Kankana - wani bangare ne na ruwa, wanda yake asalin abin shan ruwa ne, wanda yake cike da tafkin tafkin (tabkin lake) tare da ruwa kuma bashi da alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa tekun (teku). Lakes shine batun nazarin kimiyyar ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwa. A cikin duka, akwai tabkuna kusan miliyan 5 a cikin duniya.

Daga yanayin hangen nesa, tafkin wani abu ne wanda yake tsayayye a cikin lokaci da sarari, cike da kwayoyin halitta a cikin lokacin ruwa, girmansa wanda ya sami matsayin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin teku da kandami.

Daga hasashe game da labarin kasa, tafkin rufaffiyar ɓoyayyen ƙasa ne, inda ruwa yake gudana da kuma tarawa. Tabkuna ba na teku bane.

Dukda cewa sinadaran ruwan tafkin ya kasance mai jinkiri na dogon lokaci, sabanin kogi, kayan da ake jujjuya shi ba akai akai ba, kuma rakodin da suke ciki ba sune farkon abinda ke tantance tsarinta ba. Lakes ya tsara kwararar kogin, yana riƙe da magudanan ruwa cikin ramukarsu yana barsu ta sauran lokutan. Abubuwan sunadarai suna faruwa a cikin ruwan tafkuna. Wasu abubuwan suna wucewa daga ruwa zuwa kasan, yayin da wasu - mataimakin. A cikin tabkuna da yawa, galibi ba tare da magudanan ruwa ba, yawan sallolin yana ƙaruwa saboda ƙazamar ruwa. Sakamakon wani canji ne mai mahimmanci a cikin salinity da gishirin ruwan tafkunan. Saboda mahimmancin zafin ruwa na yawan ruwa, manyan tabkuna suna tausasa yanayin da zazzabi na yankunan da ke ciki, da rage yawan shekara-shekara da yanayin yanayi na abubuwan meteorological.

Tsarin, girmansa da kuma kayan tarihin yanayin ginin tafkin ya bambanta sosai tare da tara ƙananan abubuwan kwantar da hankali. Ruwan tabkuna ya haifar da sabbin filaye, lebur ko ma yanki. Tabkuna, musamman ma wuraren shayarwa, galibi suna haifar da matattarar ruwan ƙasa wanda ke haifar da ruwa ga wurare kusa da ƙasa. Sakamakon ci gaba da tara kwayoyin halitta da ma'adinai a cikin tabkuna, an kirkiro dunƙule dunƙule na ƙasa. Wadannan adibas suna canzawa tare da ƙarin haɓaka tafki da juyawarsu zuwa fadama ko ƙasa. A karkashin wasu yanayi, ana jujjuya su zuwa duwatsun asalin halitta.

Tekuna na tectonic: halaye, misalai

Tekuna na tectonic sune jikkunan ruwa waɗanda aka yi su a ɓangarorin kuskure da kuma musanyawar ɓoyayyen ƙasa.

Hoto na 1. Tekuna na tafkuna. Author24 - musayar kan layi na ayyukan ɗalibai

Ainihin, waɗannan abubuwan kunkuntar ne kuma mai zurfi, kuma sun banbanta cikin madaidaitan bankuna. Irin waɗannan layukan ana samunsu ne cikin zurfi ta gorges. Harsunan tectonic na Rasha (misalai: Dalnee da Kurilskoe a Kamchatka) an nuna su da ƙananan ƙasa. Don haka, rafin Kurilskoye yana gudana a yankin kudancin Kamchatka, a cikin kwari mai zurfi mai zurfi. Wannan yanki an kewaye shi da tsaunuka. Matsakaicin zurfin tafkin ya kai m 360, kuma adadin manyan koguna na gudana koyaushe suna gangarawa daga tsaunukan. Daga wannan tafki na kwarara Kogin Ozernaya, gefen kogunan da akwai maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi suna zuwa saman ruwa. A tsakiyar tafki akwai tsibiri a cikin hanyar karamin haɓakawa, ana kiranta "dutse-dutse". Ba a da nisa daga tafkin akwai kwalliyar adon kuda da ake kira Kutkhiny Bata. A yau, tafkin Kurilskoye an dauki shi ajiyar wuri kuma an ayyana shi wani abin tunawa ne na halitta.

Yi tambaya ga kwararru kuma ku samu
amsa cikin mintina 15!

Abin sha'awa shine, tafkunan tectonic suna cikin bututun fashewar abubuwa da kuma fashe-fashe. Irin waɗannan tafkunan galibi ana samunsu a ƙasashen Turai. Misali, ana lura da tabkuna masu gudu a cikin yankin Eifel (a cikin Jamus), wanda ke kusa da shi ana yin rikodin bayyanannu game da ayyukan volcanic a cikin hanyar maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi. Bakin ruwa cike da ruwa shine mafi yawan nau'ikan irin waɗannan rijiyoyin.

