Ofaya daga cikin mafi girma kuma mafi ban sha'awa tsuntsaye masu ƙaura sune cranes (daga lat. Grus grus). Kifin launin toka shine ainihin wannan tsuntsu wanda muke jin kukansa a cikin bazara a lokacin tashirsu zuwa ƙasashe masu ɗumi kamar Afirka, Indiya, Iran, Iraki. Wannan shi ne ainihin tsuntsu wanda aka rera a waƙoƙi kuma wanda shine ainihin halin yawancin tatsuniyoyi.
Daga mafi ban sha'awa game da cranes Za a iya bambance abubuwa masu zuwa:
- waɗannan tsuntsayen sun sami ma'aurata sau ɗaya kuma har tsawon rayuwa (ƙarin akan wannan a ƙasa)
- sun kasance laka da laka don yaudarar,
- na cikin gida geranium shuka mai suna bayan tsuntsayen grus.
Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan waɗannan tsuntsayen, amma waɗanda suka fi yawa kuma mafi yawa sune madaukin launin toka na talakawa. Yi la'akari da salon rayuwarsu, fasalin haifuwa, abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da ƙari mai yawa.
Bayyanar
Da wuya maza da mata sun sha bamban da juna a kamanninsu. A launi da girma tsuntsaye ne launin toka. Kawai yankuna gashin fuka-fukan suna fentin fari da baki. Babu gashin fuka-fukan a saman kai. Wani mahimmin fasali na wannan nau'in shine kasancewar jan kawuna a kawunansu. Af, yana da daidai ta hanyar jan jan cewa wannan nau'in ya banbanta da sauran nau'in halittu.
Babban fasali na bayyanar:
- Partarshen ɓangare na wuya, bangarorin, bayan kai da baka sune launin shuɗi-baki da launi.
- Ana iya ganin fararen fararen fata a wuyan wuyansa da kan kai, yana wucewa ta bangarorin zuwa sashin occipital da kuma a waje na wuya.
- Crane babban tsuntsu ne. Tsawonta sau da yawa ya kai cm cm, amma kuma yakan faru ƙasa da ƙasa.
- Wingspan har zuwa mita biyu. Yawan nauyin namiji yakai kilo shida, mace tayi kadan.
- Babban beak - kimanin 30 cm.
- Ranean ƙaramin matashi yana da gashin fuka-fukan launin toka mai launin shuɗi.
- An kwantar da pawson tsuntsayen cikin launi mai duhu.
- Launin launin toka na waɗannan tsuntsayen suna ba da izinin shiga cikin daji daga abokan gaba da yawa.
Kiwon Crane da hawan itacen kaji
Crane lokacin kiwo yana farawa daga watan Afrilu zuwa Yuli. Wani nau'i daga su, a matsayin mai mulkin, an kafa shi kafin jirgin zuwa wurin da za'a fara ciyawar da kuma lokacin hunturu. Bayan isowarsu, wadannan tsuntsayen masu girman kai suna shirya wani irin raye-raye na kiɗa, waɗanda ke tashi, fikafikan fuka-fukai da kuma wata madaidaiciyar galloping. Raye-raye a cikin wasannin matse tsuntsaye suna da babbar rawa, wanda, a zahiri, yana shafar haifuwarsu da lambobi.
Cranes zabi wani wuri domin gida kusa da ruwa. Sau da yawa gida kusa da shi a cikin m thickets. Namiji da mace suna sanar da juna wani wuri mai dacewa wanda zai zama hadari ga haihuwar zuriya, cikin babbar murya. Tare da sauti iri daya, suna sanar da ma'auratansu game da hadarin dake tattare da nau'ikan daban-daban. Don haka kare yankinsu.
Tsuntsu ya fara kwanciya qwai a watan Mayu. Akwai ƙwai da yawa. Daga daya zuwa uku. Dukansu biyu mace da namiji suna kyankyashe su. Lokacin hutun yana wuce kwanaki 31. Kuma kawai bayan wannan lokacin ana haihuwar sabon zuriya.
Duk iyayen sun kasance a haɗe zuwa kajin, waɗanda daidai suke shiga cikin reno. Kwanakin farko, kananan cranes ba su da nauyi sosai. Sannan ciyarwa mai zurfi farawa kuma bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan suka sami nauyi.
Da farko, kajin suna da nauyin 560. A rana ta 16 ta rayuwa - gram 800, kuma a ranar 26th - 1350, a hankali ya kai nauyin manya.
Nan da nan bayan haihuwa, kajin an rufe shi gaba daya cikin ruwa. Gashin fuka-fukai a jikin fuka-fuki kuma akan jiki suna girma a wata na uku na rayuwa.
Lokacin da kananan cranes suna da cikakken ƙarfi, Iyaye suna ɗaukar su daga gida zuwa reeds da thickets. Da zaran kajin sun sami damar tashi kuma suna kara tashi a sararin sama, iyaye sukan tashi tare da su don neman abinci zuwa filayen hatsi, ciyawar. Bayan ciyarwa, tsuntsaye bayan ciyarwa sun koma cikin magudanan ruwa.
A farkon watan Yuli, kajin sun fara tashi da kawunansu. A ƙarshen watan, iyayensu suna dawowa cikin rayuwa mai kyau. A cikin tsammanin kaka, cranes sukan taru a cikin garkuna kuma suna shirin tashi zuwa yankuna masu ɗumi. A wannan rayuwar dangi don kajin ke karewa. Daga yanzu, suna rayuwa mai zaman kanta.
