Zuwa yau, babu ainihin hasashen yadda aka yi da inda, ya bayyana tsoffin magabatan mutum. Yawancin masana kimiyya suna da ra'ayi game da magabata daya na mutane da birai. An yi imanin cewa wani wuri kusan miliyan 5-8 shekaru da suka gabata, juyin halittar birrai na anthropoid ya tafi ta hanyoyi biyu daban. Wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance suna rayuwa a duniyar dabba, sauran kuma, bayan miliyoyin shekaru, sun zama mutane.
Hoto 1 - Juyin Halittar dan Adam
Karsharani
Daya daga cikin tsoffin magabatan mutum shine Drrickithecus "biri biri" wanda ya rayu a Afirka da Turai shekaru miliyan 25 da suka gabata. Ya jagoranci salon rayuwar garken, yana da kwatankwacin kama da zamani na zamani. Saboda gaskiyar cewa koyaushe yana zaune a cikin bishiyoyi, magadan gabansa na iya juyawa ta kowace fuska, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haɓakar mutum.
- liman tsokoki na haɓaka sun ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar ikon ikon sarrafa abubuwa,
- daidaituwa ya inganta, hangen nesa mai launi ya haifar. An sami sauyi daga garken zuwa rayuwar zamantakewa, sakamakon wannan, sautin magana ya fara bunkasa,
- girman kwakwalwa ya karu
- lokacin farin ciki mai bakin ciki a kan haƙoran dryopithecus yana nuna fifikon abincin da aka shuka a cikin abincin da yake ci.
Hoto 2 - Dryopithecus - farkon magabacin mutum
Manyan mutane - su wanene?
Mafi tsoffin mutane sun rayu a Afirka fiye da miliyan 2 da suka gabata. An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar binciken archaeological da yawa. Koyaya, sananne ne cewa a karo na farko halittun dan adam wadanda suke motsa karfin gwiwa akan gwiwowin kafafunsu (shine, wannan alama itace mafi mahimmanci wajen tantance mutum na farko) ya bayyana tun farko - shekaru miliyan 4 da suka gabata. An gano irin wannan halayyar mutanen zamanin da matsayin madaidaiciya kuma cikin halittun da masana kimiyya suka ba da suna "Australopithecus."
Sakamakon ƙarni na juyin halitta, maye gurbin Homo habls, wanda aka fi sani da "ƙwararren mutum". An maye gurbinsa da halittun humanoid, wakilai waɗanda ake kira Homo erectus, wanda aka fassara daga Latin a matsayin "mutumin kirki." Kuma bayan kusan kusan miliyan ɗaya da rabi ne kawai kyakkyawan yanayin mutumin da ya fito, waɗanda suka yi kama sosai da masu hankali na duniya - Homo sapiens ko "Homo sapiens". Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga abubuwan da aka ambata, mutane na farko sannu a hankali, amma a lokaci guda, sun ci gaba sosai, suna fahimtar sababbin damar. Bari mu bincika dalla-dalla yadda waɗannan magabatan mutane suke, menene ayyukansu da kuma yadda suke yi.
Shigarwa
Taken darasin mu shine: Artiodactyl da Equidrop Units. Dalilin darasi shine la'akari da tsari da mahimmancin wakilan wadannan rukunoni biyun.
Duk waɗannan waɗannan umarnin ana kiransu ungulates. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, dabbobin suna da kofato a kafafunsu. Kofatowar asali itace takaddar mai gyaran fuska mai nauyi.
Hoto 1. Sashin maraba
Australopithecus: fasali na waje da salon rayuwa
Tarihin anthropology na tarihi yana nufin Australopithecus ga birai na farko da suka hau kan gaboyoyinsu. Asalin irin mutanen nan sun fara ne a yankin Gabashin Afirka sama da shekaru miliyan 4 da suka gabata. Kusan shekaru miliyan biyu, waɗannan halittun sun bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar. Babban mutumin, wanda tsayinsa yakai 135 cm, wanda nauyinsa bai wuce kilo 55 ba. Ba kamar biri ba, Australopithecus suna da ma'anar ƙarancin jima'i, amma tsarin tsarukan maza da mata kusan iri ɗaya ne. Akwatin kwanyar ta wannan nau'in dan kadan ne kuma yana da girman da basu wuce 600 cm 3 ba. Babban aikin Australopithecus kusan ba shi da bambanci da na birai na zamani, kuma yana kai har zuwa hakar abinci da kariya daga abokan halitta.
Kawancen Kayan Kayan
An ba da ƙungiyar artiodactyl suna don kasancewa a cikin dabbobi na yatsunsu biyu na haɓaka akan kowane reshe, na uku da na huɗu. An yatsun yatsun kafa da kafafan ƙaho mai kauri. Yatsun na biyu da na biyar suna cikin halin rashin tsari, kuma na farkon ya ɓace gaba ɗaya. Umurnin ya hada da aladu, raguna, awaki, tururuwa, hutu, raƙumi da sauran dabbobi (Fig. 2-4).
Hoto 2 Warthog
Dabbobin Artiodactyl galibi manyan ne ko matsakaita. Suna zaune a cikin gandun daji, a cikin kwari a cikin tsaunuka da tundra. Hanyoyin zamani na zamani sune dabbobi masu rarrafe ko dabbobi iri-iri, kuma daga cikin membersan mambobin da aka hana yin hakan akwai masu cin gaba.
Abun ciki na iya samun hadadden tsari kuma ya kunshi sassa 4. Dansandan yana da dadewa, a kai akwai sau da yawa ƙaho ko tsumma, wanda dabbar ta sami abinci da kare kanta daga maƙiya.
Hoto 5. Jin kaho
Hoto 6. Tsarin ciki na artiodactyls
An rarraba shi a duk faɗin duniya sai dai Antarctica da Ostiraliya, duk da haka, ungulates waɗanda mutane suka gabatar a can yanzu mutane suna zaune a Australia. Jimlar adadin sanannun nau'ikan artiodactyl kusan 200. An ba da umarnin zuwa kashi biyu: -aukaka da Ruminant.
