PECHORSKY COAL POOL - An samo shi ne a cikin Komi ACCP da Nenets mai ikon Okrug na Yankin Arkhangelsk na RSFSR. Yankin kusan 90,000 kilomita 2. Yana cikin yankin permafrost a cikin tundra da gandun daji-tundra.
Bayanai na farko game da kasancewar kwal a cikin kwandon ya kasance tun a shekarar 1828. A shekara ta 1919, mafarauci V. Ya. Popov ya nemi samin gawayin a cikin kwarin kogin Vorkuta. Juyin halitta, karkashin jagorancin A. A. Chernov, an gano yankin kwal na Pechora a cikin 1924, ma'adinan mai tun daga 1934. Adadin albarkatun ƙasa da albarkatu shine tan tan biliyan 265 (1986), wanda nauyinsa yakai tan biliyan 23.9 (daidaita 13.7 , takardar kashe kudi - ton biliyan 10.2). A cikin 70s. Aikin kasa da kasa na fadada yankin ginin kwal na Pechora zuwa kan iyakokin lardin Timan-Ural ("Big Pechora"). Yankin kwal na Pechora yana cikin sashin keɓaɓɓen yanki da kuma sassan ɓangarorin tebur na Ural. Thicknessaƙƙarfan adadin ajiya na carbonmirous na Permian yana ƙaruwa daga yamma zuwa gabas a cikin shugabanci na ƙwan daga 1 zuwa 7 km. An rarraba tsarin haɗin-baƙin ƙarfe (daga ƙasa zuwa sama) zuwa cikin Vorkuta (Lekvorkutskaya da Intinskaya suites) da Pechora (Seydinskaya da Talbeyskaya suites) jerin. An danganta Tsarin Lekvorkut ga ƙananan Permian, da Intinsky Suite da kuma Pechora Series ga Babban Permian. A cikin babban Lekvorkut, ana rarrabe fasalin Rudnitskaya da Ayachyagin.
Ana adana kayan adana abubuwa ta hanyar manyan maganganu marasa kyau (ɓacin rai): Kosyu-Rogovskaya da Korotaikhinsky, da kuma Verkhneadzvinsky, Kara bangarorin kananan fareti. Binciken Halmeryu, Yunyaginskoe, Vorkutinskoye, Vorgashorskoye, Intinskoye adibas akan reshen gabas na Korotaikhinskaya kuma a cikin sakandare (brachisynclines) a cikin tsakiyar ɓangaren ɓacin ran Kosyu-Rogovskaya; kararrawa. Babban sha'awar masana'antu sune adibas na ma'adinai da Tsarin Ba da Hauka. Rudnitskaya sub-samuwar ya ƙunshi har zuwa 10 nau'ikan aiki na tsari mai sauƙi, matsakaicin matsakaici (1.3-3.5 m) da na bakin ciki (0.5-1.2 m), wakilcin low-da-ash-12 (12-18%), low-sulfur ( har zuwa 1.0%), low-phosphorous (har zuwa 0.02%) coals tare da matsakaiciyar haɓaka. Waɗannan baƙin ƙarfe mafi inganci ne na kwal ɗin kwal na Pechora. A cikin babban littafin Intinsky, har zuwa 15 bakin ciki da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaitan matsakaitan tsararren tsari, akwai manyan ash (16-30%), mai tsami (1.5-4.0%) da kuma murhu mai-ƙarfi. A cikin jerin Pechora, fasalin kauri mai matsakaici, ƙaƙƙarfan iko (har zuwa 30 m), tsari mai rikitarwa, co-ash mai ƙarfi (20-40%), mai wuya ne a tattara. Baƙin gawakin humus ne, bandeji, da kuma kayan aikin ɗan adam wanda yafi wakilcin kashi 70-85% na microcomponents na ƙungiyar vitrinite. Abun da ake amfani da shi daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin fata (taswira). Coals na darajoji B da D (kashi 50-60%), a cikin tarawar ma'adinan babban shine ya kasance a haɓaka zh. Matsakaicin ƙididdigar alamu na samar da albarkatun ƙasa (%): daraja D (Intansky ajiya) - W r = 11.0, A d = 28.7, St d = 3.0, V daf = 39.0, Oni r = 18.1 MJ / kg, zh (Vorkutinsky) - W r = 5.0, A d = 14.8, Si d = 0.8, V def = 32.0, Oni r = 26,7 MJ / kg.
