Faranti na makamai ya ƙunshi ƙasusuwa da aka rufe da maganar jaraba (m belts da garkuwa suna haɗuwa da masana'anta na roba, wanda ke tabbatar da motsi gaba ɗayan, a farkon kallo, babban tsari.
Armadillo curled cikin cikakken ball
Tsarin gashin kansa yana tasowa ne akan ciki da kuma kan gabar gwal. A cikin nau'ikan halittu da yawa, gashin kansa yayi girma tsakanin silar dake bayan ta. Launin harsashi ya bambanta da ruwan hoda (musamman a cikin kananan dabbobi) zuwa launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka. Irin wannan garkuwar tana kare dabbar daga hannun maharbanta. Koyaya, akasin mashahurin imani, jinsin halittar mutum biyu ne kacal na armadillos (Tolypeutes) suke iya ninka ta a cikin matsanancin kwallon. Sauran suna da faranti da bel masu yawa na wannan.
Habitat da mazauninsu
Armadillos mazaunan fili ne (savannahs, rabin hamada), amma wasu suna zaune a cikin gandun daji, na iya gudu da sauri har ma tsalle. Kamar yadda mafaka suke amfani da burrows. Diggers suna da kyau kwarai da gaske. Kyakkyawan taimako lokacin rami rami shine huɗa huɗu ko biyar na yatsa tare da ƙaƙƙarfan iko, doguwa, mai ɗaukar hoto. Hannun kafa na yatsa biyar ne. Abin banmamaki, dabbar da aka rufe da makamai tana iyo da kyau, har ma tana yin nasara da manyan koguna. Armadillos na iya haɓaka ƙarancin jiki ta hanyar hadiye iska. Zasu iya kuma nutsewa - don haka, yakin tara-belted na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin ruwa na minti shida.
Armadillos suna da aure, kowannensu yana da wurin zama. Maza a alamance a sarari, kusan iri ɗaya ne kamar kare na gida ko cat. Da zarar wani dan armadillo wanda ke rayuwa a gidan dabbobi ya mutu saboda rashin ruwa: duk lokacin da ya gama tsabtace tantanin halitta, sai ya rikita shi.
Me armadillos ya ci?
Abincin armadillos ya haɗa da dabbobi da abinci iri iri, duk da cewa babban abincin shine tururuwa da filaye. Dabbobi suna buɗe shinge na kwari tare da kalamu, sa’annan su tattara ganima da dogayen harshe. Yawancin nau'ikan kusan suna da iko a ciki: suna farin ciki suna sha da invertebrates da ƙananan ƙananan hanyoyin (alal misali, lizards, rodents, tsuntsaye), 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, kuma basa ƙin ɗaukar kaya da sharar abinci.
Kiwo
Bambanci tsakanin dabbobi masu shayarwa shine haifuwar armadillos. Fasalin farko shine jinkirtawa ne a cikin ci gaban tayi, wanda zai iya kaiwa zuwa watanni biyu zuwa hudu (wani lokacin shekaru biyu). Wannan yana bawa mace damar “tsammani” lokacin haihuwar don kakar tare da yanayi mafi dacewa (abinci mai yawa, zazzabi mai dacewa). Siffa ta biyu ita ce cewa a cikin wasu nau'in (alal misali, armadillos tara-bel) wasu tagwaye ɗaya ne kawai aka haife su (a cikin wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, ciki har da mutane, wannan yana faruwa a matsayin keɓance musamman).
Yawan san ya na daga ɗaya zuwa huɗu, amma koyaushe ko dai mace ko namiji. Armadillos wanda aka haife shi riga yana da laushi mai laushi na launin ruwan hoda mai haske. A tsawon lokaci, yana ƙaruwa saboda haɓaka faranti kashi. Kusan babu abin da aka sani game da tsammanin rayuwar armadillos a cikin yanayi. A cikin bauta, sun rayu daga shekaru 4 zuwa 20.