Mutum mai fasaha: fasali na jikin mutum da salon rayuwa
Homo habilis (an fassara shi daga Latin a matsayin "gwani mutum") a matsayin keɓaɓɓen nau'in anthropoids wanda ya bayyana shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata a Nahiyar Afirka. Wannan mutumin da ya fara tsufa, wanda girmarsa yake yawanci ya kai 160 cm, yana da kwakwalwa mai tasowa fiye da Australopithecus, kuma kwakwalwarsa kusan 700 cm 3. Hakora da yatsunsu na saman iyakar Homo habilis sun yi kama da na mutane gaba ɗaya, duk da haka, manyan maɗaura da tsokoki sun sanya shi kama da birai. Baya ga tarawa, wani gwani ya shiga harkar farauta ta hanyar amfani da tonon dutse, kuma ya sami damar yin amfani da takarda da aka gano don yanke gawawwakin dabbobi. Wannan yana nuna cewa Homo habilis shine farkon halitta mai humanoid da ke da kwarewar aiki.
Arancin da ba shi da tushe
Orderarancin da ba shi da amintattu sun haɗa da iyalai 3 da ɗan ƙanana 10. Ya haɗa da aladu, hips da burodi (Fig. 7, 8). Wanda ba shi da madaidaiciya yana da babban jiki da gajerun yatsun kafa huɗu. Yawancin lokaci ana yada jita-jita fiye da bakin, tare da taimakon dabbobin zasu iya samun abincin kansu kuma su kare kansu daga masu farauta.
Hoto 7. Gashi alade
Hoto 8. Babirisa
A ƙarshen ƙarshen mucks akwai facin katon katako. Wakilai na wannan cirewa duk abu ne. Ciki ciki ne mai sauki. Babu ƙaho, akwai babban fatsi mai kitse.
Hoto 9. Alade na Javanese
Akwai nau'ikan 9 na zamani a cikin gidan alade. Bari mu dauki misalin misalin naman alade ko boar daji. An rarraba shi a Turai, Asiya da Amurka. Yana zaune a cikin gandun daji, yankuna masu kan iyaka, tare da gefen tafkuna da daji. Boars da ke zaune a Turai yawanci suna da tsawon 130 zuwa 175 cm.
Hoto 10. Boar daji
Bangaren gaba na jikinsu sunfi girma kuma ya kai girman 100 cm. Matsakaicin matsakaici shine daga kilogram 60 zuwa 150, wani lokacin har zuwa kilogram 300. M fata an rufe shi da kauri da taushi na launin shuɗi. Fanarfin raga na ƙananan muƙamuƙin maza suna hawa 10 cm tsayi.
Hoto 11. Fanks na ƙananan muƙamuƙi
Boars na daji suna ciyar da ciyawa, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari,' ya'yan itace da ciyawar ciyawar tsire-tsire da suka faɗi ƙasa. An cire dabbar daga ƙasa, dabba ta fashe ta da tsintsaye. Sau da yawa a cikin gandun daji zaka iya ganin boar poar, wani lokacin boars suna cutar da shuka, kamar dankali.
Kwakwalwar daji na zaune a cikin ƙananan garkunan, suna girma cikin bazara. Mata suna haihuwar 4-5, wani lokacin har zuwa 12 aladu. Matasa suna gani kuma wayoyin hannu daga ranar 1 na rayuwa. Uwar tana ciyar da alade da madara tsawon watanni 2-3. Mata sun kai ga balaga har zuwa watanni 8-10, maza na shekara ta 2 na rayuwa.
Hoto 12. Piglet
Boarfin daji babban abu ne na farauta. Daga daji boar da yawa daga cikin gida aladu ana bred. Ba kamar kakanni ba, suna haɓaka nauyin jiki da sauri kuma yawancinsu sun fi girma. Aladu na cikin gida suna da kauri mai kauri - mai mai yawa. Murfin murfinsu mai kusan kusan babu shi. Ana haihuwar aladu na gida ba tare da ratsi mai tsayi a jiki ba.
Hoto 13. Aladu na cikin gida
Hoto 14. Alade na gida da alade
Homo erectus: bayyanar
Halin mutum na tsohuwar halittar mutum, wanda aka fi sani da Homo erectus, an bayyana shi ne karuwa a kwanyar, wanda ya baiwa masana kimiyya damar fadin cewa kwakwalwarsu tayi daidai da girman kwakwalwar mutumin zamani. Ararfin girma da jajayen gwanin gwanin ya kasance mai yawa, amma ba'a faɗi yadda azaman magabatansu suke ba. Jiki kusan iri ɗaya ne da na mutumin zamani. Da yake yanke hukunci ta hanyar binciken archaeological, Homo erectus ya jagoranci salon tsinkewa da sanin yadda ake yin wuta. Wakilan wannan nau'in sun rayu cikin manya manyan kungiyoyi a cikin kogon. Babban aikin gwani shine tara tara (galibi tsakanin mata da yara), farauta da kamun kifi, da sanya sutura. Homo erectus yana daya daga cikin na farko da ya fahimci bukatar ajiye kayan abinci.
Uminansandan ƙarƙashin ƙasa
Rarancin Ruminant ya ƙunshi sama da nau'ikan 180 daga iyalai 6. A cikin iyalai, mafi shahararrun su ne Deer, Giraffe da Barnacle. Tawagar sun samo sunanta ne musamman game da abin narkewar wakilan ta: wadannan dabbobin suna tauna cingam. Cingam shine dunƙule na kayan abincin da ke ɗamara wanda yake buƙatar ƙarin aiki a cikin rami na baka. Cingam da aka ci daga gaban wani hadadden ciki.