Grey Crane Face
Babban fasalin rayuwar salon cranes shine Suna neman ƙaunarsu sau ɗaya kuma don rayuwa. Irin waɗannan nau'ikan suna iya fashewa da wuya. Wani lokacin yakan faru mace ko namiji ya mutu. A wannan yanayin, tsuntsu mai tsira yana neman abokin rayuwa. Wataƙila ma'aurata na iya yin haɓaka sakamakon yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba na haihuwar.
Kyan cree, kamar yadda muka ambata a sama, da zarar sun dawo ƙasarsu, suna gayyatar mace ta auri raye, ta fara rawa a cikin garke. Don wannan dole ne a kara da cewa za su iya shirya irin wannan raye-raye na dabbar koda har da cikakkiyar kaɗai. Suna da hankali sosai a wannan lokacin. Saboda haka, a lura da irin wannan abin mamakin na iya zama daga nesa. A kan tudu ba sa shirya wajan garke a kan sheƙensu, kowane ɗayan biranen shinge yana nesa da juna.
Waɗannan gwarzo na labarai masu yawa gina gida daga abubuwa da yawa iri-iriamma mafi yawan lokuta daga goge goge. Gina sosai da sauri da sakaci. Kowace irin gida ita ce, a zahiri, tarin tarin katako ne da aka tara a kusa. A cikin gida akwai tire wanda aka liƙe tare da bushe ciyawa.
Tsoffin tsuntsayen sun mamaye tsoffin ginannun sanannun sanannun kafa a ciki wanda suke rayuwa a shekaru. Kowace shekara tsuntsaye suna sabunta su.
Wurin kujerar crane yana da girma sosai. Diamita ya kai mita daya. Suna buƙatar babban wuri, saboda a cikin ƙananan gidaje irin waɗannan manyan tsuntsayen kawai ba za su dace ba.
Me cranes suke ci
Cranes suna ciyar da abinci akan tsire-tsire, watau: berries daban-daban, tsire-tsire iri, seedlings na gurasa, harbe na ganye daban-daban, hatsi na hatsi, musamman alkama, peas da hatsi. Wani lokacin cranes suna cin kwari iri-iri, kwari, kwari, maciji, beraye da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyi.
A cikin kaka, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna kiwo a gona.. Ba su da amfani musamman game da abinci. Yawancin lokaci suna cin hatsi na gurasa, amma babban abincin a gare su shine Peas. Abincin ɓoyayyen ƙyallen launin toka ya bambanta a cikin watanni daban-daban. A lokacin rani yana ciyar da frogs, ƙananan kwari. A cikin bauta, cranes suna ciyar da abinci, hatsi da minced nama.
Game da abinci mai gina jiki na cranes, ya kamata kuma a lura cewa ruwa yana da matukar mahimmanci a gare su. Ko da mafi mahimmanci fiye da abinci mai ƙarfi. Suna shan ruwa da yawa. Idan babu ruwa a kusa, tsuntsaye suna bin sa sau da yawa a rana.
Idan cranes suna zaune a cikin shinge, ana ciyar da su, azaman doka, cikakken abinci da abinci iri-iri. A cikin wuraren ɗora ƙuraje, babban abincin abinci na cranes shine ciyar da kaji. Bugu da kari, tsuntsayen suna cin abinci mai rai, kifi, cuku na gida da aka haɗe da hatsi mai tsiro, karas da abincin bitamin.
Cigaba da rarrabawa
Yawancin gidajen cranes a Rasha da Scandinavia. A yau akwai kusan 250,000 na waɗannan tsuntsayen.. Koyaya, adadinsu yana raguwa a hankali sakamakon gina wurare da dama, bushewa daga lalacewa, fadada filayen noma da sauransu. Additionari kan haka, murran kan mutu daga magungunan kashe qwari wanda manoma suke amfani da shi don kare amfanin gona. Masu wa'azin wadannan tsuntsayen, idan suka harba, to da kadan. Sabili da haka, wannan gaskiyar ba ta shafar rage adadin su.
An jera su a cikin murhun launin toka a cikin littafin 'Red Book' kuma jihohin wasu kasashe suna kiyaye shi. Dokarsu ta ba da kariya ga ƙaura daga ƙauyukan ƙauyuka da ta iyo. Harbi da kama cranes doka ta haramta. Koyaya, duk da duk kariyar kuma duk da gaskiyar cewa an jera cranes a cikin littafin Red, an rage adadin waɗannan tsuntsayen daga shekara zuwa shekara.
An wakilci nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan launin toka 2 a Rasha - yamma da gabas. Kusan sun bambanta da juna. Yankin rarrabawa da kuma yancin kai nau'in ba a yi nazari sosai ba. Sanin kowa ne cewa iyakar da ke tsakanin wadannan hanyoyin ta ratsa ta Ural Range. Yammacin ƙasashen yamma waɗanda ke zaune a biranen Rasha, da gabashin - a cikin Asiya. Don lokacin sanyi, wani murfi daga ɓangaren Turai na ƙasar ya tashi zuwa Afirka. Kuma daga gabas zuwa arewa Indiya ko kuma China. Wani karamin sashi na tsuntsayen ya rage zuwa hunturu a cikin Caucasus.
