Barka da zuwa shafi na 404! Kuna nan saboda shigar da adireshin shafi wanda babu shi ko an koma da shi wani adireshin.

Wannan shafin da kuka nema na iya juyawa ko an share shi. Hakanan yana yiwuwa cewa kun yi karamin typo lokacin shigar da adiresoshin - wannan yana faruwa har ma tare da mu, don haka sake bincika shi a hankali.

Da fatan za a yi amfani da maballin kewayawa ko hanyar neman abin da kake nema. Idan kuna da wasu tambayoyi, to ku rubuta wa shugaba.

Dankali

Amintaccen (lat. Sciurus) - wani abu na ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙwalwa na dangin squirrel. Baya ga kwayoyin halittar da kanta Sciurus, sunadaran ana kuma kiranta wakilai da yawa na dangin squirrel na janar sunadarai (Tamiasciurus), dabinoFunambulus) da sauran su. Amma ga wanda ya dace Sciurus, sannan ya haɗu da kusan nau'ikan 30 gama gari a Turai, Arewa da Kudancin Amurka da kuma yankin Asiya mai yanayin zafi.

A cikin Latin sciurus - aro daga wasu Girkanci. , σκίουρος "squirrel", kuma akwai daga σκιά + οὐρά, a zahiri "inuwa-wutsiya".

Janar bayani

Halin halittar sunadaran gama gari an hada shi a cikin kabilar Sciurini tare da wasu janarorin hudu.

Yana da jiki mai elongated tare da wutsiya mai dogon gashi, dogayen kunne, launi mai duhu mai duhu tare da farin ciki, wani lokacin launin toka (musamman a cikin hunturu). Ana samunsu a ko'ina sai Australia. Dankali tushe ne na fure mai mahimmanci.

Ofaya daga cikin sanannun sifofi na yawancin squirrels shine ikon su na adana kwayoyi don hunturu. Wasu nau'ikan squirrels suna binne su a cikin ƙasa, wasu suna ɓoye a cikin ɓarnar itatuwa. Masana ilimin kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa mummunan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar wasu nau'ikan squirrels, musamman sulfur, yana taimakawa don adana gandun daji, yayin da suke tono kwayoyi a cikin ƙasa kuma sun manta da su, kuma sababbin bishiyoyi sun fito daga tsiron da aka shuka.

Yawancin lokaci suna cin tsire-tsire masu arziki a cikin furotin, carbohydrates da fats. Mafi wuya lokacin squirrels shine farkon bazara, lokacin da aka binne tsaba fara tsiro kuma ba zasu iya zama abinci ba, kuma sababbi basuyi narkarda su ba. A wannan lokacin, sunadaran ke ciyar da itaciyar bishiyoyi, musamman maple na azurfa. Sunadarai masu iko duka ne: ban da kwayoyi, iri, 'ya'yan itatuwa, namomin kaza, da ciyawar kore, suma suna cin kwari, ƙwai, har ma da ƙananan tsuntsayen, da dabbobi masu shayarwa da kwaya. Mafi sau da yawa, wannan abincin yana maye gurbin kwayoyi masu gina jiki a cikin ƙasashe masu zafi.

Motocin a cikin ƙauyuka suna da damar ciyarwa daga masu ciyar da tsuntsaye, tono bishiyoyin da aka shuka a cikin neman tsaba, kuma zaunar a cikin ɗakuna kamar kayan ɗaki. Ana samun sikandire na siyarwa.

Hakoran sunadarai koyaushe suna kaifi kuma a hankali kara (a cikin jijiyoyi, hakora suna girma koyaushe). Motsa gidaje ana ɗaukarsu kwari - masu gida a cikin yankuna masu tarin yawa dole ne a rufe matattararsu da abubuwan da aka sanya a ciki, kamar yadda dabbobin za su iya yin sheƙan furanninsu a can ko lalata wani abu. Wasu suna watsar da gashin dabbobin gida (karnuka ko kuliyoyi) a cikin ɗakunan zane-zane da ɗakunan ƙasa, wanda ke sa squirrels su ji kasancewar maƙiyin a waɗannan wuraren. Dabbobi sukan zama marasa kulawa daga dabbobi, kuma hanya mafi kyau don hana abu daga lalata shine shafa mai da wani abu mai rauni, kamar barkono baƙar fata. Wasu lokutan ana shirya tarkuna don squirrels sannan a kwashe su daga gida.

Za a iya samar da furotin don ciyar da hannu. Tun da sun sami damar ɓoye abinci mai yawa, za su karɓi nawa daga abin da kuka bayar. Idan mutum ya fara ciyar da masara, zai dawo gare shi a rana don sabon kashi. Motocin da ke zaune a wuraren shakatawa da kuma lambuna a cikin birni, sun daɗe suna koyon cewa mutum tushen abinci ne. Har yanzu ba a bada shawara don ciyar da squirrels daga hannunka ba - ana iya kamuwa da cutar da wasu cututtuka, cutar da hannunka ko cizo da zafi.

Dabbobin suna dabarun yaduwar kwayoyi. Dabba tana soke duka tsotsan incisors din a wurin da kwayar take a haɗe da kugu. Jawarfin muƙamashin furotin ya ƙunshi rabi wanda ya haɗa da tsoka na roba. Lokacin da murabba'i ya ɗan ja su gaba ɗaya, sai incisor ɗin ya ɗanɗana zuwa gaɓoɓin kuma, kamar wata wacce aka kora a cikin rami, sara da goro a cikin rabin.