Ciki ciki ya ƙunshi sassan 4. A karkashin tasirin microorganism, dasa kayan abinci a sashin 1st, rumen, ana fermented kuma an tura shi a cikin sashi na 2, net, yana ɓoyewa daga tarkon a cikin bakin, inda yake daɗaɗa yau da yau kuma ana shafa shi, wannan abincin yana jujjuya abinci.
Semi-ruwa-ruwa sai ya fada a sashi na 3, littafin, inda ya bushe, daga nan sai ya shiga sashin karshe na ciki, abomasum, don sarrafawa ta karshe da ruwan 'ya'yan ciki.
Hoto 15. Sassan sassan ciki na ciki
Me yasa abincin shuka ya fara inganta da ƙwayoyin cuta? Gaskiyar ita ce, dabbobi masu daraja, kamar sauran dabbobi, ba su da enzymes na kansu don rushewar ƙwayoyin sel, wanda shine ɓangaren tsire-tsire, kuma masu haɗin gwiwar hanji da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna taimaka musu a wannan batun.
Raguna suna da jiki mai santsi, dogon hancinsu yana ba ku damar gudu da sauri, san uwanku suna iya tafiya har ma suna gudana daga farkon kwanakin rayuwa. Dogon gashi da yawa da launuka daban-daban suna girma akan fatar. Tsarin kashin mai mai keɓaɓɓe kusan ba a kafa shi ba, ƙyallen ba su nan, amma a kai akwai yawancin ƙaho (Fig. 16, 17).
Wasu wakilai, kamar su reindeer, tare da taimakon ƙaho suna samun damar cin abincin nasu. Yawancin artetactyls dabbobi masu kariya kuma an jera su a cikin Littattafai. Musamman, bison Turai, wasu nau'in barewa da raguna, musk deer, dzeren da goral an jera su a cikin Littafin Rashanci na Rasha (siffa 18-20).
Neanderthal: bayanin bayyana da salon rayuwa
Neanderthals ya bayyana sosai daga baya fiye da magabata - kimanin shekaru 250 da suka wuce. Menene wannan tsohon mutumin? Girma ya kai 170 cm, kuma girman kwanyar ya kasance 1200 cm 3. Ban da Afirka da Asiya, waɗannan magabatan mutane sun zauna a Turai. Matsakaicin adadin Neanderthals a cikin ƙungiya ɗaya ya kai mutane 100. Sabanin magabatansu, suna da dabarun magana iri iri, wanda ya baiwa 'yan kabila damar musayar bayanai da yin ma'amala da junan su. Babban aikin wannan magabatan mutum shine farauta. Nasarar da aka samu ta kayan abinci an samar dashi ta kayan aiki da dama: mashi, guntun tsattsaye na duwatsun da aka yi amfani dasu azaman wuƙaƙe, tarkuna sun tonu a ƙasa tare da taimakon duwatsun. Neanderthals ya yi amfani da kayan da aka samo (ɓoye, fãtun fata) don kera kaya da takalma.
Cro-Magnons: mataki na ƙarshe a cikin juyin halittar mutumtaka
Cro-Magnons ko Homo Sapiens shine mutum na ƙarshe na ƙarshe da aka sani da ilimin kimiyya, wanda haɓakarsa ya riga ya kai santin 170-190. Tsarin kamannin irin waɗannan mutanen da biri suna kusan ba za a iya yiwuwa ba, kamar yadda magabatansu masu girma suka ragu, ƙananan muƙamuƙin ba su ciyar da gaba ba . Kayan aikin Cro-Magnons ba kawai na dutse ba ne, har ma da na itace da ƙashi. Baya ga farauta, waɗannan magabatan 'yan adam sun sa hannu cikin aikin gona da kuma nau'ikan farawar kayan dabbobi (da aka yiwa tama daji).
Matsayin tunani tsakanin Cro-Magnons ya kasance mafi girma fiye da magabata. Wannan ya basu damar kirkiro kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa. An maye gurbin tsarin garken zama da tsarin dangi tare da kirkirar farkon dokokin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.
Wasali
Sauran 'yan Australopithecus an gano su a Afirka. Rayuwa kimanin shekaru miliyan 3-5.5 da suka gabata. Ya yi tafiya a ƙafafunsa, amma hannayensa sun fi na mutumin zamani. Yanayin Afirka ya fara canzawa sannu a hankali, ya zama bushewa, wanda ya haifar da raguwar gandun daji. Rabin rabin humanoid ya dace da sabon yanayin rayuwa a bayyane. Sakamakon yanayin zafi, tsoffin magabatan mutum, yafi fara motsawa a ƙafafunsu, wanda ya cece su daga zafin rana (yanki na baya ya fi girma fiye da rawanin kai). A sakamakon haka, wannan ya haifar da raguwa a cikin sauri, ta haka ne rage yawan shan ruwa.
- Ya san yadda ake amfani da abubuwan farko na aiki: sandunansu, duwatsu da sauransu,
- Kwakwalwa ya ninka na kwakwalwar mutum sau 3, amma ya fi girma fiye da kwakwalwar manyan birai na zamaninmu,
- An kwatanta shi da ƙarancin girma: 110-150 cm, kuma nauyin jikin zai iya zama daga kilo 20 zuwa 50,
- Kayan abinci da nama,
- ya samu abincinsa ta amfani da kayan aiki da kansa don wannan,
- tsammanin rayuwa shine shekaru 18-20.
Hoto 3 - Australopithecus
Mutum "gwani"
Mutum "gwani" zaune kusan miliyan 2-2.5 shekaru da suka gabata. Matsayinsa na mutuntaka yana da kusanci da mutum. Ya koma cikin madaidaiciyar matsayi, daga wannan sai ya sami sunansa na biyu - "mutum madaidaici-gaba." Habitat Afirka, har ma da wasu wurare a Asiya da Turai. A cikin Olduvai Gorge (Gabashin Afirka), an gano abubuwa daga ƙananan jujjujuwa kusa da ragowar "ƙwararrun" mutum. Wannan yana nuna cewa tsoffin magabatan mutum na wancan lokacin sun riga sun san yadda ake ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu sauƙi na aiki da farauta, da zaɓan albarkatun ƙasa don kera su. Wataƙila zuriya ce ta Australopithecus.