Bayanan Gaske
Gaskiya mafi ban sha'awa daga rayuwar cranes - Tsuntsayen mata suna man shafawa a jikin tsuntsayen da suke shafawa a jikin tsuntsaye. Wannan yana ba su damar jujjuya kansu da kyau kuma su ɓoye daga masu hasashen da yawa.
Hakanan yana da ban sha'awa yadda yadda cirin yake kashe. Shi, kamar sauran tsuntsayen, yana farawa tare da gudana cikin iska, duk yana haɓaka. Crane yana buɗe fikafikan sa kafin ya kwashe.
Grey cranes ya bayyana tuntuni. Komawa a zamanin dinosaurs (kimanin shekaru miliyan 40-60 da suka gabata). Kuma ko da a sa'an nan sun kasance mãsu girmamawa. An bayyana wannan a cikin gaskiyar cewa Pithecanthropus - mutanen farko sun fentin waɗannan tsuntsayen a kan dutse. Wannan na iya tabbatarwa ta gaskiyar cewa a wasu nahiyoyi daban-daban, masana kimiyya da matafiya sun hadu da zanen dutse wanda ke nuna zane.
Smallestaramin murɗa shine belladonna, mafi girma shine Ostiraliya da Indiya, mafi nauyi shine Jafananci. A Armenia, ana ɗaukar cirin a matsayin alama ta ƙasar. Rayuwar cranes kusan shekara 20 kenan a cikin daji, a cikin bauta, tsuntsaye suna rayuwa da yawa, kusan shekaru 80, wanda yake da saurin ratsa tsakanin tsuntsaye.
Bayanin Crane
An daɗe ana la'akari da masana ilimin kimiyar kayan tarihi cewa bayyanar tsuntsu mai crane ya dace da yankuna na Afirka da Arewacin Amurka, bayan haka a hankali aka rarraba shi zuwa sauran sassan duniya. Sai dai idan an samo su, watakila, a Kudancin Amurka da kuma a cikin balaguro na Antarctica.
Cranes sune tsuntsayen manya-manya wadanda suka burge mutane tsawon mil. Misali, a cikin kasar Sin, an dauke su alama ce ta tsawon rai da hikima. A tsohuwar Misira, ana yin bautar cran kamar “tsuntsayen rana” kuma a miƙa su ga gumakan. A Sweden an kira su "Bird of Fortune" saboda sun dawo tare da rana, zafi da bazara. Hakanan a cikin Japan, crane har yanzu ana ɗauka alama ce ta farin ciki. Koyaya, an dauke su azaman mai daɗin ci, wanda shine dalilin da yasa aka ci su.
Girman jikin crane ya tashi daga mita 1 - 1.20. An rikita shi sau da yawa tare da heron, amma idan aka kwatanta shi ana iya ganin cirin ya fi girma. Representativesarancin wakilai - belladonna, sun kai girman kilogram 80 zuwa 90. Duk da cewa nauyinsu bai wuce kilogram 3 ba, amma fuka-fukin koda wannan karamin cirin mai nisan mita 1.3-1.6 ne, yana sanya damar dubawa musamman maɗaukaki da alfarma a cikin jirgin.
Wani babban wakili dangi ana ɗaukarsa shine kirinjin Ostiraliya, wanda nauyinsa ya kai kilo 6, tsayinsa ya kai murafin 145-165. Kankara mai launin toka, wacce tsawonta reshe yakai tsawan mita 2-2.4, ana ɗauka babbar ƙima ce tsakanin waɗannan tsuntsayen.
Rayuwa, halayya
Tsuntsu Crane yana jagorantar salon rayuwa, galibi yau da kullun. Sai kawai a lokacin hijirarsa ne kullun haushinsu suke ɓatarwa. Jirgin ruwa yana bacci nan da nan bayan faɗuwar rana. A cikin dare, suna barci, suna tarawa cikin gungun jama'a (galibi sun kai dubun dubata) suna tsaye a kan kafa ɗaya a tsakiyar tafkin rafin. Irin wannan cirewa daga bakin tekun ya ba dabba damar kare kanta daga hare-haren magabatan ƙasa, wanda, a matsayin mai mulkin, lurk ko'ina. Misali, boars na daji, karnukan rakoni, bajoji da dawakai sun lalata nunin gidan crane. Haka kuma za'a iya rarrabe Eagles da hankaka a matsayin abokan gaban wannan tsuntsu.
Takaitaccen tsari na maza domin sanya mace ta hanyar aure don samun ma'aurata ya fadi ne a watan Fabrairu. Ainihin, tsarin kiwo yana faruwa a cikin yankuna masu dausayi. An gina gida mai tururi daga tarkacen tsire-tsire da aka tattara daga ƙasa, yana ajiye mazaunin a kan tudu.
Carancin ɗakunan jama'a na rayuwa ne. Sun fi son zama cikin manyan rukuni, suna raba yanki ɗaya don barci, abinci da mazauni. Ko da yayin ƙaura yanayi zuwa ƙarshen lokacin zafi, suna kasancewa tare.
Crane dabbobi ne mai kulawa, kuma idan aka kusanci abokan gaba marasa tausayi kusa da mita 300, tsuntsu ya gudu. Hakanan suna iya lura da canje-canje a mazauninsu, saboda galibi suna kasancewa a cikin mazauna ɗaya na rayuwa. Cranes suna ƙaura zuwa cikin gidajen kwanansu na hunturu akan hanyoyi biyu daban-daban: tsuntsaye daga Finland da yammacin Rasha sun tashi zuwa arewacin Afirka ta hanyar Hungary. Baƙi daga Scandinavia da Tsakiyar Turai suna motsawa zuwa Faransa da Spain, wani lokacin har zuwa Arewacin Afirka. A cikin ruwan sanyi, mai sanyin ɗumi, wasu wakilai suna nan a Jamus. A cikin garken hijirar, ana iya bambance su ta hanyar sihiri daban-daban da kuka. Wani lokacin yayin jirgin sama yanayin yakan ba tsuntsaye damar tsayawa na makonni 2-3 don hutawa da tanadin makamashi daga abinci.
