Sunan Latin: | Columba livia |
Squad: | Alade mai siffa |
Iyali: | Tattabara |
ZABI: | Bayanin jinsunan Turai |
Bayyanar mutum da hali. Tsawon Jiki 32-37 cm, fikafiki 62-72 cm, nauyin jiki 200 - 400 g. Bayyanar kurciya mai farin sanannu ne ga kowa. Daga cikin nau'in kusancin, ana iya rikita shi da wani clintukh, daga abin da pigeon mai launin shuɗi, tare da kowane bambancin launinsa, amintacce ya bambanta da ruwan lemo da baki baki. Alamar da ba a dogara da ita alama ce fari a kan ƙananan baya, saboda wani lokacin ana samun daidaikun mutane waɗanda a cikin ta kusan kusan babu su. A cikin ƙasa da ake la'akari, kurciya mai launin shuɗi nau'in synanthropic ce da aka samo a cikin ƙauyukan ɗan adam a ƙauyuka da birane. Halin da tsuntsayen ke riƙe da tsuntsaye a birane da ƙauyuka sun sha bamban, alal misali, pigeons na birane da yardar ransu suna zaune akan rassan bishiyoyi da wayoyi, yayin da waɗanda ke zaune a karkara ba sa yin haka, kasancewa kusa da danginsu na daji da ke zaune a filayen dutse.
Bayanin. Mafi yawancin lokuta ana iya saduwa da mutanen farko, masu canza launin "daji" a tsakanin pigeons launin toka da ke zaune a yankunan karkara da kuma bayan gari. Suna da '' garkuwar garkuwa '' mai raɗaɗi tare da rabe-raben baki biyu daban-daban akan manyan fuka-fukan gashin fuka-fukai, kyakkyawan farin tabo a ƙarshen baya, wutsiyar launin toka mai faffadar baƙar fata tare da gefen gefen waje. Daga cikin pigeons na birni, tsuntsaye masu launi mai duhu, har zuwa gaba ɗaya baki, mafi rinjaye. Sau da yawa akwai kuma a cikin fari ko kuma gaba ɗaya fararen fata da launin ruwan kasa, waɗanda sune sakamakon ƙetare sizars na daji da kuma pigeons na gida. A cikin irin waɗannan tsuntsayen, har ma da launi na baki da idanu na iya bambanta - gemu na iya zama ruwan hoda kuma idanun duhu.
Kuri'a. Yawancin daman kwanciyar hankali, sanannen sango, sananne ne, yana da banbanci da muryar sauran tattabarai.
Rarraba da Matsayi. An samo shi a cikin wurare a wurare a cikin Afirka da Eurasia, musamman a cikin Crimea da Caucasus. Synanthropic alƙawura sun mamaye yawancin biranen duniya. A cikin Turai ta Rasha, ana samun ta ko'ina a cikin ƙauyuka. A manyan biranen na daya daga cikin mafi yawan tsuntsayen tsuntsaye. A cikin yankunan karkara, an fi samun yawa a yankuna na kudu, musamman a yankin mai kukan. A nan kananan garuruwa ana iya maye gurbinsu da kurciya mai ƙwanƙwasa. Dubawa mai saurin ganewa.
Rayuwa. A cikin yawan mazaunan birni, sun sami damar yin kiwo duk shekara, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin ba, kodayake a lokacin hunturu broods na iya tashi tashi lafiya babu ƙanƙanci. Sanannen abu ne cewa maza suna biye da mata kuma suna nuna musu babban matsayi da pa, haka kuma jiragen na yanzu suna da fikafikan fitila mai amo. A mafi yawan lokuta ana amfani da kayan kwalliyar gine-ginen azaman wuraren shugabantar wuri, a zahiri babu wuraren girke-girke - yawanci wadannan twigs ne da aka shimfida tare da gefen wani rami da aka tattake a cikin taro na fatattaccen taki. Ana samun abinci a birane galibi a wuraren buɗe shara kuma a wuraren da jama'a ke ciyar da tsuntsayen gargajiya. A yankunan karkara, manyan garken sun tara kuɗi a cikin ɗaliban hatsi da sauran wuraren aikin gona, inda suke ciyar da hatsi da abincin dabbobi. Yawancin lokaci ana samunsu a cikin filayen a cikin fakiti masu gauraye tare da wasu pigeons, da farko tare da vahirs. Igean kurji masu launin toka suna zaune a tsaunuka kuma a kan tuddai.
A cikin yankin Volga da kuma a kudu na Urals an yi rikodin jiragen sama tattabara launin fataColumba eversmannikiwo a Tsakiyar Asiya da Kazakhstan. Yana kama da clintukha, amma karami (tsawon tsayin 28-31 cm, fuka-fuki 60-62 cm), babban jiki mai launin ruwan kasa, baki tare da tushe mai duhu da kuma saman launin rawaya-kore, rawaya iris, ƙafafu ruwan hoda. Tsuntsaye masu tashi suna da tazara mai gajima da fari, kamar kurciya mai launin toka, mara baya, ƙasan reshe shine launin toka mai haske. Tokuya yana wallafa wani marashin aiki "uupu-wupbuuu, wupu-wupbuuu. ».
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Hoto: Kurciya Mai Ruwa
Hakanan ana kiran dabbar damfar shuɗi, cisar; wannan tsuntsu mai gashin tsuntsu tana cikin iyalin tattabara da tattabara kamar-tattabara. Rashin binciken archaeological ya sa ya yiwu a gano cewa, yin hukunci da burbushin halittu, tsuntsayen dabbar da aka kafa shekaru miliyan arba'in ko hamsin da suka wuce, ƙarshen Eocene ne ko farkon Oligocene. Afirka ta Arewa, Kudancin Turai da Asiya ta Yamma an dauki matsayin asalin tattabara. Ko a zamanin da, mutane suna tarko da waɗannan tsuntsayen.
Kurciya - wani m daga cututtuka masu haɗari
Ba don komai ba ne cewa an kira pigeon "bera mai tashi". Wannan tsuntsu na iya zama mai iya yaduwar cututtukan har zuwa 90. Haka kuma, 10 daga cikinsu sune kwayoyin halittu ga mutane. Salmonellosis, histoplasmosis da ornithosis suna da haɗari musamman. Misali, ornithosis cuta ce mai kamuwa da cuta, wanda a cikin sa yake shafar huhu, wanda hakan na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Mutane kan kama kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar tuntuɓar tsuntsaye ko ta sha iska wanda yake ɗauke da ɗigon kwari na gurgun tattabara.
Hakanan, pigeon dako ce da ke tattare da abubuwa masu yawa, yawancin kwari. Mites suna parasitize akan fatar mutum, yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi, amai da basur, wanda kan iya haifar da rikitarwa mai wahala.
Amma mafi yawansu duk, pigeons suna da haɗari ga takwarorinsu na fata. Suna cutar da tsuntsayen gonar tare da cututtuka masu haɗari, suna haifar da mummunar lalacewar abubuwan da aka hana noma. Tsuntsaye masu kwalliyar da ke rayuwa a cikin gidajen mutane ba su tsira daga matsaloli.
Pigeons - Featured Vandals
Yayinda wannan zatin yake “alamar duniya” zata shafe ku, ana amfani da abubuwan amfani da karfi don tsaftace, ahem, kayan sharar tsuntsaye dare da rana :)
Kurdawa suna birgima tituna, benci, motoci. Musamman yana zuwa manyan abubuwan tunawa.
Pigeons suna kai tsaye da laifi don halakar manyan wuraren gine-ginen dutse. Wararrun vandals suna ƙyanƙyashe tsaba daga fasa, ta haka ne suke ba da gudummawa ga faɗaɗa su. Tare da abubuwan lalacewa na halitta, wannan yana haifar da lalacewa a hankali na abin tunawa.
Ya kamata a ba da fifiko kalmomi ga alamomin gine-ginen gidaje masu yawa, waɗanda pigeons suka zaɓa don bukatun su. Idan baku tsabtace farfajiyar na wani lokaci ba, zai duba abu kamar haka:
An rufe shi da duka yadudduka na tattabara pigeon hade da gashinsa, bawo da tsuntsaye ya rage. Wannan ainihin hotbed ne na kamuwa da cuta!
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Abin da kurciya mai launin shuɗi take
Jikin kurciya yafi babba, ɗan elongated, tsayinsa ya bambanta daga 37 zuwa 40. Yana kama da sizar an ɗora sosai, amma fatarta mai ƙyalli babba ce babba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yawan taro na tsuntsaye na daga cikin tattabara naman daji ya kama daga 240 zuwa 400 gram, samfuran birni galibi suna fama da kiba, saboda haka yana da ɗan nauyi.
Kawun kurciya ƙarami ne, beak yana da tsawon kusan 2,5 cm, an ɗan zagaye shi a ƙarshen ya faɗi. Tsarin launi na baki yawanci baƙi ne, amma fararen kakin zuma a bayyane yake a gindi. Kayar da tsuntsayen da ke jikin tsiron a zahiri ba za a iya ganin su ba, amma suna kama irin wadannan tsarkakan abubuwan da jijiyar mutum bai sani ba. Kwakwar tsuntsu ba ta da tsawo tare da alamar bambanci (tare da launin gashin tsuntsaye) goiter. A wannan yankin ne ke jawo dutsen masu haske tare da sautunan launin shuɗi waɗanda suke tafiya daidai zuwa inuwa mai ruwan inuwa mai haske.
An zagaye wutsiyar tattabara a ƙarshen, tsayinsa shine 13 ko 14 cm, an lura da iyakar baƙar fata a cikin ɓoye. Fuka-fukan tsuntsu suna da tsawo sosai, tsawonta yana da cm 65 zuwa 72, gindinsu yana da fadi sosai, kuma iyakar ta kaifi ce. Fuka-fukan gashin tsuntsu an lika su da wasu bakin bakin bakinsu. Kallon fuka-fuki, mutum na iya jin karfin tattabara, tsuntsaye na iya tashi da saurin kilomita 70 a kowace sa'a, kuma pigeons na daji suna walƙiya cikin sauri, suna iya kaiwa zuwa sama zuwa 170.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Matsakaicin nisan da cisar yake iya buɗewa a cikin rana ya fi kilomita 800.
Idanun Bird suna da launuka daban-daban na iris, suna iya zama:
- zinari (mafi yawanci)
- m
- lemu mai zaki.
Harshen pigeons yana da kyau, girma-uku, dukkan shagunan tsuntsaye ana rarrabe su sosai, har ma sun kama hasken ultraviolet. Motsin huda yayin tafiya yana iya zama kamar baƙon abu, saboda cisar motsi a ƙasa dole ya mai da hankalin hangen nesa koyaushe. Kafafun tsuntsayen gajera ne, launinsu na iya wakilta launuka daban-daban daga ruwan hoda zuwa baki, wasu tsuntsayen suna ragi a kansu. Ya kamata a tattauna launi na tattabarai dabam. Mafi kyawun fasalinsa shine launin toka-shuɗi. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa pigeons na daji sun fi sauƙi fiye da takwarorinsu na synanthropic. A cikin gari, yanzu zaka iya ganin tsuntsaye iri iri da suka bambanta da irin launi.