Siffofin mutumin "gwani":
- Girman kwakwalwa - 600 cm²,
- gaban kwanyar ya zama karami, yana ba da bangaren kwakwalwa,
- hakora basu da girma sosai, kamar Australopithecus,
- ya kasance masani
- footafa ta sami fili, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga kyakkyawar tafiya akan ƙafafun biyu,
- hannu ya sami ci gaba, ta yadda ikonsa na iya fa'ida ya karu, kuma karfin gwiwa yana ƙaruwa,
- dukda cewa larynx har yanzu bazai iya yin magana da magana ba, amma daga karshe kwakwalwar da aka kirkira hakan ta kasance.
Hoto 4 - Mutumin "gwani"
Homo erectus
Wani suna Erectus . Babu shakka an ɗauke shi wakilin mutane. Akwai miliyan 1 - 300 da suka wuce. Ya sami sunan ta daga canjin karshe zuwa tafiya kai tsaye.
Fasali na mutumin da ya kafa:
- yana da ikon yin magana da tunani tunani,
- Ya sami damar ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu aiki da ƙarfi daidai, don magance wuta. Akwai zaton cewa ɗaurarrun mutum zai iya yin wuta da kansa,
- bayyanar yayi kama da fasalin mutanen zamani. Koyaya, akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci: ganuwar kwanyar ta yi kauri sosai, ƙashin ƙasan gaban ƙasa yana da ƙasa kuma yana da matakan wuce gona da iri. Jawarfin wuƙaƙƙan ƙananan ya fi girma, kuma ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa kusan ba a iya gani,
- maza sun fi maza yawa,
- girma game da 150-180 cm, girman kwakwalwa ya karu zuwa 1100 cm³.
Hanyar rayuwar magabata madaidaici ta mutum ya ƙunshi farauta da tattara tsirrai masu cin abinci, berries, namomin kaza. Groupsungiyoyin zamantakewa sun kasance, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar magana. Wataƙila Neanderthal ɗan shekara 300 ya shude, amma wannan sigar ba ta da ƙaƙƙarfan hujja.
Dabbobin prehistoric da zuriyarsu na zamani
"Kuna da uba, yaya babba?" - in ji wannan ɗan yaron yana yiwa abokan nasa rauni. Da yawa daga cikin kananan dabbobi da ke rayuwa a yau za su iya faɗi daidai.Kakanninsu na nesa su ne manya-manyan dodanni, ainihin sarakunan shurawa da gandun daji na wancan lokacin. Misali, babban hadarin ruwa, wanda ya kai kusan 3.6 m da yin nauyi kimanin kilo 250, sune magabatan kananan tsuntsayen kiwi marasa cutarwa.
Anan akwai ƙarin dodanni biyar na baya da danginsu a yau.
Andrewsarchus (Andrewsarchus mongoliensis) wata babbar dabba ce mai ƙoshin dabbobi wacce ta rayu a tsakiyar Asiya a lokacin Tsakiyar - Yaƙuwar Eocene shekaru miliyan 45-36 da suka gabata. Andrewsarch - mafi girma dabbobi masu shayarwa wanda aka sani da ilimin kimiyya, suna da babban jaws. Kwanyarsa tana da matukar damuwa ainun game da kwanyar kwanciyar hankali, tsaffin zygomatic arke zasu iya ba da saurin cizo da ƙarfi. Tsawon jikin zai iya kaiwa mita 4 (ba tare da wutsiyar mita 1.5) ba, tsayi a kafadu - har zuwa mita 1.6, nauyi - fiye da tan. Andrewsarch yana da sauri sosai kuma yana da haɓaka kwakwalwa. Wataƙila ya kasance kusa da mazaunin garken garke, yana cin dako da kuma kananan dabbobi, amma da alama ba zai iya kai hari ga wasu mutane ba. Yana iya fitar da ƙananan masu farauta daga ganima (alal misali, mesonichid, wanda ya kai girman babban beyar).
Me ya faru:
Abinda ya rage mafi girman dabbobi masu shayarwa shine tumaki da awaki.
Entelodontidae (Entelodontidae) dabba ce mai ƙugu da tsari irin na Artiodactyl suborder-like. Ya wanzu a Oligocene (shekaru 33.9-23.03 miliyan da suka gabata). Lokacin manyan dabbobi sun haɗu da ƙwararrun masu tsoratarwa, entelodont shine kawai irin wannan dabba. Mafi girma daga cikinsu sun kai girman bijimin (tsayinsa game da mita 3.5, tsayinsa a ƙasansa ya kai mita 1.8, nauyi game da tan, tsawon kwanyar game da 75 cm): tare da haƙoran haƙora, waɗanda ke son cin gawar daskararru, entelodont ba abin da ya fi daɗi kasancewarsa lokacinsa. Foarfin kasusuwa na mafi yawan tarihin halitta ya bar mummunan rauni wanda zai cutar da danginsu kawai. Mafi yawancin lokuta, ana samun kasusuwa zygomatic kasusuwa, alamomin cizo, da raunin raunin kai - dabbobin dole sun sami waɗannan raunuka a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da dangi saboda abinci ko na mace.
Me ya faru:
Aladu na gida. Lokaci na gaba, yayin juyawa naman alade, tunani game da kakan-kaka na alade daga inda ake yin ta.