Sunadarai na iya haifar da fashewar wuta, suna haifar da gajerun da'irori akan abubuwan haɗin layin wutar lantarki. A cikin Amurka, sunadarai sau biyu a cikin tarihi sun haifar da raguwa a cikin tsarin samfuran kayan masarufi na NASDAQ kuma ya haifar da fashewar kayan aiki a Jami'ar Alabama. Yawancin lokaci suna hakora hakora akan rassan bishiya, amma sun kasa bambance rassa daga wayoyi na lantarki. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da garkunan roba na musamman don kare wayoyi.

Ofaya daga cikin abincin abinci mafi yawanci shine gyada. Koyaya, binciken da masanan suka yi kwanan nan sun nuna cewa trypsin, enzyme da ake gabatarwa a cikin gyada mai inganci, yana caccakar shayewar furotin a cikin gut Dr. James K. Kieswetter ya ba da shawarar squirrels don gyada gyada. Koyaya, sauran masana kimiyya sunce gyada ta kowacce hanya, harma da kunar rana, bata da inganci ga furotin, saboda suna cikin karancin abinci mai gina jiki, a dalilin hakan sinadarin na iya bunkasa cututtukan kasusuwa na rayuwa.

1. Jawo huhu

A gare mu, mafi kyawun hoton jan squirrel. Amma wannan ya yi nisa da duk zaɓuɓɓukan launinsa. Canza launi ya dogara da kakar. A lokacin rani suna da yawa launin ja ko launin ruwan kasa, kuma a cikin hunturu suna launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Amma ciki, ko da kuwa da yanayin, ya kasance haske.

Amma a cikinsu akwai kyawawan baƙi, ,an itacen dabino (tare da fitila masu haske) har ma sunadaran albino. A cikin canza launin su, ana lura da tsarin guda ɗaya - kusa da tsakiyar mazaunin su, mafi kyawun rigar.

Sau biyu a shekara, squirrel yana canza fata. Na farko a cikin bazara - a watan Afrilu-Mayu, sannan kuma a cikin fall - daga Satumba zuwa Nuwamba. Ruwan bazara lokacin farawa yana farawa da kai da jiki, kuma lokacin kaka yana farawa da wutsiya. Yadda sauri zai wuce, da kuma yadda kyakkyawar sabuwar sutura zata zama, zai dogara da adadin ajiyar abinci da kuma yanayin yanayi.

Black squirrel

2. Rayuwa

Alfred Bram, saboda tsananin tasirinsa da kazamar magana, ya kira squirrel da "dodo na arewa." Tana iya tsalle daga itace zuwa itace. Tsawon nisan mita 3-4 ba babbar matsala ce a gare ta ba. A qasa suke motsawa cikin kananan tsalle-tsalle. Idan squirrel yana jin haɗarin, to, nan da nan ya hau bishiyar kusa.

Yunkuri a duniya Yayin tsalle

3. Farin gida

Squirrel da gandun daji abubuwa ne guda biyu. Tana yawanci tsawon rayuwarta akan bishiyoyi, banda lokacin hijira da lokacin kiwo. A nan, dabbar tana girke kanta da tulin kuran marurai, wanda ake kira Guinea. Ko kuma, saboda fadarsa da kuma halinsa na mawuyacin hali, yana cin nasara kamar kogo ko gida ko kuma ya mamaye komai.

Yarinyar Nice - Guyna

A cikin gida yana da ruɓaɓɓen ganye tare da ganye, gansakuka, ciyawa bushe ko lashen itace. Idan ya cancanta, inda ya zama dole don gyara, faci sama da gina rufin. A cikin hunturu, murabba'i 3 zuwa 6 na iya yin barci a gida ɗaya, yana ɗora juna kuma rufe ƙofar tare da gansakuka. Sabili da haka, a lokacin sanyi hunturu, yawan zafin jiki a cikin gida ya kai digiri 15. A cikin tsananin tsananin tsananin sanyi daga “dakin” ɗakinsu ba sa fita.

A cikin m

Wannan sandent bashi da gida mai ɗorewa guda. Yana da da yawa daga cikinsu: don bacci, zuriya ko tsari daga yanayin. Kuma wannan ba karamar fata ba ce, amma buƙata ce, tunda parasites farawa da sauri a cikin gida kuma hanyar kawai don kawar dasu shine canza wurin zama. Wani lokaci squirrel guda yana da adadin kuɗaɗen da suka kama daga 5 zuwa 15 guda. Mace tana ɗaukar saurayin da ita.

Mace da squirrel

Yankin murabba'i yana da mafita guda biyu: babba da kayan sawa, wanda aka karkata zuwa ga akwati, don idan akwai haɗari, zaka iya hanzarta fita da gudu daga abokan gaba.

3. Hijira daga furotin

A ƙarshen bazara - farkon kaka, squirrels suna fara lokacin ƙaura. A wannan lokacin, squirrels ba sa samar da babban gungu, amma suna tafiya shi kaɗai. Babban abin da ya fi haifar da wannan abin shine rashin abinci, gobara ko daji ko fari.

Motocin kwari na iya yin ƙaura biyu don gajera (zuwa ga kurmi mafi kusa), kuma don nisan nisa (har zuwa kilomita 100-300). A wannan lokacin, dabbobin suna shirye don komai, har ma don ƙetara ƙananan koguna da hanyoyin biya. Wasu lokuta hanyar su ta wuce ƙauyuka. Abin takaici, yawancin dabbobi yayin hijira suna mutuwa saboda yunwar, sanyi, hare-haren mafarauta ko nutsar da ruwa kawai.

4. Abinci

Babban abinci don squirrels shine tsaba na conifers: Pine, larch, spruce, fir da sauransu. Abubuwan gina jikin su suna da gutted da fasaha. A cikin minti 3 zai bar kawai tari na Sikeli daga ƙaramin mazugi na Pine. A irin wannan kuɗi na kwana 1, ƙaramin squirrel zai iya wofinta ƙuruciya 15 da kimanin cones na 100.