Talla
Ana aiwatar da hakar ma'adinan ƙasa, zurfin ci gaba a wurin ajiya na Vorkuta shine 300-900 m, Vorgashorskoye - 180-350 m, Intinskoye - 150-600 m.The ma'adinai da yanayin haɓaka na haɓaka suna da wahala saboda rikicewar gado, balaguro mai narkewa, babban methane abun ciki. Minene yana da haɗari ga ƙura da gas. Rashin karfin kwandunan kwal yana haɓaka tare da zurfin su daga 4 zuwa 33 m 3 / t. Matsakaicin matsakaici na shekara-shekara zuwa ma'adanan shine 70-800 m 3 / h, yawan aiki na motsi na ruwa shine 0.3-6.0 m 3 / t. Associationsungiyoyin samarwa sun gudanar da aikin haƙar ma'adinan ne ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin samarwa Vorkutaugol (ma'adanan ƙasa 13) da Intaugol (ma'adanan ƙasa 5), akasarinsu tare da dogayen layuka yayin yajin aiki. Yawan samar da ma'adinai yana daga tan miliyan 0.5 zuwa 4.8 a shekara. Mining 30 miliyan miliyan (1986). Cibiyar hakar ma'adanan sune Vorkuta da Inta. Babban masu cin abincin sune Cherepovets da Novolipetsk metallurgical shuke-shuke, Moscow Coro da Kaliningrad coke da gas gas da tsire-tsire Coke a Ukraine. Steam ci gaban ana amfani dashi ne don tsirrai masu amfani da wutar lantarki da bukatun gida. Hanyar jigilar kayayyaki don fitar da baƙin ƙarfe ita ce hanyar jirgin Vorkuta-Kotlas.
Kayan tanadi
Ma'adinai a cikin kogin Pechora suna da yawa. A cikin ajiya na Intinsky da Vorkutinsky, ana ajiye gadaje na murfin kwalliya. Kwatancen Yunyaginskoye da Vorgashorskoye suna da wadataccen arzikin kwalba. Masana sun kiyasta ajiyar wannan gangar ta dala biliyan 344.5. Idan muka yi magana game da nau'ikan daban-daban, to akwai tarin mai mai yawa, akwai masu daɗe da wuta.
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Gashinan wadannan adibas ya wadatar. A matsakaici, raunin ma'adinai yana faruwa ne a zurfin zurfin mita 470, amma a wasu wuraren ana samun su a matakin mita 900. Ana amfani da wannan dutsen ta hanyar ash ash na 4-6% da danshi mai 6-6%. Har ila yau, yana da babban darajar da adadin kuzari.
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Dutse mai hakar ma'adinai
A cikin kwandunan Pechora, ana hakar ma'adinai a cikin ma'adanai daban-daban a mahakar ƙasa. Wannan yana buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman. Tsarin karafa yana da rikitarwa ta yanayin zafi da ƙarancin yanayi. Kamar yadda ciwan ƙarfe ya kasance mai zurfi, yana buƙatar karin kuɗi zuwa nawa fiye da sauran adibas. Wannan yana bayanin babban farashin albarkatu.
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Gabaɗaya, yankin Pechora har yanzu yana ci gaba, kuma hakar ma'adinai yana ƙaruwa ne kawai. Yawan dutsen da aka haƙa sun isa don tallafawa yankin. Ba a hakar kwal ba a adadi mai yawa, saboda tasirin ya yi nesa da cibiyoyin masana'antu kuma yana da wahalar isar da shi ga wasu biranen. Saboda wannan, hakar albarkatu ke sauka a hankali kowace shekara.
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Kasuwancin Kaya
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami raguwar buƙatun mai don a kasuwannin duniya da na cikin gida. Misali, kusan dukkanin gidaje da wuraren amfani da wutar lantarki sun sauya zuwa wutar lantarki da iskar gas, saboda haka ba sa bukatar kwal.