Megateria (Megatherium, daga wasu 'Girken dabbar' Girma) wani yanki ne mai cike da tarihi wanda ya wanzu a cikin Pliocene da Pleistocene daga shekaru miliyan 2 zuwa 8000 da suka gabata a yankin Kudu da kuma Arewacin Amurka. Megaterium wani babban yanki ne na ganye wanda ya wuce girman giwayen Afirka - ya kai mita 6 tsayi. Gwarzon yakan yi sama a ƙafafunsa na ƙarshe kuma a sakamakon hakan ya ninka biyu. Zai iya amfani da wutsiyarsa mai ƙarfi azaman ƙarin tallafi. Yana da manyan kusoshinsa a kan yatsu (har zuwa 17 cm), tare da su wannan babban dabbar zai iya tsoratar da kowa. Tsarin goshin megateria yayi daidai da na dabbobi masu shayarwa kuma ya tabbatar da saurin tasirin. Saboda haka, ana zaton cewa ya yi amfani da goshin gaban sa a cikin yaƙin.
4. Maraƙin saber-mai yatsun damis
Dabbobin marsupial saber-toothed Tiger, ko tilakosmil (Thylacosmilus), dabba ce mai laƙabi da ya rayu a Miocene a Kudancin Amurka. Sabre-toothed damisa har yanzu shine babban labarin labarin tsoro a cikin littattafan yara da finafinai game da lokutan prehistoric. Lallai, yana da wahala kar a ji tsoron jita mai santimita 18 santimita, mallakar wani mai karfin kilogram dari hudu. Tilacosmil ya kai girman jaguar, yana da dogon jiki, ƙafafu masu ƙarfi da iko mai ƙarfi, dogaye. Inesarancin can babba na girma a koyaushe, tare da manyan Tushen da ke shimfidawa zuwa yankin gaba. Duk da irin kamannin dake waje, tilakosmil ba dangi bane na saber-toothed damisa daga gidan cat.
Me ya faru.
Abin mamaki shi ne, shi ya juya ba damisa, kuma ba ma kuliyoyi. Abokin rayuwa mafi kusa da mai rauni shine babban abin mallaka.
5. Giant Hyenodon
Hyenodon (Neohyaenodon horridus - mummunan mummunan sabon mutumin) ya rayu a Arewacin Amurka (wani nau'in da ke kusa da shi ya rayu a Asiya) a Late Eocene da Oligocene (daga kusan shekaru 40 zuwa miliyan 20 da suka gabata). Manyan giwayen sunada girman doki, sunada manyan jaws kuma sukai nauyin tan. Waɗannan halittun cikakkun injunan kashe-kashe ne, suna motsawa cikin sauri, suna da halin kirki, kuma suka kai hari cikin manyan garken.
Me ya faru:
Little cute raccoons.
Pithecanthropus
Pithecanthropus - An dauke shi ɗayan tsohuwar magabatan mutum. Wannan daya ne daga cikin nau'ikan mutumin kirki. Mazaunin Halo: Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ya rayu shekaru 500-700 dubu da suka wuce. An gano ragowar "mutumin biri" a tsibirin Java. An ɗauka cewa shi ba asalin magabatan mutum bane na ɗan adam na yau, wataƙila ana iya ɗaukarsa "dan uwanmu".
Mutumin Neanderthal
Wakilin racean Adam, a baya an yi la'akari da matsayin ofan asalin "mai hankali". Wurin zama shine Turai da Arewacin Afirka sama da shekara dubu 100 da suka wuce. Lokacin rayuwar Neanderthal ya fadi ne kawai a lokacin kankara, bi da bi, a cikin yanayi mai zafi, sun bukaci kulawa da yin sutura da gina gidaje. Babban abinci shine nama. Ba ya cikin dangantakar kai tsaye ta mutum mai hankali, amma yana iya rayuwa sosai kusa da Cro-Magnons, waɗanda suka ba da gudummawar fahimtar juna. Wasu masana sunyi imanin cewa ana gwagwarmaya akai-akai tsakanin Neanderthals da Cro-Magnons, wanda ya haifar da rushewar Neanderthals. Ana zaton cewa dukkan jinsunan biyu suna farautar juna. Neanderthals yana da babban jiki, idan aka kwatanta shi da Cro-Magnons.
- Girman kwakwalwa - 1200-1600 cm³,
- tsawo - kimanin 150 cm
- saboda babban kwakwalwa, kwanyar tana da sifar da take da elongated. Gaskiya ne, kashin gaban goshi yayi ƙasa, ƙyanƙyagun sun kasance masu fadi, muƙamuƙin da kansa ya kasance babba. An ɗan yi sheka ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, kuma an rarrabe mai rarrabe mai ban sha'awa ta hanyar zubad da labari.
Hoto 6 - Neanderthal
Neanderthals ya jagoranci rayuwar al'adu: yayin rami, an gano kayan kida. Hakanan addini ya kasance, kamar yadda aka gabatar da bukukuwan sallah a wurin jana'izar 'yan uwansu kabilu. Akwai tabbaci cewa waɗannan tsoffin magabatan mutane suna da ilimin likita. Misali, sun san yadda ake warkar da karaya.
Cro-Magnon
Zuriyar kai tsaye ta "mutum" mai hankali. Akwai kusan shekaru 40 da suka wuce.