A lokacin bazara, tsawon sati 2, cranes basa iya tashiwa, saboda a wannan karon suna sabunta gashin fuka-fukan.
Har yaushe ne kirinjin ke zaune?
Crane mai launin toka yana da tsawon rayuwar shekaru 20. Wannan halin wannan tsuntsu an san shi da halittar ma'aurata har tsawon rayuwa. Koyaya, akwai shaidu cewa kirin da aka ɗaura ya zauna cikin yanayin wucin gadi har zuwa shekara 42. A dabi'a, wataƙila ba su kai irin wannan tsufa ba: masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa wannan tsuntsu yana rayuwa a matsakaici har zuwa shekaru 25-30.
Iri cranes
Zuwa yau, akwai kimanin cranes dubu 340. Amma a Turai kawai nau'i nau'i ne na dubu 45, kuma a cikin Jamus - kusan 3000 nau'i-nau'i. Akwai kusan nau'ikan cranes 15. An kasu gida biyu bisa ka'ida Cranes kuma an rarrabasu gwargwadon halayen girma, akwai guda 3 kacal daga cikinsu.
Na farko - mafi girma aji ya hada da Indiyawan, Jafanawa, Ba Amurke, Ostiraliya, har ma da shingle crane. Rukuni Na 2 ya hada dabbobi masu matsakaici, a cikinsu: Kanad, Cranes na Siberiya, Grey, Daurian, da kuma katako mai launin baki. Na ukun ya zama kananan tsuntsaye, ya haɗa da aljanna, baƙar fata, da belladonna. Rukuni na uku kuma ya hada da kambin kambi da na gabas.
Jirgin ruwan Australia shine mafi girman wakilin murfi. Ya zama mallakar omnivorous tsuntsaye, yayin da mafi yawan na rayayye fi son ci da tubers wasu al'adu.
'Yan uwa na kirin na Turai sune kirinin da aka zaba, farin-kambi mai rawanin-fari da kuma murɗaɗa mai launin shuɗi. A Arewacin Amurka da arewa maso gabas Siberiya, Kanada suna rayuwa, kuma a cikin Afirka - ɓoyayyen crane.
Caƙƙarfan ɗayan itace shine ɗayan nau'in rarest, wanda ya kai nauyin kilo 9. Wannan abu ne da ya daɗe, wanda a cikin zaman talala na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 60. Jirgin ruwan Indiya ba ya kwantawa a baya girmansa, yana ɗaukar nauyin kilo 9 zuwa 12.
Kirinjin dabbar tsuntsu shine mafi girman tsuntsaye a cikin dukkanin nau'ikan 15, sun fi son su zauna a wuraren da aka bude kuma doka ta kiyaye shi sosai.
Wani salo na musamman na rarrabe don katon kifi shine tsararren sautinsa na 2 na fata wanda yake a cikin wuya. Ma'aurata ne na wannan nau'in waɗanda suka fi shahara saboda yanayin halinta na aure.
Yawan jama'a na biyu shine silsila mai launin toka. White Crane, ko Siberian Crane, 'yan asalin mazauna yankunan arewacin Rasha ne. Ya banbanta da takwarorinsa tare da kyandir mai kyau da jan baki, saboda kyawun fasalin sassan jikin sa yana da matukar kyau.
Daurian crane, mazaunin gabashin Asiya ma yana da kyau a sani. Jikin tsirara mai launin toka-kan yana ƙawata kuma a lokaci guda yana kammala farin tsararrakin da ke zaune daga kai zuwa fuka-fuki, haka kuma iyakokin ja a idanu. Kafafuwan wannan tsuntsu suna da tsawo, an rufe su da fata mai ruwan hoda.
Sandhill Crane ya shahara saboda girman jikinta, da kuma katar mai baƙar fata saboda launinsa mai launi. Belladonna ita ce mafi ƙarancin wakilan cranes.
Crane na aljanna shima nasa ne ga tsaran-manya. Duk da wannan, yana da mafi girman kai da wuya.
Kiran da aka kambi mai yiwuwa shine mafi kyawu ga dukkan tsararrun halittu. Wani kambi mai gashin tsuntsu mai haske yana ƙawata kan sa. Karancin kamshi na gabas yana kama da ita. Bambancinsu ga mafi girma ya ƙunshi yanayin halayen ƙasa.
Black Crane - galibi yana zaune a yankin Tarayyar Rasha, fasalinsa sananne shine kambi mai banƙyama da ke kansa.
Habitat, mazauni
Jirgin Turai shine ɗayan tsuntsaye masu ƙaura, a lokacin faduwar a wasu wurare (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg) har zuwa dubun dubatan mutane sun tashi daga mazaunan sanyi, suna taruwa a tsakiyar Oktoba a Faransa, Spain ko Afirka. Lokacin da murfin ya shimfiɗa a kudu, ana jin kukansu tun da dadewa kafin garken ya zama sananne a sama.