Abokan Armadillo
Duk da kasancewar garkuwa, waɗannan dabbobin suna da maƙiyan halitta da yawa: yawancin jinsunan cat da canine, karnuka. Cats na gida da na karnuka na iya zama haɗari ga manya kuma musamman armadillos matasa. Hakanan mutane kan yi kama da wasu nau'in: mutanen karkara suna cin nama, kuma ana sayar da bawo a cikin yawon bude ido a matsayin abin tunawa. Yawancin armadillos sun lalace akan manyan hanyoyi. A ƙarshen karni na XX. yawansu ya ragu sosai, saboda haka an jera nau'ikan 12 a cikin Littafin Tarihi na Duniya, kuma lamellar da manyan armadillos suna fuskantar barazanar rugujewa.
Ta fuskar juyin halitta, armadillos, kamar sauran ƙungiyar xenartre, suke mataki na ƙarewa na hankali. Amma akwai guda banda - tara-belted battleship. Sama da karni na 20, wannan nau'in ya sanya 'yawon shakatawa' zuwa arewa, fiye da yadda aka tsara shi. A shekara ta 1880, armadillos ya rayu akan iyakar Amurka da Mexico, dan kadan a arewacin kogin Rio Grande. A shekarar 1905, suka shiga yankin yammacin jihar Texas ta Amurka. Tun daga wannan lokaci, kewayon ya ci gaba da fadada kuma ya ci Kansas da Missouri. Har yanzu dai ba a magance dalilan wannan fadada ba.
Zuwan armadillos
Za a iya tsammanin nasara a nan gaba daga waɗannan injunan yaƙi na ban mamaki. |
Dupuis de Lom, lokacin da yake kera jiragen ruwansa masu dauke da manyan bindigogi, ya dauki matsayin gwaji (1822) na janar na Faransa daga manyan bindigogin Pecsan.
Ana buƙatar gajeren kananan sikirin-alian kaliber, suna harbe harbe mai fashewa tare da cajin manyan fashewa daga manyan nesa a tashar jirgin ruwa. Ana buƙatar makamai na ƙarfe don ɓangarorin jiragen ruwa na soja a kan bama-bamai. |
Rashin sabon sahihan ra'ayin shine cewa ya zama dole a harba ba a cikin jiragen ruwan ba a kan hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita, amma a bangarorin tare da jirgin. Don irin wannan harbe-harben, A. Peksan ya haifar da bindigogi masu jefa boma-bomai a ciki wanda aka yi kauri a lokacin da yake bayar da karfi sosai, an cire makamin, an canza yanayin dakin don saukar da caji, kuma don saukakawa, an yi rugujewa. Gwaje-gwaje a Brest da Kronstadt a farkon 1830s sun nuna cewa wani bam da ya fashe a gefen jirgin ruwa na katako ya ba da dama tare da yankin da ya kai nisan murabba'in kilomita kuma ya nutsar da jirgin ruwa na katako tare da nisan 20-25 a nisan mil 500-1000. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1853, Admiral Nakhimov ya lalata jiragen ruwan Turkiyya a Sinop. A nan, a karo na farko, an gwada bindigogin bama-bamai a cikin yaƙi.
Amma game da makamai, sun manta da shi kusan shekaru 20. Wannan ya faru ne saboda Ministan Sojojin Faransa, Admiral Makot, da ya binciki akidar Peksan da kuma tabbatar da cewa makamin ya yi matukar tasiri, ya danganta sakamakon gwajin ta yadda idan za a yi yaki da Ingila ba zato ba tsammani zai iya jigilar jiragen ruwa. Ingila ta fara gwaje-gwaje da makamai a ƙarshen 1840s. Amma ya juya cewa nuclei, sokin murfin baƙin ƙarfe, ya ba da tarin abubuwa masu tarin yawa. Fitowar su da gefunan jagged gefuna suna mamakin mahalarta gwajin kuma a cikin rundunar motocin turanci akwai mummunan ra'ayi game da makamai. Amma a bayan gutsuttsuran, dan Birtaniya bai ga muhimman abubuwa guda biyu ba. Da fari dai, yajin aiki akan makamai na bakin ciki yakan raba bama-bamai, kuma na biyu, dan Birtaniyya bai kawo karshin kayan aikin makamai a kauri ba wanda babban karfinsa bai iya shiga ba.
Yakin farko tsakanin jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu ya faru ne a lokacin Yaƙin basasa na Amurka a Hampton Roadstead a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1862, tsakanin armadillos USS Monitor da CSS Virginia kuma bisa ga ƙa'ida ya ƙare a cikin zane.