Siffofin Cro-Magnons:
- yana da mafi ci gaban bayyanar mutum. Abubuwa masu rarrabewa: gaban goshi mai tsayi daidai, rashi ƙirar gira, kyakkyawan zubin kyan gani,
- tsawo - 180 cm, amma nauyin jikin mutum yayi kasa da na Neanderthals,
- girman kwakwalwa ya kasance 1400-1900 cm³,
- ya bayyana karara
- la'akari da wanda ya kafa sel na farko na mutum,
- sun rayu cikin rukunin mutane 100, a don haka ne za a iya magana, kabilun kabilu, gina garuruwan farko,
- Ya kasance yana aiwatar da bukkoki, digouts, don amfani da wannan fatun dabbobi da suka mutu. Irƙirar tufafi, abubuwan gida da kayan aikin farauta,
- yasan noma
- ya tafi farauta da gungun wasu 'yan ƙabilar, suna bin dabbar da tuki dabbar da ke tarko. A tsawon lokaci, Na koyi yadda zan mallaki dabbobi,
- tana da al'adun gargajiya masu tasowa, waɗanda suke wanzu har ya zuwa yau a fagen zane-zanen dutse da zane-zane da aka yi da yumɓu,
- yin tsafi a lokacin binne dangi. Hakan ya biyo bayan cewa Cro-Magnons, kamar Neanderthals, sun yi imani da wata rayuwa daban bayan mutuwa,
Kimiyya bisa hukuma ta yi imani da cewa mutumin Cro-Magnon ne kai tsaye zuriyar mutanen zamani.
A cikin mafi dalla dalla, tsoffin magabata na mutum za a yi la’akari da waɗannan laccoci masu zuwa.
Matsayi na Phylogenetic
Halin ci gaba, tsarin yadda ake amfani da abubuwan motsa jiki, yin girma a lokacin balaga, da kuma wasu alamun alamun mayflies suna nuna kusancin su da bristles. Yin la'akari da peculiarities na wurin da jijiyoyin ƙwayar fika da kuma rashin iyawar fikafikan su ninka, wanda yake halayyar sauran wakilan kwari ne, wannan ƙungiya ana iya ɗauka ta kasance kusa da asalin kwari.
Halayen Adult
Siffofin halayyar mayflies sune guda uku (da wuya biyu) fikala fika wutsiya a ƙarshen ciki. Akwai nau'i biyu da fuka-fuki tare da ɗakin arziki, kuma na ƙarshen baya ya zama ya fi ƙasa da na farko, ko an rage shi gaba ɗaya. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na manya suna rayuwa daga sa'o'i da yawa zuwa kwanaki da yawa kuma ba sa cin abinci (hanjin mutanen da suka manyanta an katse su a iyakar tsakiyar da hanjin hancin ciki kuma suna cike da iska, kayan muƙamuƙi sun ragu)
Allosaurus
Tsarin Cool. Yana tunatar da sabon tsarin da aka girka daga shirin "Lokacin da Dinosaurs Roamed America".
Mongolonics
Farkon marigayi Eocene na Asiya. Mongolonyx robustus ya kashe Giracodont Forstercooperia (Forstercooperia).
Arshen bugun ci gaban mesonychidae (Mesonychidae) ya haifar da dodanni da dodanni cikin duniya, ɗayansu sune Mongolonyxes waɗanda suka rayu a ƙarshen Eocene na Asiya. A yau, an san nau'ikan halittu guda biyu: Mongolonix robustus (Mongolonyx robustus) kuma daga baya Mongolonix maxillary (Mongolonyx dolichognathus). Masu iya yiwuwa wadanda zasu iya shiga gaban Mongolonics sune Matsayi na Tsarin Mulki na Gabas ta Tsakiya (Mesonyx), wadanda sune huhun matsakaici na tsinkaye masu sauri. A ranar, tare da yaduwar gandun daji, savannahs da steppes, zuriya daga cikin mezzanines sun yawaita, da gwanayen dabbobi, masu kama da girman girman zaki, suka shiga fili.
Maimaitawa game da kwanyar da shugaban Mongolonyx dolichognathus.
Sunan da aka yi wa lakabi da Mongolonyx ya zama "kambin Mongolian."
Halittar an gano shi a sarari kuma yana da halaye da yawa na halayyar ƙwayoyin cuta. Don haka, daga Mesonyx ana rarrabe shi ta hanyar mafi mahimman ƙididdigar gaba ɗaya, P4 / 4 mai motsi, kazalika da ɗan kuzari da manyan motsi. Hakanan hakoran sa sun fi girma kuma sunada girma fiye da na Dissacus, Harpagolestes da mafi yawancin membobin dangi. Ba kamar Dissacus da Pachyaena ba, Mongolonyx ba shi da scingulum a saman hakora kuma ba ya nuna wata alama ta metaconid akan ƙananan trigonids molar. Wannan bambancin ya bambanta ne daga Synoplotherium, Mongolestes da Harpagolestes ta hanyar ƙananan ƙananan madaidaiciya tare da yanayin da ke da zurfi da kuma taƙaitaccen tsarin kulawa.
Guda biyu na Mongolonyx ya kama brothoteriid na Protitan (Protitan). A nesa, pantodonts na Eudinoceras watsa cikin tsoro.
Bambanci mai mahimmanci daga yawancin mesonichids (mai yiwuwa tare da banda Pachyaena) shine ƙananan canines na Mongolonyx suna kusanci da juna. Ba kamar Harpagolestes ba, rawanin da aka saƙa ba karamin lankwashewa yayi ba, kuma layin enamel-dentine ba arched. Bugu da kari, a p4, manyan abubuwan paraconid suna daidai da yarjejeniya, yayin da a Harpagolestes da Pachyaena, paraconid ya zama kusurwa tare da protoconid. Tewafin anteroposteriori paraconid m3 kuma ya bambanta Mongolonyx daga Harpagolestes. Wakilan nau'ikan sun bambanta da Mongolestes ta gaban m3 da raguwa na p1.
Mongolonics manyan dabbobi ne. Tsawon kwanyar su ta wuce 50 cm, wanda yake daidai yake da kwanyar Alaskan grizzly. Dangane da gwargwado na Mesonyx, wanda aka sani daga ƙari ko ƙarancin ƙoshin kasusuwa, ana iya ɗauka cewa waɗannan mesonychids sun kai kimanin 2.3 m a tsayi (ban da wutsiya) kuma fiye da 1 m a ƙ atƙasassu. Koyaya, ƙarin tambayoyi masu yawa ana tayar da su ba ta hanyar bayyanar ta waje ba, amma ta yanayin rayuwar da ake tunanin ta Mongolonics.