Misali, tabkin Crater na Mazama Volcano a cikin Oregon ya kirkiro ne kimanin shekaru dubu 6.5 da suka gabata.

Dudduginsa ya kai kilomita 10 da zurfin sama da nisan mil 589. Wani yanki na tafki an samar dashi ne ta hanyar toshewar magudanar ruwa ta hanyar toshewa da magudanar ruwa, wanda daga karshe ya tara ruwa ya kuma zama tafki. Ta wannan hanyar, rafin Kivu ya bayyana, wanda shine rami na tsarin kishiyar gabashin Afirka, wanda ke kan iyakar Zaire da Rwanda. Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ya kwarara fiye da shekaru 7 da suka gabata daga Tanganyik, ya kwararo rafin Kivu zuwa yankuna na arewacin, zuwa kogin Nilu. Amma daga wannan lokacin, sai aka rufe tashar tasu tare da fashewar wani dutsen mai kusa da wuta.

Bayanan ƙasa na lakeson tekuna

Wuraren tectonic na duniya suna da ma'anar ƙasa mai sauƙi da aka bayyana, wanda aka gabatar a cikin hanyar karyewar kwana.

Tsarin aiki mai yawa da adon daskarewa a cikin kwas ɗin ba su da tasiri sosai kan sauƙin layin kwarin, amma a wurare da dama na musamman ana iya ganin tasirin.

Kogunan tela na glacial na iya samun ƙasa mai '' ƙamshi 'da' goshin rago ', waɗanda za'a iya lura da su a kan tsaunukan tsibiri da tsibirin. Latterarshe yana kasancewa mafi yawa daga dutsen mai wuya, waɗanda kusan ba amenable mai lalacewa ba ne. Sakamakon wannan tsari, ƙananan rarar tarawa suna faruwa. Kwatancen wuraren ajiye makamashi na Rasha, masanan ilmin ƙasa sun danganta ga rukunan: a = 2-4 da a = 4-10. Zurfin zurfin ruwa (sama da 10 m) na jimlar adadin ya kai kusan 60-70%, mara girman (har zuwa 5 m) - 15-20%. Irin waɗannan tabkuna suna da bambancin ruwa bisa ga alamu na zazzabi. Lowarancin zafin jiki na ƙananan ruwa ya zauna a lokacin lokacin dumama dumama. Wannan shi ne saboda yanayin tsayayyen yanayin zafi. Ganyen ciyayi a cikin waɗannan yankuna yana da matuƙar wuya, tunda yana yiwuwa a gano shi a gefen gefen hanyar rufewa.

Tabkuna na asalin tectonic

Kimiyyar ilimin karauka Ta hanyar asali, masana kimiyya sun bambanta nau'ikan da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai lakesonic lakesonic. An samo su sakamakon motsi na faranti da kuma bayyanar da baƙin ciki a cikin ɓoyayyen ƙasa. Ta haka ne ya kafa tafki mafi zurfi a duniya - Baikal kuma mafi girma a yankin - Tekun Caspian. A cikin tsarin sassaucin ra’ayi na Gabashin Afirka, an sami babban laifi, inda aka mai da hankali kan tafkuna da yawa:

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• Tanganyika,
• Albert
• Nyasa
• Edward,
• Tekun Matattu (ita ce ƙorama mafi ƙasƙanci a duniyarmu).

A cikin sifofin su, lakeson tekuna suna da fadi da kuma zurfin jikin ruwa, tare da sanannun ƙasashe. Gefen su, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana ƙarƙashin matakin teku. Tana da shimfida bayyananniya mai kama da layin da ya karye. Ana iya samun halaye iri daban-daban na kasa a kasa. Maɓuɓɓun ƙofofin tectonic suna tattare da tsauraran duwatsu, kuma suna da saukin kamuwa da lalacewa. A matsakaici, yanki mai zurfin ruwan tafkuna na wannan nau'in ya kai 70%, kuma m ruwa - ba fiye da 20%. Ruwa na lakeson tekuna ba ɗaya bane, amma gaba ɗaya yana da ƙarancin zafin jiki.

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Siffofin samuwar jikin ruwa

Lakes ya taso ne saboda dalilai iri daban-daban. Mahaliccinsu na halitta sune:

A farfajiyar duniya, galibi ana yin wanka da ruwa. Sakamakon aikin iska, ana haifar da ɓacin rai, wanda bayan haka glacier yana goge rami, tsaunin tsaunin yana lalata kwarin kogin. Wannan yana shimfiɗa gado don tafki mai zuwa.