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Dangane da siyar da mai, fitar da wannan kayan masarufi yana ƙaruwa ne kawai, saboda haka, hakar ma'adinai a cikin gandun Pechora ana jigilar su zuwa sassa daban-daban na duniya, ta teku da kuma ta jiragen ƙasa A cikin gida, akwai babban bukatar makamashi da kwalba mai haɗawa. Ingancin kayan masarufi suna buƙatuwa ta tsire-tsire da yawa na ƙarfe. Yankin tururi yana amfani da hadadden masana'antu.
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Yanayin muhalli
Kamar kowane rukunin masana'antu, hakar ma'adinan ƙasa tana cutar da yanayin. Da farko dai, akwai gurbataccen ruwa na yankin. A karo na biyu, za'a iya lura da ɓarnar ƙasa. Bugu da kari, barbashi masu lahani suna shiga cikin iska. Don rage mummunan tasirin ma'adinai, ana ɗaukar matakai na tsabtatawa don taimakawa yanayin yankin ya murmure. Don haka, matatar mai ta Pechora ta haɗu da haɓaka haɓakar ma'adinai, tattalin arziƙin da kuma amfani da albarkatun ƙasa.
Wuri
Matsayi na yanki na tafkin ba shine mafi fa'ida ba. Tana cikin Jamhuriyar Komi da Nenets Autonomous Okrug (wani yanki na yankin Arkhangelsk). Yawancin yankinsa yana gefen Arctic Circle, kusa da gangaren yamma na Polar Urals da Pai Khoi. Duk adibas na kwandunan kwal suna cikin aikin haɓaka mai ƙima da danshi.
Halayyar Pool
Samun gano daskararren mai ya zama tun a shekarar 1924, lokacin da aka hakar kwal a shekarar 1934. Rijiyar tan fiye da tan 344 biliyan, yankin ruwan yana da yankin kusan 90,000 kilomita 2. Coals na abun da ke ciki daban-daban - dutse mai nasara, akwai launin ruwan kasa da anthracite. Specialimar ta musamman na ajiyar baƙin ƙarfe shine kasancewar kasancewar ma'adinan.
- Vorkutinsky - an gabatar da makamashi da murhun itace,
- Vorgashorskoye - coals mai mahimmanci,
- Yunyaginskoe - mai kama iri,
- Intinsky - mai ƙarfin wuta.
Ana aiwatar da hakar ma'adinan ne ta hanyar Vorgashorskaya, Vorkutinskaya, Komsomolskaya, Zapolyarnaya mahakar ma'adinai da kayan aikin Yunyaginsky. Zurfin ma'adinai daga 150 zuwa 1100 m.
Hoto 1. Ma'adinan kwal a cikin ma'adanan, Vorkuta.
Babban matsalolin hakar ma'adinan karkashin kasa shine babban abun cikin methane a cikin kekunan, hadaddun tsarin samar da yad'auyoyi, motsin bututun mai, da bukatar matatun ruwa a koda yaushe daga mahakar ma'adinan, duk wannan yana kara kudin Pechora.
A tsakanin iyakokin ginin, ana bincika wuraren intanet 14 da keɓaɓɓun kayan kwalliya waɗanda suka dace don yin fashe-fashe.
Hoto 2. Coal mine, Vorkuta.
Masu Amfani
Ana samar da coals na pechora zuwa yankunan tattalin arzikin Yankin Arewa da Tsakiyar Turai.
A cikin ƙarfe, ana buƙatar coke don fashewar ƙarfe da baƙin ƙarfe. Ana bayar dashi ta wuraren samar da coke wanda aka haɗasu a cikin hadaddun ƙarfe. Babban masu siyan shine Cherepovets da Novolipetsk Metallurgical Combines.
Abubuwan makamashi na kwanduna ana sayo su ta hanyar tsirran wutar lantarki, wasu ke sayen su don bukatun kansu.
Ana ba da iskar wuta ga masu siyarwa ta hanyar Railway ta Arewa.