A baya can, an rarraba kewayon crane kawai a yawancin Turai. A halin yanzu, ana iya samun su ne kawai a Arewacin da Gabashin Turai, haka kuma a Rasha da Gabas Siberiya. A yamma da kudu na Turai, sun ɓace a tsakiyar tsakiyar karni na 19. A gabashi da arewacin Jamus, har yanzu zaka iya nemo dabbobi da yawa, in ba haka ba suna cikin hangen nesa yayin jirgin zuwa Spain, kudancin Faransa da arewacin-Afirka. A lokacin bazara da faɗuwar rana, kusan jijiyoyin 40,000 zuwa 50,000 yanzu an sake ganinsu cikin sararin samaniya a cikin Tsakiyar Turai. Wadanda suka yi sa'a za su iya ganinsu a wuraren da suke hutawa a cikin arewacin Jamus.
Cranes suna buƙatar wuraren buɗewa tare da fadama da ciyawa na rayuwa, inda zasu iya neman abinci. A cikin wuraren hunturu, suna neman wurare tare da filaye da bishiyoyi. Ba za a iya samun keɓaɓɓun motoci ba kawai a cikin ƙananan wurare ba, har ma a cikin tsaunuka - wani lokacin har ma a tsaunin sama da mita dubu 2.
Abincin Crane
Cranes na iya cin abincin asalin tsiro da dabba. Ganyen ganye, tsiro, ganyayyaki da tushen su ne dandano. Cranes kuma suna cin legumes, berries da hatsi. A lokacin haihuwar jarirai, bukatar tsutsotsi, katantanwa da manyan kwari ke tsiro.
Matasan kajin, a zahiri, daga ranar farko ta rayuwa suna neman nasu abincin ne. Koyaya, suna ƙari kuma suna karɓar abinci daga iyayensu. Abincin crane na yara ya ƙunshi sassan tsirrai, masara, dankali, tsutsotsi, kwari, ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa (misali mice) da ƙananan tsaba.
Kiwo da zuriya
A lokacin bazara, maɓallin kumbon namiji a cikin rawar rawa saboda matan da aka zaɓa. Yana durƙusa, yana shimfiɗa jikinsa da wuyansa a cikin madaidaiciyar layin, ya faɗa tare da fuka-fukansa ko tsalle-tsalle. Wakar tana tare da rakiyar ma'aurata na musamman. Sautuka-kamar kulawa da murfin murfi daban-daban sun sha bamban, amma yana da wuya a rikita su da wani irin ihu. Gaisuwar gaisuwa kamar "bakin ciki, bakin ciki." Amma a lokaci guda, cranes har yanzu suna bugun jini da jijiyoyin wuya. Ana iya jin waƙar wannan tsuntsu a wasu lokuta.
A ƙarshen Afrilu ko farkon Mayu, mace ta sanya kamar zaitun uku, launin shuɗi ko launin toka-mai launin shuɗi. Launi, girma da sifar sun dogara da nau'ikan crane. Mafi yawancin lokuta, akwai ƙwai 2 kawai a cikin kamawa, amma wasu nau'in suna sa ƙwai har 9 a lokaci guda. Gida yawanci akan gina shi a kan ƙananan tsibirai masu tsayi, ciyayi ko ciyayi, kuma ya ƙunshi kayan shuka.
Iyaye biyun suna ɗayan biyun a cikin ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai. Bayan makonni 3-4, ana haihuwar launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi, ƙasa-ƙasa. Wannan lokaci na shiryawa shima ya dogara da nau'ikan cirin.
Wata rana bayan haihuwa, kajin na iya barin gida. Da farko, suna karɓar abinci daga iyayensu, sannan a ci gaba da yawon shakatawa tare da su. Sau da yawa mahaifiyar tana biye da kuli guda, kuma mahaifin na biyu. Makonni goma bayan haka, tsoffin kujeru suna barin gidansu, kuma za su kasance a shirye don samar da 'yantacce bayan shekaru 7.
Bayanan kula
- ↑ Archibald, G. W. 1976a. Kiran Unison na Cranes azaman Kayan Aikin Kayan Haraji. Ph. D. diss., Jami'ar Cornell, Ithaca, N. Y. 167 pp.
- ↑ Archibald, G. W. 1976b. Crane taxonomy kamar yadda saukar unison ya bayyana. Proc. Intl. Taron Crane: 225-251.
- ↑ Krajewski, C. 1989. Dangantakar cututtukan ƙwayar cuta tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta (Gruiformes: Gruidae) dangane da hybridization DNA. The Auk 106: 603-618.
Gidauniyar Wikimedia. 2010.