Asalin tafkin ya kasu kashi biyu:

• kogi
• bakin tekuna
• tsaunukan dutse
• tabkuna masu kankara
• dam ruwa
• lactonic tabkuna,
• tabkuna masu lahani.

Tekuna na Tectonic suna bayyana ne sakamakon cika ƙananan fasa a cikin ɓawon burodi da ruwa. Don haka, Tekun Caspian, mafi girma ga ruwa a Rasha da kuma duniya baki daya, an canza shi ta juyawa. Kafin hawan Caucasus, ruwan Caspian yana da alaƙar kai tsaye tare da Baki. Wani babban misali mai karfin fashewar dunkulen duniya shine tsarin gabashin Afirka, wanda ya fadada daga yankin kudu maso yamma na nahiyar zuwa arewa zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Anan akwai jerin wuraren ajiya tectonic. Wadanda suka fi fice sune Tanganyika, Albert Edward, Nyasa. Zuwa cikin tsarin guda ɗaya, masanan sun haɗa da Tekun Matattu - mafi ƙarancin tectonic lake a duniya.

Kogunan tekuna sune bakin teku da lagoons, waɗanda galibi suna cikin yankuna na arewacin tekun Adriatic. Daya daga cikin takaddun ramuka na gazawa shine bacewar su da tsari. Wannan sabon abu na yau da kullun yana dogara ne akan yanayin kuzarin ruwa na karkashin ruwa. Babban misali na wannan abun shine ana tunanin Lake Ertsov, yana Kudancin Ossetia. Ruwayoyin tsaunin suna cikin tuddai, kuma tabkuna masu launin sanyi lokacin da aka sauya kaurin dusar kankara shekara.

Ba mu sami amsar ba
ga tambayar ku?

Kamar rubuta abin da kuka
ana buƙatar taimako

Manyan lakesonic mafi girma a duniya

Akwai manyan lagos manya da matsakaitan tekuna a cikin kogin Suna:

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• Randozero
• Palle
• Salvilambi
• Sandalwood
• Sundozero.

Daga cikin layukan asalin tectonic na Kyrgyzstan, wanda ya isa ya ambaci Son-Kul, Chatyr-Kul da Issyk-Kul. Hakanan akwai tafkuna da yawa a kan Yankin Trans-Ural Plain, wanda aka kirkira saboda fashewar tectonic na maƙarƙashiyar ƙasa. Waɗannan su ne Argayash da Kaldy, Welgi da Tishki, Shablish da Sugoyak. A cikin Asiya, har yanzu akwai sauran layukan tekuna na Kukunor, Khubsugul, Urmia, Biwa da Van.

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A cikin Turai, akwai kuma manyan tafkuna masu asali na tectonic. Waɗannan su ne Geneva da Weettern, Como da Boden, Balaton da Lago Maggiore. Tsakanin hanyoyin ruwan Amurka na asalin tectonic, Ya kamata a ambaci Babban Lakes na Arewacin Amurka. Winnipeg, Athabasca da Big Bear Lake suna da nau'ikan iri ɗaya.

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Kogunan Tectonic suna kan filayen ko kuma a cikin wuraren cike gurbi. Suna da zurfin gaske da girma. A kan aiwatar da samuwar tafkunan, ba kawai bangarorin lithosphere suke shiga ba, har ma suna fashewa a cikin dunƙulewar ƙasa. Bottomasan ƙofofin tectonic yana ƙasa da matakin teku. Ana samun irin wannan tafukan a duk nahiyoyin duniya, amma, adadinsu mafi girma yana wurin daidai a cikin ɓarke ​​na ɓoyayyen ƙasa.

Articlesarin labarai masu alaƙa

Mu'ujiza a kan Kogin Hangan
"Idan yaro ya gani, ya ji kuma ya sami gogewa, da yawaita karantar da shi, abubuwan da yake motsawa a cikin kwarewarsa, zai zama mafi mahimmanci da ingantaccen aiki, sauran abubuwa daidai suke, zai zama talabijin dinsa.

Kwandunan ruwa na mahimmancin yanki-yanki
Kasarmu tana da arzikin albarkatun mai, tabbataccen ajiyar asusun kashi 11% na duniya, kuma albarkatun masana'antu (tan miliyan 3.9) sune mafi girman a cikin duniya, wanda ke da kashi 30% na duniya. Daidaitaccen ma'aunin ya kai tan biliyan 300 na kwal. .