Hoto 3. Jigilar kwal
Matsalar muhalli
Matsalar muhalli sun zama ruwan dare gama kwandunan kwal - yawan tarin yawa, gurɓataccen iska daga turɓaɓɓun yumɓu a cikin wuraren da ake ɗora kwal da wuraren da ake ɗora kwal a cikin jiragen ƙasa, yin amfani da ruwa mai tsafta don samar da wadatar mai.
Tare da sabbin ma'adanan ƙasa da tsire-tsire masu sarrafawa, yawancin abubuwan da ba su da kyau za a iya rage ko kuma kawar da su, sai don ƙirƙirar tsibi. A cikin yanayin Arctic, maido da tsaunukan wucin gadi daga dutsen ɓataccen abu ba zai yiwu ba.
Me muka koya?
Mun koyi matsayin yanki na ginin Pechora, menene ma'adinai da ake haƙa a can. Daga halayen gandun Pechora, mun koyi menene hanyoyin ma'adanin, menene matsaloli ke tare da hanyar hakar ma'adanan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ana buƙatar kwal na pechora ta kamfanoni a cikin sassan Turai na ƙasar, inda kera ta hanyar dogo. Bayanin matsalolin matsalolin muhalli da yuwuwar shawo kan su an ba su.
Tarihin ci gaba
A. A. Chernov ya annabta kasancewar kwandunan kwal na Pechora A lokacin bazara na 1930, lokacin da suka hau kan Kogin Vorkuta, masanin ilmin halitta G. A. Chernov ya sami murhunan kaho, mai kalori mai yawa. Noman ma'adanan ke faruwa tun daga 1931.
A shekarar 1970, Ministan ilimin kimiya na ilimin kimiyya A. V. Sidorenko ya ba G. A. Chernov takardar difloma da lamba “Mai gano ajiyar kaya”. A cikin 2007, Vladimir V. Putin ya sanya hannu a kan bayar da lambar yabo ta G. A. Chernov the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, digiri na 4.
Haɗa bututun ƙasa da masana'antar sarrafawa an haɗa su cikin Vorkutaugol.
Halayen Pool
Ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kwal guda biyu: coking da anthracite. Tana cikin yankin tattalin arziƙin arewa, ɓangaren ɓangaren ta yana waje da yankin Arctic Circle. Wurin ajiyar bututun mai yakai kimanin tan biliyan 344.5, yankin yankuna kusan 90,000 km². Tsarin kauri har zuwa mita 1.5. Ana aiwatar da sufuri a kan dukkan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa na Arewa. Yanayin samar da abubuwa masu rikitarwa: tsari sag, lanƙwasa, hutu. A sakamakon haka, farashin mai ya yi yawa.
Hannun jari
Mafi yawa na ajiyar baƙin ƙarfe suna mai da hankali ne a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Intinsky (kwal ɗin ƙarfe), Vorkutinsky (haɗaɗɗen kwal da na dumama), Vorgashorskoye da Yunyaginsky (murhun ma'amala). Mafi yawan ma'adinan kwal an wadatar da su. An fara aiwatar da bunkasar kwandunan Pechora tun 1930.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, jimlar tanadin filayen ita tan tan 344.5 biliyan, ma'aunin ma'aunin nau'ikan A, B, C a masana'antar hada-hadar kwal da ta kasance sun kai tan miliyan 810, ajiyar mai (51%) da kuma dogon wutan (35.4%) sun mamaye.
Gabaɗaya, ma'aunin ma'aunin takaddun abubuwan masarufi na ma'adanan ƙasa a ma'adanan Vorkuta shine 40.3% ko tan miliyan 326.3. Daga cikin wadatar albarkatun, kashi na launin ruwan kasa shine kashi 33,2%, anthracite - 0.4%, kusan rabin baƙin ƙarfe mallakar alama ce ta D4.
Ramin kwal wanda ya dace da murhun shine kimanin tan biliyan 40.7, tan, kanan - tan 300.5 biliyan (wanda ya daidaita - tan tan biliyan 209.5). 51% na yawan albarkatun ƙasa na kwal suna kan yankin Gundumar Nenets ta ƙasa (kashi 70 cikin dari na yanayi ne). Mafi yawan adadin kuɗin da aka gano na kwandunan Pechora yana bakin ƙasar Jamhuriyar Komi.