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Sauran abubuwan bayarwa:
Cibiyar nishaɗin "Laguna"
Kifi mai kamun kifi "Volga Coast"
Garkunan kamun kifi da kulab na yankin Saratov
Cibiyar nishaɗin "Kunnuwa Hare"
Village Holiday "Glade"
Cibiyar nishaɗar "Karfe"
Fishing "On Kalinikha"
Village Holiday "Gidan Ginin"
Cibiyar nishaɗin "Manor" Mountain Air "
Cibiyar nishaɗi Chardym-Dubrava
Village Holiday "Sunflower"
Cibiyar nishaɗar "Kasuwancin Gwal"
Kifi mai tushe "kwari"
Gidan kifi "Foreland"
Village Holiday "Hut"
Cibiyar nishaɗin "Expanse"
Vershinin Farut Farm
Cibiyar nishaɗi "Prirechnoe"
Klubin Kasar "
Kifi Fishing "Fairy Tale"
Kasar Berezina Rechka
Farauta farauta "Big Tavolozhka"
Village Holiday "Windrose"
Village Holiday "Oriole"
Kari na Kasar "Luck"
Dabbobi na yankin Saratov
Crane mai launin toka (latti. Grusrus) babban tsuntsu ne wanda ke zaune a Turai da Asiya, nau'in nau'in crane mafi girma na biyu. Rareanƙarar da ke da wuya, tsuntsu na gama-gari na yankin Saratov. Yankin yana nuna matsayin zaman yau da kullun na kullin launin toka yayin ƙaura zuwa kaka da bazara na ƙaura zuwa yankunan kiwo na arewa. A wannan lokacin, akwai manyan garken wannan nau'in a duk yankin na yankin Saratov, musamman ma yankuna na kudu maso gabas. Crane yana da ikon tashi sama da kilomita 800 kowace rana. Ana iya jin kararsa a nesa mai nisa. Wannan mai yiwuwa ne saboda kasala mai rauni, samar da madauki a cikin keel na sternum, wanda yake zama babban resonator mai karfafa murya. Tare da abin da ake kira antiphonal duet a cikin ƙasa, a ma'auratan suna ɗaukar murya da babbar murya, suna haɗa kai, suna shiga cikin jerin siginar Murmushi ɗaya. Sautin kararrawa, kira a cikin fakitoci, da sauransu. - kuma da yawa daga nika da gurgling sauti.
A tsohuwar Masar, an girmama shi a zaman “tsuntsayen rana” kuma ana bautar da shi ga gumakan musamman lokatai muhimmai. A tsohuwar Girka, tsoffin katako sun kasance tare da Apollo, Demeter, da Hamisa. An dauke su manzannin haske da bazara, kuma alama ce ta farka da tunani. Homer, marubucin Iliad da Odyssey, suna da ra'ayin cewa waɗannan tsuntsayen suna tashi daga kudu a cikin hunturu zuwa bankunan Kogin Nilu, inda suke ciyar da nau'ikan farfajiyar kayan marmari. A Sin da Japan, cranes suna wakiltar tsawon rai, hikima da farin ciki.
Babban tsuntsu a manyan kafafu tare da dogaye da karamin kai. Girman jiki - 3.0-6.1 kg, tsawon tsayi - 114-130 cm, reshe - 52-66 cm, beak - 10.5-18.0 cm. A bayan kai kuma wani ɓangare a kan rawanin kai, wani ɗan mayafi na jan fata (manya kawai). Shugaban gashin tsuntsayen ya zana shi yayi kama da shuɗi, launin shuɗi da launin shuɗi. Primary, sakandare da kuma na sakandare tashi baƙar fata. Kafafu suna baki. Beak mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, tare da ƙarshen haske da tushe mai duhu. Idanu sunyi duhu. Ba kamar Demoiselle Crane ba, yana da tarin gashin fuka-fukan gashin a bayan ido (dukda cewa wuyansa da rudi a bayan ido shima fari ne). Matasa suna da launi daban-daban mai launin ja, kai da wuya baya ɗaukar tsarin musanyawa.
Har zuwa shekarun 1970s Wutar kankara mai launin toka ta haɗu a cikin ɗaukacin yankin Saratov, ban da yankuna Zaerghiz na Bankin Hagu. Yawancin waɗannan tarurrukan cikin sharuddan da suka dace da lokacin farauta a bayyane sun kasance ga mutanen da ba tsuntsu ba. A halin da ake ciki, akan tarurrukan ganawa na yau da kullun na wani katafaren wutsiyoyi a cikin tsibirin na steppe kusa da tsakiyar yankin Mayak Revolution na gona a cikin gundumar Ozinsky, an ɗauka cewa game da yanayin kiwo na waɗannan tsuntsayen a cikin tarkon Trans-Volga.
A cikin rabi na biyu na karni na karshe, an tabbatar da sake haifar da murfin launin toka don ambaliyar ruwan kogin Khopra da Medveditsa a cikin yankin Balashovsky, Romanovsky da Lysogorsky. Yawancin fuskokin waɗannan tsuntsayen a lokacin haihuwa yayin wasu fannoni na Bankin dama sun ba da shawarar yiwuwar kiwo su a wasu yankuna da yawa. Da alama kiwo ne da muryar launin toka a cikin Atkarsky, Petrovsky, Romanovsky da Samoilovsky.
A yau, fiye da rukunin wuraren 10 na barga mai kyau na nau'in cikin Bankin Dama an san su: ya kamata a shimfiɗa a cikin dukkanin wuraren shimfidar wuri da kuma kwarin kwarin kogin Don basin, musamman a cikin ƙauyukan ƙauyukan Uruovo da Golan ƙananan Golitsyno, gundumar Rtishchevsky.
Lokacin balagurowar bazara da kaka, ana lura dashi a cikin wurare masu laushi da bushe: wuraren saukar da ambaliyar ruwa, bankunan kogi, yankuna masu tsayi, da agrocenoses. Don kiwo fi son marshy swamps da floodplain makiyaya. Ba zai iya gujewa lokacin da nesting tashar tasirin mai dauke da rukunin kungiyoyin willow da Aspen suke ba. Sun fi son manyan wuraren da ke daɗewar ƙasa, amma idan babu irin waɗannan wuraren za su iya tsayawa a ƙananan yankuna kusa da ƙasar noma. Don lokacin hunturu, zaɓi tsaunuka da ke cike da ciyawar ciyawa, galibi zauna kusa da ƙasar noma da makiyaya.