Game da launi, pigeons sun shigo:
- dusar ƙanƙara fari (a fili kuma tare da aibobi da sauran launuka),
- ja mai haske tare da whitean farin gashinsa,
- launin ruwan kasa (launin ruwan kasa),
- duhu
- gaba daya baki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A tsakanin pigeons na birni, akwai sama da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na kowane launuka.
A cikin wuya, kai da kirji, launi ya bambanta da babban asalin aikin zubewa. Anan ne shimmer tare da launin ruwan hoda, ruwan hoda da ruwan hoda-kore tare da kayan karawa. A cikin yankin goiter, launi na iya zama ruwan inabin. A cikin mace, macen dake kan nono ba kamar yadda aka sani ba kamar a cikin maza. In ba haka ba, suna kama ne, ɗan mutumin da yake daɗaɗɗun launi ya ɗan fi girma fiye da matar. Yarinyar girma girma iri na, suna jiran farkon molt.
Pigeons - Jirgin sama mai tsawa
Tsuntsayen ciwon kai ne na dogon lokaci ga ma’aikatan filin jirgin sama da matukan jirgin sama. Jirgin sama gabaɗaya ya tashi a yanayin rashin isa ga tsuntsaye. Koyaya, a lokacin karba / saukarwa, jirgin sama yana mamaye sararin samaniya na tsuntsaye. Fiye da sau ɗaya tsuntsayen sun faɗi a cikin igiyoyin jirgin sama, ba da gangan ba sun zama sanadin bala'in da ya haifar da rayukan.
Tsuntsaye masu tsalle suna da haɗari musamman. Irin su pigeons da crows. Wani garken pigeons da suka fada tururin jirgin saman, ya bada tabbacin zai fitar dashi daga aiki.
Don fitar da tsuntsayen daga yankin filayen saukar jiragen sama, mutane sukan girka masu siyar da kaya iri daban-daban. Wasu lokuta ana amfani da "makamai masu rai" akan tsuntsaye - tsuntsayen ganima kamar su falcon da shaho. Masu fashin baki suna tsoratar da damisa, hankaka da sauran masu '' keta 'karfin iska. Koyaya, duk da dukkan matakan, kusan karo-karo na tsuntsaye sama da 5,000 ke faruwa a cikin shekara shekara.
A ina ne tattabara?
Hoto: Kurciya Mai Ruwa a Rasha
Sisari ya ci nasara a kan dukkan nahiyoyi, ba za a iya samun su a Antarctica kawai ba. Mafi yadu, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun sauka a kan yankuna na biyu na duniya: a Eurasia, sun mamaye yankuna na tsakiya da na kudanci, da kuma a kan Afirka mai zafi. Dangane da Eurasia, a nan pigegun sun zaɓi tsaunukan Altai, gabashin Indiya, tsaunukan Tien Shan, yankuna da suka haɗu daga rafin Yenisei zuwa tekun Atlantika. Hakanan, an dauki pigeons na zama dindindin na yankin Crimea da Caucasus. A cikin Afirka mai nisan, pige ta zauna a kan iyakar yankin Darfur da Tekun Aden, suna zaune a wasu yankuna na ƙasar Senegal. Pan ƙananan pigeon suna zaune a Sri Lanka, Burtaniya, Canaries, Rum da kuma tsibirin Faroe.
Duhun daji kamar tuddai, ana iya ganin su a tsawan tsawan 2.5 zuwa 3. Ba su da nisa da filayen ciyawa, inda akwai tafkuna masu gudana. Wadannan tattabarai suna ba da sheƙunansu a cikin wuraren saukar dutse, kwari da sauran wuraren da ba kowa ke nesa da su. M bishiyoyi masu yawa daga pigeons sun nisanta kansu. Wuraren da ƙasa take da lafazi kuma ba buɗe sosai ba a gare su, saboda tsuntsaye suna buƙatar manyan gine-ginen dutse ko dutsen.
Kurciya synanthropic tana jan hankali zuwa yankuna inda akwai manyan gine-gine masu tsayi; suna gida a wuraren masana'antu daban-daban, wanda za'a iya kasance nesa da birane. A cikin birni, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna iya rayuwa ko'ina: a cikin manyan lambun lambu da wuraren shakatawa, a kan rufin gidaje, a wuraren da cunkoson jama'a, a cikin rugujewa ko gine-ginen da ba a gama ba. A yankunan karkara, ana iya ganin garken pigeons a halin yanzu inda ake ajiye hatsi da ƙasa, amma pigeons ba su da yawa a ƙauyuka. Maganar birni tana zama inda ya fi dacewa kuma mafi aminci don ƙirƙirar makuran su, kuma a cikin sanyi, matsanancin yanayi, lokutan hunturu sukan kasance kusa da gidajen mutane kuma galibi sukan taru ko'ina da shara.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A wasu nahiyoyi, an gabatar da pigeons launin toka. Wannan ya faru ne a Nova Scotia, inda tsuntsaye da yawa suka kawo Faransanci tare da su a cikin 1606.
Yanzu kun san inda tsuntsu yake zaune. Bari mu ga abin da kurciya take ci?
Me launin toka ya ci?
Hoto: Bird Grey Dove
Za a iya kira pigeons masu launin shuɗi masu omnivorous da unpretentious a zaɓin abinci.
Abincin abincinsu na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi:
- kowane irin hatsi
- shuka iri
- berries
- apples
- wasu treeya treeyan itaciya
- tsutsotsi
- mollus
- kwari iri daban-daban.
Inda abinci ya yalwata, tattabarai ke ciyarwa cikin garken baki daya, adadi daga tsuntsaye goma zuwa ɗari. Ana lura da wadatar ɗumbin tattabarai a cikin filayen lokacin girbi, inda fuka-fuki yake tara hatsi da tsaba a kai tsaye daga ƙasa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Pigeons suna da nauyi sosai, kuma suna da wani tsari na paw, wanda baya barin tsuntsayen su huda hatsi daga kunnuwa, saboda haka tsuntsayen basa haifar da wata barazana ga ƙasar da ake noma, su, akasin haka, suna sa yawancin tsaba na ciyayi iri iri.
Sisari suna da ƙwarewa sosai, suna iya cin kusan gram arba'in a lokaci guda, duk da cewa abincin da suke ci yau da kullun shine gram sittin. Wannan na faruwa lokacin da abinci da yawa da kurciya da sauri suka ci gaba don abin da zai faru nan gaba. A lokutan yunwar, tsuntsaye suna da wayo da kasuwanci, saboda ba abin da zaku iya yi don ku rayu. Tsuntsaye suna fara cin abincin da baƙon abu a gare su: tsiron oats, berries mai sanyi. Don inganta narkewa, sisari haɗiye kananan duwatsu, bawo da yashi. Ba za ku iya kira squeamish da pigeons na pigeons ba, a cikin mawuyacin lokaci ba su guji ɗaukar kaya ba, gutsi-gizon birni da shara da shara, gurɓatattun kuɗaɗen kare.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Pigeons suna da ɗanɗano 37 ɗanɗano, a cikin mutane akwai dubu 10.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Kurciya a cikin jirgin sama
Ana iya kiran Cesarean tsuntsaye masu zazzagewa, yana aiki yayin rana. A cikin neman abinci, tsuntsaye sukan tashi zuwa wurare da yawa har sai rana ta faɗi. Amma a cikin birane, ayyukansu na iya ci gaba bayan faɗuwar rana, lokacin da bai gama duhu ba tukuna. Da dare pigeons suna hutawa, amma kafin suyi barci suna ƙoƙarin shan ruwa. Mata suna barci a inda ake farauto, kuma maza suna wani wuri kusa, saboda suna tsare danginsu da zuriyarsu. An tattara shi ya ɓoye kansa a ƙarƙashin reshe, pigeons sun faɗi a cikin mafarki, wanda yake da matukar damuwa, amma yana zuwa har wayewar gari.
Sizars sun fi son yin tafiya akan doron ƙasa, kuma jirgin su ya tashi da kusan kashi talatin cikin ɗari na rana. Tsuntsayen daji suna da matukar himma a wannan batun, suna ƙaura daga nesa nesa da 50 kilomita daga wurin da ake farauto don neman abinci, galibi hakan yana faruwa a cikin hunturu, lokacin da abubuwa suke wahala tare da abinci. Gabaɗaya, fuka-fukan da aka zana suna rayuwa sosai cikin wahala, saboda baza su iya ɓoye yanayin yanayin dumi ba, mutane basu basu abinci.
Kurdawa sun daɗe suna zama sahabban ɗan adam da ba za a iya rarrabe su ba, wani lokacin yana da wuya a hango titunan titunan ba tare da waɗannan mazaunan da suka saba da sanin su ba. Kurkuku da mutane suna ma'amala da bangarori da yawa wanda mutum zai iya yanke hukunci game da halayen tsuntsaye, halaye da iyawa. Kyakkyawan daidaituwa a sararin samaniya da aka yi a zamanin da pigeons gwani da amintattun masu aika aiki. Kurciya tana da hankali kuma tana da ingantaccen ƙwaƙwalwa, saboda tunda ya tashi dubunnan kilomita, koyaushe yana san hanyar komawa gida.
Pigeons za a iya horar da su, dukkanmu mun ga waɗannan tsuntsaye suna yin fagen wasan circus. Amma gaskiyar cewa an yi amfani da su sosai cikin ayyukan bincike, kaɗan ne suka sani.An koya wa tsuntsayen yin kuwwa daɗaɗa murya yayin da suka sami mayafin launin rawaya da hawaye a wurin da aka samo mutumin da ya ɓace. Sizars suna annabta bala'o'in bala'i, saboda suna da matukar damuwa ga kowane canje-canje a cikin matsin lamba da sautin-ƙananan yanayi wanda ba ya ƙarƙashin jin ɗan adam.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masana kimiyyar kere-kere sun yi imani da cewa daidaituwa a cikin sararin samaniya yana faruwa ne da yanayin hasken rana da filayen magnetic. An gwada shi a gwaji cewa a cikin birni, gine-ginen da mutane suka gina ne suke jagoranci tsuntsaye.
Kusan kowa ya ji kurciya, sautin da suke yi sun yi kama da sautin amo. Tare da taimakon wa annan 'yan uwan, abokan arzi iyu kuma za su iya kawar da marasa-lafiya. Mafi yawan lokuta coo shine muhimmi a cikin maza. Abin mamaki shine, gaba ɗaya ya bambanta kuma aka rarraba shi a lokuta daban-daban, masana kimiyya sun gano nau'ikan jita-jita iri biyar.