Ma'adinan Coal
Ana aiwatar da haƙar ma'adinan ƙasa a cikin ma'adanan zurfin ƙasa mai zurfi, ƙarƙashin ƙasa, da farko a cikin Vorkuta.
Ci gaban adibas an aiwatar dashi a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na yanayin sanyi, tashin hankali na gado, haɗarin fashewar dutse, gas da fashewar ƙura.
Wadannan yanayin kwanciyar hankali suna ƙayyade babban farashin hakar da sarrafa kayan albarkatun ƙasa.
Babban hauhawar ma'adanan kwal a cikin kwandon Pechora, da kuma nesanta kansa daga manyan cibiyoyin masana'antu, ya yi matukar illa ga ci gaban ma'adanan yankin.
Tun daga shekarar 2011, girman samarwa da sarrafawa a mahakar ma'adinai da na Vorkuta ke ta fadi. A shekarar 2014, ana sa ran faduwar 15% idan aka kwatanta da bara. A cikin ma'adinan kwandunan akwai wani babban aiki mai yawan gaske - ya wuce matsakaiciyar masana'antar da kashi 25-30%. Koyaya, akwai ra'ayoyi game da shi ya fadi tun daga 2010 a Int da kuma tun daga 2014 a Vorkuta.
Kasuwannin siyarwa
Tun daga 2013, za a iya samo ra'ayoyi marasa kyau a cikin masana'antun masana'antar haƙo wuta na Rasha, dalilan da suka haifar da faduwar farashin karɓa a kasuwannin duniya da raguwar buƙatu a kasuwar cikin gida. Sakamakon gas na yankuna, buƙatun gawayi na gidaje da sabis na gama gari, an rage yawan amfani da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin ƙarfe, gami da yin la’akari da ƙaddamar da sabbin fasahohin samarwa da baƙin ƙarfe.
Kudin Jirgin Ruwa ne ta hanyar Jirgin Ruwa na Arewa.
Kasa da kasa
A lokaci guda, fitar da mai har yanzu yana ci gaba da girma. Musamman, a cikin 2013 ya kai tan miliyan 140, wanda ya karu da fiye da miliyan 8 idan aka kwatanta da 2012. Babu shakka, a yayin da ake fuskantar raguwar bukatun cikin gida na harkar kwal, gasa tsakanin kamfanonin hada-hadar hada-hadar kwal domin kasuwancin sayar da kayayyaki ke bunkasa.
Rashanci
Kasuwannin yankuna na kwandon shara da na tururi na kwandon Pechora, galibi suna nan a cikin macroregion, wanda ya haɗa da yankin Turai na Rasha da Urals. Don fitar da baƙin ƙarfe daga yankin, ana amfani da Railway na Arewa.
An kawo daskararre mai daga Pechora Coal Basin zuwa masana'antun Iprstal Group a yau.
Musamman, a Cherepovets Metallurgical Shuka, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novolipetsk Metallurgical Combines, Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Leningrad, a cikin Yankunan Yankin Ural, Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Black Earth, Nosta OJSC, Mechel OJSC, Moscow Coke da Gas Shuke.
Steam cibiyoyin yana ba da bukatun masu amfani da masana'antu na masana'antu na masana'antu da gidaje da sabis na tarayya na Komi Republic da sauran yankuna, ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda da masana'antar gandun daji ana ba su RAO UES na Rasha, RAO Railways na Rasha. Bukatar yankin tattalin arzikin Arewa gaba daya an rufe ta, kashi 45% na yankin Arewa maso Yamma da yankin Kaliningrad, sannan 20% ga yankuna Volga-Vyatka da Tsakiyar Chernozem.
Ganin yadda yankin ke kasuwar kasuwancin sayar da kwandon kwal ga Pechora, karin hanzarin aiki shine ƙara haɓaka mai a yankin Gundumar Tarayya ta Yammaci.