Wakilan wannan nau'in suna kwana a tsakiyar fadama mai wahala. A lokacin rani, a lokacin motsi, sukan rasa gashin tsuntsaye na ɗan lokaci kuma basa iya tashiwa. A cikin bazara, sun tashi zuwa hunturu a cikin ƙasashe masu ɗumi, inda koyaushe suke taruwa a manyan garkuna. Kamar sauran nau'ikan cranes, kankara mai launin toka na fara tashi da saukar jiragen sama, yawanci a iska, yana hanzarta hanzarta budewa fuka-fukansa kafin yashawo. Yana tashi daidai, yana motsa ƙungiyoyi a cikin wani yanayi, a hankali yana saukar da su ƙasa kuma yana ɗaga su sama. Kamar storks da geese, amma ba kamar herons ba, a cikin gudu yake sa kansa ya shimfiɗa kansa. Kafafu suna ja da baya, duk da haka, a cikin yanayin sanyi ana iya ɗaure su.
Abincin abinci na kayan lambu yana fifita a cikin abincin - tsaba, berries, sassan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, tubers, mai tushe, ganye, berries, acorns. Idan akwai, tonon silili suna cin abincin dabbobi, gami da sinadarin invertebrate (kwari da larvae, mollusks, da sauransu), ƙananan kifaye, ƙwari da larvae, dabbobi masu rarrafe, wani lokacin kajin da ƙanana. Abinci mai gina jiki ya dogara da yawan kayan samarwa a wani yanki na musamman. Idan akwai filayen da aka shuka na hatsi a kusa, to, kirin zai yi ƙoƙarin ciyar da hatsi, yayin da wasu lokuta suke haifar da barazana ga amfanin gona.
A cikin gudu, garken koyaushe suna layi tare da zare da zage-zage da ƙarfi, suna sanar da kusancinsa. An ƙaura ƙaura ta bazara cikin yanayin lokaci, ya faɗi a ƙarshen farkon - shekaru goma na biyu na Afrilu. Duk rabin rabin Afrilu yana faruwa a wasannin bazara, tare da "rawa da waƙoƙi". Tsuntsaye fara farawa yana da shekaru 4-5. An kirkiro ma'auratan a cikin hunturu, kafin jirgin zuwa wurin da ke gaba na gida. Ranwararru suna samar da iyayen aure masu jituwa har zuwa mutuwar ɗaya daga cikin ma'auratan. Bayan sun isa wurin kiwo, namiji da mace suna shirya rawar sihiri irin na al'ada, wajanda suka hada da bouncing, fuka-fukan fuka-fukan kai da kuma safarar jingina.
A farkon lokacin farkon kumbura, tonon silili suna lullube gashin jikinsu da satar laka, wanda hakan ya basu damar lura sosai lokacin da kajin da aka harba ko kuma aka tsinke - wannan halin yana taimaka musu su ɓoye daga mafarautan.
Tsuntsayen da basu da miji suna gayyatar abokin tarayya zuwa rukunin yanar gizon su. A cikin irin waɗannan halayen, ana jin “cizo” na wani murɗaɗaɗɗa a cikin fadama. Bayan an shiga cikin nau'ikan, cranes sun fara yin "waƙar tsinkaye", a cikin sautukan da aka yi ta namiji da ta mace, ana iya maimaitawa, cikin tsari sosai. Alamar kiran su daga wannan lokaci shima ya zama ninki biyu kuma yana kuwwa kamar '' '' '' '' '' '' curly, 'wanda a farkon sigar tsuntsu aka fitar da ɗayan kuma na biyun kuma ɗayan, yayin da "waƙar" da kuma kukan kira wanda tsuntsaye biyu suke da guda ɗaya duba zane. A mafi yawan lokuta ana iya jin kukan kururuwar ne daga karfe 5 na safe zuwa 8 na safe, amma wani lokacin, a farkon watan Mayu, kararraki sukan fara kururuwa ko da a cikin duhu gabaɗaya - misalin ƙarfe 3 na safe.
An zaɓi yanki mai ƙarancin bushe don gida, sama ko kusa da ruwa. Wurin da aka zaɓa a tsakiyar ciyayi mai laushi - lokacin farin ciki na itace, sedge, da dai sauransu. Da zaran an zaɓi wurin, namiji da mace a cikin haɗin kai sun ba da sanarwar wannan a cikin hadaddiyar murya mai tsawo, ta haka ke nuna alamar yankinsu. Gidaje suna da kamannin dandamali mai faɗi wanda ke auna kimanin × 70 × 60 × 15 cm, wanda aka haɗa da tsirrai na tsirrai, tsohuwar ciyawar cattail, ciyawar ciyawa ko peat. Ginin gidaje yana kan gwanaye, rakuma a tsakiyar ruwa, a gindin bishiyoyi, galibi a karkace, a nesa nesa da kilomita daya daga juna.