Saboda haka, sanyayawar tsuntsu ya faru:
- masoya
- daukar ma'aikata
- tsoratarwa
- farauta
- fodder (wanda aka buga yayin abincin).
Baya ga kiran murya, pigeons suna tattaunawa da juna, suna ba da fikafikansu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: pairan pigeons biyu
Ba abin mamaki ba ana kiran masoya sau da yawa kamar kurci, saboda waɗannan tsuntsayen suna haifar da ma'aurata don rayuwa, kasancewa da aminci da cute kula da juna. Pigeons sun zama balaga ta hanyar jima'i tun yana wata shida. Pigeons da ke zaune a yankuna masu dumin yanayi mai sanyi a duk shekara, kuma tsuntsayen arewa kawai a cikin lokacin dumama. Cavalier yana da kyau sosai yana lura da tattabara da yake so, yana ƙoƙarin yi mata sha'awa. Don yin wannan, namiji yakan ba shi hadin kai, ya juyar da wutsiya, ya sanya motsa rawa, ya yi kokarin rungume mace da fuka-fukansa, sanya gashinsa a wuya.
Zabi koyaushe ya kasance tare da abokin tarayya, idan tana son mai ladabi, to haɗuwar danginsu zai iya ɗaukar rayuwar rayuwar tsuntsu gaba ɗaya, wanda ya kasance daga shekaru uku zuwa biyar a cikin vivo, kodayake a cikin ɗaurin kurkuku na iya rayuwa har zuwa 15. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri ma'auratan, ya fara ba da kanta tare da wurin zama , Namiji ya kawo kayan gini (rassa, Fut, twigs), mahaifiyar da take sonta kuma tana girka musu kwalliyar gida. Lokacin da abokin hamayya ya bayyana, fada tsakanin mazan ba abin mamaki bane.
Kwanciya ƙwai yana farawa makonni biyu bayan dabbar ta hanyar canjin. Yawancin lokaci akwai guda biyu daga cikinsu, qwai ƙananan, fari gaba ɗaya ko kuma ɗan haske. Uku na uku an sanya su kwana biyu bayan na farko. Tsarin shiryawa yana gudana daga kwanaki 16 zuwa 19. Iyaye suna ƙin zuriya, suna maye junan su. Mafi yawan lokuta, namiji yakan kasance a cikin gida yayin rana, kuma mahaifiyar da take tsammanin tana zaune akan ƙwai a duk daren. An jarirai ba su ƙyanƙyashe a lokaci guda, bambanci a cikin bayyanar kajin na iya zuwa kwana biyu.
Nan da nan lokacin da aka haife ku, zaku iya jin saƙar damutan da basu da gashin fuka-fuki kuma suna buƙatar dumama. Har zuwa kwanaki 25 da haihuwa, iyaye suna yiwa jarirai madara da aka samar a cikin goiter tsuntsu. Bayan sun kai wata daya, sai purtons suka gwada hatsi a cikin beransu, wanda suke ɗaukar gemunsu daga makogwaron mahaifiyarsu ko mahaifinsu. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 45, jarirai zasuyi karfi kuma suka rufe su, saboda haka sun riga sun bar makwancinsu, suna barin manya da rayuwa mai zaman kanta.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin kakar guda ɗaya, ɗayan pigeon guda ɗaya na iya haifuwa daga broods huɗu zuwa takwas, amma ba duk kajin na tsira ba.
Abokan halitta na ɗan kurciya
Hoto: Abin da kurciya mai launin shuɗi take
A cikin furcin pigeons makiya a cikin daji isa. Mafarautan farauta na da babbar barazana a gare su. Karka damu da cin naman naman alade. Su ne mafi hatsari a cikin lokacin mating. Girma da kwaskwarrar farin ciki sun sake dawowa kan pigeons, ɗaya daga cikin danginsu a rana ɗaya zai iya ɗaukar kimanin pigeons biyar.
Hawks suna barazanar, da farko dai, masu garkuwa da mutane, masu garkuwa da mutane, da danginsu synanthropic sun fi tsoron tsoron peregrine falcons, suna ziyartar yankuna na musamman don dandana kumbura ko ciyar da kawunansu. Yawan pigeons yana da mummunar illa ga marowaci, duka baƙar fata da launin toka, wanda, da farko, kai hari kajin ko ya raunana tsuntsaye na tsufa. Mai haɗari ga pigeons sune kuliyoyi talakawa waɗanda suke son farautarsu.
Pigeon nests sau da yawa tafi fatara:
Cutar barkewar cuta ma tana lalata fikafikan mutane da yawa, saboda pigeons suna zaune cike da mutane, don haka kamuwa da cuta ya bazu cikin saurin walƙiya. A tsakanin makiya na tattabara, mutum na iya bawa mutum wanda ke iya yin lalata da pigeons, wadanda suke da yawa a yankin sa, saboda yana ɗaukar su masu kawo haɗarin cututtukan haɗari da kwari na karkara da ke fama da kwararowar tattabara.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Bird Grey Dove
Yankunan rarraba pigeons suna da faɗi sosai, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun saba da ƙauyuka da yawa. Mutane sun saba da su har ba sa mai da hankali, kuma abubuwan da suke ba su haushi sun saba da kowa. Yawan hannun jari na tattabara ba ya haifar da damuwa a tsakanin kungiyoyin muhalli, kodayake an lura cewa akwai ƙarancin kuzarin daji. Sau da yawa suna yin tarayya da waɗanda ke birane.
Yana da kyau mu fahimci cewa babu abin da ke barazanar pigeon, ba zai mutu ba kwata-kwata, kuma, kusa da mutumin, yana ci gaba da haɓaka sosai kuma yana ƙaruwa da lambarta. A wasu yankuna, akwai irin wannan yanayin da cewa akwai pige da yawa, don haka mutane dole ne suyi watsi da su ta hanyar guba da teku. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa tsarukan kurciya masu yawa suna keta bayyanar al'adun garuruwa, lalata gine-gine da sauran tsare-tsare, har ma da lalatattun hanyoyin mota. Pigeons na iya kamuwa da mutane da cututtukan kamar cutar murar tsuntsaye, da cutar torulosis, ornithosis, don haka da yawa daga cikinsu suna da haɗari ga mutane.
Don haka, ya kamata a lura cewa pigeons launin toka ba nau'in halitta bane mai rauni, yawan jama'arsu yana da yawa sosai, wani lokacin ma har yayi yawa. Babu jerin sunayen sisars a cikin kowane jerin launuka masu launin ja, ba a yi musu barazanar dangane da kasancewar su ba, saboda haka basa buƙatar wasu matakan kariya, waɗanda ba za su iya yin farin ciki ba.
A takaice, yana da kyau a ƙara cewa tattabara kyakkyawa, kyakkyawa da alheri, kayanta masu tsananin kyau da walwala, ba don komai ba wanda a zamanin da an girmama shi sosai kuma ya kebanta da zaman lafiya, soyayya da kuma ibada. Sizar yana kusa da wani mutum, yana fatan taimako da goyon baya, saboda haka muna buƙatar zama mai tausayi ga tattabarai kuma mu kula, musamman ma a lokacin tsananin sanyi.
Bayanin
Babban pigeon, jimlar tsawon maza 335-375 mm, mace 325-370 mm, tsawon reshe na maza 215–238, mace 210-230 mm, tsawon maza 675-720 mm, mace 670-710 mm, tsawon beak 18.0 -22.3 mm, mace 17.0-21.5 mm, tsawon tsutsa na maza 28-32 mm, mata 26-31 mm, nauyi - 300 g.
Siffar zama na daji yana da haske mai launin toka mai haske, duhu a ƙasa da launin shuɗi-gefen a gefuna. Shugaban yana da launin shuɗi mai duhu, yana jujjuya wuya cikin sautunan shuɗi mai haske. Wuya tare da kore ƙarfe Sheen, kasa da ci gaba a kan ta gefen danshi. Shekin kore na kasan wuyansa a goiter an maye gurbinsa da ruwan hoda-ja ko giya-ja (jan karfe). Gefen baya yana da farin farar fata, yana shimfiɗa tsiri game da 5-6 cm faɗi. Yankin kan nono mai duhu ne, koyaushe duhu ne fiye da tufka da warwara, ƙarancin duhu mai duhu, gami da rashin hankali. Gashin gashin fuka-fukai suna launin toka mai duhu tare da nuna bakuwa mai ban tsoro na bakin ciki 20-25 mm da fadi da kunkuntar shuɗar murfin 5-7 mm, m fan na matsanancin rudder fari ne, sai fa banda duhu apical. Theyalli da kuma ƙananan ƙananan rafuka masu launin fari ne, a saman fuka-fukan, tare da manyan rafukai da sashin sakandare, cikakkun baƙi ne guda biyu, sarari mai kyau 8-12 mm. Gefen yana da launin toka mai launin shuɗi tare da farin kakin zuma mai haske, kafafu suna da ja ja, iris mai ruwan-lemo mai launin shuɗi ko mai ruwan-ewaya. Babu canje-canje na yanayi a cikin kayayyaki na tattabarai na launin toka.
Da namiji da mace a zahiri ba za su iya bambance bambancen da launin toka ba. Mata suna kan matsakaitan matsakaitan fiye da maza kuma launinsu mai haske da purplish-ja mai ƙarfe mara nauyi ne da ke da ƙarancin ci gaba, musamman a ɓangaren goiter da baya na wuyan. Ba a hana samari haske mai kwalliya na gashin fuka-fukai, alkyabba mai launin shuɗi, kamar kirji, raunin fikafikai mara kyau, alamun fuka-fukai masu yawa tare da kunkuntar mara nauyi.
Launin launi na synanthropic shine mafi m. A cikin garken waɗannan pigeons akwai tsuntsayen fuka-fukan da fari da launin ruwan kasa, wanda, duk da haka, ya fi yiwuwa saboda kasancewar giciye tare da pigeons na gida. Koyaya, mafi yawan tsuntsaye iri ɗaya suna da launi iri ɗaya da sifofin daji.