Karin hangen nesa na tafkin
Don daɗewa mai dorewa na kwandon Pechora da masana'antun haƙar kwal na Jamhuriyar Komi, za a fara shirye-shiryen aiwatar da sabbin hanyoyin adana baƙin ƙarfe da binciken ƙasa.
Kudaden inganta abubuwan amfani da safarar jigilar kwayoyi a gefen hanyoyin sufuri na Kuzbass-Northwest zasu buƙaci ruble biliyan 230. Hanyar warware matsalar ita ce ci gaba mai ɗorewa na kwandon Pechora a farashin jigilar maki da na tagulla.
Kasuwancin kamfanonin kwastam na Vorkuta suna tafiya daidai, suna yanke farashin kayayyaki, saboda a cikin shekaru ukun da suka gabata kwanshinsu yayi asara da kashi arba'in a kasuwa.
Wani ƙari na masana'antar Komi shine na zamani na samarwa, saka hannun jari a cikin ƙayyadaddun kadarori yana girma koyaushe, sabanin sauran yankuna na Rasha, kuma kawai a cikin ƙarshen 2013 wanda ya kusan kusan biliyan 8 biliyan.
Hakanan shirye-shiryen sun hada da karuwa a yawan samarwa, gami da haɓaka sabbin adibas. Wadanda suka fi yin fice a cikin Komi su ne Syryaginsky da Paemboyskoye - suna da niyyar samar da wadatattun abubuwa na baƙin ƙarfe a can, buƙatun da ke da tabbaci koyaushe, kuma ba kawai a cikin Rasha ba.
Halin ilimin tsirrai
Muhimmin abin da ake buƙata don jihar da kuma aiki da masana'antar kwal shine tabbatar da amincin muhalli, rage raunin ma'aikata da inganta yanayin aiki. Wadannan batutuwan suna da mahimmanci ga masana'antu gabaɗaya da kuma yankin Pechora, tunda ana hakar ma'adanan cikin ma'adanan ƙasa masu zurfi na gaskiya.
A kan yankin kwandon na Pechora, mawuyacin yanayin muhalli: sakamakon amfani da hanyoyin fasaha na zamani don hakar, sarrafawa da ƙona baƙin ƙarfe shine:
- plearɓar albarkatun ruwa a cikin kwari,
- take hakkin tsarin ruwa da ke karkashin ruwa da ruwan karkashin kasa, matsalar gurbata ruwa,
- ƙasƙanta ƙasa ta asalin ƙasa,
- hadaddun keta ƙasa,
- raguwa cikin abubuwan oxygen da karuwa a cikin nitrogen da carbon dioxide a cikin iska,
- bayyanar gas da cutarwa da ƙurar baƙin ƙarfe a cikin sararin samaniya.
Hadarin muhalli ya ci gaba bayan ambaliyar mahaka da ba a amfani da su ba.
Ayyukan da aka yi niyya don daidaita yanayin muhalli
Don inganta yanayin muhalli a yankin:
- M ruwa mai zurfi na kulawa da ruwa, ciki har da yin amfani da matattarar hydromechanical filtration da kuma hanyoyin kwantar da hankali.
- Yawan rage ruwan sha da amfani da bude kofa da fasahar ma'adanan cikin gida da na fadada.
- Ana amfani da metal na ma'adinin Coal ma'adinan albarkatun ƙasa da mai, haka kuma don samar da wutar lantarki.
Tsaron Ma'aiki da Lafiya
Workingungiya mai aiki musamman wadda gwamnatin Rasha ta kirkira don aiwatar da shawarwari don ƙara ƙimar dokar jihar a fagen amincin masana'antu da kariya ta ƙwadago, don inganta tsarin kiwon lafiya da ƙwararrun sana'a na kyautata rayuwar ma'aikata da kuma mutanen da abin ya shafa da hatsarori da cututtukan sana'a. A cikin masana'antar masana'antu na yankin, ana aiwatar da aikin haɗari na ƙwararru tare da la'akari da ƙwarewar.
Gabaɗaya, an yi niyya don cimma matsayin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba don tabbatar da amincin masana'antu nan da 2030, da kuma ƙin yin fasahar haɓakar mai da haɗari.
(Ba a tantance ba tukuna)