Gyawed karo

Baya ga su, squirrels suna jin daɗin kula da kansu tare da hazelnuts, acorns, berries, harbe da fure na bishiyoyi, namomin kaza, rhizomes, tubers, da lichens. A cikin yunwar ko lokacin lokacin kiwo, ba ya ƙin ƙwayar kwari da lardin su, har da kajin, ƙwai da ƙananan ƙananan hanyoyin. Gabaɗaya, sunadarai sune omnivores.

5. Kwastomomi

Sun keɓe smallan abin da yawa abinci don ajiyar lokacin hunturu. Motoci suna yin ɗakunan ajiya a cikin rami ko binne abinci a cikin ƙasa tsakanin tushen, bayan haka suna kwantar da hankula game da shi kuma ba za su iya sake tunawa da shi ba. Wannan shine mafi girman tunanin su. Ta same su kwatsam, wanda ya yi matukar farin ciki.

Sauran dabbobin, tsuntsaye da ƙananan ƙananan bera, suna farin cikin yin amfani da gajeriyar ƙwaƙwalwar squirrel, kuma a wasu lokatai squirrel tana cin hannun jari da panyen chipmunks, wanda sauƙin yakan same ta ko da lokacin tsananin dusar ƙanƙara.

6. Sake buguwa

A lokacin kiwo, maza sukan zama mawuyacin hali ga juna kuma sukan shirya fada. Kusan maza shida na iya guduwa bayan mace ɗaya a lokaci guda.

Bayan dabbar ta hanyar canjin, an aiko da furotin don gina gida mai brood. A cikin dunƙule ɗaya, akwai ƙwatan 3 zuwa 10, waɗanda kawai ke tsira daga 1-4. A cikin haske sun bayyana suna nauyin gram 8 kawai, tsirara ne kuma makafi. Bayan makonni 2, sai su fara rufe su da ulu, bayan wata 1 suka fara gani kuma an riga an zaɓe su daga gida. Har zuwa watanni 1.5, mahaifiyar tana ciyar da su da madara. Bayan makonni 8-10, sun riga sun bar gidan iyayen. Tazarar tsakanin broods kamar sati 13 ne.

Makon sati biyu

7. Magabatan squirrel

Dabbobi suna zaune a cikin mazauninsu na al'ada ba fiye da shekaru 4 ba, yayin da suke cikin wuraren kiwon dabbobi suna zaune har zuwa shekaru 10-12. Waɗanne dalilai ne suke haifar da wannan babban bambancin shekaru? Da fari dai, a cikin sararin fadada na gandun daji akwai dabbobin daji da yawa da za su more waɗannan kyawawan halittu masu daɗi.

Babban maƙiyi mai hatsarin gaske ga squirrel shine pine marten, kuma ba kowane mujiya ko mujiya ba. Har yanzu zaka iya tsere wa tsuntsu idan ka lura da tsarinsa cikin lokaci. Haka kuma, dabarar ceto ba sabon abu bane: idan ana wani hari, kugarin ya fara aiki tare da itacen a cikin karkace, lokaci-lokaci yana ɓoyewa daga idanun tsuntsu a bayan akwati. A sakamakon haka, mujiya ta yi birgima a jikin bishiyar, ta kuma rasa lokaci mai mahimmanci.

Abu na biyu, ban da tsuntsayen ganima da sauran dabbobi, sunadarai suna mutuwa daga cututtukan fata da cututtuka daban-daban.

Sauran abubuwan bayarwa:

Tabar wiwi na sama

Wuraren ruwa a Kogin Mechetka

Pond kusa da ƙauyen Filin fadada

Lake a tsohon Orlyonka

Kogin Lizel na wani. Beaver

Rijiyoyin Kogin Nazarovka da Kogin Berezina

Tsibirin Seryodysh (Avian)

Bakin kogin Tereshka

Volga kusa da Marx

Bankin Volga da bakin kogin Berezovka

Bankin Usovsky Tereshki

Kogin Ruwa

Dabbobi na yankin Saratov

Harshen squirrel na yau da kullun, ko vexa (lat. Sciurus vulgaris), mai ƙarfi ne daga dangin squirrel. Iyakar abin da kawai wakilin halittar squirrel a cikin fauna na Rasha. A cikin maganganun magana da almara galibi ana kiran shi "ja da'ira." Wannan karamar dabba ta dabba, wacce ke rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka mu, tana farantawa yara da tsofaffi fasalin su. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, kyakkyawa mai launin gashi mai jan hankali yawanci tana aiki da wani abu: ko dai a hankali ta sanya namomin kaza akan rassan don bushewa, sannan ta bincika a hankali kuma tana gwada ɗigunan kwalayen don haƙori. Harkar karafa, har ma a zamanin da, ita ce babban abin da kasuwancin Jawo yake, ba shakka, bayan dawakai Arctic. Fatanta kuma ta kasance babbar guntuwar ciniki - fari. Daga nan ne sunan zamani na wannan dabbar ya zo.

Wannan ƙaramin ƙyalli ne mai kyau tare da siririn jiki da wutsiya mai sheki tare da gashin. Matsakaicin tsayin jikinta daga 19.5 zuwa 28 cm, wani 2/3 ya fadi akan wutsiyar lebur, wacce take taka rawar tsalle yayin tsalle. Kuma kurege kawai yayi karfin gaske - mita 3-4 a cikin madaidaiciya layi da mita 10-15 a wata hanya zuwa ƙasa. Wataƙila irin waɗannan tsalle-tsalle masu sauƙi a gare ta saboda nauyinta mai ɗaukar nauyi - kawai 250-340 g. Bugu da ƙari, gabobin gabanta sun fi ta gabanta kyau, yatsun nata suna sanye da farar leƙo. Kunnuwa masu rufi suna da ƙananan tassels, waɗanda suke sananne musamman a cikin hunturu. Vibrissas, waɗanda ke da ladabi na musamman, suna ba da ƙyamar ba kawai, har ma da ƙafafun gaba da ciki. A gare mu, mafi kyawun hoton jan squirrel. Amma wannan ya yi nisa da duk zaɓuɓɓukan launinsa. Canza launi ya dogara da kakar. A lokacin rani suna da yawa launin ja ko launin ruwan kasa, kuma a cikin hunturu suna launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Amma ciki, ko da kuwa da yanayin, ya kasance koyaushe ya fi haske sama ko fenti mai fenti. Sau biyu a shekara, squirrel yana canza fata. Na farko a cikin bazara - a watan Afrilu-Mayu, sannan kuma a cikin fall - daga Satumba zuwa Nuwamba. Ruwan bazara lokacin farawa yana farawa da kai da jiki, kuma lokacin kaka yana farawa da wutsiya. Yadda sauri zai wuce, da kuma yadda kyakkyawar sabuwar sutura zata zama, zai dogara da adadin ajiyar abinci da kuma yanayin yanayi. Don sanyi a lokacin sanyi, kurege talakawa ya girma mafi girma, kuma mafi m Jawo, amma a lokacin rani yana canza tsarinsa, ya juya ya zama gajere, mai wuya da wuya.

Sunadaran sunadarai na rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzukan daji masu hade da hadewa, musamman ma inda zaka iya samun tsaba, kwayoyi ko itacen ɓaure. Ba sa jin tsoron ciyawar al'adu kuma cikin farin ciki zaunar da su a cikin wuraren shakatawa, lambuna da gonakin inabi. Rayuwar rayuwa galibi woody ce. Squirrel dabba ce mai rai, dabba ta hannu.

A cikin lokacin dusar ƙanƙara, kamar kuma lokacin tafiya, yakan ciyar da lokaci mai yawa a ƙasa, inda yake motsa kullun zuwa 1 m. A cikin hunturu lokacin yana motsawa yafi “a kan dawakai”. Lokacin da yake cikin haɗari, yakan ɓoye cikin bishiyoyi, yawanci yakan ɓoye a kambi. Mai aiki da safe da maraice, daga 60% zuwa 80% na wannan lokacin ciyarwa don neman abinci. A tsayi hunturu, yakan fita daga gida kawai lokacin ciyarwa, kuma a cikin tsananin sanyi da mummunan yanayi yana iya zama na dogon lokaci a cikin sheƙ, yana fadawa cikin jihar da ke fama da rabin-ruwa (duk da haka, bai taɓa faɗuwa cikin cikakken ɓarna ba, sabanin ɓarnaɗun ƙasa, matattarar ƙasa ko chipmunks). Ba yankuna ba, kowane yanki ana bayyana shi sosai.

Tsarin dabbobin talakawa na shirya kawai akan bishiyoyi. A cikin dazuzzuka masu daji, yawanci yana zaune a cikin ramuka, yana jan kwanciya mai laushi daga ciyawa, lasisi na itace, da ganyayyaki bushe a can. A cikin conifers, yana gina keɓaɓɓun fata daga rassan bushewa (hynea), waɗanda aka yi layi tare da gansakuka, ganye, ciyawa, ulu. Girman dutsen shine 25-30 cm, yana cikin cokali mai yatsa a cikin rassan ko kuma tsakanin manyan rassan a tsawo na 7-15 m. Maza yawanci basa gina filaye, amma suna birran komai na mata ko karnuka, arba'in, hankaka. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, kowace dabba tana da hurke da yawa (har zuwa 15), kuma a kowace kwanaki 2-3, kurege ya canza matsuguninsa, a bayyane yake, yana guje wa parasites. Mace na dauke da 'ya'yan a hakora. A cikin hunturu, murabba'i 3-6 na iya zuwa hunturu a gida ɗaya, kodayake waɗannan dabbobi yawanci ne.

Abincin mai sunadarai yana da bambanci sosai kuma ya haɗa da nau'ikan abinci sama da 130, daga cikinsu mafi yawan tsaba sune conifers: spruce, itacen ɓawon, itacen al'ul na Siber, fir, larch.A cikin yankuna na kudanci, inda gandun daji na itacen oak yayi girma tare da ƙasan farfaɗo, ana ciyar da itace da haan fari. Bugu da kari, sunadarin na cin namomin kaza (musamman ma barewar), buds da harbe daga bishiyoyi, berries, tubers da rhizomes, lichens, tsire-tsire. Rashin rabonsu a cikin abincin yana ƙaruwa sosai tare da gazawar babban abincin. Mafi sau da yawa, furotin-free mai saurin cinye furannin fure na fure, haifar da lalacewar waɗannan tsirrai. A lokacin kiwo, ba ya raina abincin dabbobi - kwari da lardin su, ƙwai, kajin, ƙananan shinge. Bayan yin hunturu, kurege ya kasance yana marmarin ƙasusuwan dabbobin da suka mutu, suna ziyartar gishirin gishiri. Adadin abinci na yau da kullun ya dogara da lokacin: a cikin bazara, lokacin tafiya, furotin yana cin abinci har zuwa 80 g kowace rana, a cikin hunturu - 35 kawai.

Yana da ban sha'awa sosai cewa abubuwan wuttukan sunadarai masu sauƙin bambanta da waɗanda waɗanda ake amfani da su tare da katako ko katako masu aiki. Dabbobin suna cizo da sikeli a ƙasan, barin kawai sandunan da suke tare da ƙiraje da yawa a ƙarshen daga mashigan.

Don lokacin hunturu, furotin yana yin ƙananan ajiyar ɗan itacen oak, kwayoyi, cones, yana jan su cikin ɓoye ko binne a cikin tushen, kuma yana bushe da namomin kaza, rataye su a jikin rassan. Gaskiya ne, tana da sauri ta manta da shagunan ajiyarta kuma ta same su kwatsam a cikin hunturu, wanda sauran dabbobi ke amfani da su - tsuntsayen, ƙananan ƙanana, har ma da kuzarin daji da bera. Wasu daga cikin hannun jari ya yi girma a cikin bazara, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga tsarin girke girkewa. A lokaci guda, squirrel da kansa yana amfani da ajiyar sauran dabbobi (chipmunk, Pine goro, jay, mice), wanda yake sauƙin gano har ma a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara na 1.5 m.

Rationsaura ta ƙaura yawan abinci ta lalacewa ta haifar da fari da gobarar daji, amma mafi yawan lokuta ƙarancin amfanin gona shine babban abincin - ofan itacen kwamba da kwayoyi. Hijira yana faruwa a ƙarshen bazara da farkon faɗuwar rana. Mafi sau da yawa, squirrels suna yin ƙaura kusa da wani kurmi, amma wani lokacin suna yin ƙaura mai tsayi da tsayi - zuwa 250-300 km. Madungiyar nomadic tana wucewa gaba gaba (wani lokacin 100-300 kilomita) daya bayan daya, ba tare da samar da manyan garken dabbobi da gungu ba, sai don cikas na halitta. A lokaci guda, dabbobi a cikin mutane da yawa sun nutsar, suna mutuwa saboda yunwa, sanyi da kaddara.

Baya ga ƙaura yawan jama'a, an bayyana yanayin ƙaura daga ƙaura na yanayi wanda ke haɗuwa da daidaituwa ga tsarin ciyarwa da canjin kananan dabbobi zuwa rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Matasa girma zauna a watan Agusta - Satumba kuma a watan Oktoba - Nuwamba, wani lokacin 70-350 km nesa daga tashar nesting. Tare da wadatar abinci, ƙaurawar yanayi na iya shiga ƙaura. A lokaci guda, wani ɓangare na tsofaffi mutane ya kasance a wurin, tare da abinci na yau da kullun, sun canza zuwa cin abinci mai kalori mara nauyi tare da babban abun cikin fiber (kodan, lichens, allura, haushi na harbe matasa). Saboda wannan rukunin ne yasa jama'ar yankin suka dawo dasu.

Sunadarai suna da matukar tasiri. A cikin mafi girma na kewayon ana kawo litter 1-2, a cikin yankuna na kudanci - har zuwa litter 3. Lokacin kiwo, ya danganta da yanayin, yanayin abinci da yawan jama'a, yana farawa a ƙarshen Janairu - farkon Maris kuma ya ƙare a watan Yuli - Agusta. A lokacin farewa, maza 3-6 ke ajiyewa kusa da mace, wadanda ke nuna adawa da gasa - suna gurnani da ƙarfi, suna bugun kafaɗa a jikin rassan, suna gudu bayan juna. Bayan an daidaita da wanda ya ci nasara, mace ta gina ɗakin tsalle (wani lokacin 2-3), yana da kyau kuma babba.

Cutar ciki tana ɗaukar kwanaki 35-38, daga 3 zuwa 10 ƙanana a cikin zuriyar dabbobi, ƙasa da cikin zuriyar dabbobi ta biyu. Iran jariran tsirara tsirara ne, makafi, masu nauyi kimanin 8. Gashin gashinsu ya bayyana a rana ta 14, suna gani ne kawai a ranar 30-32. Daga wannan lokacin, sun fara barin gida. Ana ciyar da madara har zuwa kwanaki 40-50. A lokacin da ya kai makonni 8-10, mahaifiyar ta fita. Sun kai ga balaga cikin watanni 9-12. Bayan girma na zuriyar dabbobi na farko, mace tana ciyar da ƙarami da ma'aura kuma. Tazarar tsakanin broods kamar sati 13 ne. A watan Oktoba - Nuwamba, yawan murabba'i ya ƙunshi 2/3, wani lokacin kuma 75-80%, na squirrel yearlings.

Magabtan murabba'i su ne owls, goshawk, Pine marten a cikin Turai na Rasha, sable a cikin yankin Asiya da harza a cikin Far East. A doron kasa dawakai da kuliyoyi suka kama su. Koyaya, masu hasashen ba su da tasiri sosai kan yanayin yawan jama'a. Mafi yawan karfi akan yawan furotin yana shafar rashin abinci da epizootics. Epizootics yakan faru ne a ƙarshen kaka kuma yawancin ci gaba a cikin bazara. Sunadaran sun mutu daga coccidiosis, tularemia, basur, basuda cuta, yawanci suna da tsutsotsi, ticks da fleas.

A cikin bauta, sunadarai suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 10-12, amma a yanayi, sunadarin da ya girmi shekaru 4 ya riga ya tsufa. Rashin irin waɗannan dabbobi a ƙarƙashin yanayin mafi dacewa ba su wuce 10%.

Harkar squirrel dabba ce mai daraja, ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan kasuwancin Jawo a Rasha. A zamanin Tarayyar Soviet, wannan dabba ta kasance ta biyu ce kawai wacce za'a iya magana da ita game da adadin wuraren zama, amma a zamanin yau, karɓar fatalwar fatalwa tayi kusan zama ƙira.

Bayanin Kayan

Halin halittar Sciurus ya haɗu game da nau'ikan talatin da suka bambanta a cikin mazauna da mazauna, har da launi da girma. Wani nau'in sananne a cikin ƙasarmu da a ƙasashen waje shine Squwararren Harshe, ko Hopsha (Sciurus vulgaris), wanda ke da halayyar bayanan bayanan waje na ƙungiyar masu shayarwa.

Bayyanar

Dabba tana da karamin girma, siriri da jikin mutum, har da wutsiya mara nauyi. Matsakaicin tsayin tsararren tsintsiya madaidaiciya shine kusan 20-30 cm, wutsiyar kuma tayi kusan tazara ta uku. Dabbar dabba mai bala'in jima'i ba ta wuce 250 g00. Shugaban yana da ƙanana kaɗan, mai zagaye a sifa, tare da kunnuwa masu tsayi da dogon kunne waɗanda ke ƙawata fassels. Idanun sun girma, baki. Hanci yana da sifa mai zagaye.

Abin ban sha'awa ne! Shahararrun masarautun Helsinki, wanda ya bambanta a cikin halayensu na waje, sune Tsakiyar Rashan da Arewacin Turai, Yammacin Siberian da Bashkir, Altai da Yakut, Transbaikal da Yenisei, Sakhalin squirrels, kazalika da Teleut.

Hannun sandar suna da ƙarfi ainun, masu kaifi da yatsunsu, kuma manyan hankulan sun fi guntu hular baya. Abun ciki, kashin wuya da forelimbs an rufe shi da tsayayye, gashin kansa wanda ke wakiltar aikin jijiyoyin kai. A lokacin rani, huhun squirrel yana da wuya kuma gajere, kuma tare da farkon hunturu yana canzawa da kyau - ya yi kauri da tsawo, mai taushi.

Launin mara waya

Hankalin 'squirrel' ya ƙunshi launi daban-daban, wanda kai tsaye ya dogara da mazaunin sa da kuma lokacin sa, da kuma sifofin nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa. Misali, a lokacin bazara, squirrel na kowa yana da ja da launin ruwan hoda ko launin ruwan kasa, kuma a lokacin hunturu wankan yana samun sautunan launin toka, baƙi da launin shuɗi. Ko yaya, mahaifar vexa tana da isasshen haske a duk shekara.

Halin hali da salon rayuwa

Dabbobi sune wakilai na yawan gandun daji, saboda haka, yanayi ya baiwa waɗannan dabbobin da “dabarun” da suke buƙata su rayu cikin wannan mawuyacin yanayi. Ana kashe mafi yawan rayuwa akan tsintsaye daji a bishiyoyi.

Animalsanan dabbobi suna da lahani, sabili da haka sun sami damar sauƙi da sauri don motsawa daga wannan shuka zuwa wani. Tsalle-tsalle na dabba mai mita mita suna ɗan ɗan tunano jirgin sama mai shirin tashi. Godiya ga haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓaka, an ba da ƙarar ƙarfi tare da turawa mai ƙarfi, kuma furry da babban wutsiya suna ba da dabbar a matsayin nau'i na tuƙi da kuma parachute a lokaci guda.

Abin ban sha'awa ne! Yanayinta mara kyau don dabbobin suna tilasta dabba ta bar wuraren zama kuma ta nemi sabon mazauninsu, kuma manyan dalilan yin wannan ƙaura yawanci suna wakilta ne ta rashin abinci, fari ko gobarar daji.

A farfajiya na ƙasa, ƙanana da ƙanana da ƙanana ba su da nutsuwa sosai, don haka suna ƙoƙarin motsawa tare da babbar kulawa, suna yin halayyar tsalle-tsalle. Tare da jin hadarin, furotin yana hawa kusan mutuwa kai tsaye akan bishiya, inda yake jin kusan babu matsala.

Iri nau'in squirrels

Halin halittar squirrel yana wakilta da wasu nau'ikan:

• Aberta squirrel (Sciurus aberti) Tsawon jikin mutum shine 46-58 cm, wutsiya kuma tana tsakanin 19-25 cm. Tana da tassels a kunnuwa, furfura mai launin fari da launin ja-ja a baya,
• Guiana squirrel (Sciurus aestuans) Tsawon jiki bai wuce 20 cm ba, wutsiya kuma ya kai kusan 18.3 cm Jawo mai duhu launin ruwan hoda,
• Allen squirrel (Sciurus alleni) Tsawon Jiki - Tsakanin 26.7 cm, da wutsiya - cm 16.9. Jawo a baya da bangarorin launi mai launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi, tare da kyawawan launin toka da baƙar fata,
• Caucasian, ko squirrel (Sciurus anomalus). Tsawon Jiki - ba fiye da nisan kwata tare da tsawon wutsiya - 13 - 17 cm. Launi mai haske ne kuma ya kasance daidai da launin, launin ruwan kasa-launin toka a ɓangare na sama da launin ruwan ƙwallon ƙafa a gefuna,
• Ganga mai launin zinare (Sciurus aureogaster) Tsawon Jikin - 25.8 cm, wutsiya - ba fiye da 25.5 cm ba,
• Karolinskaya (launin toka) squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Tsawon jikin yana a tsakanin 38.0-52.5 cm, kuma wutsiyar ba ta wuce tazarar kwata. Launin Jawo yana launin toka ko baƙi,
• Dabbab Depp (Sciurus deppei) Jinsin yana wakilta ta subspepes S.d. Deppei, S.d. Matagalpae, S.d. muhammadsarna, S.d. sakaci da S.d. vivax
• Fiyya, ko squirrel rashin tsoro (Sciurus harshen wuta) Tsawon jiki shine 27.4 cm kuma wutsiya shine cm 31. Jawo a kai da kunnuwa suna da ja, ɓangaren kuma mai launin toka-baki ne da baki, ciki kuma fari ne.
• Yellow squirrel squirrel (Sciurus gilvigularis) Tsawon jiki ba ya wuce cm 16,6, kuma wutsiya 17.3 cm. Jawo a baya yana da launin shuɗi-baki tare da launin toka, kuma ciki yana da launi mai ruwan shuɗi-orange,
• Red tailed, ko Novogradnaya squirrel (Sciurus granatensis) Tsawon jikin yana tsakanin 33-52 cm, kuma wutsiya ba ta wuce cm 14-28. Jawo a cikin baya mai launin ja ne, amma yana iya zama launin toka, launin rawaya mai haske ko launin ruwan kasa,
• Squirrel yamma launin toka (Cutar sciurus) Tsawon jikin mutum 50-60 cm ne, wutsiya kuma yakai kimanin 24-30 cm. Jawo a baya yana da launin shuɗi mai haske, ciki kuma yana da fararen launi,
• Bolivian squirrel (Sciurus ignitus) Tsawon jiki ya kai kusan 17-18 cm, kuma wutsiya bata wuce cm 17. Jawo a bayansa yana launin launin toka ne, wutsiyar tana da launin shuɗi, ciki kuma yana da launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi,
• Nayarit squirrel (Sciurus nayaritensis) Tsawon jikin mutum shine 28-30 cm, kuma wutsiyar ta kusan cm 27 zuwa 28. Jawo yana da taushi, yana da launin ruwan hoda mai launin shuɗi-baya.
• Baki, ko foirrel squirrel (Sciurus niger) Tsawon jikinsa yana da kusan 45-70 cm, kuma wutsiya tana tsakanin cm 20-33. Jawo ya kasance launin ruwan kasa-launin shuɗi ko ruwan kasa mai duhu-baki, ciki kuma haske ne,
• Motley squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides) Tsawon jikin mutum bai wuce 22-34 cm ba, wutsiya kuma yana tsakanin 23-33 cm. Jawo yana iya samun launuka iri-iri,
• Yucatan squirrel (Sciurus yucatanensis) Tsawon jikin mutum yana tsakanin 20-33 cm, kuma wutsiya tana a matakin 17-19 cm. A bayansa akwai furfura launin toka mai launin fari da fari. Harshen tummy yashi ko launin toka.

Hakanan anyi nazari sosai Kujerun Arizona (Sciurus arizonensis), Collie squirrel (Sciurus colliaei) da Squirrel Jafananci (Sciurus lis).

Habitat, mazauni

Aberta squirrel mazaunin yankuna ne na daji a kudu maso yammacin Amurka, kuma ana samun yawancin lokuta a yankuna da dama na Mexico. Guiana squirrels suna da kyau a yankin Kudancin Amurka, suna zaune a arewa maso gabashin Argentina, suna zaune a Brazil, Guyana, Suriname da Venezuela, inda ake samun su a cikin gandun daji da wuraren shakatawa na birni.

Squasar ta belongsasar ta belongsasar ta Isthmus ce ta yankin Caucasus da Gabas ta Tsakiya, mazaunin Transcaucasia ne, Yammacin Turai da Asiya ,arama, Iran, Gokchead da Lesbos tsibirin a Tekun Aegean. Squirrels na Arizona suna zaune a tsaunuka a tsakiyar Arizona, da kuma a cikin Sonora na Mexico da yammacin New Mexico. Tabar wiwi mai launin zinare sun ba da fifiko ga kudanci da gabashin sassan Mexico, kuma suna da matukar muhimmanci ga Guatemala. An kawo nau'in halittar mutum a cikin Florida Keys. Ana samun alamu a cikin ƙananan kwari zuwa matakin 3800 m kuma a cikin birane.

Abin ban sha'awa ne! Carolina squirrels - mazaunan gabashin gabashin Arewacin Amurka, suna zaune a yankin yamma da gabar kogin Mississippi kuma har zuwa iyakar arewacin Kanada.

Yankin launin toka mai launin yamma yana ba da kyau sosai ga gabar yammacin yammacin Amurka, gami da jihohin Washington, California da Oregon. Ana samun adadi kaɗan na mutane a cikin gandun daji na Nevada. Yucatan squirrel alama ce ta masarauta ta Yucatan Peninsula, kuma wasu daga cikin jama'ar suna zaune a cikin dazuzzukan daji masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi na Mexico, Guatemala da Belize.

Squirrel squirrel ne mai cike da tasirin Mexico, tartsatsi, amma tare da ƙarancin ƙima yawan jama'a. Wannan nau'in galibi ana samun shi a cikin gandun daji mai ban tsoro da kuma yanayin zafi, da kuma kusan dukkanin tekun Pacific. Thearshen Costa Rica, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras da Guatemala, Nicaragua da Mexico sun haɗa da Deppa squirrel, foirrel squirrel ya bazu ko'ina cikin Arewacin Amurka.

Sunadarai masu launin launin shuɗi suna da matsala ga Kudancin Amurka. Irin waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi suna zaune a arewacin Brazil, Guyana da Venezuela. Wakilan nau'in squirrel na Bolivian ana samun su ne kawai a cikin tsaunukan ruwa a Brazil da Bolivia, Columbia da Argentina, da kuma Peru. Za'a iya samun kujerun Jafananci a tsibirin Jafananci, murabba'in Nayarit suna zaune a kudu maso gabashin Arizona, da kuma a Mexico.

