Groupungiyar masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania sun yi gwaji sun tabbatar da cewa caterpillars ta amfani da abubuwan da ke cikin ƙwayoyinsu na iya hana kariyar shuka. Dawn Luthe da ɗalibanta sun lura cewa zuriyar maɓuɓɓen masarar ganye na masara (Spodoptera frugiperda) yawanci tara cikin sinuses tsakanin ganye da kuma na masara. A can, a iyakataccen wuri mai laima, dusar ƙanƙan ruwa ta zama ruwa kuma tana iya shiga cikin tsiron ta hanyar lalacewa da ke bar masaniyar yayin ciyarwa.

Masu binciken sun fitar da kayan kwandon shara sannan suka shafa shi a ganyen da ya lalace. Bayan haka, sun gano cewa a rana mai zuwa kwayoyin halittar da ke da alhakin samar da abubuwan da suke kare masara daga kwari masu cutarwa suna kashe a cikin ganyen ganye. Amma a lokaci guda, ana aiwatar da aikin kwayoyin halittar da ke sarrafa samar da abubuwan da aka tsara don yaƙar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta na kwayar cuta. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa acid din salicylic, wanda ke sarrafa kariya daga fungi da kwayoyin cuta, yana hana samar da sinadarin jasmonic, wani bangare mai mahimmanci na kariya daga kwari.

Yawanci, jasmonic acid yana fara tarawa a cikin ganyayyaki nan da nan bayan lalacewar mahaukatan, wanda ke haifar da haifar da abubuwan da ke sa ganye ɗanɗano mara dadi. Jasmonic acid shima yana taimakawa wajen warkar da lalacewa.

Masu binciken sun kwatanta yawan hadaddun da ke cikin salicylic da jasmonic acid a cikin ganyayyaki da aka bi da maganin, kuma sun gano cewa idan aka yi amfani da tsayin dutsen, mafi girman matakan salicylic acid da ƙananan jasmonic acid. Har ila yau, sun kwatanta yawan ci gaban da matafila ke cin ganyayyaki da aka bi da su tare da ɗamarar don lokuta daban-daban. Kuma sake, a kan waɗancan ganyayyaki waɗanda aka fallasa su daga ɗorawar da daɗewa, dodon ɗin ya yi saurin girma.

Har yanzu dai ba a san ainihin abin da ya ke faruwa ba daga cikin hadurran, da ke canza hanyoyin kariya daga tsirran. Dangane da Don Lute, wannan na iya zama wani nau'in furotin ko gungun furotin. Wataƙila a nan gaba, lokacin da za'a iya ƙaddara wannan abun, za'a iya amfani dashi azaman kashe-kashe. Abubuwan lura sun nuna cewa masara, a ƙarƙashin tasirin cirewar, ta fi dacewa ta iya yin amfani da kwayar ganyen ido - wata cuta da ke haifar da naman gwari Cochliobolus heterostrophus.

Ci gaba na yakin

Khrushchev, kamar yadda kuka sani, ya kasance mai sha'awar masara tun kafin ya zauna a kujerar Sakatare na farko na Babban Kwamitin CPSU. Zai yi wuya a faɗi tabbas lokacin da daidai wannan ƙaunar ta girma zuwa babban tsarin canje-canje na canji. A kowane hali, aikin masara ya fara kama da tsari na ainihi kawai lokacin da Nikita Sergeevich ya zama shugaban ƙasa.

An dauki shekara ta 1955 bisa ga matsayin farkon wannan kamfen. A wannan lokacin ne a taron Janairu na Babban Kwamitin CPSU, Khrushchev ya ba da rahoto inda ya tabbatar da fa'idar masara akan sauran albarkatu. Dangane da wannan rahoto, majalisar ta dauki wani kuduri - har ya zuwa 1960 don kara yawan noman masara zuwa kadada miliyan 28 (wanda ke nufin kara shi har sau 8) da yada wannan al'ada a duk yankuna na kasar.

