuraren aiki na kamun kifi, fararen nau'in baribals suna bunƙasa. Ina dabaru? Gaskiya, duba da kyau. Kifayen suna da laushi, kuma suma suna da karancin gani. Mafi yawan lokuta, masunta na iya ganin bera mai duhu kuma ya nitse daga gareta, duk da haka, tare da farin wannan yiwuwar hakan yayi ƙasa sosai, tunda ya hade da hasken ranar bayyananniya. Don haka ya faru a sakamakon cewa farin mutanen baribals sun fara haɓaka.
Bayanin
Baribal gaba ɗaya yana da suturar fata, musamman a gabashin Arewacin Amurka. Murfin yana sau da yawa yana haske, yana bambanta da gashi mai duhu na dabba, kuma za'a iya samun farin tabo a kirji. Labarun yawan mutanen yammacin duniya ya fi sauƙi. Wasu gungun baƙi daga Burtaniya Columbia da Alaska masu launin fari ne ko launin toka mai haske. Jimlar jiki a cikin maza ya kai daga 140 zuwa 200 cm, kuma mace daga 120 zuwa 160 cm. Tsawon wutsiya ya kasance daga cm 8 zuwa 14. Maza suna nauyin kilogram 47 zuwa 409, kuma mace daga 39 zuwa 236 kg. Nisa tsakanin gsarfan kwatankwacin kusan 4-5-5 cm.
Abun bears ya sha bamban da bera mai launin ruwan kasa (Ursus arctos) tsofaffin tsayi, ba su da kunnuwa sosai kuma ƙaramin gean wasa a kafadu.
Yankin
Ana samun bera mai baƙar fata daga arewacin Alaska, ta gabashin Kanada zuwa Newfoundland da Labrador, da kudanci ta hanyar yawancin Alaska, kusan dukkanin Kanada, da yawancin Amurka, a tsakiyar Mexico (Nayarit da Tamaulipas).
Habitat
Halin mazaunin baribal yana sanadin yanayin ƙasa wanda ba a iya samarwa, ciyayi mai yawa da abinci mai yawa. A cikin kudu maso yamma, yankinsa ya iyakance ga tuddai, tsaunuka, kuma tsayinsa ya bambanta tsakanin mita 400-3000 sama da matakin teku. Gidajen baki na bera sun kunshi wuraren ibada da katako. A sometimesan bears a wasu lokatai daga masallaci zuwa wuraren bude kofofin abinci da cacti mai fasalin dutse.
Yarda da yankin dazuzzuka da ciyayi mai yawa na wannan nau'in ya kasance sabili da cewa baribals sun samo asali tare da nau'ikan bera mafi girma kuma mafi ƙarfi, irin su ɗan gajeren zanen daji da ke zaune tare da dabbar da take rayuwa mai ƙarfi, wacce ke haifar da wuraren zama. Duk da wannan, ana samun barbals a cikin daji da yawa, wuraren da ba a taɓa fama da su ba da kuma yankunan karkara, suna iya dacewa da rayuwa zuwa wasu yankunan karkara muddin suna da saukin samun hanyar samun abinci.
Kiwo
Maza suna haɗuwa da mata yayin hailarta. Rukunin gida ɗaya sun dace da yankuna na mata da yawa.
Lokacin mating din ya isa mafi girma daga watan Yuni zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuli. Kwayar mace ta mace na dadewa har zuwa lokacin balaga. A matsayinka na mai mulki, mata sukan haihu kowace shekara, amma wani lokacin sukanyi hutu tsawon shekaru 3 ko 4. Cutar ciki tayi kimanin kwanaki 220, cikin la'akari da jinkirin shigarwar. Ba a sanya kwai da ke ciki a cikin mahaifa har zuwa faɗuwa, kuma ci gaban tayi ne kawai a cikin makonni 10 na ƙarshe na ciki.