General halaye

Dangane da tsarin halittar, tafkin abu ne da yake wanzu a sarari da lokaci, cike da kwayoyin halitta a yanayin ruwa. A yanayin kasa, an gabatar dashi a matsayin rufaffiyar rashin kwanciyar hankali na kasa, zuwa inda ruwa ya tara da inda. Abubuwan sunadarai na tabkuna ya kasance mai jinkiri na dogon lokaci. Abincin da ke cike da shi an sabunta shi, amma ƙasa da akai-akai fiye da kogin. Haka kuma, igiyoyin da suke a ciki basa aiki a matsayin mafi yawan kaddarawar tsarin mulkin. Tabkuna suna ba da tsari na kwararar kogin. Abubuwan sunadarai suna faruwa a cikin ruwa. Yayin mu'amala, wasu abubuwan sun zauna a kasa, wasu kuma sun shiga ruwa. A wasu jikin ruwa, yawanci ba tare da kwarara guda ba, yawan gishirin yana ƙaruwa saboda rashin ruwa. A sakamakon wannan tsari, canji mai mahimmanci a cikin gishirin da ma'adinan ruwan ke faruwa. Sakamakon babban inertia na yanayin zafi, manyan abubuwa sunyi laushi ga yanayin damina na yankuna kusa da su, yana rage yanayi da kuma canzawar yanayi na shekara-shekara da na shekara-shekara.

Kwayar ƙasa

Yayin da suke tarawa, an sami babban canje-canje a cikin agaji da girman ramuka. Tare da wuce gona da iri jikin ruwa, ana samar da sabbin siffofi - a fili kuma convex. Tabkuna sau da yawa suna haifar da shinge ga ruwan ƙasa. Wannan, bi da bi, yana haifar da lalata ruwa na wuraren ƙasa. A cikin tabkuna akwai ci gaba da tara abubuwan ma'adinai da abubuwan sarrafa abubuwa. Sakamakon haka, ana yin kauri madaurin silsila. Suna canzawa yayin da ake cigaba da ci gaba da gawarwakin ruwa da canzawa zuwa tudu ko fadama. A ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, ƙananan ganguna suna canzawa zuwa ma'adanai na tsaunin asalin halitta.

Rarrabawa

Ta hanyar asalinsu, jikin ruwa ya kasu kashi biyu:

1. Tekuna na tectonic. An kafa su ne saboda cika fasa a cikin ɓawon burodi da ruwa. Don haka, Tekun Caspian, tabkin da ya fi girma a Rasha da kuma duniya gabaɗaya, an yi shi ne ta hanyar ƙaura. Kafin hawan Caucasus, ruwan Caspian yana da alaƙa da Baki. Wani misali na babban kuskure shine Tsarin Rift na Gabashin Afirka. Ya daga yankin kudu maso gabas na nahiyar zuwa arewa zuwa kudu maso yamma na Asiya. Anan akwai jerin hanyoyin ruwan tectonic. Mafi shahararrun sune Lake. Albert, Tanganyika, Edward, Nyasa (Malawi). Tekun Matattu suna cikin tsari iri ɗaya. Anyi la'akari da mafi ƙarancin tafkin tectonic a duniya.
2. Kogin kogi.
3. Tekuna a bakin teku (kewayen teku, lagoons). Mafi mashahuri shine lago na Venetian. Tana cikin yankin arewacin Tekun Adriatic.
4. Tabkuna masu bala'i. Daya daga cikin abubuwanda wasu daga cikin wadannan tafkunan suke shine bayyanar su da kuma bacewar su lokaci-lokaci. Wannan sabon abu ya dogara da takamaiman kuzarin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali misalin tafkin karst shine Lake. Ertsov, yana Kudu. Ossetia.
5. Kogin dutse. Suna cikin rami na kashin baya.
6. Tabkuna masu laushi. Suna tasowa lokacin da aka canza kauri daga kankara.
7. Dam Dam. Irin waɗannan tafkunan ana kafa su yayin rushewar ɓangaren dutsen. Misalin irin wannan tafkin shine Kankana. Ritsa, wanda ke a Abkhazia.