Kuri'a
A cikin tattabara launin toka, yana yiwuwa a bambanta halayen kalaman har guda biyar, zuwa digiri ɗaya ko wata, mai alaƙa da yanayin yanzu da nesting:
- daftarin hadin gwiwa, wanda ya kunshi babbar murya mai sauti "guuut ... guuut",
- gayyatar zuwa gida tana daidai da wacce ake gayyata, amma a lokacin da macen ta kusanci mazauniya, ana kara jefa sha'awa cikin wadannan sautin kuma wakar ta kunshi sauti "Kuuhguuut ... Kuuhguuut",
- wakar, wacce ake furtawa a daidai lokacin da namiji ke neman mace, da farko ya kunshi sauti mai daɗi "guurcuu ... guurcuuu", amma lokacin da namiji yayi matukar farin ciki, waɗannan saututtukan suna da ƙarfi da ƙarfi kuma waƙar ya fara sauti kamar maimaita sauti "guuurrkruu ... guururkruu",
- a lokacin hadari ko lokacin da tsuntsu yayi fushi yana sanya sauti mai kaifi "grouu ... grouu" ko "grouuf ... grouuf",
- a lokacin ciyar da kajin, tsuntsu mai tashi yana buga daftarin aiki mai santsi "giuuguuut ... giuuguuut".
Yankin
Yankunan da ke tattare da launin shuɗi ya mamaye yankuna na tsakiya da kudanci na Eurasia daga Atlantika har zuwa Yenisei kwari, tsaunin Altai, Tien Shan, gabashin Indiya da Myanmar, sai kuma Afirka ta arewa da Senegal, Darfur da gabar Tekun Aden.
Tana zaune a duk yanki na zahiri da yanki na yankin Saratov. Tana zaune a cikin manyan birane da ƙananan (ciki har da Rtishchevo), sauran ƙauyuka. Akwai kyawawan misalai na mazaunin tattabara a cikin yanayi na dabi'a tare da dutsen Volga a bankin Saratov Dama.
Habitat
Bluean kurji mai bakin kurmi - mazaunin tsaunukan tuddai (wanda aka samo shi zuwa tsawan 2500-3000 m sama da matakin teku) a makwabta filayen da ke cike da ciyawar ciyawa iri iri tare da kasancewar rafuffukan ruwa da sarari mara yawa na filaye, ciyayi a cikin koguna, kwari da sauran abubuwan da ba a haɗa su ba. tare da wuraren zama na mutane. Manyan katako masu guba an hana su da launin toka. Ba kasafai aka same su a wuraren bude ido tare da kayan agaji ba, inda babu manya manyan gine-ginen dutse irin na birane. Kurciya mai ruwan synanthropic blue - gravitates zuwa wuraren da aka gina tare da dogayen gine-ginen dutse, baya kaucewa, duk da haka, yana kula da gine-ginen masana'antu daban-daban, wasu lokuta kilomita da nisa daga yankuna na birni sosai. A cikin yanayin birni, galibi yana zaune akan bishiyoyi kuma yakan zauna a cikin manyan lambuna da wuraren shakatawa. A cikin yankunan karkara, duk da yawan abinci, ɗan tattabara mai launin toka bai zama ruwan dare ba. A cikin kwaruruka na kogunan tuddai, pigeons suna zaune a kan tsauni, a cikin tsawan kantuna da tsauni - a kan tuddai da kan dutse, kan filaye - a cikin rufin laka da kan manyan gine-ginen dutse. Duk inda aka zaunar.
Rayuwa
Kurciya mai launin toka yana jagorantar tsarin rayuwar yau da kullun. Tsawon aikin hasken rana an ƙaddara tsawon lokacin aikinsa a cikin yanayin yanayi. A cikin yanayin birane, wasu nau'i-nau'i na pigeons suna aiki da maraice saboda hasken tituna, tashoshi, arches na gine-gine, kogunan majami'a, da sauransu A wurare da ke da kyau a kan tituna na birni, purtons blue sukan ciyar da maraice.
Ayyukan yau da kullun na pigeons launin toka a lokacin lokutan da ba a fara haihuwa an rage su zuwa wasu lokutan ciyar da hutawa. A cikin lokacin kaka-hunturu, suna ciyarwa a kan ciyarwa da hutawa a cikin rana a matsakaicin 31% na lokacin, a hutun dare - 35%, kuma kusan 3% na lokacin da suke tashiwa zuwa wurare na dare. A cikin rayuwar rayuwa, tsuntsaye suna ciyar da 34% na lokacin hutawa a rana, 30% akan ciyarwa da shayarwa (gami da ciyarwa da kula da kajin), 10% akan yanayin motsa jiki da kariya daga wurin farauta, da kashi 26% akan hutun dare.
Kurciya mai launin shuɗi tana da hankali sosai, kuma, tunda ya lura da yanayin mutane, sai ya tashi gaba. Kurciya mai ruwan synanthropic blue tana nuna kulawa sosai a yankunan karkara fiye da birane. Pigeons daji da synanthropic (titin) koyaushe suna kiyaye garken tumaki, ko da a lokacin kiwo ne da wuya ka ga tsuntsayen keɓe kai.
The jirgin na pigeons ne sosai sauri da kuma karfi, tare da m zurfafa flapping na fuka-fuki, a lokaci guda maneuverable, da take-kashe daga ƙasa ne quite m, tare da babbar flapping na fuka-fuki. Yana ciyarwa a ƙasa, a zaune kawai a kan bishiyoyi.
Siffar halayyar halayen zamantakewa na tattabarai shine jan hankalin juna da daidaikun jinsunan su a cikin mazaunan rayuwa mai kyau. Irin wannan fasalin a cikin ɗabi'unsu yana bayyana kanta a cikin rayuwar kumburi da bayan rayuwar yau da kullun. A cikin bazara, a farkon lokacin kiwo, namiji ya zauna a wuri mai dacewa tare da jirgin tashi na zanga-zangar yana jan hankalin mata ba kawai (kamar yadda aka yi imani da shi ba), har ma da wasu nau'ikan tsuntsaye don neman farauta a nan kusa. Tsuntsayen tsuntsaye tare suna jawo ƙarin tattabaru, kuma saboda haka an kafa lardi. Dalilin tsananin zafin da ke faruwa tsakanin maza a cikin mazauna yawancin lokaci ba shine rashin wuraren samar da ciyayi ba, amma rashin isasshen ra'ayoyin su tsakanin mutane daban-daban na matsayi daban-daban, wanda aka kafa a tsarin samuwar mallaka. Abubuwan da aka lura da su sun nuna cewa, tare da kumbura mai yawa da kuma rashin wuraren farauta, an sanya tsuntsayen masu taurin kai suna ƙoƙarin yin sheka a nan ana korar su daga mallaka tare.
A ƙarshen kaka da damuna, tsuntsaye sukan tashi daga wuraren da suke farautarsu kuma sukan tara manyan dabbobin kusa da wuraren ciyar da su. Wasu ma'aurata a wannan lokacin suna zuwa daren zuwa wuraren kawancensu, amma yawancin tsuntsaye sukan kwana daren kusa da wuraren abinci. A lokacin farauta, mace tana ciyar da daren a gida, kuma namiji - a wani wuri amintacce a kusa da gida. Tsuntsayen suna bacci, suna dariya, suna jan gemunsu cikin tarin gorar.
Zama a cikin kusancin ɗan adam ya haifar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'in synanthropic na blue pigeon.
Kiwo
Yarinya mata sun isa samari lokacin da suke shekaru 5.5-6, maza - watanni 6.5-7. Kwanan watan kiwo na kwantar da pigeons ana kara su a duk shekara. Yawancin abinci yana sa ya yiwu a nuna polycyclia, wanda shine halayyar pigeons. Haɗuwa da kuma halayen halayen mace na maza, wanda zai iya zama gabaninsa, ana iya lura dashi a duk shekara, koda a cikin lokacin duhu - a watan Disamba da Janairu. Ayyukan pigeons a cikin hunturu, a bayyane yake, ana inganta shi da hasken wutar lantarki na dare. A cikin wadatattun gine-gine karkashin hasken fitil, maza suna da ikon yin su ko da tsakar dare.
Kodayake, duk da haka, yanayin polycyclic na haifuwa, kololuwar jima'i a cikin kurciya mai shuɗi yana sauka a bazara. Yawancin pigeons suna fara kiwo a watan Afrilu. Haɗa kai biyu koyaushe yana ɗaukar ɗa namiji mazaunin wurin, wanda ya kiyaye daga mamayewar sauran mutane. Bayan haka, namiji zai fara neman mace sosai. Neman mace a cikin gari, maza tashi daga nesa zuwa kilomita 6-8, a cikin birni - ba fiye da kilomita 1.5-3. A cikin mazaunin maza, namiji yakanyi aiki na dogon lokaci kuma lokaci-lokaci yakanyi saurin tashi na yanzu. Ya lura da wata mace da ke wucewa, sai ya juyar da fikafikansa da ƙarfi, ya tafi don saduwa da ita, ya sami tsayi kuma, tare da wutsiyarsa sararin fuka-fukansa kuma ya shimfiɗa sama da bayansa, a hankali ya runtse tare da wani shirin jirgi, yana kiranta ta sauka tare dashi. Bayan da ya sauko daga inda yake, sai namiji ya yi hanzari ya yi sanyi a gaban ta, yana yin juzu'i a bangare daya ko dayan. A wannan lokacin, wutsiyarsa a bude take kuma ana karkatar da ita zuwa sama a wani kusurwa na 45 °, goiter yayi kumburi sosai, kuma an dan saukar da kai kadan. A lokacin da ya fi aiki aiki, mace za ta dauki wani abin gayyata ne, kuma tsuntsayen mata. Bayan ma'aurata na wani minti 5-7, namiji yana ci gaba da haɗuwa kuma yana "furry". Daga nan sai tsuntsayen suka yi wa juna satar, sau da yawa “sumbace” da kuma sake abotar juna.Ana amfani da "sumba" a pigeons launin toka don aiki tare da tsarin tsarin haifuwar abokan zama. Kurdaɗɗa masu launin shuɗi suna da aure, ko da yake ba sabon abu bane ga namiji ko mace su haɗa kawai don kakar.
Bayan samuwar wata pigeons fara gina gida. Mace tana cikin gida, kuma namiji ya kawo kayan gini, wanda yake tarawa a cikin wani tsinkaye na 300-500 m daga gida: rassan, rassan, ciyawa mai bushe, tushen da mai tushe na tsirrai, bambaro, sharan katako, waya, da dai sauransu Idan akwai karancin kayan gini. yawanci amfani da gashin fuka-fukan. Tsawan lokacin farauta shine kwanaki 9-14.
Gidaje daban-daban sun bambanta sosai. A cikin biranen, shugunan pigeons a kan ciyayi, baranda, a ƙarƙashin kwari, a cikin sito da kayan kwalliya, a cikin belfries da hasumiyar ruwa, a cikin na'urorin samun iska, a ƙarƙashin gadoji. Idan babu ɗakunan ɗakuna, inda yawanci kurciya gida a kan katako, sukan zauna a fili, suna ajiye gida tsakanin bangon gidan da magudanar ruwa. Yayi nesa da gine-ginen ɗan adam, tsuntsaye suna yin sheƙunansu a cikin wuraren rairayi, a kan duwatsu, a gefen bankunan koguna, a yawancin lokuta kusa da ruwa da kanta. Zaune a cikin manyan mazauna (har zuwa 40-80 nau'i-nau'i ko fiye), pigeons sukan shirya nests a nesa na 0.5-1 m daga juna. A lokaci guda, wasu nau'i-nau'i suna ritaya kuma suna da rabuwa.