An yanke hukuncin cikakken zaman na biyun. Koyaya, sabanin sha'awar jagorancin jagoranci, ƙirƙirar ɗumbin samfura ba suyi aiki ba. Ci gaban ci gaban noma gaba ɗaya, ya yi akasin haka, ya fara raguwa. A shekarar 1962 zuwa 1973, matsalar abinci ta addabi kasar gaba daya. Don shawo kan sa, gwamnati a karon farko bayan kawo karshen yakin an tilasta ta sayi hatsi a kasashen waje. Daga wannan lokacin har zuwa rushewarsa, USSR a kai a kai yakan sayi hatsi daga 'yan jari hujja.

Mene ne siket ɗin auduga

Auduga diba (lat.Helicoverpa armigera) - malam buɗe ido na ɗabi'ar ɗaba.

Tashi daga manya manya suka fara a + 18 ... +20 ºС. Lokacin bazara na malam buɗe ido na ƙarni na gaba sun mamaye, don za'a iya samun diƙar auduga har zuwa Oktoba-Nuwamba.

Aiki tare da maraice da daddare, yana ciyar da nectar.

Macizai na kwari mai fiɗa, waɗanda ke cin amfanin gona, suna haifar da lahani. An farmaki auduga, masara, tumatir, soya, gyada da sauransu. A cikin yankunan kudanci na Rasha, sikelin auduga ya zama kwaro na masara na biyu mafi mahimmanci.

Yankin rarraba ya hada da Kudancin Turai, Caucasus, Tsakiyar Asiya, da yankuna masu zafi da wurare masu rauni na duniya.

Yadda yake kallo da haɓaka

Girman girma na balagaggu na maza (manya) ya haɗu daga 10 zuwa 20 mm. Wingspan 30-40 mm. Fuskokin gaba suna da launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi tare da tabarau masu launin ja, ruwan hoda, launi mai launin shuɗi, tare da fuskoki masu duhu biyu masu duhu. Fuka-fashin hular suna da wuta, tare da ratsin launin ruwan kasa a gefen waje da maɓallin katako a tsakiyar. A cikin mata, launin fuka-fukan fi duhu fiye da na maza.

Yaro na zaune scoops kwana 20-40. A wannan lokacin, mata suna da lokacin kwanciya daga qwai 500 zuwa 1000.

Qwai ya kai diamita na 0.5-0.6 mm suna da sifa mai nau'in sifa. Launin yana canzawa daga fari zuwa launin kore yayin da yake haɓaka. An adana su ɗaya a lokaci guda, ƙasa da sau 2-3 akan ganye, an tsallake ɓangaren ɓangarorin kara, cob thread, panicles.

Tsawon lokacin tayi ne daga kwana biyu zuwa hudu a bazara, bazara da kaka, har zuwa kwanaki 12.

Larvae (matafila) ana fentin su a cikin koren haske, ko rawaya mai launin ja ko launin shuɗi kuma an rufe shi da ƙananan spikes. Tare da jiki suna da manyan layuka uku masu duhu. A gefe a ƙarƙashin spiracle rawaya mai rawaya.

Larvae yana haɓaka kwanaki 13-22 kuma ya wuce matakai 6 na girma. A ƙarshen su, caterpillars sun kai tsawon 35-40 mm.

Larvae pupate a cikin ƙasa a zurfin 4-10 cm ko a cikin kunnuwan masara. Pupa na launin ruwan kasa-launi 15-22 mm mai tsayi, a ƙarshen kunkuntar akwai matakai guda biyu a layi daya. Yana tasowa a cikin kwanaki 10-15.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Imago ya fito daga pupae sannan kuma sake zagayowar. A karkashin yanayin yanayin yanayin Krasnodar Territory, kwari ya girma a cikin ƙarni uku, a cikin Tervropol Territory - biyu.

Bayyanar cututtuka na rauni

A tsire-tsire waɗanda kannun auduga suka sauka a bayyane suke a bayyane daga tushen waɗanda ke da lafiya:

• ramuka mai zagaye ana iya kasancewa akan ganyayyaki na sama, tunda caterpillars suna ciyar da ganye mai laushi har saida aka bayyana,
• bindigar bakin zaren ta hade ko kuma aka lalata gaba daya,
• larvae shiga cikin cobs da gnaw hatsi,
• kwari ne sananne a kan cob.

Laifi

Laifin kai tsaye ana lalacewa ta hanyar larvae (matafila) na siket na auduga, cin hatsi mai hatsi.

Halakar filastik filawa na haifar da gurguntar pollination da kuma haifar da kunnuwa masu rauni.

Haramtattun cobs tare da kayayyakin sharar gida, lalacewar kyallen tsirrai na taimakawa ga kamuwa da masara tare da cututtukan fungal: fusarium da smut smut.

Kamuwa da amfanin gona tare da diro auduga yana rage yawan samfuran samfuran. Game da rarrabuwar rarraba kwaro, mutuwar shuka yana yiwuwa.

Hanyar gwagwarmaya

An yanke shawarar yanke hukunci game da bukatar yin aiki da tsarin tattalin arziki na lahanta cutarwa (EPV). Don tsayar da shi, ana amfani da tarkuna pheromone. A cikin filayen har 5 ha, an kafa tarkuna 3; a kan 10 ha, ƙarin ƙari ga kowane 5 ha.

Kama garin burodi 20 cikin kwana uku yana nuna yawan jama'a a cikin lardin EPV-5 a cikin tsirrai 100. Moreaukar sama da mutum 25 yana nuna alamun wucewar aikin halatta da buƙatar magance kwaro.

tunani. Thoƙarin tattalin arziƙin cutar cutarwa shine mafi ƙarancin adadin kwari wanda farashin gwagwarmaya zai biya kudin shiga daga amfanin gona da aka adana.

Don magance mayafin auduga akan masara, ana amfani da magunguna, hanyoyin ƙirar halitta, girke-girke na jama'a da dabarun aikin gona.

Chemical

Jiyya tare da magungunan kashe kwari suna bada shawarar a lokacin lokacin da ake jefa ƙwayoyin cuta.

A cikin lokacin bazara na taro na malam buɗe ido, ana kula da filayen da maganin chitin synthesis inhibitors - magunguna dangane da lufenuron. Magungunan "Match" yana cikin sunadarai masu guba na wannan aji.

Don sarrafa caterpillars, ana amfani da shirye-shiryen tuntuɓar dabarun shiga ciki. Irin wadannan kudade sun hada da:

1. «Fascord"Α-cypermethrin emulsion maida hankali ne. An shirya maganin aiki na kashi 0.05% daga mai da hankali. Yawan gudanawar ruwan mai aiki shine 200-400 l / ha. A lokacin girma, ba a yin amfani da jiyya sama da biyu. Lokacin jiran girbi ya kasance kwanaki 28.
2. "Decis Profi"-Garbuwar hadaddun kayan maye bisa ka'idodin deltamethrin. Ana aiwatar da yaduwa lokacin girma tare da yawan adadin 200-400 l / ha (0.05-0.07 kg abu mai bushe). Cutar kwaro na faruwa ne a cikin awa daya bayan jiyya. Aiwatar da magani 49 days kafin girbi kuma ba fiye da sau biyu a shekara.
3. "Karate Zeon"Shirye-shiryen dangane da λ-cygalotrin, ana samun su ta hanyar dakatar da microencapsulated. Yawan amfani da maganin shine 0.2-0.3 l / ha. Yawan kwararar mafita mai aiki shine 200-400 l / ha don feshin ƙasa, 25-30 l / ha don jirgin sama.
4. «Arrivo"-Emulsion dauke da cypermethrin a matsayin abu mai aiki. Yawan kwararar mai aiki shine 200-400 l / ha ko 0.32 l / ha na mai da hankali. Ana aiwatar da aiki ba tare da ƙarshe ba bayan kwanaki 20 kafin girbi.

Magungunan maganin kashe kwari suna da tasiri sosai a farkon matakan ci gaban caterpillars, har sai sun kai tsawon 1.5 cm. A wannan zamani, kwari har yanzu basu da tasirin cutar guba kuma basu da lokacin shiga cobs.

A lokacin bazara, tsararraki masu hade da auduga suka mamaye wuri, don a sami kwaro a cikin yawan jama'a a duk matakan ci gaba. Abin farin ciki, yawancin kwayoyi suna da rawar gani iri-iri kuma suna da tasiri a kan kwari a cikin dukkanin hanyoyin rayuwa, daga tsutsa zuwa imago.

Mahimmanci! Lokacin da aka fesa tare da kwari, sukan kama gefan amfanin gona na 20-30 m.

Kammalawa

Khrushchev ya ga babbar fa'idar masara ta yadda zai iya magance matsaloli biyu a lokaci daya: sake mamaye hatsi da samar da dabbobi da kayan abinci. Amma kamar yadda suka ce, za ku bi biyu tsuntsaye da dutse daya - ba za ku kama ɗaya ba. Sakamakon da babu makawa irin wannan siyasa da son rai ba kawai cire Nikita Sergeyevich daga mulki ba ne a shekarar 1964, har ma ya zama wani mummunan rauni ga harkar noma kasar, wanda daga nan ba za ta iya murmurewa ba har zuwa karshen kwanakin ta.

Idan kuna son labarin, sanya babban yatsan yatsa.

Kar ku manta raba kayan tare da abokai kuma ku bar maganganunku.

Domin kada ku rasa sakin sabon kayan, biyan kuɗi zuwa tashar.

Trichogram

Bayyanar farkon kuliyoyin a tarko suna nuna farkon fara kwan kwai, wanda ya kai kwanaki 22 cikin ƙarni ɗaya. A wannan lokacin, wani trichogram (kwaro daga asalin halittar asu) ya fara zama kan tsiro masara. Trichogram larvae parasitize a kan ƙwai na auduga diɓa.

An fitar da trichogram a cikin lokacin maganin tsofaffi don amfanin gona sau uku: a farkon kwanciya qwai tare da diba, sannan bayan kwanaki 5-6. Kowane lokaci, kwari dubu 60-80 a kowace hectare suna luguwa. Ana yin trichogram da safe ko a sa'o'i maraice a ƙasa da maki 50 a kowace kadada don rarraba uniform. Tabbatar cewa daidaitattun iyakar filayen.

Yin amfani da trichogram kan amfanin gona masara da 20% yana rage asarar amfanin gona daga kwari.

Gabrobracon

Gabrobracon yana da tasiri a kan caterpillars. Matar cikin kwayar mace ta sanya kwayayensu 50 har zuwa qwai. Dukansu a bayyane suke zaune da kuma caterpillars da suka shiga cikin cobs suna kamuwa. Wanda aka azabtar ya kasance da rai, amma ya rasa motsi da ikon cin abinci.

Adadin sakin shine mutum 600-2000 a kowace hectare sau biyu a bazara.

tunani. Ana haifar da mafi girman sakamako ta hanyar amfani da trichogram mai haɗari (a kan qwai) da gabrobracon (a kan caterpillars).

"Bitoxibacillin"

"Bitokisibacillin" yana dauke da kwayoyin Baccilius thuringiensis, da kuma metabolites din su: beta-exotoxin da delta-endotoxin. Bayan aiwatarwa, magani tare da ganye zai shiga cikin hanjin kwari. Makarfi ya rasa ikon ciyar da shi ya mutu a cikin kwanaki 3-5. Za'ayi yaduwa akan kowane ƙarni na ɗamarar auduga tare da tazara tsakanin kwanaki 7-8.

Yawan amfani shine kilogiram 2-4 a kowace kadada, yawan ruwan da yake aiki shine 200-400 l / ha. An shirya maganin a cikin adadin da za'a iya amfani dashi a cikin awanni uku. Ya kamata a aiwatar da aiki a zazzabi mara ƙarancin +8 ºС a bushe, yanayin kwanciyar hankali.

Za'a iya siyan kayan kwalliya da kuma bioinsecticides a rassan dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Cibiyar Noma ta Rasha.

Girke-girke jama'a

Ana amfani da hanyoyi na gari a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu. Irin waɗannan magunguna suna da tasiri tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.

Mafi shahararrun girke-girke sune:

1. Ctionaukar daɗaɗen itace. Zuba 1 kg na ciyawa tare da lita uku na ruwa da tafasa na mintina 15. Fesa da tsire-tsire sau biyu tare da tazara na 7 days.
2. Kayan tumatir. 3-4 kilogiram na tumatir an zuba ruwa lita 10 na ruwa kuma a dafa tsawon minti 30, sannan a tace. Don shirya ruwa mai aiki, ɗauki ɗayan broth a cikin sassa 3 na ruwa. Tsire tsire-tsire a kan kudi na 5 lita 10 a kowace m2.
3. Ruwan barkono mai zafi. 0.5auki 0.5 kilogiram na bushe ko 1 kilogiram na sabo da barkono mai ruwan zafi, ƙara 10 l na ruwa, tafasa don awa daya, nace a rana. Don fesawa, an tsabtace garin da ruwa a cikin rabo na 1: 8.
4. Jiko na tafarnuwa. Niƙa 2 cloves kuma nace a cikin 1 lita na ruwa don kwanaki 3-4. Don aiwatar da masara, jiko an narke shi da ruwa 1: 5.
5. Cire cakuda Kerosene. 400 g na sabulu mai wanki da aka yiwa rauni an murƙushe shi kuma a narkar da shi a cikin lita 1 na ruwan zãfi. 9 l na ruwa da ruwa 800 kerosene suna daɗaɗawa zuwa maganin. A sakamakon abun da ke ciki ana amfani da shi nan da nan.

Kayan fasahar Agrotechlete

Hadaddun matakan aikin gona don yakar sikirin auduga ya hada da:

1. Rage wuraren kiwo na kwari. Tun da malam buɗe ido ya sami damar farawa da ciyar da ciyayi a cikin kaka (rawanin, motar kebul, ragweed), faɗaɗa taswirar filin, huɗar ruwa da haɓaka ƙasashe masu wofi suna da mahimmanci.
2. Halakar hunturu karin kwari - cire harbe, lalata tarkacewar shuka, tono rayayyun hanyoyi, zurfin farashi tare da sauyawa daga samuwar zuwa zurfin 30 cm, kuma a cikin filayen cike da perennials - by 35 cm.
3. Noma da jeri-jere, wanda yake da muhimmanci musamman a lokacin ɗorewa na kwaro.
4. Halakar ciyawa.

Matakan hanawa

Don adana amfanin gona, ana shuka iri-iri da nau'ikan da ke saurin kamuwa da cutar kwaro.

Zai dace da kula da:

• mai sauki Yarovets 243 MV (silo shugabanci),
• Yubileiny mai layi uku-390 MV (hatsi),
• hatsi matasan Ladoga 250 MV.

Shuka cikin ingantaccen lokaci zai guje wa asarar hatsi mai yawa. Tsire-tsire za su sami lokaci don samun ƙarfi da girma kafin lokacin bazara mai girma da yaduwar ɗakin auduga.

Nasihun manoma da makiyaya tare da gwaninta

Bayan 'yan shawarwari daga gogaggen growers:

1. Shirya kananan kwalba na filastik a shafin kamar tarko, bait. Cika su da kayan maye (kvass, compote, molasses). A lokaci-lokaci a tsabtace tarkuna daga kwari kuma canza koto.
2. Shuka a kusa da layuka na masara mai ƙanshi na ganye wanda ke jan kwari: Basil, cilantro, marigolds.
3. Don jawo hankalin tsuntsayen da ke cin kwari, rataye a kan wurin ciyar.

Nasiha

Yawancin manoma da lambu suna son watsi da sarrafa amfanin gona tare da sunadarai, amma suna shakkar tasirin wakilan kwayar halitta. Wasu ma'aurata na nazarin halittu zasu taimaka wajen yanke shawara.

Bitrus, Rostov-on-Don:“Kowace shekara ina shuka masara. A wannan shekara, a kan shawarar da maƙwabta, Na yi kokarin aiwatar da plantings daga diba "Bitoxibacillin". Don rabin guga na ruwa Ina yada teaspoon guda na samfurin. An ɗauki lita 2 na bayani a kowace murabba'in ɗari ɗari. Bai yi aiki ba akan haƙƙarin burodi, amma macen ta ɓace bayan kwana uku. Daga cikin gazawar kamshi ne mara dadi sosai. "

Vyacheslav, Krasnodar Territory:“Trichogramma na da alaƙa da asirin, amma batun bai isa ba. Sannan mu maimaita taron. ”