Kogunan wutar lantarki

Irin waɗannan layukan suna cikin ramuka masu fashewa da bututun fashewar abubuwa. Ana samun irin waɗannan tafkunan a Turai. Misali, tabkuna masu fasikanci suna nan a yankin Eifel (a nan Jamus). A kusa da su, an lura da wani rauni mai rauni na aikin wutar lantarki a cikin hanyar maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi. Mafi nau'in nau'ikan irin waɗannan tafkuna shine ɓarna cike da ruwa. Oz Aikin dutsen Mazama Volcano a Oregon an kafa shi sama da shekaru dubu 6.5 da suka gabata. Zurfin ruwanta ya kai kilomita 10 kuma zurfinta ya kai mita 589. Wasu daga cikin tabkuna ana yin su ne yayin aiwatar da toshe kwarin dutsen da ke gudana daga magudanan ruwa. A hankali, ruwa ya tara a cikinsu da siffofin tafki. Don haka, alal misali, tafkin ya bayyana. Kivu babban rami ne na Tsarin Rift na Gabashin Afirka, wanda ke kan iyakar Rwanda da Zaire. Da zarar gudan daga cikin tabkin. Kogin Tanganyika Ruzizi ya bi ta rafin Kivu zuwa arewa, zuwa Kogin Nilu. Amma daga lokacin da aka katange tashar bayan fashewar wani dutsen mai kusa da shi, ya cika makil.

Sauran nau'in

Lakes zai iya kafawa a cikin matsanancin voids. Ruwa ya narke wannan dutsen, ya haifar da manyan kogon dutse. Irin wannan layukan na iya faruwa a wuraren adana gishirin ƙasa. Tabkuna na iya zama wucin gadi. An yi nufin su, azaman doka, don adanar ruwa don dalilai daban-daban. Sau da yawa halittar tafkin wucin gadi ana alakanta su da nau'ikan ayyukan taurari. Koyaya, a wasu halaye, bayyanar su sakamako ne na su.Don haka, alal misali, wuraren rarar kurar wucin gadi ana kafa su a cikin abubuwan bincike. Daga cikin manyan tafkuna yana da mahimmanci a lura da Kogi. Nasser, yana kan iyakar Sudan da Misira. An kirkiro shi ta hanyar lalata kwarin kogin. Nilu. Wani misali na babban tafkin wucin gadi shine Lake. Mid. Hakan ya bayyana bayan shigowar madatsar ruwa a bakin kogin. Colorado. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, irin wannan tafkuna suna ba da tashoshin wutar lantarki na gida da samar da ruwa ga ƙauyukan da ke kusa da kuma yankunan masana'antu.

Manyan manyan tekuna na tebur

Daya daga cikin manyan dalilan samuwar jikkunan ruwa shine motsin duniyan. Sakamakon wannan fitowar, glaciers na ratsa cikin wasu yanayi. Wuraren suna da yawa sosai a filayen da cikin tsaunuka. Za'a iya kasancewa a cikin kwari da kuma tsakanin tsaunuka cikin bacin rai. Gwarala-tectonic tabkuna (misalai: Ladoga, Onega) sun zama ruwan dare gama gari a yankin Arewa. Avalanches sun bar damuwa mai zurfi bayan kansu. Ruwan da aka narke a ciki. Adibas (moraine) sun lalata ɓacin ran. Don haka, an kirkiro wuraren ajiye tafki a gundumar Lake. A kafadar Bolshoi Arber is lake ne. Arbersee. Wannan jikin ruwa ya kasance bayan zamanin kankara.

Tekuna na Tectonic: misalai, halaye

Irin waɗannan tafkuna ana kafa su ne a cikin ɓangarorin ɓarna da rashin aminci. Yawancin lokaci, tafkuna na tectonic na duniya suna da zurfi da fadi. Sun bambanta a cikin maɓallin madaidaiciya-madaidaiciya. Wadannan jikin ruwa ana samunsu ne ta hanyar zurfin gorges. Hanyoyin ruwan tectonic na Rasha (misalai: Kurilskoye da Dalnee a Kamchatka) an rarrabe su da ƙananan ƙasa (ƙasa da matakin teku). Don haka, tafki Kurilskoye yana cikin yankin kudancin Kamchatka, a cikin wani rami mai zurfin hotuna. Yankin yana kewaye da tsaunuka. Matsakaicin zurfin tafki shine 360 ​​m. Tana da bankunan da ke ƙasa, daga inda koguna masu yawa suke gudana. Daga tafki kwarara p. Kankana. Ruwan ruwa masu zafi suna zuwa saman ruwa a bakin ruwa. A tsakiyar tafkin akwai karamin haɓaka - tsibiri. Ana kiranta "zuciya-dutse." Ba da nisa daga tafkin akwai kwalliyar adon kuɗi na musamman. Ana kiran su Kutkhins baht. Yau Lake Kurilskoye yanki ne na dabi'a kuma an ayyana shi abin tunawa ne da dabi'ar halitta.

Yaɗa

A ina, banda Kamchatka, ana samun tafkunan tectonic? Jerin shahararrun wuraren ajiya a kasar sun hada da irin wadannan mutane kamar:

Wadannan gawarwakin ruwa suna cikin kwari na Kogin Suna. A cikin daji-steppe Trans-Urals, tekuna na lakeson ma faruwa. Misalan jikin ruwan:

Zurfin jikin ruwa a kan Tsarin Trans-Ural bai wuce mita 8-10 ba. Asalin asalinsu, ana alakanta su zuwa tafkunan nau'in ɓarna-tectonic. An gyara yanayin baƙin cikinsu, bi da bi, ƙarƙashin tasirin lalacewar tafiyar matakai. Yawancin jikkunan ruwa a cikin Trans-Urals an tsare su ne a cikin tsoffin kwastomomin kogin. Waɗannan su ne, musamman, tekuna na tectonic kamar Kamyshnoye, Alakul, Peschanoe, Etkul da sauransu.

Ruwa na musamman

A kudancin kudanci gabashin Siberiya akwai tafki. Baikal tafkin tectonic ne. Tsawonsa ya wuce kilomita 630., Kuma tsawon bakin tekun ya kai kilomita 2100. Girman tafki ya bambanta daga 25 zuwa 79 km. Yankin tabkin yakai murabba'in kilomita 31.5. km Wannan kandami ana daukar mafi zurfi akan duniyar. Ya ƙunshi mafi girma yawan ruwan tsarkakken duniya (23 dubu m 3). Wannan shi ne 1/10 na jari na duniya. Cikakken sabunta ruwa a tafki yana faruwa ne tsawon shekaru 332. Shekarunta kusan lita miliyan 15 kenan. Baikal ana ɗauka ɗayan tsoffin tafkunan.

Dogara

Baikal yana kwance cikin tsananin bakin ciki. An kewaye shi da jerin tsaunuka da aka rufe da taiga. Yankin da ke kusa da tafki an san shi da hadadden, taimako da aka watsa mai zurfi. Ba da nisa da tafkin kanta, an lura da ingantaccen faɗaɗa yanki na dutsen. Yankuna suna gudana a nan kusa da juna a cikin shugabanci daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas. Sun rabu da raunanan baqin ciki. Kogin rafi yana gudana a gindinsu, kuma akwai ƙananan tafkuna na tectonic a wasu wurare. Ayyukan ɓawon burodi na ƙasa suna faruwa a yankin a yau. An nuna wannan ta hanyar girgizar ƙasa akai-akai kusa da kwari, fitowar maɓuɓɓugar zafi a farfajiya, gami da raguwar manyan yankuna na tekun. Ruwa a cikin tafkin shuɗi ne mai launin shuɗi. An fasalta shi da tabbataccen bayyananniyar tsabta da tsabta. A wasu wurare, zaku iya gani a sarari duwatsu suna kwance a zurfin mintuna 10 na 10-15, sun cika tare da gyada. Farin diski da aka saukar dashi cikin ruwa ana iya ganinsa koda a zurfin 40 m.

Abubuwa na dabam

Siffar tafkin wata wata ce. Wurin ya shimfiɗa tsakanin 55 ° 47 'da 51 ° 28' shuka. latitude da 103 ° 43 'da 109 ° 58' gabas. tsayi. Matsakaicin yankin a tsakiyar shine 81 km, mafi ƙaranci (a gaban Selenga Kogin Delta) shine 27 km. Tafkin yana saman saman teku a tsawon nisan mil 455 .. 336 koguna da koguna suna gudana cikin jikin ruwa. Rabin ruwan ya shiga cikin kogin. Selenga. Wata kogi yana gudana daga tafkin - Angara. Koyaya, ya kamata a faɗi cewa a cikin al'umman kimiyya har yanzu ana tattaunawa game da ainihin adadin kwararar da ke gudana a jikin ruwa. Yawancin masana kimiyyar sun yarda cewa ba su kasa da 336.

Ruwan danshi wanda ya cika tafkin an dauki shi wani yanayi ne na musamman. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ruwan kwatsam yana da tsafta kuma mai tsabta, mai wadatar oxygen. A shekarun baya-bayan nan, har ma an dauke shi waraka. An magance cututtukan da dama tare da ruwan Baikal. A lokacin bazara, bayyanar sa yafi girma. Dangane da alamu, yana gab da daidaituwa - Tekun Sargasso. A ciki, ana kimanta ma'anar ruwa a 65 m. A lokacin yawan furanni na algae, alamomin tafkin yana raguwa. Koyaya, koda a wannan lokacin a kwantar da hankula daga jirgin ruwan zaka iya ganin ƙasa a ƙasa mai zurfi mai kyau. Bayyananniyar bayyanar shine yake haifar da ayyukan halittu masu rai. Godiya garesu, tabkin yana da rauni mai zurfi. Ruwa yana kama da tsari don distilled. Muhimmancin Lake Baikal yana da wahalar wuce gona da iri. Game da wannan, jihar tana ba da kariya ta muhalli na musamman ga wannan yanki.

Halayen Lakes

Bayan dogon bincike game da tabkuna, masana kimiyya sun gano halaye da yawa a jikin wannan nau'in ruwan.

1. Yankin madubi na ruwa.
2. Tsawon rairayin bakin teku.
3. Tsawon tafkin. Don auna wannan, an ɗauki wurare biyu mafi nisa na gabar tekun. Yayin aunawa, an ƙaddara matsakaicin nisan - wannan shine rabo daga yanki zuwa tsayi.
4. An ƙaddara girman tasirin da ke cike da ruwa.
5. Matsakaicin zurfin tafki an saita, kuma an ƙaddara mafi girman zurfin.

Kogi mafi girma a duniya shine Caspian, kuma mafi zurfin shine Lake Baikal.

Max. yankin farfajiya, kilomita dubu 2

Wanne nahiyar take

Asalin hanyoyin ruwan tabkuna

Dukkanin layukan da ake dasu sun kasu kashi biyu. Kwandunan da kansu na iya zama tushen asali da kuma na asali. Wannan shine ke tantance siffar da girman tafki. A cikin manyan manyan ramuka, ana samun tabkuna masu zurfin tectonic. Suna iya zama a cikin ɓacin rai, kamar Ilmen, a cikin grabens (Baikal) ko a foothills da troughs dutsen.

Yawancin manyan kwandunan suna da asalin ilimin tectonic mai wahala. A cikin samuwar su sun hada da katsewa, da motsa motsi. Duk tabkuna masu zurfin tectonic ana bambanta su da manyan girma da zurfin gaske, kasancewar maɓuɓɓugan dutse. Bottomasan yawancin jikin ruwa yana a matakin teku, kuma madubin suna da yawa sosai.

Akwai wani tsari a cikin tsarin tafkuna na tectonic: suna mai da hankali ne ta hanyar lamuran ƙasa ko a sassan yanki, amma suna iya ɗaukar garkuwoyinsu. Misalan irin wannan tabkuna sune Ladoga da Onega, wadanda ke gefen Garkuwar Baltic.

Iri Tabkuna

Akwai rarrabuwar tafkuna ta hanyar tsarin ruwa.

1. Rashin karewa Koguna suna gudana cikin waɗannan nau'ikan ruwan, amma ba ɗayansu da ke gudana. Yawancinsu suna cikin yankunan da rashin isasshen zafi: a cikin hamada, Semi-hamada. Ana kiran tekun Bahar Rum - wannan nau'in.
2. Najasa. Koguna suna gudana cikin waɗannan layukan, kuma daga cikinsu suna gudana. Irin waɗannan nau'ikan galibi ana samun su a cikin yanki na danshi mai yawan gaske. Yawancin koguna suna gudana cikin irin wannan tabkuna, amma yawanci daya yakan gudana. Misalin tafkin tectonic na nau'in ruwan wanka shine Baikal, Teletskoye.
3. Gudun tafkuna. Koguna da yawa suna gudana cikin wannan tafkuna kuma suna gudana. Misalai sune Lake Ladoga da Onega.

A kowane jikin ruwa, abinci mai gina jiki yana faruwa ne saboda hazo, koguna, albarkatun ruwa. A wani bangare, ruwa yana motsawa daga saman jikin jikin ruwa, yana gudana ko kuma yana tafiya ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Saboda wannan fasalin, yawan ruwa a cikin gidan wanka ya bambanta. Misali, Chadi a lokacin fari ta mamaye yankin kusan murabba'in kilomita dubu goma sha biyu, amma a lokacin damina, tafkin ya mamaye yankin sau biyu - girman murabba'in kilomita dubu 24.

Baikal

Kogi mafi zurfi kuma mafi girma a duniya tare da ingantaccen ruwa. Baikal yana Siberiya. Yankin wannan ginin ya wuce muraba'in kilomita dubu 31, zurfin sama da mita 1500. Idan ka kalli tafkin Baikal dangane da girman ruwa, to zai dauki wuri ne na biyu bayan tekun Caspian-Lake. Ruwa a cikin Baikal koyaushe yana da sanyi: a lokacin bazara - kimanin digiri tara, kuma a cikin hunturu - ba su wuce uku. Kogin yana da tsibirai ashirin da biyu: mafi girma shine Olkhon. Koguna 330 sun shiga Baikal, amma guda daya ne kawai ke kwarara - Angara.