Yakin farko na cikakken jiragen ruwa shine yakin Liss a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1866 (yanzu tsibirin Vis, Croatia) a lokacin Yaƙin Austro-Italiyanci na 1866-1867. Duk da fa'idodin fasaha na Italiasar Italiya, yaƙin ya ƙare cikin nasara ga Austrian, waɗanda suka yi amfani da dabarun tayar da hankali sosai.
Casemate Armadillos
Bindigar wannan nau'in jirgin ruwa an mai da hankali ne a wuri guda kuma mafi girman makamai yana kiyaye shi. Yakin farko na wannan nau'in shine Ingilishi Hms bellerophon.
Daga cikin duka takaddun yakin Rasha, Bellerophon zai yi kama da kare da zai iya shiga tashar jiragen ruwa na abokan gaba kuma ko dai ya lalata rundunar sojojin abokan gaba idan an rufe shi ko kuma fitar da shi zuwa teku. |
Barbet Armadillos
Barbet fr. banɗaki - Tsarin kariya a kusa da bindiga mai bindiga. A cikin 1873, an ƙaddamar da baturi na farko na soja "Bongorod".
A cikin 1875, an ƙaddamar da mataimakin Admiral Popov Barbet armadillo (tare da saka Kiev a 1874).
Ba mu da jiragen ruwa da za su iya motsawa cikin ruwa mara zurfi kuma a can can suna faɗa da jiragen yakin Rasha. "Popovka" "Mataimakin Admiral Popov" shi ne rukunin farko na sojojin ruwa a duniya, dauke da makamai 19 inch (356 mm) da bindigogi 40-ton (305 mm). |
Nau'in Armadillo Kwafi na Amiral yana da shinge mai shinge na 300 mm, barikin soja wanda ke kaiwa zuwa gare shi yana da makamai na 100 mm, kuma kundin ruwan yana da kariya ta hanyar kunkuntar bel na 550 mm a tsakiyar ƙwanƙwasa da 250 mm a cikin baka da tsananin.
Armadillos mai ruwa da tsaki
Jiragen yakin dauke da manyan bindigogi da ke bayan fallef. Jirgin ruwan farko na wannan nau'in shine Ingilishi Hms lalata.
A shekara ta 1869, kan aikin Popov a St. Petersburg, a tashar jirgin ruwa na tsibirin Galerny, an sa jirgin mai saukar ungulu mai suna “Cruiser”, an sake masa suna a 1872 “Peter the Great”.
Russia sun yi nasarar wuce mu duka biyu dangane da ikon yaƙi da jiragen ruwan da ke akwai, da kuma sabbin hanyoyin gini. “Peter Mai Girma” suna iya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Turanci da yardar kaina, saboda jirgin ruwa ne da ya fi kowane irin yaƙi namu yaƙi. |
Citadel Armadillos
Ka yi tunanin wani katako mai kwandishan ƙafa 110 ƙafa (mita 33.5) tsayi kuma tsawon 75 (23 mita), wanda ya hau ƙafa 10 (3 mita) saman ruwa kuma an ɗora shi da hasumiya biyu masu makamai biyu. Fahimtar cewa waɗannan bindigogin na iya harbi a baka a lokaci guda, a cikin bayan duka kuma duka biyun, kuma a cikin nau'i-nau'i - kowane lokaci akan sararin samaniya. Sanya ɓangaren ƙaramar ruwa na garin ɓauna tare da ƙwanƙwashi tare da rago a cikin baka da dunƙurori biyu da rudder a cikin bayan - kuma zaku sami hoton wannan jirgin. |
Juyin Halita na armadillos
Madadin karɓar wani nau'i na tsoffin tasoshin, za mu ga cewa mai saka idanu ba shi da kamarsu, kuma za mu iya cewa hakan ma gabaɗaya ce a gare su ta kowace fuska. Jirgin da zai tashi daga cikin iska mai yiwuwa ba zai yiwu ya kasance mai nisa daga ra'ayin gabaɗaya ba kamar yadda ake sa ido a ƙarƙashin ruwa wanda yake yankewa ko kuma nutsewa cikin raƙuman ruwa. Har ma yana lalata rarrabewa tsakanin ƙarfin jirgin ruwa mai ɗauke da bindiga 100 da batir mai riƙe da bindiga biyu. A wata kalma, mai lura da alamu alama ce ta sabon zamani a tarihin jihohi. |