Clutches biyu (ƙ wuya sosai 3) qwai na launin zaitun-launin ruwan kasa, tare da duhu duhu da yawa sun bayyana a farkon shekaru goma na Mayu. Qwai da ƙwace mata dabam suka bambanta da alama da girma. Matan suna sanya masonry galibi na kwanaki 28-31. Namiji zai maye gurbin ta ne kawai a lokacin ciyar da abinci sau biyu a rana. Canjin iyaye koyaushe yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kiran juyi. Kayan kyanwa sun bayyana a rabin rabin Mayu. An rufe su da farin ruwan wuta. Har zuwa kwanaki 3-4 suna zaune a cikin gida kuma wata mace ta kona su, daga baya suka yi yawo tare da iyayensu a cikin wani juji, ko kuma a cikin haɗari, suka ɓoye. Suna ciyar da kansu, amma a farkon lokacin su ma iyayensu suna ciyar da su. Iyaye biyun ma suna ciyar da kajin. Daga nan dangi ya bar wuraren fadama tare da ciyawar da take da ci gaba.
A farkon Yuli, sun zama tashi, kuma a ƙarshen wannan watan, iyalai sun ƙaura zuwa yanayin rayuwar nomadic, suna haɗin cikin ƙaramin garke. A ƙarshen Yuli, ana lura da iyalan crane suna ciyar da filayen noma a wani yanki mai nisa (har zuwa dubun dubbai) nesa daga wuraren kiwo. Cranes a matashi sau da yawa yana motsa ruwa, amma yayin da kafafu suka tsawanta, wannan ba lallai ba ne. A ƙarshen Yuli - farkon watan Agusta, a kimanin shekaru biyu, yara tsuntsaye, a matsayin mai mulkin, sun riga sun tashi zuwa reshe.
Har ya zuwa watan Satumba, galibin cranes mai yiwuwa ba sa yin tsayi-tsayi mai tsawo, kawai a farkon wannan watan ne aka kirkiro tarin abubuwan da ke tashi jirgi na 6-15 - 30 ko 40.Hijira ta kaka tana da tsari kuma an daɗe cikin lokaci: ana yin rikodin mutane na ƙaura na farko a ƙarshen watan Agusta a farkon farawa na gandun daji, mafi sabuwa - a farkon shekarun 10 na Oktoba. Rakunan kaka na ƙaura suna da girma fiye da na bazara. Mafi yawan lokuta sukan tashi ne a rukuni na 15 tsuntsaye. Filin mutane 40-100 ma ana maimaita su. Babu shakka wuraren da ke jujjuyawar ɗakunan crane na Volan ƙananan Volgar crane a bayyane yake yana cikin yankin ƙasar Iran.
Yawan yawan murfin launin toka yana raguwa a hankali. Babban dalilin raguwar adadin karuwar launin toka ana ganin shine raguwa a yankin yankuna da suka dace da mazaunin haihuwa. An jera jinsunan a cikin Littafin Layi na Saratov. Matsayin kariya: ɗan ƙaramin nau'in tare da kewayon daidaitacce da wadataccen yalwa. Yankin Saratov yana da masaniyar kasancewar kuɗaɗen kullun lokacin kaka da kuma bazara waɗanda suka isa arewacin wuraren kiwo da kuma biyun. A wannan lokacin, an yi rikodin yawancin nau'ikan jinsunan a duk yankin yankin, musamman ma yankuna kudu maso gabas. Yawan cranes da ke yawo a cikin yankin sun bambanta kaɗan a shekara, amma gabaɗaya ya wuce. Babban wuraren girke-girke suna cikin tuddai na kananan koguna na Don basin. Yawan cranes na kiwo a cikin yankin Saratov shine 20-25 nau'i-nau'i, a cikin shekaru mafi dacewa - 50 nau'i-nau'i. Babban abubuwanda ke iyakancewa sune magudanar ruwa da kuma shiga wuraren wuraren kiwo.
Abokan halitta
Ranwararrun ɓarayin da ba su da makiyan halitta. Koyaya, fox, boar daji, gaggafa, ragowa da dabbar marsh na iya zama haɗari ga yara dabbobi da kwanciya.
Yawancin cranes basa fuskantar barazanar mutane ta musamman, amma ta hanyar rayuwarsu. Bayan haka, mutum ya himmatu wajen karfafa bankunan koguna, bushewa da busassun ciyayi, koguna kuma, saboda haka, yana lalata rayuwar cranes, yana lalata yanki don wuraren bacci da wuraren kiwo.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
A cikin yawan migan gudun hijira a cikin kaka, ƙasa da andasa sun zama san sandansu. Masana sun damu da wannan gaskiyar. Wannan halin har zuwa wani yanayi wanda ambaliyar ruwa ta haifar, tunda amfanin gona da ya lalace na ciyawar ciyawa ya bar wasu nau'ikan bishiyoyi ba tare da abinci ba. Bugu da kari, yawancin gidajen da ke dauke da abubuwan kama ko jariran da ke ciki sun lalace ta hanyar magabatan.
A halin yanzu, 7 daga cikin nau'ikan 15 na fuskantar barazanar lalata kuma dokokin yankin ƙasar da suke zaune suna kiyaye su sosai. 2 ƙarin jinsuna suna gab da sake buɗe wannan jerin. Babban dalilin wannan shine bushewa daga fadama da sauran jikin ruwa, wadanda ake ganin sune wurin zama na cranes. An hana farauta irin wadannan tsuntsayen, ko da yake wannan ba ya kasance ba ga likitan yawancin manoma ba waɗanda gonakinsu ke ci.
An tsara kungiyoyin agaji a duk duniya don taimakawa ma'aikatan kula da gandun daji shirya abinci, haka kuma suna cikin ayyukan gida.