Baikal yana da tasiri a kan yanayin Siberiya: yana sauƙaƙa lokacin hunturu kuma yana sanya lokacin bazara mai sanyaya. Matsakaicin zafin jiki a watan Janairu kusan -17 ° C ne, kuma a lokacin zafi +16 ° C. A kudanci da kuma arewacin, wani nau'in hazo ya fadi a cikin shekarar - daga 200 zuwa 900 mm. Daga watan Janairu zuwa Mayu, Baikal yana cike da dusar kankara. Wannan saboda tsabtataccen ruwa ne kuma mai tabbatacce - zaku iya ganin duk abin da yake faruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfin har zuwa mita arba'in.

Sauran nau'ikan tafkuna

Akwai tabkuna na glaci-tectonic sakamakon aiki ta hanyar glaciers na tectonic depressions na ɓoyayyen ƙasa. Misalan irin wannan tabkuna sune Onega, Ladoga. A cikin Kamchatka da tsibirin Kuril akwai lafuzzan wutar lantarki. Akwai kwandunan tafkin da suka bayyana saboda glaciation na duniya.

A cikin tsaunuka, wasu tafkuna sun kafa saboda toshewa, alal misali, Lake Ritsa a cikin Caucasus. Kananan tafkunan suna tasowa sama da kankulidi na karst Akwai tabkuna masu fasalin sauƙaƙe waɗanda ke faruwa a kan duwatsun dutse. Lokacin da yanayin ruwa mai lalacewa ya cika, tabkuna masu zurfin gaske na iya yin tsari.

Tabkuna masu asali na gilashin tectonic suna ba wai kawai a tsaunuka ba ne, har ma a filayen. Ruwa yana cika kwandunan ruwa da magamuna masu gunawa a zahiri. Yayin motsin gurneti daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas a gefen fasa, kankara yana yin kamar da wuya. Ta cika ruwa: da yawa jikinan ruwa ya haɗu.

Ladoga tafkin

Ofaya daga cikin manyan manyan layukan tebur-tectonic shine Ladoga. Tana cikin yankin Leningrad da kuma a Karelia.

Yankin tafkin ya wuce murabba'in kilomita dubu goma sha bakwai: faɗin tafki kusan kilomita 140, kuma tsawonsa kilomita 219. Zurfin ko'ina cikin kwandon mara kyau bai dace ba: a arewacin yankin yana daga mita tamanin zuwa ɗari biyu, kuma a kudu - yakai mita saba'in. Ladoga yana ba da koguna 35, kuma guda ɗaya kawai ya fara - Neva.

Akwai tsibiri da yawa a bakin tafkin, daga cikinsu akwai mafi girma a Kilpola, Valaam, Mantinsari.

Lake Ladoga daskarewa a cikin hunturu, kuma ya buɗe a watan Afrilu. Zazzabi na ruwa a farfajiya bai daidaita ba: a yankin arewa ya kai digiri goma sha hudu, kuma a kudu kuma ya kai digiri ashirin.

Ruwa a cikin tafkin nau'in hydrocarbonate ne tare da ƙaramin ma'adinin ƙasa. Yana da tsabta, ma'ana ya kai mita bakwai. Duk tsawon shekara akwai hadari (yawancin abin da suke cikin faduwa), kwanciyar hankali (galibi a lokacin bazara).

Onega da sauran tabkuna

Yawancin tsibiran da ke tsibirin Onega: akwai sama da dubu. Mafi girma daga cikinsu shine Klimetsky. Sama da koguna hamsin suna gudana a cikin wannan tafki, kuma Svir ne kawai ya samo asali.

Akwai manyan tafkuna na tectonic a Rasha, daga cikinsu akwai mashigar kogin, ciki har da Ilmen, Saimaa, Unguwar Onega.

Akwai tafkuna iri ɗaya masu kama da juna a cikin Krasnaya Polyana, misali Khmelevskie. Halittar tasu tayi amfani da karfin da ya tashi yayin aiwatar da abin da ke cikin duniya. Abubuwan da aka haifar sakamakon wannan shine ya haifar da samar da ramuka wadanda suka cika ruwa. A sakamakon haka, tafkunan Khmelevsky sun kafa wannan wuri, wanda ya zama filin shakatawa na ƙasa. Akwai manyan tafkuna guda huɗu da kuma ɗakunan ajiya da dama, fadama ruwa.

Manyan layuka a Rasha suna da mahimmanci tattalin arziki. Wannan babban ruwa ne na ruwa. Kewaya a cikin ruwan manyan manyan tafkuna. Wuraren shakatawa suna kan bankunan, an shirya wuraren kamun kifi. A cikin manyan layuka, kamar Ladoga, ana kan kamun kifi.