Kowane jirgin ruwa da ke aiki a kan manyan tekuna ya kamata ya tashi sama da ruwan, ya kasance da wuta da kuma ɗaukar makamai masu inganci, wannan, a zahiri, ya kasance gwargwadon ƙetare, daidai kishiyar “Monitor”. |
Cooper Coles a shekara ta 1861 ya ba da shawarar wani madadin zuwa ga fadace-fadace da ke amfani da batir, yana ba da shawarar ajiye makamai a cikin hasumiya. Farkon jirgin ruwa HMS Yarima Albert mafi ƙarancin ingancin teku zuwa HMS Jarumi saboda motoci masu rauni, amma saurin nufin maƙasudin ya burge Admiralty, saboda haka an gina HMS Kyaftinamma a kan gwaji ya nutse. Edward Reed ya kuma ba da shawarar wani madadin ga yakin batir ta hanyar gina HMS Bellerophon a cikin 1865. E. Reed kuma ya tsara ƙirar batirin HMS Bala'i kuma ko da yake an sanya shi daga baya fiye da Rashanci "Peter Mai Girma", ya shiga sabis a baya. Nathaniel Barnaby, wanda ya maye gurbin Reed, ya gina yakin HMS citadel a 1876 M.
Jirgin ruwa na Rasha da Faransa sun fi son haɓaka yaƙin basbet. Mataimakin Admiral Popov ne ya fara aikin gina wadannan fadace-fadace, Faransawa suka dauko baton ta hanyar gina nau'in armadillo Kwafi na Amiral.
Jirgin ruwan Italiya mai saukar ungulu ya tafi na uku, inda suka kirkiro wani tsarin jirgi mai saukar ungulu ta hanyar gina jiragen ruwa nau'ikan Italia a cikin 1885. Don kare tekun, an haɓaka sojojin kare gabar teku. Gwanin ci gaban yaƙe-yaƙe shi ne rukunin rundunonin rundunoni, wanda ya zama rundunar rundunar mafiya ƙarfi. An kawo ƙarshen zamanin armadillos a cikin 1906 daga Ingilishi HMS Abin Damuwa kuma lokacin mummunan abu ya fara.
Maganin Armadillo
Yankunan yaƙi (waɗanda ake kira da tsoran rashin tsoro), waɗanda suka bayyana sakamakon ƙarin ƙarfafa ƙarfin bindigogi da ƙaruwa, ya zama magadan runduna. M armadillos mai sauƙi a cikin 1870s ya zama kan gaba na jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu. Jirgin ruwa na ƙarshe da hukuma ke kira armadillos (ita. Abincin? ), sun zama jiragen ruwan Jamus na nau'in "Deutschland" ("lesarukan aljihunan"), wanda a cikin 1940 aka sake suna masu diban jirgin ruwa masu nauyi.
Babban abubuwan da suka faru
Daga cikin abubuwanda suka faru na tarihi da tarihin sojan ruwa na kasar Rasha tare da halartar armadillos sune:
- A lokacin Yaƙin basasa na Amurka a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1862, yaƙi ya ɓarke a Hampton Raid tsakanin wanda ya kafa wannan rukunin USS Monitor da kuma makamin yaƙi na CSS Virginia. A bisa ƙa'idar, yaƙi ya ƙare a cikin Draw, kodayake kowane ɓangare sun bayyana wannan yaƙi nasara. "Masu ba da 'yan Kudu" sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun nutse jiragen ruwa biyu na abokan gaba kuma USS Monitor sun bar fagen fama, "' yan arewa" sun amsa cewa ba a ɗauke shingen ba, don haka ba a cimma burin ba. Amma masana sun ce makamin ya yi nasara.
- Yakin farko na jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu kusa da tsibirin Lissa Yuli 16, 1866 (yanzu tsibirin Vis, Croatia) a lokacin Yaƙin Austro-Italian na 1866-1867. A yayin wannan yaƙin, yakin batttali D d ltalia Yaƙin soja na Austriya ya girgiza kuma ya faɗi Erzherzog Ferdinand Max.