Haihuwar san sandar yakan faɗi ne a watan Janairu da Fabrairu, yawanci a lokacin hunturu na mace ne. Yawan saya a cikin zuriyar dabbobi ya bambanta tsakanin 1 zuwa 5. Lokacin haihuwa, baribaly yana awo daga gram 200 zuwa 450. An haife su marasa tsaro da makafi. Yankunan suna cikin ramin tare da mahaifiyarsu a cikin kullun hunturu kuma suna ciyar da madararta. A lokacin bazara, lokacin da dangi suka fita daga kogon, ƙwayoyin suna yin nauyi daga kilogram 2 zuwa 5. An yaye su daga madarar uwa a wata shida zuwa shida, amma suna tare da mahaifiyarsu har sai sun kai kimanin shekaru 17. Bearan mata masu baƙar fata suna kula da samari da koya musu mahimmancin fasaha a duk tsawon rayuwarsu tare. Maza ba sa shiga cikin zuriyar ilimin zuriyar kai tsaye, amma suna aikata ta kai tsaye - suna kiyayewa daga kowane nau'in barazanar.
Mace sun isa balaga tun suna shekaru 2 zuwa 9, kuma suna iya haihuwar shekara guda bayan balaga. Maza sun isa ga balaga tun suna shekaru 3 zuwa 4, amma sunci gaba da girma har sai sun cika shekaru 10 zuwa 12, shine a wannan zamani da suke da girman da zasu mallaki bears matasa ba tare da fada ba.
Tsawon rayuwa
Bishiyar baƙi na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 30 a cikin daji, amma galibi suna rayuwa ne kusan shekaru 10, akasari saboda haɗuwa da mutane. Fiye da 90% na lokuta na mutuwar barbals, bayan da shekaru 1.5, su ne sakamakon farauta, tarko, hatsarori da wasu haɗari tare da mutane.
Abinci mai gina jiki
A ko'ina cikin kewayon, beyar baƙar fata suna ciyar da ciyawa, ganye, berries da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Koyaya, halayen abinci sun bambanta da mazauninsu. Kadan ne kawai daga abincin abincin wake yake da dabbobi, kwari da gwoza. Yawancin dabbobi suna amfani da baribals a cikin suturu. Wadannan bears ba masu farauta bane kuma suna ciyar da kan layi, in ya yiwu.
Baribals suna buƙatar abinci mai yawa a cikin carbohydrates kuma mai ƙarancin furotin da mai. A sakamakon haka, galibi suna fi son abinci mai ɗauke da furotin ko mai, saboda haka suna cin abincin mutane. Beudarar da ke da wadataccen abinci suna nuna ƙarin nauyi da ƙari na haihuwa. A lokacin bazara, bayan berayen baƙi sun bar kogon, suna fuskantar karancin abinci. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, baribals suna rasa nauyi a wannan lokacin kuma suna ci gaba da wanzuwa saboda kitsen da aka tara kafin lokacin hunturu. Suna cinye kowane abinci mai narkewa da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki a cikin adadin da ya isa ya kula da lafiyar jiki. A lokacin rani, dabbobi suna cin ganyayyaki da fruitsya fruitsyan itaciya. Lokacin rani yawanci lokaci ne na samfurori da yawa na nau'ikan bears, wanda yake ba su damar murmurewa daga lokacin sanyi da ƙarancin kalori. Baribals yana tara mai mai yawa a lokacin bazara, godiya ga 'ya'yan itatuwa, kwayoyi da itacen ɓaure.
Halayyar
Bishiyar baƙar fata yawanci dabbobi ne na maraƙi, kodayake kiwo da ciyarwa na iya canza wannan hoto. Don shakatawa, baribals zaɓi yanki a cikin gandun daji waɗanda aka rufe da ganye. A taqaice, waxannan dabbobi dabbobin kaxaita ne ban da na mata da 'ya'yanta. A wuraren da aka tattara tushen abinci, adadi da yawa na bears ya taru suka kuma samar da masalaha tsakanin jama'a.
Bako mai baƙar fata yana da babban matakin hankali, yana nuna ƙarin ƙwarewar sani kuma suna da ƙwarewar hankali. Baribals, a matsayinka na mai mulki, masu kunya ne da dabbobi masu tsoratar da su dangane da mutane, amma suna nuna nau'ikan haɓakawa da halayyar ɗan adam fiye da yadda aka zata. Baƙin bears suna da damar yin amfani da keken da ba a fahimta ba kuma ba a fahimta sosai.
Matsayi a cikin yanayin kasa:
Bishiyar baƙar fata tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin halittu saboda tasirinsu ga yawan kwari. Suna taimakawa yada iri na tsirrai da suke ci. Baribals suna cinye da yawa mazaunan mazauna da kwari na huhu, kuma suna shafar yawancin ƙanana da dabbobi, kamar zomaye da barewa.
Gaskiya
Mutane suna farauta don baribals, saboda darajar ganima da sauran sassan jikin mutum, gami da fatansu don suttura ko kifin, da nama da mai. A mafi yawan jihohi da lardunan Arewacin Amurka inda wadannan 'yan wake-wake ke zaune, akwai tsari na farauta. An kiyasta mutane baƙi 30,000 suna mutuwa kowace shekara. Numberarancin adadin fãtun fata suna zuwa kasuwa, tunda babu buƙatarta masu yawa kuma irin wannan kasuwancin ba doka bane.
Ana amfani da karatun likitanci na hanyoyin metabolism na bears baki don fahimtar hanyoyin magance raunin koda, cholelithiasis, ƙonewa mai zafi da sauran cututtuka.
Mara kyau
Baƙin bears na iya kaiwa dabbobi hari, kodayake waɗannan asarar da sakaci ne. Arsa sometimesan bears wani lokacin suna lalata filayen masara, gindi da apiaries. Suna cutar da rauni sosai, wani lokacin ma har kashe, mutane da ke zaune a cikin carayari da matafiya waɗanda suke ciyar da su. Ko ta yaya, hatsarin da ke tattare da hare-hare na beyar baƙar fata wani lokaci shine, kusan mutane 36 suka mutu a sakamakon rikici da baribals a cikin karni na 20. Mutanen da ke zaune ko ziyarci wuraren da baƙar fata suke a wurin ya kamata su lura da matakan da suka dace don guje wa haɗari da su.
Matsayin tsaro
Bishiyar baƙar fata ta taɓa mamaye galibin Arewacin Amurka, amma farauta da kuma noma sun kore su zuwa wurare masu dazuzzuka. Ragowar mazauna suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzukan da ba su da cunkoso da kuma wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar. Yara ne babba da wadata, amma har yanzu yana fuskantar barazanar a matakin yanki saboda lalacewar mazauni da farauta. An jera bears mai baƙi a CITES Shafi na II.
Rayuwa & Abinci
Yankin Baribal yana da yawancin filaye da tuddai, za su buɗe wurare - makiyaya, kwari, koguna, kwaruruka - don neman abinci, yanzu ana samunsa a yawancin wuraren da babu cunkoso da kuma wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. A cikin kudu maso yamma na kewayon ana samun sa a cikin tsaunin tuddai, a tsawon mil 900 zuwa 3,000. A lokacin bazara, dutsen gabashin kalma yana neman abinci akan rafin kudu da yaddduka a kwaruruka na koguna da tabkuna, kuma a lokacin rani ana cire shi zuwa zurfin gandun daji. A cikin hunturu, mashigin gabas na gabas, ke kafa rami a ƙarƙashin tushen bishiyoyi, a cikin kabarin dutse ko a cikin kogo. Sau da yawa, kawai yana tono rami a cikin ƙasa, wanda yake shimfiɗa lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara ta fara. An shirya ramin tare da busassun ganye da ciyawa. Rayuwar rayuwar galibi tagwaye ne. Koyaya, a wuraren da ake zubar da abinci, baribals yakan canza zuwa rana ko dare.
Dabbobin bea yawanci dabbobi ne da keɓe kai, ban da mace tare da cuban sandansu, ma'aurata a lokacin kiwo da bazuwar tara dabbobi a wuraren ciyarwa. A ƙarshen batun, an kafa sashin fahimtar matsayin zamantakewa tsakanin dabbobi.
Baribal yafi cin abinci a kan tsire-tsire, kwari (tururuwa, tururuwa, wasps, ƙudan zuma) da larvae su, wani lokacin nama, kifi (kifi), kuma a wasu lokutan suna kaiwa dabbobi hari - tumaki da aladu.
Abincin shuka na Baribal ya hada da itacen oho, hazelnuts, walnuts baki (Juglans nigra), chestnuts, Rowan 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, dogwood, bearberry (bear Berry), cranberries, blueberries, rasberi, blackberries, strawberries (Fragaria virginiana), ciyawar daji, inabin daji, buckthorn (Rhamnus californicus), kwanceparilla arya (Aralia nudicaulis), lupine, bedstraw (Galium boreale), mai karbar haraji, Ledum, dandelion, Clover, thistle (Cirsium), hogweed, da sauransu.
Irin wannan abincin yana da wadataccen abinci a cikin carbohydrates, amma mara kyau a cikin mai da furotin, saboda haka dabi'ar bears baƙar cin abincin da mutane ke watsar dashi. Baribals, waɗanda ke karɓar abinci mai yawa na furotin (alal misali, a gidan zuzzurfan dabbobi), suna nuna alamar ƙaruwa sosai da nauyin haihuwa. A dabi'a, baribals wani lokacin yakan lalata orchards, apiaries da filayen hatsi. Ba kamar launin ruwan kasa da bera mai ɗaukar nauyi ba, baribal yana marmarin cin abinci, don haka ba ma'ana ya yi kama da cewa ya mutu lokacin da bushasha ta gabas. Koyaya, wannan beyar da wuya mutane ke kaiwa mutane hari.
Abokan gaba na makiyaya na baribal bears ne mai tsananin gaske. Wolves, coyotes da cougars na iya farautar yaran.
Baribal dabba ce mai kwalliya mai kyau wacce take da lahani fiye da bera mai launin ruwan kasa. Aƙalla, ya guji haɗuwa da mutum kuma, har ma da rauni, ya zaɓi ya gudu maimakon kai hari. Duk da yanayinsa mai nauyi da ban tsoro, baribal dabba ce mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi, mai fama da ƙarfi da ke gudana da sauri, iyo da kuma hawa bishiyoyi.
Matsayin jama'a da mahimmanci ga ɗan adam
Yankin bakar fata tun daga farkon karni na 20. an rage sosai, amma sakamakon matakan kariya, ya sake zama ya zama mai yawa a sassa da yawa na Arewacin Amurka, har ma da yawa a cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da kuma wuraren ajiyar. Dangane da kididdigar da aka yi kwanan nan, akwai mutane kusan 600,000 a duniya, yawancinsu suna zaune ne a yammacin nahiyar. Yawan jama'a ya bambanta kwarai da gaske - idan bera 30,000 suna zaune a Minnesota, to a makwabtaka da Iowa, inda akasarin ƙasar ke nomawa, kusan babu wanda ya saura. Yawancin mutanen da ke cikin barazanar Louisiana da Florida, da kuma Mexico.
A wasu wuraren, baribal abu ne na farauta (ana amfani da fata, ƙarancin nama da mai). Ana amfani da galline na baki da giyar bears na maganin gargajiya a China, Japan da Koriya. Hakanan ana harba Baribals a matsayin kwari da ke kaiwa dabbobin hari (kodayake ana matukar yin barnar da lalacewar da suke yi), lambuna, gonaki da filayen ɓarna. Baribals, waɗanda ake amfani da su don ciyarwa kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam, suna da haɗari mafi girma; akwai lokuta idan aka yi wa rauni ko kashe mutanen da suka hana su. Koyaya, don duk karni na XX. a Arewacin Amurka, mutuwar 52 kawai daga hare-hare na baribal (a daidai wannan lokacin, bears launin ruwan kasa ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 50, fari - 5). Akwai dalilan yin imani, duk da haka, cewa adadin adadin mutuwar ba su san su ba, kawai bayanan daga shekarun da suka gabata za a iya ɗauka cikakke ko completeasa da cikakke. Bakar baƙar fata, ba kamar na masu launin ruwan kasa ba, suna jin tsoro kuma da wuya suna kaiwa mutane hari, har ma lokacin da suka ji rauni. Da beyar da sanduna yayin saduwa da mutum ya gwammace ya gudu ko hawa itace.
Lokacin saduwa da baribal, ba a ba da shawarar yin shi kamar ya mutu ko hawa bishiya ba (kamar lokacin haɗuwa da bera mai launin ruwan kasa), tunda baribals da son rai ya hau kai da hauhawa, kuma yi ƙoƙarin tsoratar dashi da babbar amo ko cuta.
A ina ne beyar baƙi ke zaune?
Ana samun bera mai baƙar fata a Kanada, Amurka (ban da ɓangaren tsakiyar Babban filayen), a arewacin Mexico. Da zarar an rarraba wannan nau'in har ma da ko'ina kuma kusan kusan dukkanin wuraren katako ne na Arewacin Amurka daga arewacin Kanada zuwa tsakiyar Mexico.
Baribals suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzukan daji masu yawa, da dazuzzuka na daji, da kuma ƙarin wuraren buɗewa. Gabaɗaya, bera mai baƙar fata dabba ce mai filastik. Zai iya zama a cikin dazuzzukan daji na Mexico, da dazuzzukan daji masu daskarewa na Alaska, bakin teku na kudu maso gabacin Amurka da tudun-baki na Labrador. Gasar baƙar fata bears a wurare da yawa suna ma'amala da mazaunin bear grizzly.
Menene kamannin gabas?
Girman baribals sun bambanta dangane da yanayin yanki da kuma lokacin (ana samun manyan mutane a yankuna na arewaci da gabashin).Tsawon jikin mutum ya kasance daga mita 1.2 zuwa 1.9, tsayinsa a cikin mayukan yakai 0.7-1.0 m. Maza sunkai kimanin kilogiram 60-220, amma a wasu wuraren da ake bayar da abinci gaurayawa ga baribals, nauyin zai iya kaiwa 300 kuma har zuwa kilogiram 400. Mata sun kasance karami, suna nauyin kilo 40-150, lokaci-lokaci nauyinsu ya kai kilogiram 200. Gemun baƙi suna da ɗanɗano fiye da na launin ruwan kasa.
Kayan gashi na barbals baki ne, launin ruwan kasa, launin ruwan kasa mai haske, wani lokacin tare da alamun haske akan kirji. Lokaci-lokaci a cikin Burtaniya Columbia da Kanada kuma ana da bears tare da fararen launi (kodayake waɗannan ba albinos bane). Launin rigar baƙar fata daga bear grizzly yana da wahalar rarrabewa, tunda yawancinsu suna da launin ruwan kasa. Babban bambanci tsakanin baribals da grizzlies sabanin tsari ne (maimakon concave) bayanan mucks da kuma rashin babban ƙuna. Bugu da kari, bakunan bakaken bera sun fi dacewa da hawa bishiyoyi sama da na tono, saboda haka sun fi girma girman girman da ake amfani da su.
Babbar fata kai ruwa
Kamar yadda yake da kowane nau'in beyar, banda fari, abincin baribal ya ƙunshi abincin shuka: berries, kwayoyi, rhizomes da tubers. Bugu da kari, dabbar tana cin kwari, matasa ungulates, da kifi.
Abincin ya bambanta sosai dangane da lokacin shekara. A cikin bazara, baƙar fata ta bera ne yawanci keɓaɓɓen ciyawar ciyawa, harbe, ganyen matasa, ƙwayayen da aka barsu daga kaka, wani lokacin safarar. A lokacin rani, kwari, matasa deer da muza an haɗa su a sama. A cikin kaka, lokacin da kwayoyi da berries suka girma, suna zama babban abincin baribal.
A cikin matsanancin kudu na kewayon, akwai wadataccen abinci a duk shekara, saboda haka mata masu juna biyu ne kawai suka fada cikin lambobi. A cikin fadama ta kudanci, baribals suna shirya shinge a saman bishiyoyi. Sabanin haka, a arewa, dabbobi sun fi son yin ɗakuna a ƙasa ko cikin tushen bishiyoyi kuma suna iya kasancewa a cikinsu har tsawon watanni 7, kuma a Alaska har zuwa watanni 8.
Kare baƙar fata bears a cikin yanayi
Blackan baƙar fata na baƙar fata ya fi na kowa. A cikin duka, akwai kusan mutane miliyan 8. Irin wannan adadin yana da nasaba da gaskiyar cewa baribals sun zama masu jure kasancewar mutum. Mutane, bi da bi, saboda yanayin aminci na beyar, sun kasance masu biyayya gare su. Haka kuma, bera mai baƙar fata, wanda ke ciyar da ragowar abinci na mutum (hatsi, 'ya'yan itace, sharar gida, da abincin dabbobi), sun kai ga balaga tun farko kuma suna haihuwar cubayoyi fiye da beyar da ke cin abincin halitta. A gefe guda, mutum shine babban dalilin mutuwa tsakanin baribals. A Arewacin Amurka, mafarautan kowace shekara suna kashe beraye dubu 40, kuma gabaɗaya wannan shine kashi 5-6% na yawan jama'a, amma a wasu yankuna 20% na yawan zama mafarauta.
Kodayake bera baƙar fata sun sha wahala mafi yawa daga farauta ta doka, wannan farashi yana da tsari a hankali cewa baribaly shine kaɗai nau'in bears wanda ke girma cikin kewayonsa.