Mongolonyx robustus, wani nau'in halittar da ya gabata, yana da kwanyar santimita 52 a tsayin condylobasal (daga occipital condyles har zuwa gefen murfin kashi na intermaxillary). Ba a adana sashin sashin kwanyar har zuwa gawar, amma idan aka dawo da occiput da incisors, cikakken tsawonsa zai iya kasancewa har zuwa 60 cm Idan Mongolonix yana da ma'auni daidai da na tsohuwar gandun dajinsa na mesonix, tsayinsa a ƙasan zai iya zama kusan mita 1.3 - 1.4 . Kuma nauyin maharbin yana iya kaiwa 300 - 400 kg. Gabaɗaya, babban maƙiyi ne mai ƙarfin jaws. A cikin haɓaka kayan aiki na dentoalveolar, Mongolonics, kodayake mafi ƙaranci ga ainihin ƙwararrun masanan nan Harpagolestes da Mongolestes, amma ƙarfin haƙarƙarinsa ya isa ya ci ganima gaba ɗaya, yana fatattaka ko da ƙasusuwa masu yawa. Fauna na farkon marigayi Eocene, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin Mongolonyx robustus, ya kasance mazaunin brototeria (misali, Protitan), gyracodonts (misali, Forstercooperia), tapiroids na dangin Lofialette, alal misali-pantodonts Eudinoceras. Wadannan herbivores sun zama abinci ga Mongolonics. A kusan lokaci guda, mafi yawan adadin marasa galihu (ko ma ƙari) manyan ɗakunan dabbobi sun zauna a Asiya tare da su - wetasar Andrewsarchus, Honanodon macrodontus da Paratriisodon, sarkastodonians sun kafe a cikin gandun daji (S). Irin wannan kayan kwastomomi masu yawa, wataƙila, ba a tattara su ko'ina a kan ƙasa ɗaya ba har zuwa Pleistocene ta Arewacin Amurka.
A ƙarshen marigayi Eocene, Mongolonics sun ji rauni sosai - Mongolonyx dolichognathus ya rigaya ya kasance kashi 15-20 cikin ƙasa baya ga wanda ya gada. Mafi kyawun ganowa - ƙananan muƙamula ya kai kusan 35 cm, yayin da tsayin ƙananan muƙamuƙin M. robustus ya kasance 49 cm.
Yin hukunci da kayan da ke akwai, rawanin haƙoransu mai ƙarfi na ƙoshin haƙoran ba su da matsala a cikin lalacewa mai mahimmanci, ƙananan pre-Tushen suna daɗaɗa dan kadan, layin enamel-dentin ba shi da tsauri (rawanin madaukai na dabbobi na premolar na magabatansu suna hana ƙasusuwa zage-zage, da kuma kyakkyawan tsarin layin enamel-dentin yana nuna karuwar ƙarfin su hakora). Da farko kallo, irin wannan tsarin hakori baiyi kama da ya saba da kasusuwa da jijiyoyin jiki. Wannan abu ne da ba'a zata ba ga marigayi mesonichids, saboda mafi yawan ɓangaren da yake nuna ƙwarewar ƙwararrun ƙasusuwa. Ba lallai ba ne a faɗi, Mongolonyx ya yi fice sosai game da wannan batun zuwa farkon mambobi na rukuni kamar Mesonyx, duk da haka tsari ne na ƙanƙantar da ƙasa da irin waɗannan “kwararru” kamar Harpagolestes da Mongolestes.
A lokaci guda, haƙoran kunama na kunun Mongolonixes suna da yawa sosai (musamman a M. dolichognathus). An kafa tushen su a cikin sashinsu na sama, suna samar da dandamalin dentin a ƙarƙashin kambi, wanda zai iya taimakawa tsawan aikin haƙora bayan an kashe kambi. Wataƙila irin wannan tsarin haƙorin an yi niyya ne don tsayayya da sa tufafin kuma yana iya nuna tsayayyen abincin, musamman murƙushe ƙasusuwan gawawwaki. Sauran mesonichids wadanda suka ci abinci mai santsi ma basu da irin wannan karbuwa - Tushensu baya haɗuwa, amma an rarrabe kai tsaye ƙarƙashin kamshin haƙorin.
A gefe guda, canjin ƙananan ƙasashen na Mongolonixes suna ba da shaidar dacewa don daidaitawa da sifa mai ƙarfi, wanda kuma ana lura dashi a wasu ababen hawa (Sarkastodon, Megistotherium). Irin waɗannan ƙugiyoyi masu kusa suna ƙara ƙarfin cizo, a kan ƙa'idar tara tarin ƙarfi akan ƙaramin yanki. Ana iya ɗauka cewa waɗannan mafarautan sun sa ikon duka a cikin cizo guda, suna riƙe wanda aka azabtar da su sosai, kuma ba su ji masa rauni da yawa ba.
Abu na gaba mai ban sha'awa game da ilimin halittar jikin mutum na Mongolonics shine zagaye zagaye na tsarin aikin su. Haka kuma, kuna yin hukunci ta hanyar samfuran da suka ragu, rassan mandibular hagu da dama dama an haɗa su gaba ɗaya a cikin yankin na kulawa. Sakamakon haka, ƙananan kashin ya sami damar motsawa gaba ɗaya kyauta daga gefe zuwa gefe, yayin da gujewa karkatarwa a cikin abin juyayi (yana da ban sha'awa cewa an sake samun irin wannan damar a cikin wasu nau'ikan masu cin nama - romoonts na halittar Hyaenodon). Haka kuma abin ban sha'awa shi ne kasancewa a kan sararin sama mai cike da tsauraran jijiyoyin kasusuwa na musamman waɗanda ke ba da kariya ga hanyoyin ruwa na numfashi. Sun kyale magabatan kada su shayar da kansu lokacin da suke, lokacin farauta ko kuma don ciyarwa, suka kama manyan dabbobi a bakinsu. Don dalilai makamancin haka, ire-iren wadannan tsari sun samu ta kansu daban-daban a cikin wasu masu farauta (alal misali, dukkannin halittun iri daya ne).