Abubuwan gina jiki

Duk nau'ikan furotin suna ci abinci na musamman, wanda ke da wadataccen kitse, furotin da carbohydrates. Mafi mawuyacin lokacin da zazzabi ya fara tashi a farkon bazara, lokacin da tsaba aka binne a kaka suka fara toho kuma ba za a iya amfani da su azaman dabbobi ta abinci ba. A watannin bazara, squirrels sun fara ciyar da kan itacen bishiyoyi daban-daban.

Ya kamata a sani cewa sunadarai ba dabbobi masu rarrabuwar dabbobi ba ne kuma haɓaka ne. Baya ga tsaba, kwayoyi, namomin kaza da 'ya'yan itace, da kuma kowane nau'in ciyayi mai tsire-tsire, irin wannan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun sami damar ciyar da kwari, ƙwai har ma da ƙananan tsuntsaye, da kwaro. Mafi sau da yawa, irin wannan abincin shine halayyar squirrels wanda ke zaune a cikin ƙasashe masu zafi.

Dabbobin gida sun ciyar

• sabo ne da bushe namomin kaza
• tsaba daga Cones
• kwayoyi
• acorns
• 'ya'yan itace cikakke
• cikakke berries
• harbe, fure, haushi,
• kayan masarufi na musamman don garkunan gida.

Dabbobin ruwa suna da tabbacin cewa suna da hankali sosai, saboda haka, a kusa da ƙauyuka suna samun damar amfani da abinci daga masu siyar da tsuntsaye don abinci, wani lokacin ma sukan zauna a cikin ɗakunan mansard. Ana yawan rarrabe, irin waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin kananan ƙwayoyi azaman kwari da ke lalata amfanin gona.

Koda yake, kwayoyi suna dauke da abincin da yafi so don squirrels. Dabba a hankali ya yayyanke kananan kayansa guda biyu zuwa wurin da aka makala daga kwaya din din din. Thearfin ɓarna biyu na ƙananan muƙamula, da aka haɗa tare da wuyan roba, yana haifar da rarrabuwar ƙananan abubuwa a cikin fuskoki daban-daban, saboda abin da kwaya ya kasu kashi biyu.

Kiwo da zuriya

A cikin daji, a karkashin yanayin dabi'a, squirrels suna haihuwar 'ya'ya biyu a cikin shekarar, kuma daga haihuwa biyu zuwa goma ana haihuwar su a kowace zuriyar dabbobi. Tsawon lokacin daukar ciki a cikin mata nau'ikan sunadarai sun sha bamban. Misali, a cikin murabba'i na talakawa, ana haihuwar zuriya cikin kusan kwanaki 22-39, kuma cikin launin toka - ana haihuwar dabino cikin kusan wata daya da rabi.

Motsi suna tausayawa, masu tausasawa da kulawa da kulawa sosai. Maza ba su mai da hankali ga dabbobin da aka haife su, duka cikin ɗaurin bauta da kuma na yanayi, yanayin yanayi. Makafi da tsirara jarirai da aka haife su nan da nan zafin da ya ɗana ya kewaye su kuma suke shayar da madararsa. Kowane lokaci, barin gida, mace dole ne a hankali ta rufe dukkan kumatunta tare da zuriyar dumama mai laushi.

Abokan halitta

Abokan halitta, squirrels, a cikin yanayi na yanayi, suna jiran karamin sandar ƙasa, kuma suna iya ɓoyewa a cikin ganye ko kuma neman abin da za su ci, daga sama. Wolves da dawakai sukan farautar dabbobi. Koyaya, yawancin magabatansu suna iya kama dabbobi da mara lafiya da raunana, haka kuma masu juna biyu ko kuma masu shayarwa daga mata.

Abin ban sha'awa ne! Wasu nau'ikan squirrels galibi ana farauta don amfani da nama mai ƙarfi don abinci ko don hana lalacewar amfanin masara da wasu albarkatu.

Martins da dutse martens a kan kursiyin Farisa, da kuma squirrels jariri manyan a adadi mai yawa ana lalata da soyayya. Kusan duk owls da goshawk, har da manya masu iya magana har ma da daji ko kuliyoyi, abokan gaba ne na squirrel. Koyaya, kamar yadda bincike ya nuna na lokaci mai tsawo, irin wadannan masu hasashen ba su da ikon yin babban tasiri kan yanayin rayuwar ƙuruciya ta yanayi.

Yawan yawaitar squirrels Arizona ma kadan ne. Wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa yana raba yanki ɗaya tare da danginsa na kusa - kujerun Aberta, wanda ke haifar da gasa mai ƙarfi dangane da bincika abinci. Chipmunks da bera, bears da ungulates, hares da tsuntsaye suma suna gasa da dabbobin da ke gasawa da dabbobi mai furfura, wanda hakan ke kawo cikas ga binciken abinci. A cikin aiwatar da m gasa ga albarkatun abinci, babban adadin squirrels, da dabbobi dabbobi, mutu.

Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu

Dabbobin da ke da wadatarwa suna da babban amfani ga mafarauta da yawa waɗanda ke ɗaukar irin wannan sandar a matsayin tushen furfura mai daraja. Allen's squirrel yanzu yana fuskantar barazanar rushewa, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar daji da farauta, saboda haka wannan nau'in ya zama ruwan dare a Сumbrеs de Monterey National Park. Yawan kumbunan Farisa ya ragu sosai kuma yana ƙarƙashin mawuyacin yanayi, waɗanda suke dogaro ne kai tsaye ga halittar halittu. Har ila yau, ɓarnar duhu na Delmarv shima yana cikin haɗarin lalata, yayin da an riga an lissafa kuɗin squirrel na gama gari a cikin littafin Red.