Gida yana da sauki, lebur, mai kulawa. Girmanta yawanci ya dogara da takamaiman wurin. Matsakaici girma (a mm): m diamita 200-350, ciki 140-200, tire zurfin 20-40, kauri kauri 20-100. Sau da yawa ana amfani da gida iri ɗaya iri da yawa a jere.
Yayin ginin gida, pigeons dinta sau 5-7 a rana, kwanaki 1-2 kafin kwanciya qwai - sau 2-3, tsakanin sanya kwan qwai sau 1-2. A wannan lokacin, namiji yakan lura da mace sosai. Idan wani namiji ya bayyana a kusa, sai ya shugabantar da mace zuwa wani wuri. Namiji yana biye da mace musamman cikin kulawa idan aka bar kwanaki 2-3 har sai an sanya ƙwai. Bayan kwanciya da kwai na biyu, halayen namiji ya zama al'ada.
Bayan an gama ginin gidan, galibi da rana, mace ta sanya kwai na farko, bayan awanni 46-48 - na biyu. Da wuya, ana sa kwanon na biyu bayan awanni 24, 36 ko 72. Ana lura da cikakkun lamuran kwarjin kwaryar a cikin shekaru goma na uku na Afrilu. Tsuntsayen cikin birane suna fara yin ƙwai a tsakiyar Maris, cike gurbataccen yanayi ya bayyana a ƙarshen kwanakin wannan watan. A cikin ɓoyayyen akwai fararen ƙwai biyu masu haske waɗanda ke da girman 34.1-4.5 × 25.6-31.8, matsakaita na 38.8 × 28.7 mm, da kuma adadin 16.5-17 g. Tsawon lokacin shigarwar, kirgawa daga lokacin kwanciya. kwai na biyu, kwanaki 18-18.5. A launin toka pigeons nesting a cikin attics of gidaje kusan ba sa tsoron mutane kuma ba su amsa to ziyara a cikin nesting shafukan wadannan tsuntsaye.
Bayyanan kajin a cikin nau'ikan nau'i biyu yana farawa a farkon watan Mayu; ƙyanƙyashe taro yana halayyar tsakiyar watan. Daga lokacin da cizon farko suka bayyana kuma har sai an fitar da karen daga cikin harsashi, aƙalla awanni 18 zuwa 24. Daga kwai na biyu, kajin yana kyanwa awanni 5-6 cikin sauri. Iyaye sukan fitar da kwasfa daga gida. Kawanyen karen an rufe su da tsayi da yawa (har zuwa 8-10 mm) mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. Dukkanin katako na farko ba su da hasken rana. Wasu sassa na jiki ba su da matsala ba: kwano, wurare a gefunan kai, wurare na tsakiya a wuyansa da goiter, kusa da idanu da kunnuwa, a tsakiyar ciki da baya.
Kajin da ya fara karɓar abinci daga hannun iyayen shi bayan sa'o'i 4-6, ƙarami ne kusan kwana guda. Babban kajin ta wannan lokacin tuni ya kula da girma kadan kuma ya sami karfi. Saboda haka, kajin na pigeons launin toka kusan koyaushe suna da girma dabam. Duk iyayen sun dauki nauyin hada masonry da ciyar da kajin. Kodayake, mace tana ciyar da mafi yawan lokaci akan gidan fiye da na namiji, wanda ke zama daga 10 na safe zuwa 4-17 p.m. Har zuwa kwanakin 14-16 na shekaru, iyayen biyu suna ciyar da abinci daidai. Sannan mace ta ba da kamawa ta gaba, kuma daga wannan lokacin, namiji yafi ciyar da kajin.
Har zuwa kwanaki 5-7, iyaye suna ciyar da kawunansu sau 3-4 a rana, a wani tsufa - sau 2, yawanci da safe da maraice. Thean kayen da suka girma a lokacin ciyar da kakkausar murya suna jujjuya fikafikan su. Tsuntsu mai ciyarwa lokaci-lokaci yana haifar da siginar gargaɗi na haɗari. Jin kayen nan, kajin sun yi karanci zuwa wani lokaci har suka ɓoye, amma daga baya kuma suka fara maye. Mafi sau da yawa, mazan da ke da fikafikan fuka-fukai da gangar jikinsu daga iyayen da suke jinya don haka suna samun ƙarin abinci. A saboda wannan dalili, ƙaramin kurai wani lokaci yakan kasance cikin baya ga ci gaba ko ma ya mutu.
A ranar 8 - 8 na ranar shiryawa, iyayen sun fara yin bangon ganuwar. A lokacin da kajin ke yin tsegumi a cikin goiter, sai a samar da “madara”. Har izuwa kwanaki 6-8, tsuntsaye suna ciyar da kajin da wannan “madara”. A ranar 7-8th, an riga an samo nau'ikan tsaba da gastrolites a cikin 'yan kajin, yawan su yana ƙaruwa kowace rana. Daga kwanaki 10-12, pigeons sun fara kiwon kajin tare da cakuda hatsi mai laushi sosai. Daga wannan lokacin, abincin abincin kajin ya zama iri ɗaya ne kamar na tsuntsayen manya, tare da ƙaramin abin sha na madara goiter.
Madarar tattabara tana da launi mai launin fari da launin toka a lokacin farin ciki mai tsami ko cuku. Ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu zuwa: furotin, lysine, methionine, ruwa, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, alli, nitrogen, cellulose, har da bitamin A, B, C, D, da E. Goiter madara sun ƙunshi (a cikin%): ruwa - 64-82, furotin - 10-19, mai da mai-kama abubuwa - 7-13, ma'adanai - 1.6.
Kajin na purtons masu launin shudi gaba daya ya gama haɓaka da ci gaba har zuwa kwanaki 32-34. A cikin shekaru goma na uku na Yuni, shiryawa taro ya sake farawa, hade da sake zagayowar kiwo na biyu. Wasu ma'aurata suna ciyar da tsintsaye guda uku a lokacin haihuwa.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Bayanai game da abinci mai kyau na pigeons na daji suna da karanci. Abin sani kawai an sani cewa suna ciyar da yawancin tsaba a cikin daji da tsire-tsire masu ciyawar. Kurciya mai ruwan synanthropic blue, fiye da kowane tsuntsu, ya dogara da mutumin da ya dogara da kusan duk lokutan shekara. A kan tituna da kuma farfajiyar, tattabarai masu jujjuya cuku, guntun nama da aka dafa daga ƙasusuwa, tono a cikin shara a cikin kwandon shara. Suna amfani da abinci na halitta kawai a cikin lokacin dusar ƙanƙara kuma a wasu lokuta, akasarinsu a cikin bazara. Tushen abincin ya ƙunshi tsaba na shuka hatsi da ganye na daji, legumes, ƙananan 'ya'yan itace da berries. A lokacin rani, pigeons wani lokacin suna ciya ciyawa a kan ciyawar kuma suna karɓar ƙwayar poplar a kan bututun. Pigeons dake zaune a yankunan karkara, a salon rayuwarsu da abincinsu, sun fi kama da nau'in jela mai launin toka.
Don ciyarwa ɗaya, tattabara mai launin toka yana cin abinci daga 17 zuwa 43 g na tsaba daban-daban. A matsakaita, tsuntsu ɗaya ke cin abinci daga 35 zuwa 60 g na kayan lambu a rana. Kiba da hatsi na yashi, gutsattsarin gurnetin mollusk, kuma duniya koyaushe suna cikin gort of grey pigeons. Peeling na ƙasa yana ba da samuwar da kuma kiyaye pigeons na flora na hanji.
Tsuntsayen birni da biranen birni a kai a kai suna yin kiwo a filayen da aka shuka tare da tsire-tsire masu ciyayi, masu haɓakawa, shagunan hatsi, suna tattara hatsin da aka zubar akan hanyoyi da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa. Jirgin saman tsuntsayen dake cikin karkara wasu lokuta har zuwa kilomita 8-12 ko sama da haka. Koyaya, galibi jiragen su zuwa filayen ba su wuce 1.5-3 kuma ƙasa da kilomita 4-5. Pawan birni galibi suna da fifiko kusa da wuraren ciyarwa, kuma jiragen su zuwa wuraren ciyarwa ba safai sunfi mil 1.5-3 ba. Koyaya, garken tsuntsaye mafi ƙarfi sukan zama tsakanin tsuntsayen birni, waɗanda suke tashi a kai a kai daga farkon bazara zuwa dusar ƙanƙara don ciyar da filayen da aka girbe ko kuma gurasar da abinci. Jirgin saman Fodder na pigeons na birni na iya zama aƙalla 10-12, kuma a lokuta na musamman har zuwa kilomita 20-50.
Lokacin tashi don ciyarwa, halayen zamantakewa na tattabarai yana bayyane. Wuraren farko na ciyarwa an ƙaddara su da ƙananan garken bincike mai zurfi har zuwa 8-12 mutane. Yayin ciyarwa, irin waɗannan tsuntsayen a hankali suna lura da pigeons suna tafe. Gano tsuntsayen da ke tafe, suna nuna musu kwatsam game da inda suke da kasancewar abinci mai yawa. Dubunnan garkunan tattabarai suna taruwa a irin waɗannan wuraren a cikin yini. Bayan cin abinci a wannan filin, tattabarai suna ƙaura zuwa wasu wuraren ciyarwa ta hanyar guda ɗaya, suna haɗa tare da sauran tsuntsayen can.
A cikin garuruwan pigeons, yawanci yawanci yana ciyarwa, sabili da haka, a wuraren ciyar da abinci, ana yawan lura da manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa a cikin yanayin tsabta na tituna, murabba'ai, farfajiyar gida da masarar gidaje. Lokacin ciyarwa a cikin filin karkara, yakan samar da gauraya da clintukh.
Miƙa
Thean kunar bakin kwarya yana faruwa daga Afrilu - Mayu zuwa Satumba - Nuwamba. Tsohon tsuntsaye fara farawa daga shekaru goma na ƙarshe na Mayu zuwa farkon shekaru goma na Yuni da kawo ƙarshen ƙawancewa a watan Satumba - Nuwamba. Wani ɓangaren mutane marasa mahimmanci yana fara molt a cikin Maris - Afrilu ko a ƙarshen Yuni - farkon Yuli kuma yana ƙare molting a watan Nuwamba - Disamba. Tsawon zaman tsintsayen tsuntsaye shine watanni 5.5-6. A cikin kananan tsuntsaye daga farkon broods, gashin tsuntsu an sake sabunta su a cikin shekarar. A lokacin molting, pigeons launin toka suna zama ƙasa da motsi kuma ayyukan su na yau da kullun suna daɗaɗɗa zuwa wasu lokutan ciyarwa da hutawa. Suna kashe sama da rabin sa'o'in hasken rana suna hutawa da kulawa da gashin tsuntsu a lokacin molting mai ƙarfi (Satumba - Oktoba). Tsuntsayen daji suna kula da jiragen sama na safe da maraice don ciyarwa da shayarwa. Pigeons blue na titi, waɗanda suke tara abinci a cikin birni, suna cinye ƙarin lokaci a cikin halin tsaka mai wuya.
Iyakan dalilai da matsayi
Kurciya mai launin shuɗi, saboda yaduwa da yawansu da yawa, baya cikin nau'in jinsin da aka kiyaye shi kuma yana buƙatar a tsara shi.
Magabatan manyan bakin pigeons a cikin shimfidar wuri da al'adun gargajiya an zana su daga magabatan gandun daji, falcon da hankaka. Babban haɗari ga pigeons shine goshawk. Musamman sau da yawa goshawk yana kai hari da pigeons launin toka a lokacin ciyar da nestlings (Yuni - Yuli). Gidan goshawks, wanda ya kunshi kaji uku girma da tsoffin tsuntsaye biyu, suna cin abinci daga 1.5 zuwa pigeons sau ɗaya a rana. Wani goshawk da ya manyanta yakan ci kurciya ɗaya a matsakaici tsawon kwanaki 2-3 a lokacin bazara da kwanaki 1.5-2 a cikin hunturu. Sau da yawa mafi yawan goshawk suna kai hari syreythropic mai launin toka da kuma pigeons na gida a watan Agusta - Satumba a lokacin ƙaura na kaka da kuma lokacin sanyi, lokacin da pigeons ta zama ainihin abincinta bayan tashin wasu tsuntsayen. Yawancin goshawks na hunturu suna ƙaura a cikin kaka zuwa ƙauyuka, inda, lalata wani sashi na pigeons na shudi, adadinsu yana da iyaka.
Anƙarar tsuntsayen ƙanana mafi ƙanƙantala yana da haɗarin kaiwa farmaki pigeons launin toka. Koyaya, a damina da bazara, lokacin ƙaura ta birane da ƙauyukan ƙauyuka, ƙwararrun mata a kai a kai suna farautar launin toka da kuma pigeons na gida.
A zamanin yau, da wuya, manyan falda (peregrine falcon, saker) wani lokacin suna kaiwa hari launin toka da kuma pigeons na gida. Falgrine falcons suna zaune a manyan gine-gine a manyan biranen kuma a duk lokacin da suke farauta suna farauta ne kawai ga pigeons. Lokaci-lokaci, mace na derbniks suna kai hari pigeons launin toka.
Babban lalacewar pigeons a manyan biranen ana haifar da su ta hanyar launin toka da baƙi. A hankaka a lokacin farauta yakan fatattakakkun adadin kuran shuɗar shuɗi, tare da bincika abubuwan ɗab'i na gine-ginen, gidaje a bango, baranda da sauran wuraren da suka dace inda tattabaru ke iya zama. Haka kuma, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an sami karin yawan kungiyoyi (tsuntsayen 3-5) na launin toka da baƙaƙe a kan pigeons "zuwa sata". A lokacin da ake farauta, ƙwayar hankaka yakan zama ba kawai kaji ba, har ma da tsuntsayen manya.
Lessarancin yau da kullun, pigeon clutch da nestlings suna lalata magpies da jackdaws, da roka, waɗanda a cikin ƙauyukan birni da kuma bayan gari sukan fara tashiwa a cikin wuraren da ɓarke a cikin kwari. A karkashin yanayi na dabi'a, tsakanin duwatsu da manyan duwatsun, kwari a sama, hankaka, da mayukan toshiya suna birgima.
Daga cikin abubuwan da basu dace ba don pigeons na gida da na daji, rashin abinci a wasu shekaru tare da tsananin winters ya kamata a lura da farko. A cikin irin waɗannan shekarun, pigeons na daji suna yawo daga tsaunuka zuwa kwari, kusa da mazaunin mazauni, inda, haɗe tare da patanons na synanthropic, yana da sauƙin hunturu.
Tare da babban taron jama'a a manyan birane da garuruwa, inda pigeons basa aiwatar da aikin rigakafin tsafta na yau da kullun, pigeons sukan mutu daga cututtuka. Lalacewar kemikal ga tsirrai da takin zamani na iya kawo lahani ga tattabarai. Yin kwankwadar hatsin da aka yanyanka a gona ko kuma hadiye takin zamani a matsayin gastrolites, pigeons sukan guba kuma su mutu.
A cikin bazara, lokacin shuka, damisa shuɗi, tattara hatsi, suna iya yin lahani ga aikin gona. Koyaya, a lokacin bazara-kaka, suna ciyar da filayen tare da ƙwayayen hatsi da tsaba na tsirrai na daji, don haka suna ba da gudummawa ga tsabtace filayen daga ciyawa. Kasancewa cikin birane da manyan ƙauyuka, purtons blue na iya zama dako masu kamuwa da cututtukan dabbobi da na mutane. Hakanan ya kamata a lura da matsayin launin toka mai launin toka a matsayin wani abu na binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mahimmancinta a cikin aikin kiwo na gida.
Gabaɗaya halaye da halayen filin
Babban tattabara ya zama na biyu ne kawai a girman zuwa silo. Siffar zama na daji yana da launi mai haske mai haske tare da ƙarfe mai ƙyalli a wuyansa da kuma ingantaccen fuskoki biyu masu duhu na fikafikai. Launin launi na synanthropic shine mafi m. A cikin garken waɗannan pigeons akwai tsuntsayen fuka-fukan da fari da launin ruwan kasa, wanda, duk da haka, ya fi yiwuwa saboda kasancewar giciye tare da pigeons na gida. Koyaya, mafi yawan tsuntsaye iri ɗaya suna da launi iri ɗaya da sifofin daji. Dutse mai dutse da kuma clintukh sune mafi kusanci da tattabara mai launin toka a launi mai launi da girma. Ya banbanta da daskararwar dutsen yayin rashi farin fuka-fukai a jikin fuka-fukan, wanda aka kware musamman a cikin dutsen danshi da gudu. Dangane da wasu alamomin, yana da matukar wahala a rarrabe launin toka mai gudu da mai dutse.
A cikin yanayin kwantar da hankula, ƙarshen sassan fuka-fukai masu launin shuɗi ba su isa ƙarshen gashin gashin wutsiyar ba ta hanyar mm 15-20. A kan dutse kurciya, ko dai suna daidai ko 5-7 mm (wani lokacin har zuwa 10-12) suna wucewa daga ƙarshen gashin gashin wutsiya.
Kurciya mai launin shuɗi ya bambanta da clintukh a cikin manyan masu girma, tare da farin loin da raunin duhu mai fiɗa a fuka-fukan. A cikin jirgin, an san ɗan huɗun fitila ta hasken wutar fitila mai sauƙi da kuma sauƙin sauƙin jirgin. Idan ana kallon bayan tsuntsu mai tsalle, a bayyane yake cewa wutsiyar tattabara mai launin toka yana da ƙasa da kwanciyar hankali ga gefuna fiye da clintukh.
Kurciya mai launin shuɗi tana da hankali sosai, kuma, tunda ya lura da yanayin mutane, sai ya tashi gaba. Lokacin da za ta tafi, tana buɗe fikafikanta da ƙarfi. Kurciya mai ruwan synanthropic blue tana nuna kulawa sosai a yankunan karkara fiye da birane. Pan daji da synanthropic (titi) tsuntsaye ne masu yawo, kuma ko a lokacin kiwo ne da wuya ka ga tsuntsayen keɓe kai.
A lokacin matsewar, kurciya mai launin shuɗi sau da yawa tana da jirgin sama na yanzu. Tsuntsu, yana fuka fikafikansa da ƙarfi, yana cirewa, ya sami tsayi sannan ya yi niyya da fikafikan sa sama da bayan sa. Siffar halayyar halayyar ɗan kwaba shine halin yanzu yayin saduwa da mace. A lokaci guda, yana yin motsi madauwari a kusa da mace, a wataƙila ko dai a cikin ɗayan ko ɗayan. A irin wannan lokacin, wutsiyarsa a bude take kuma ana karkatar da ita zuwa wani kusurwa na 45 °, goiter yayi kumburi sosai, kuma kansa ya ɗan sauke ƙasa. Gangan irin wannan hadin, amma ba tare da an rage zafin abubuwa ba, an lura da maza na pigeons daskararre.
A cikin tattabara launin toka, yana yiwuwa a rarrabe hargitsin muryar guda biyar, zuwa digiri ɗaya ko wata, mai alaƙa da lokacin da ake ciki yanzu da nesting: 1) daftarin hadin kai, wanda ya ƙunshi sautin muryar mai “guuut. guuut ”, 2) gayyatar zuwa mazaunin, tana yin daidai da daftarin, amma a daidai lokacin da mace ta kusanci mazaunin, ana ƙara ƙuri'ar waɗannan saututtukan kuma waƙar ta ƙunshi sautin" Kuuhguuut.Kuuhguuut ”, 3) waƙar, wacce ake furtawa a daidai lokacin da namiji ke halinta da mace, da farko ya kunshi sautunan shiru" guurkuuu. guurkuuu ”, amma a lokacin da namiji yayi matukar farin ciki, ana furta wadannan sauti da karfi da karfi kuma waƙar ya fara sauti kamar sautin da ake maimaitawa“ guuurrkruu .-. -ruuu "ko" grouuf. grouuf ”, 5) a lokacin ciyar da kajin, tsuntsu mai tashi ya wallafa wani tsari mai sanyin sanyi“ giuuguuut. giuuguuut. "
Kurciya mai launin tokare mazaunin yankuna ne masu tsaunuka da sarari maras shinge. Manyan kurciya itace katsewa. A cikin yanayin birni, ɗan akuya mai launin shuɗi yakan zauna akan bishiyoyi kuma yawancin lokaci ana ajiye shi a manyan lambuna da wuraren shakatawa. Lokacin ciyarwa a cikin yankunan karkara, yana samar da garken cakuda da clintukh, kuma a Gabas Siberiya da Asiya ta Tsakiya tare da kurciya.
Tsarin da girma
Farko mai suna flywheel 10, helmsman 12, tsari na reshe: I-II-III-IV-V. Girma dabam (a mm): jimlar tsawon maza 335-375 (matsakaici 352.4), mace 325-370 (matsakaici 342.5), tsawon reshe na maza 215–238 (matsakaita 227.4), mace 210-230 (matsakaici 219.5), shekaruna 675-720 (matsakaici 685.1), mace 670-710 (matsakaita 681.4), tsawon gindi na 18.0-22.3 (matsakaici 19.5) , mace 17.0-1.5.5 (matsakaita 18.5), tsutsa tsawon tsarar maza 28-32 (matsakaita 30.0), mace 26-31 (matsakaici 27.6).