Ganin abin da ke sama kuma yin la'akari da jinkirin, wanda yake mai yiwuwa ne ga irin waɗannan dabbobi masu yawa, ana iya ɗauka cewa Mongolonics galibi mafarauta ne na babban ganima. Babu shakka, wadanda abin ya shafa sunada yawaitar herbivores, misali brontoterias (musamman yara), gama gari ne a wancan lokacin. Babu shakka, Mongolonics sun sami damar jimrewa kawai ga babban wanda aka azabtar, amma kuma suna amfani da shi sosai.A lokaci guda, ya fi kusan yiwuwar cewa Mongolonics a wani lokaci ta cinye gawawwakin ko ta kama ganima daga masu rauni (ko kuma an yi jayayya da ƙarfi daidai - a daidai lokacin guda akwai manyan tsuntsayen Asiya).
Kiwo
Ficewar mayflies yawanci dabi'a ce mai girman gaske, yayin da mutum zai iya lura da yawaitar kwari, lokacin da haɗuwa ta maza ke faruwa. Jirgin sama na Mayfly ya ƙunshi maimaituwa sau ɗaya na haɗuwa. Da sauri suna fuka fukafukan su, sai suyi sama sama, sannan su daskare, kuma saboda babban fuka-fukan da fikafikansu suke, da dogon zare, idan suna shirin sauka, sai su gangara. Irin wannan "rawa" ana yin shi ne ta hanyar kwari a lokacin kiwo. Namiji, yana tashi sama ga mace, nan da nan cikin iska daga ƙasa yana ɗaukar maniyyin maniyyi zuwa buɗewa ta jima'i, wanda akwai guda biyu a cikin yuwuwar - dama da hagu. Bayan ma'aurata, mazan sun mutu, kuma mace suna sanya ƙwayayensu kai tsaye a cikin ruwa, ko dai a zaune a saman, ko (Baetis rhodani wasu kuma suna gangarawa karkashin ruwa ta tsirrai, bayan su kuma suna mutuwa. Wani lokacin samar da kwai (Cloon dipterum) .
A launi da kuma bayyanar da mayfly qwai bambanta sosai. Masololin su kuma baza su iya bayyanar da wasu sifofi na wasu halaye ba (a wasu nau'in, an sanya kwano a tsibi, wasu kuma sun warwatse). Qwai na iya ɗaukar jakar anchoring don gyara abubuwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa - zaren da nodules a ƙarshen.
Halayen Larvae
All mayfly larvae ci gaba cikin ruwa. Waɗannan 'yan asalin mazaunan rafukan koguna masu sauri. Ana samunsu cikin jikin ruwa mai tsafta. Ba kamar kwaro na tsofaffi ba, tsutsa yana da kayan ci gaba na bakin ƙwarya. A tsutsa na rayayye ci (yafi shuka tarkace). Ilimin halittar larvae yana da bambanci iri-iri, amma ga fasali da dama sun fice daga tsarin sauran kwari na ruwa. Mayfly larvae suna da dogon filayen wutsiya a ƙarshen ciki, kamar kwaro na manya. Zai iya zama biyu daga cikinsu (idan an rage zaren na tsakiya, kuma cerci ne kawai ke haɓaka). Amma mafi yawan lokuta akwai zaren wutsiya guda uku. Abubuwa 7 na farko na ciki suna ɗauke da ƙwayar cuta na tracheal (faranti ko faranti, galibi tare da jujjuyawar, ko kuma a cikin hanyar haɗaka hanyoyin da aka shimfiɗa daga ɓangarorin bangarorin shiga ciki wanda trachea ya shiga). A cikin larvae da suka ɓullo daga ƙwai, ƙwayoyin tracheal ba su nan. Lokaci na lardin yana shekaru 2-3. A wannan lokacin, tsutsa tsutsa sau da yawa (23 molts na Cloon dipterum ).
Lokaci na ƙarshe na nymphal, zubar, yana ba da farkon lokacin tunanin (subimago). Mutumin da ya fito daga fata na ƙarshe ya na da, sabanin manya, jiki da fuka-fukan da ke da ƙananan gashi kuma ba su iya haihuwa. Bayan ɗan lokaci (daga sa'o'i da yawa zuwa kwanaki da yawa), subimago sheds sake. A cikin molt na ƙarshe, mutumin da ya manyanta (jima'i) ya fita daga fata na subimago. A wata hanyar kwari ba, sai don mayflies, babu molting tseguni mutane.
Matsayin tsaro
An jera nau'ikan 3 a cikin Jeri na IUCN Red na Abubuwan da ke Fargaba, 1 a matsayin ƙarewa (EN) da 2 a matsayin ƙarewa (EX):
Acanthametropus pecatonica - wani nau'in mayuka daga dangin Acanthametropodidae, sanannu ne kawai daga larvae, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a gabashin Arewacin Amurka a saman gindin kogin Mississippi, a yammacin yankin babban Lakes. Wata kila jinsin bai riga ya mutu ba. Pentagenia robusta - wani nau'in mayuka masu lalacewa daga dangin Palingeniidae, wanda ke da matukar kyau ga kogin Ohio River (gabashin Arewacin Amurka). Wataƙila yana da ma'amala tare da nau'in jinsunan da ke yaduwa a tsakiyar Arewacin Amurka. Pentagenia vittigera . Tasmanophlebi lacuscoerulei - wani nau'in dabba mai haɗari mai lalacewa daga dangin Oniscigastridae, wani yanki na ƙarshen tafkin Kar Lake na Kosciuszko a kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya.