Wannan dabbar da ba a saba ba ta taɓa jawo hankalin masana ilimin halitta, da masu bincike na ɗabi'a, kuma, ba shakka, mafarauta. Sunan Latin don musk deer Moschus moschiferus yana nufin "ba da musk." Ya kasance musk, ko kuma, kamar yadda ake kiransa da alama, “ƙanshin mala'ika,” wanda ya taka rawa mai ƙima a cikin ƙaddarar musk.

Tun daga tsakiyar karni na sha tara, yawan ire-iren wadannan dabbobin ya ragu sosai.

A cikin wasu lokuta na lokaci, tasirin anthropogenic akan deer musk yana da matukar illa wanda ya haifar da sakamako sau biyu daidai da barazanar lalata.

Dangane da wannan, tambayar ta dade tana ko shin deer musk na zamani yana da makoma ne?

Amsar game da ita za'a iya samun ta a cikin tarihin muskin barewa.

KYAUTATA KYAUTATA

Musk deer shine ƙaramin wakilcin artiodactyls a cikin fauna na Rasha. An kwatanta ta da halayen da aka gada daga wani nau'i na kakanninmu.

Tsawon jikin mutum na dabba yawanci ya kai cm 84 zuwa 84. Maza da mata, kamar sauran tsoffin nau'ikan halittar dabbobi, ba su da kaho.

Matsayin halayen jima'i na sakandare a cikin maza ana yinsa ta hanyar tsayi mai tsayi, mai sabuwa mai fasali, wanda ke haɓaka 5.0-6.5 cm daga lebe na sama Maza suna da halayyar glandon fata kawai.

Harshen wutsiya ma yana da haɓaka sosai, asirin wanda maza ke alamar yankinsu. Wasu fasalulluka na anatomy da ilimin halittar tsoka na naman musk suna da alaƙa da tseren gudu. Wannan yana nunawa ta rauni mai rauni na gaban akwati, kazalika da tsarin jijiya da na jijiyoyin jini.

A kan iyakar Rasha, iyakar musk ya hada da tsaunukan Altai, Sayan, Transbaikalia da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yankin yamma ya miƙa zuwa Yenisei. Cibiyar asirin musk wacce aka kafa a tsakiyar Asiya.

Nazarin kwayoyin halittar mutum yana nuna rabewar farkon burbushin naman alade daga asalin halittar artiodactyls. Shekarun halittar mutum na tsofaffin tsofaffin tsinkayen rukunin sha'awar mutane sun kai shekaru miliyan 26.

Fauna na Rasha da yankuna kusa da shi ya ƙunshi kawai genus Musk deer Moschus tare da nau'in Moschus Moschiusus Linnaeus, 1758.

Cikakken tsarin kulawa da albarkatun halittu marasa tunani ne ba tare da zurfin fahimtar abubuwan da ke shafar canjin girman girmansa da rawar da dan adam yake takawa ba. PHOTO SHUTTERSTOCK

Bincikenmu game da halayen yanayin ɗalibi (girman kwanyar) yana nuna babban ma'anar 'yancin kai na arewaci da kudu na musk deer.

Wadannan nau'o'in a halin yanzu sun zama ruwan dare; haka kuma, suna zaune a wurare daban-daban da kuma canjin yanayi, wanda ya zama tushen rabe rabewar arewaci da Kudancin zuwa rukuni biyu: Siberian da Himalayan.

Theungiyar Siberian ta haɗa da rassa huɗu: Siberian, Far Eastern, Verkhoyansk da Sakhalin. Ingancin rarrabuwar reshe na musk deer bisa ga haruffan ilimin halittar mutum an tabbatar dashi daga baya ne ta hanyar kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin a cikin binciken DNA na mitochondrial.

A cikin Rasha, musk deer ya mamaye gandun daji na tsaunin tsaiga, galibi fir-cedar da spruce. Yana da mafi yawan gama gari a kan tsaunin tsaunuka, wanda akan sami ɓarawon dutse tare da bushes ko tarkace daga bishiyoyin iska.

A cikin Yakutia da kuma Arewa Maso Gabashin Rasha, dabbobi suna zaune a cikin dazuzzukan daji masu haske daga lardin Daurian, haka kuma a cikin dazuzzukan poplar-Willow-willow tare da ingantaccen tsari na rhododendron da ciyawar kwari.

Musk deer yana aiki ne kawai a maraice da dare. An bayyana ayyukan yau da kullun a cikin madadin ingantattun matakan hutu (hutawa da kwanciya a kan gado) da halaye iri-iri da ke tattare da ciyarwa, kula da mazauna, kiwon jarirai ta mata, da dai sauransu.

A watan Maris da Satumba, an rubuta mafi tsawon lokutan ayyukan dare daga 20:00 zuwa 23:30, da safe - daga 5:00 zuwa 7:00. A cikin hunturu, farawa zuwa motsawa zuwa farkon lokacin (16:00), kuma safiya aiki ƙare daga baya, a 9: 00-9: 30.

A lokacin renon jarirai, an lura da tsawan kololuwa goma sha biyu a ranar yayin mace kuma ya zuwa goma a cikin mutane duka maza da mata tare da babban lokacin bazara.

Aikin dare na dabbobi na dogon lokaci ya hana masana kimiyya yin binciken kirki da halayyar musk deer. Bayanan lura da dabbobi a cikin bauta da yanayi kawai ya bamu damar samun cikakken hoto game da ilimin halittar halittar.

Musk deer ne mai amfani da abinci da ke cikin ƙananan bene na gandun daji. Tushen abinci mai gina jiki yana kunshe da katako da lasisin ƙasa, adadin wanda yake da mahimmanci har ma a lokacin rani. Lichens a cikin girma na iya isa kashi 99% na abincin musk da aka cinye.

A cikin hunturu, dabbobi, ban da lasisi, suna cinye allurar fir, busassun ganye da ciyawa, wani lokacin sukan tono daga ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara ta adana namomin daskarewa, waɗanda suke ɗokin ci a cikin kaka.

A cikin lokacin bazara-bazara, babban rabo a cikin abincin shine ciyawar ciyayi, ganyen bishiyoyi da tsirrai.

A cikin 80% na lokuta, maza musk na ciyawa yayin da suke kula da yankunansu, suna tattara lashen daga saman dusar ƙanƙara (ƙasa) ko daga rassan da suka faɗi yayin motsi. Mace da marayu suna yawanci (daga 35% zuwa 65% na ciyarwa) suna cin lashen daga bishiyoyin iska da shukoki.

Ga yawancin adon musk da ke zaune a ƙasar Rasha, farkon farawa da ƙarshen ranar damuna canji yana nunawa. Sau da yawa, ana lura da tseren a cikin Disamba - Janairu, ba sau da yawa a watan Fabrairu - Maris.

Gon yana da ɗan gajeren rayuwa, kuma lokaci na estrus (estrus) na mata, lokacin da duk lokacin lissafin ya faru, yana ɗaukar awanni 12-24. Kamfani mai mahimmanci a cikin halayen dabbar ta hanyar dacewar musk deer ana aiki da shi ta ƙanshin ƙwayar cuta na maza, wanda ake kira mafarautan mashin.

Asirin wannan alamomin da alamomin urinary, waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙanshin musk, suna da tasirin motsa jiki game da halayen jima'i na abokan, musamman, suna sa estrus a cikin mata, don haka ya tabbatar da nasarar haihuwa.

Musk taka rawa iri ɗaya kamar barewar roar. Zai zama kamar maɗaukakar abubuwa daban-daban ne, amma ta yaya suke aiki tare da hanyoyin haɓakawa tare da tabbatar da shirye-shiryen mace don ma'aurata!

Shekaru dubbai, an yi amfani da musk na dabba don shirin tinctures na magani, kuma yanzu ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin turare da maganin cututtukan gida.

Babban abin da ke haifar da rayuwar musk deer shine tsohuwar asalin halittar. Kamar yadda ka sani, kowace dabba tana da iyakaninta shekaru. Bi da bi, nau'in halitta ko rukuni na nau'in halitta yana nunawa da tsawon lokacin juyin halitta, wanda, a cewar masana ilimin burbushin halitta, daga shekaru 5 zuwa miliyan 7 ne.

Don haka, bisa ga wannan mahimmin ra'ayi, masaniyar musk sun haye layin wadata, wanda ya ƙare shekaru miliyan bakwai zuwa takwas da suka gabata, kuma da alama suna fuskantar barazanar saboda ƙarancin juyin halitta.

PHOTO BY VLADIMIR Prikhodko

Lallai lalata halayen musk de musk ya zama abu na biyu mai haɗari ga rayuwar halittar. Ba a da alaƙa da matakan juyin halitta ko gasa da yawa.

A zahiri, wannan abu ne mai mahimmanci wanda za'a iya raguwa har ma a kawar dashi ta hanyar ɗaukar matakai da yawa don kare mashin musk.

A ƙarshe, matsayi na uku a cikin rarrabuwa mu yana da yiwuwar lalata lasisi yayin taron iska na duniya, wanda zai sa su ɓace. Abubuwan da aka ƙaddara zai tantance makomar musk deer a nan gaba.

NUMBER DYNAMICS

Sauyin yanayi na yawan dabbobi lamari ne mai tartsatsi a cikin yanayi, wanda a da can sau da yawa ya ƙare da nau'i nau'i. Don haka, a Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Late Miocene, aƙalla jinsuna tara na tsohuwar musk deer sun kasance sun ƙare.

Dalilin hallakaswarsu, a cewar masana binciken burbushin halittu, shine sauyin yanayi na lokaci-lokaci wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauye na duniya a cikin yanayin halittar ciyayi da shimfidar wurare. Da isowar mutum, an hanzarta dabarun lalata dabbobi.

Tarihin tribalabi'ar matasa masu tasowa a cikin gidan musk deer shine kusan shekaru miliyan 11; ya ƙare tare da adana nau'ikan zamani guda ɗaya kawai - musk deer.

Da yake ya kasance nau'in kasuwancin, wannan dabba ana fuskantar matsin lamba ga mafarautan farauta. A shekarar 1997, Na jawo hankali ga matsalar raguwar musiba a cikin adadin musasshiyar musk a Rasha, tare da nuna hanyoyin kamun kifin da ke lalata yanayin sararin da kuma nau'in halittar kuma ya haifar da yaduwar masu farauta.

Akwai hanyoyin samo littattafai da suke da tabbacin tabbacin raguwar masifa a cikin albarkatu da ɗumbin muskabin tuni a ƙarni na 19. Dangane da yalwar dukiyarsa, mun bambanta biyu raguwa saboda yawan kamun kifi, wanda ya zama babban abin da zai iyakance hakan.

Matsakaicin adadin nau'in (mutane dubu 250) a cikin karni na 19 ya kasance a cikin 1845, tare da raguwar bala'i a cikin albarkatun musk deer (har zuwa 10,000 mutane a cikin 1880) a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.

A lokacin koma bayan tattalin arziki, an lura da tsawon lokaci na ingantaccen ci gaban alumma, kuma an sami iyakar girman (mutane dubu 200) kawai a 1989.

A yau, ragon musk yana wakiltar sassa biyu da keɓe ɗaya: arewa (tsaunukan Altai, Sayan, Gabashin Siberiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Mongolia) da kuma kudanci (Koriya, China, Himalayas). A zamanin da, wadannan bangarorin an hade su kuma aka kafa yanki guda daya na rarraba jinsunan. MAGANAR PHOTO MALEYEV

Albarkatun zamani na musk deer a Rasha mutane 25-30 dubu 25 ne, wanda ya kusan zuwa ƙarshen farkon halakar halittar. Iyakokin haɓaka da aka samu a ƙarni na 19 da na 20 suna da kusancin jama'a, wanda da alama sun ƙare ikonsu na haɓaka haɓakar albarkatu saboda yawan mazaunun mazaunan dabbobi.

Haka kuma, mummunar taɓarɓarewar adadin nau'in halittun biyu a baya kuma a cikin 90s ba saboda yawan jama'a bane, i.e. yawan dabbobi da yawa wata muhimmiyar hanya ce ta ragewa.

Haɓaka haramtacciyar shekara ta shekara ta shekara ta shekara ta shekara ɗari da aka lalata ta amfani da madaukai ɗayan manyan abubuwan ne don rage lambobin sa a ƙarshen ƙarni, kuma ana lura da wannan halin yanzu.

Kamar yadda bincikenmu ya nuna, nesa ba kusa ba daga hanyar da ake amfani da shi ta hanyar lalata haɓakar musk wacce take haifar da kawar da ɓangaren haihuwa (mace da ƙasa) da kusan dukkanin youngan matasa daga yawan al'umman duniya.

A cikin kimantawarmu, an lura da babban matakin warwatse na wadannan unguwa a cikin 1992 zuwa1999. Sai kawai a cikin wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da yin amfani da madaukai, kusan kashi 60% na asalin halitta na nau'in an shafe su.

Statisticsididdigar hukuma ta indicateasashen waje ta nuna cewa ynamarfin yawan muskur a cikin ƙasashe maƙwabta (China da Mongolia) suna da irin wannan raguwa, kuma masu binciken ƙasashen waje ma sun danganta raguwar adadin waɗannan alƙaluman a cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa - kashe-kashe da lalata mazauninsu.

Don haka, a cikin shekarun 60s, albarkatun muskyan a kasar Sin ya ragu da kashi 50% cikin shekaru goma, a cikin 80s ana yin saurin fadada, yayin da adadin nau'in ya ragu da kashi 50% cikin shekaru biyar. A Mongolia, murkushe naman musk ya yi shekaru goma, kuma farautar namun daji ta zama abin yanke hukunci game da mummunan tasirin nau'in halittu a cikin wannan ƙasa.

Binciken ragi na raguwa a cikin adadin musk deer ya nuna cewa depopulation na nau'ikan kasuwanci yana yiwuwa a cikin gajeren lokaci - a cikin shekaru 5-10 kawai, yayin da zai ɗauki shekaru 100-120 don mayar da albarkatu zuwa matakin mafi kyau.

Cutar da ɓarnar musk. Altai, bakin kogin Shavly, 1999. PHOTO V.S. LUKAREVSKY

Don adana musk deer, wasu batutuwa da dama na Tarayyar Rasha sun gabatar da haramcin na wucin gadi a kan farauta, amma wannan bai bayar da sakamako mai kyau ba saboda rashin ingantaccen kariya na yanki a cikin kasar.

Misali, a cikin Altai Republic, inda a cikin shekarar daga 2009 zuwa 2014 aka gabatar da wani moratorium a kan farautar dansandan musk, an rage dukiyar ta a shekara saboda yawan farauta da kuma raguwa daga 3.0 zuwa dubu 1,5
mutane.

An gano irin wannan mummunan yanayin (kuma ana ci gaba da gano shi) a cikin sauran sassan nau'in jinsin: a Sayans, Transbaikalia, da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya. Sakamakon ƙarancin wadataccen yanki a cikin yankuna da yawa na Rasha (Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Yankin Kemerovo, Jamhuriyar Khakassia) suna cikin jerin littattafai na yankin Red Books.

Hukumomin muhalli da jami'ai suna sane cewa ragin raguwar adadin nau'ikan yana da kusanci da bukatar musk a kasuwannin duniya. Daga shekara zuwa shekara, farashin jiragen ruwan cabaret ke ƙaruwa.

A halin yanzu, ƙimar ta a kasuwar baƙar fata ta kai 25 dubu rubles. Babban buƙata na musk na halitta yana motsa mafarauta don farautar dabbobi har ma da ƙarancin yawan adadin wannan nau'in.

Rashin naman musk a fannin masunta ya tilastawa masu fashin ruwa su sami dabbobi a wuraren na musamman da aka kiyaye su, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da raguwar nau'in halittu (daga 30 zuwa 70%) a yankuna da dama na ajiyar.

Kamar yadda bincikenmu na filin ya nuna, manyan wuraren Gorny Altai, Irkutsk Oblast da sauran yankuna, waɗanda asalinsu ke zaune da musk deer, yanzu sun rasa bayyanar su, wanda aka tabbatar da rashin rakiyar dabbobin a kan hanyoyin hunturu.

Binciken tsarin yanayin zamani na yawan musk deer ya ba da dalilin kusantar da abin da ya biyo baya: yawan nau'in halittu a Rasha ya kai matsayin mai matukar muhimmanci, bayan an lalata shi.

An ba da mummunan hasashen game da yanayin albarkatu ta hanyar ƙwararrun masani a cikin unguwar daji, Farfesa A.A. Danilkin. A cewar wannan marubucin, kusan dukkanin nau'ikan ungulates a Rasha suna cikin yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali, kuma wasu nau'ikan halittu suna gab da warwatse.

Bayanan da muka samu ta hanyar sakamakon sa ido suna nuna cewa albarkatun zamani na debo gabashin Fark bai wuce mutum dubu 2,5, Verkhoyansk - dabbobi dubu 1,5.

Sakhalin musk deer, wanda adadinsa bai wuce mutum 300 ba, yana gab da hallakarwa kuma an jera shi a cikin littafin Red na Tarayyar Rasha.

Babban janar bayan nazarin halin da ake ciki a yanzu abin takaici ne. Har yanzu ba a gamsar da kariya game da barewar musk a Rasha ba. Yin amfani da albarkatun halittu ba shi da tushe. Yawancin nau'in tallafin suna zuwa digiri ɗaya ko wata haɗari.

Don adana ƙuruwar musk a cikin fauna na Rasha, ya zama dole a ɗauki matakan gaggawa da yawa.

• Gudanar da lissafin duk-Rasha na musk deer.
• Gabatar da dokar hana fitar da naman musk a cikin Rasha na tsawon shekaru 15. Ka lura cewa duk ƙasashe na nau'in nau'in (China, Mongolia, Indiya, Nepal, da dai sauransu) sun gabatar da tsauraran hukunce-hukunce na doka don haɓakar naman daji.
• Dakatar da fitar da izini da kungiyar zartarwa ta CITES ta kasar Rasha ke fitarwa daga jiragen ruwan cabaret.
• Bita kan hanyar gargajiya na amfani da albarkatun halittu: barin hakar dabbobi da sauya sheka zuwa gona kiwo kiwo de musk.

Ya kamata a kara da cewa hada karfi da karfe na masu farautar magabatai ta hanyar amfani da lodin za su iya jefa rayuwar muskyar a matsayin wata halitta mai saurin cutarwa saboda yawan amfani da albarkatun ta da kuma yadda ake amfani da hanyar kamun kifi.

Mafarautan farauta da jami'ai su sani cewa musk deer yakan mutu a cikin madaukai fiye da magabatansu. Don adana wannan nau'in halittu masu tasowa na yau da kullun, ya zama dole a ɗauki wasu ƙarin matakai don kare da mayar da albarkatun ta ga lambar farko ta 1989.

Don cimma wannan burin, ana buƙatar aiki na tsari a cikin shekaru da yawa.