Dimorphism na jima'i yana da rauni. Mata suna da dan kadan fiye da maza da launuka masu haske da launin shuɗi-ja mai ƙaramin ƙarfi a cikin mata sun kasance masu cin amana ne kuma ba ƙarancin ci gaba ba, musamman akan ƙananan goiter da bayan wuya.
Kudin shiga haraji
Dangane da tsohuwar bayanai, an lura da nauyin 15 na farin kurciya a cikin fauna ta duniya (Meklenburtsev, 1951), bisa ga sababbin bayanai, daga 10 (Stepanyan, 1975) zuwa 14 (Howard da Moore, 1980).
Babban yanayin bambancin yana da siffa mai siffa. An rarrabe ƙananan raunin ne ta hanyar girman launi, da nisa da launi na farin tsiri a ƙananan baya, har da girman. An bayyana bambance-bambance na muhalli a yanayin kasancewar da ɗaure tsuntsaye ga raye-rayen halittu daban-daban da tashoshin nisha a cikin yankin rarraba.
A Gabashin Turai da Asiya ta Arewa, ƙungiyoyi biyu suna zaune.
1.Columba livia livia
Columba domestica livia Gmelin, 1789, Sy-st. Nat., 1. C. 769, Kudancin Turai
Babban launi yana da duhu sosai, yankin sacral fari ne, faffarin farin tsiri na yankin sacral shine 40-60 mm.
2.Columba livia sakaci
Columba watsia Hume, 1873, Henderson da Hume, Lahore zuwa Yarkand, c. 272, Ladakh
Abun launuka na yau da kullun suna da sauƙi, yankin sacral yawanci shine launin toka-mai haske, ya fi na baya baya, ƙasa da duhu kamar yadda baya, har ƙasa da fari. A ƙarshen shari'ar, girman farin tsararren shine 20-40 mm.
Akwai kuma binciken Columba livia mai maƙarƙashiya, gama gari ne a arewacin China da Mongolia (Howard, Moore, 1980) da kuma launin launi mai duhu na duhu.
Yaɗa
Matsakaicin yankin. Mahalli yana da yanki sosai. A cikin yankin Turai, yana da kwari a tsaunukan Crimea, watakila a wasu wurare amma akan tsaunukan Tekun Azov da Sivash, a cikin arewacin Caucasus da Kudancin Kudancin Yankin. A cewar A. I. Ivanov, bayanan da suka gabata game da farashi a cikin ƙananan Don, akan Volga, Oka, Sura, Sviyaga ba wuya. Gaba gaba gabas tana da tushe a Mugodzhary, Mangyshlak, a cikin yankin Karkaraly, Chingiztau da Kalbinshash Altai. A gabas da kudu na Kazakhstan, wani lokaci yana da yawa a cikin matakan da suka dace duka a kan tudu da kuma ƙananan tuddai. A tsakiyar Asiya ta Tsakiya, an bazu ko'ina daga Yankin Turkmenistan zuwa kan iyakar Pamirs a tsawan sama har zuwa 2500 - 2700 a saman teku. tekuna. Yanki a cikin Transcaucasia. Kananan yankuna sun wanzu a saman Yenisei. A cikin jihar synanthropic, an rarraba shi sosai daga kan iyakokin yamma zuwa gabashin tekun Lake Baikal da Kudancin Primorye har zuwa Murmansk da Salekhard zuwa arewa.
Hoto na 19. Range daga cikin tattabara pigeon a Gabashin Turai da Arewacin Asiya
a - yankin farauta
A waje na gabashin Turai da Asiya ta Arewa: Yammacin Turai, Afirka, Kudu maso Yamma da Asia ta Tsakiya. Yana zaune a cikin hunturu, yana yin ƙananan yawo a cikin tsaunuka (Ivanov, 1976).
Hoto 20. Yankin raunin kurciya mai launin toka
a - iyaka na kewayon kiwo, b - ingantaccen bayanin iyakokin iyaka. Tallafi: 1 - Columba livia livia, 2 - C. l. atlantis, 3 - C. l. canadensis, 4 - C. l. gaddi, 5 - C. l. palaestinae, 6 - C. l. schimperi, 7 - C. l. tagria, 8 - C. l. dakhiae, 9 - C. l. butteri, 10 - C. l. dakin motsa jiki, 11 - C. l. Na daban, 12 - C. l. peglecta, 13 - C. l. intermedia, 14 - C. 1. nigricans
Lambar
Pan kururun daji ba shi da yawa kuma ba ya yin babban gungu. Ungiyoyi a cikin nau'i-nau'i, a lokaci-lokaci suna ƙirƙirar ƙananan masarauta waɗanda ke lambobi nau'i biyu 2-3. Ana ganin irin wannan hoton ko'ina a yamma na mazaunin tsaunin. A ɓangaren gabashin yankin, tattabara na daji ya fi yawa kuma ya zama ruwan dare a cikin Tarbagatai.
A cikin shekaru 5-7 na ƙarshe, an sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin adadin pigeons na daji tare da bakin tekun Crimea mai ƙasƙanci saboda tsananin damuwar masu hutu. Dalilin damuwa yana haifar da rarrabuwar manyan mulkokin mazauna kuma zuwa canjin zuwa ciyayi a cikin kananan kungiyoyi da nau'i-nau'i. Cungiyoyi mafi girma na farauta har zuwa 1970-1973. ya haura har zuwa nati 250-300.
Rukunin kwadon kumburi a cikin Crimea suna buƙatar kariyar kamar kusan almostan mulkin mallaka na wildan daji na wannan nau'in a cikin yankin Turai (Kosgin, 1983).
Hanyar synanthropic pigeons a halin yanzu ta mamaye yawancin ƙauyuka na Volga-Kama Territory. Rarraba pigeons a cikin manyan biranen an ƙaddara shi da kasancewar wuraren wuraren zama da abinci. Fiye da mutum 500 zuwa 800 sun zama ruwan dare a nan. Kurciya a nan a bayyane ya isa iyakarsu (Gorshkov, 1977).
A cikin yankin Leningrad, tattabara launin toka babban tsuntsu ne. A cikin kaka, garken tsuntsaye 500 zuwa 1,000 sun zama ruwan dare a cikin birni. Tsuntsaye marassa kyau da ƙananan rukuninsu ana samun kullun zuwa 10-15 km daga ƙauyen mafi kusa, har ma a cikin yankin daji (Noskov et al., 1981)
A Tsakiyar Asiya, a cewar R.N. Meklenburtsev (1951), adadin kurciya mai haske ta hanyar 50s ya ragu sosai kuma za'a iya samun garken daruruwan da dubunnan tsuntsaye kawai a cikin yankuna masu nisa. A halin yanzu babu bayanai game da ɗimbin pigeon.
A bayyane yake, ɗan akuya mai launin toka, yana zaune a cikin mafi tsananin yanayin yanayi, ba a taɓa samun manyan garken dabbobi ba, kuma dukkan bayanan da suke samu game da tara tsuntsaye sama da dubu 50 da ƙari (Zarudny, 1888) a sassa daban-daban na kewayon siyayyar sytanthropic na shuɗin pigeon ko gauraya fakitoci na farko da na biyu.
Sakamakon karancin abinci da abinci a cikin kasar a cikin shekarun bayan ya gabata, yawan kwalaben ruwan hoda ta synanthropic da ke 50s ya ragu sosai. Koyaya, har zuwa shekarun 70s, lambobin sa sun dawo, kuma a manyan biranen har ma yana da izinin tsara shi.
Ayyukan yau da kullun, hali
Kurciya mai launin toka yana jagorantar tsarin rayuwar yau da kullun. Tsawon aikin hasken rana an ƙaddara tsawon lokacin aikinsa a cikin yanayin yanayi. A cikin yanayin birane, wasu nau'i-nau'i na pigeons suna aiki da maraice saboda hasken tituna, tashoshi, arches na gine-gine, kogunan majami'a, da sauransu A wurare da ke da kyau a kan tituna na birni, purtons blue sukan ciyar da maraice. Zaunawa a cikin hunturu a cikin manyan gine-gine masu kyau (tashoshi, shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, manyan kabilu da sauransu), suna ƙoƙari su yi kiwo a irin waɗannan wuraren.
Ayyukan yau da kullun na pigeons launin toka a lokacin lokutan da ba a fara haihuwa an rage su zuwa wasu lokutan ciyar da hutawa. A cikin lokacin kaka-hunturu, suna ciyarwa a kan ciyarwa da hutawa a cikin rana a matsakaicin 31% na lokacin, a hutun dare - 35%, kuma kusan 3% na lokacin da suke tashiwa zuwa wurare na dare.
A cikin rayuwar rayuwa, tsuntsaye suna ciyar da 34% na lokacin hutawa a rana, 30% akan ciyarwa da shayarwa (gami da ciyarwa da kula da kajin), 10% akan yanayin motsa jiki da kariya daga wurin farauta, da kashi 26% akan hutun dare.
A lokacin molting, pigeons launin toka suna zama ƙasa da motsi kuma ayyukan su na yau da kullun suna daɗaɗɗa zuwa wasu lokutan ciyarwa da hutawa. Suna kashe sama da rabin sa'o'in hasken rana suna hutawa da kulawa da gashin tsuntsu a lokacin molting mai ƙarfi (Satumba - Oktoba). Tsuntsayen daji suna kula da jiragen sama na safe da maraice don ciyarwa da shayarwa. Pigeons blue na titi, waɗanda suke tara abinci a cikin birni, suna cinye ƙarin lokaci a cikin halin tsaka mai wuya.
A ƙarshen kaka da damuna, tsuntsaye sukan tashi daga wuraren da suke farautarsu kuma sukan tara manyan dabbobin kusa da wuraren ciyar da su. Wasu ma'aurata a wannan lokacin suna zuwa daren zuwa wuraren kawancensu, amma yawancin tsuntsaye sukan kwana daren kusa da wuraren abinci. A lokacin farauta, mace tana ciyar da daren a gida, kuma namiji - a wani wuri amintacce a kusa da gida. Tsuntsayen suna bacci, suna dariya, suna jan gemunsu cikin tarin gorar.
Abokan gaba, dalilai masu illa
Magabatan manyan bakin pigeons a cikin shimfidar wuri da al'adun gargajiya an zana su daga magabatan gandun daji, falcon da hankaka. Babban haɗari ga pigeons shine goshawk, wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya kware wajan launin toka da kuma pigeons a yawancin sassan ƙasar. Musamman sau da yawa goshawk yana kai hari da pigeons launin toka a lokacin ciyar da nestlings (Yuni - Yuli). Gidan goshawks, wanda ya kunshi kaji uku girma da tsoffin tsuntsaye biyu, suna cin abinci daga 1.5 zuwa pigeons sau ɗaya a rana. Wani goshawk dattijo ya ci tattabara guda a kan tsawon kwanaki 2-3 a lokacin bazara da kwanaki 1.5-2 a cikin hunturu. Sau da yawa mafi yawan goshawk suna kai hari syreythropic mai launin toka da kuma pigeons na gida a watan Agusta - Satumba a lokacin ƙaura na kaka da kuma lokacin sanyi, lokacin da pigeons ta zama ainihin abincinta bayan tashin wasu tsuntsayen. Yawancin goshawks na hunturu suna ƙaura a cikin kaka zuwa ƙauyuka, inda, lalata wani sashi na pigeons na shudi, adadinsu yana da iyaka.
Anƙarar tsuntsayen ƙanana mafi ƙanƙantala yana da haɗarin kaiwa farmaki pigeons launin toka. Koyaya, a damina da bazara, lokacin ƙaura ta birane da ƙauyukan ƙauyuka, ƙwararrun mata a kai a kai suna farautar launin toka da kuma pigeons na gida.
A zamanin yau, da wuya, manyan falda (peregrine falcon, saker) wani lokacin suna kaiwa hari launin toka da kuma pigeons na gida. Falgrine falcons suna zaune a manyan gine-gine a manyan biranen kuma a duk lokacin da suke farauta suna farauta ne kawai ga pigeons. Lokaci-lokaci, mace na derbniks suna kai hari pigeons launin toka.
Babban lalacewar pigeons a manyan biranen ana haifar da su ta hanyar launin toka da baƙi. A cikin manyan biranen Turai, ciki har da Moscow da St. Petersburg, hankaka a lokacin farauta yana rusa yawancin ɗaruruwan shukoki masu launin shuɗi, da kyau ana nazarin halayen gine-ginen, gwanaye a bango, baranda da sauran wuraren da suka dace inda tattabaru ke iya zama. A cikin biranen Siberiya, maɗaukakkun baƙaƙen suna cutar da ɗan ƙarami, amma ana ganin cutar ta lalata pigeons. Haka kuma, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an sami karin yawan kungiyoyi (tsuntsayen 3-5) na launin toka da baƙaƙe a kan pigeons "zuwa sata". A lokacin da ake farauta, ƙwayar hankaka yakan zama ba kawai kaji ba, har ma da tsuntsayen manya.
Commonlyarancin yau da kullun, pigeon clutch da nestlings suna lalata magpies da jackdaws, da rooks, waɗanda a cikin yankunan karkara da kuma karkarar manyan biranan sau da yawa sun fara tashi a cikin gidaje inda pigeons pigeons da sauran wuraren kiwon kaji (kaji, geese, ducks, da sauransu). A karkashin yanayi na dabi'a, tsakanin duwatsu da manyan duwatsun, kwari da damuna da mayukan daji suna lalata mazaunan da ke cikin daji.
Daga cikin abubuwan da basu dace ba don pigeons na gida da na daji, rashin abinci a wasu shekaru tare da tsananin winters ya kamata a lura da farko. A cikin irin waɗannan shekarun, pigeons na daji suna yawo daga tsaunuka zuwa kwari, kusa da mazaunin mazauni, inda, haɗe tare da patanons na synanthropic, yana da sauƙin hunturu.
Tare da babban taron jama'a a manyan birane da garuruwa, inda pigeons basa aiwatar da aikin rigakafin tsafta na yau da kullun, pigeons sukan mutu daga cututtuka. Lalacewar kemikal ga tsirrai da takin zamani na iya kawo lahani ga tattabarai. Yin kwankwadar hatsin da aka yanyanka a gona ko kuma hadiye takin zamani a matsayin gastrolites, pigeons sukan guba kuma su mutu.
Darajar tattalin arziki, kariya
Kurciya mai launin shuɗi, saboda yaduwa da yawansu da yawa, baya cikin nau'in jinsin da aka kiyaye shi kuma yana buƙatar a tsara shi. A ɓangaren Turai, abu ne na farauta, kodayake ana farauta ne da wuya kuma har ya zuwa yanzu ba za a iya ɗaukar tsuntsu na farauta ba.
A cikin bazara, lokacin shuka, damisa shuɗi, tattara hatsi, suna iya yin lahani ga aikin gona. Koyaya, a lokacin bazara-kaka, suna ciyar da filayen tare da ƙwayayen hatsi da tsaba na tsirrai na daji, don haka suna ba da gudummawa ga tsabtace filayen daga ciyawa. Kasancewa cikin birane da manyan ƙauyuka, purtons blue na iya zama dako masu kamuwa da cututtukan dabbobi da na mutane. Hakanan ya kamata a lura da matsayin launin toka mai launin toka a matsayin wani abu na binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma mahimmancinta a cikin aikin kiwo na gida.
Alamar ciyarwa
Tsuntsu ya ci berries, tsaba na tsirrai. Tana yin amfani da ita ga mutum kuma tana amfani da sharar abinci da ƙwararrun hatsi. Ba nema a kan zabi na abinci. A zahiri, ta ci abin da ya fi sauƙi samu. Abincin ya dogara da wurin zama na sisar. Tsarin shan giya ya bambanta da ɓarna daga sauran tsuntsayen. Kowane mutum ya jefa kawunansu baya baya kuma ya hadiye iska, amma cesar tana tsotse shi.
Na dogon lokaci, tsuntsaye suna tashi don neman abinci. Idan mutum ya ciyar da su, to da sauri zasu saba da shi. Kungiyoyi suna zuwa wurin ciyarwa. Sauya tsuntsu zuwa rayuwa a gida abu ne mai sauki.
Akwai ra'ayi saboda abin da launin toka-gashi ya zama zuriya ga dukkan jinsunan da suka biyo baya, waɗanda aka sharanta ta tsallake. Bayan an yi musu rauni, an kiwon tsuntsaye kuma ana amfani dasu azaman nama. Sannan aka gano kwarewar su ta musamman don jan hankali a sararin samaniya, kuma suka fara amfani da su azaman postmen.
Jinyar bluish ya haifar da samar da tsuntsaye ta fuskoki daban-daban:
- pigeons m
- pigeons don nama
- ado
- tashi.
Kowa ya san farkon amfani da tsuntsu a matsayin mai ban al'ajabi lokacin da Nuhu ya saki kurciya don neman Duniya. Bayan wannan, tsuntsu ya zama alamar zaman lafiya. A duk shekaruna, pigeons suna nufin wani abu mai kyau da kirki. Wannan yana nanata tsawon rayuwar wanan mutumin a doron ƙasa. Don samun nasarar haifar da pigeons, ya zama dole a gina gidan tattabara kuma a samar musu da daidaitaccen menu.
Duk da cewa tsuntsayen suna da kuzari kuma suna iya cin komai, wannan baya nufin ana iya basu komai. Don ingantaccen ci gaban jiki da walwala, tsuntsun yana buƙatar ba shi bitamin da ma'adanai. Alurar riga kafi na iya hana bayyanar cututtuka da yawa halayyar wannan mutum.
Akwai cututtukan da yawa da purton za su iya ɗauka, kuma yawancinsu masu haɗari ne ga mutane. Wasu suna da mutuƙar kashe rai. An kirkira shirye-shirye waɗanda zasu ba ku damar ƙarfafa tsarin rigakafi na pigeons. Yana da mahimmanci tsaftace kullun a cikin gidan tattabara da iska. Don haka, zaku kiyaye tsuntsaye daga kamuwa da cututtukan. Dole dakin ya kasance yana da ingantaccen zazzabi da zafi, wanda ya dace da cigaban tattabaru na al'ada.
Hakan yana da mahimmanci cewa pigeons suna da damar zuwa kan titi. Yana da mahimmanci a gare su su tashi da kansu waje guda kuma su tashi baya. Kurciya mai fuka-fukai ba tsuntsu ba ne mai neman ruwa. Yanayi mai sauƙi don haɓaka al'ada sun isa gare shi.
Tsarin haihuwa na kurciya mai toka
Kurciya mai fikafika tana neman mata da rayuwa. A cikin yankunan kudanci yana ƙwanƙwasa koyaushe, a arewa - kawai a cikin lokacin dumi. Lokacin kiwo na tsuntsu yana nuna lokacin layya, lokacin da namiji ya biya lokaci mai yawa da kulawa ga ƙaramar budurwarsa. Yana tare da mace koyaushe, yana murɗa wuya, yana shimfiɗa fikafikansa, yana sa saƙo da baƙon abu. Sau da yawa yakan tsaya akan kafafu biyu dayan kuma ya shimfida gashin fuka-fukan a wutsiya.
Dukkanin motsin sa yana nan tare da sanya murya. Lokacin da aka gama aiwatarwa, kuma mace ta faɗi ƙarƙashin faɗar namiji, sukan tsabtace gashin tsuntsaye kuma suka daɗe. Lokacin da tsarin aikin dabbar ya gama, namiji yakan yi yawo a sama, yana buɗe fikafikan sa ba da motsi.
A cikin daji, su kansu suna kirkirar da gidaje a wuraren da maharmar ba zai iya isa ba.A cikin birni, galibi ana samun wuraren buɗe ƙofofin gini, a cikin ɗakunan faranti, a ƙarƙashin rufin gidaje. Gida an ƙirƙiri daga rassan da ciyawa. Namiji yana neman reshe da kuma ciyawar ciyawa, mace kuma tana yin sheƙarta daga wurinsu. Zasu iya amfani da soket sau da yawa. Matar tana fitar da kwan kwanciya har sau 8. Kyankyasar ana yi ne bi da bi, amma kurciya ta fi sauran lokaci.
Kurciya yakan maye gurbin abokinsa, yana ba shi damar shakatawa da neman abin da zai ci. Idan mace ta ɓace wani wuri na dogon lokaci, to, kurciya ta fara kiranta, tana yin sautuna. Bayan kwanaki 12, kajin sun bayyana. A cikin 'yan kwanakin farko, iyayen matasa matasa sukan dauki nauyin ciyar dasu da madara. Wannan cakuda madara yana da mahimman abubuwan gina jiki da bitamin don farkon haɓaka. Bayan wannan, iyaye suna neman tsaba kuma suna ba su tare da madara.
Idan kurciya ta tsinke wani shafin, to namiji zai ciyar da ɗan da ya gabata. Bayan wata daya, kajin sun fara tashi. Shiryawa don haifuwa ya bayyana a cikin maza yana da shekaru 5, a cikin mace wannan yana faruwa da sauri.