Darkananan kwari masu duhu, asali daga Indiya, sun gwammace su zauna inda yanayin yake da daɗi. Suna lalata kayan gona kuma suna haifar da hatsi a cikin shinkafa, suna lalata ainihin. Vilararrakin hatsi suna rayuwa sau da yawa a wuraren da ake adana hatsi da hatsi.
Iri kwari kwari
A cikin yanayin, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan kuzari 50,000 (giwaye). A cikin Rasha, 5,000 sun ɗauki tushe.Tojojin suna saboda asalin gaban kai ne, wanda ake kira cephalothorax.
Sunan nau'in ya faru bisa ga fifiko a abinci: itacen oho da rasberi, gwoza gwoza da kuma masu cin abincin fure, burodin shinkafa da sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, kwari suna bambanta tsayin proboscis, girman jiki da launi.
Abin da shinkafar shinkafa tayi kama
Girman kwari suna 2-3 mm. Kuna iya ganin bututun kai a gaba, yana kama da proboscis, wanda a ciki yake ɓoye maɓallin na'urar magana ta baki. Wadannan jaws weevils gnaw hatsi.
Launi na kwari na shinkafa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu ko launin ruwan kasa, ba tare da mai sheki ba. A baya, aibobi masu launin ja ko haske ja ana iya ganinsu. Rice weevil da dan uwan sito ana rarrabe su ta hanyar aibobi.
Weewararrun mata suna ƙanana, antennae suna kusanci da juna fiye da maza, kuma proboscis ya fi guntu. Maza sun bambanta a cikin ƙwayoyin elytra da kafafu masu lankwasa. Tsutsotsi suna sanye da fuka-fuki, don haka za su iya tashi.
Yaya rayuwarsu take
Vilwayoyin saƙar fata sune kwari masu ƙauna mai zafi waɗanda ke rayuwa kuma suna girma a zazzabi na 27-30, amma kada ku mutu tsawon kwanaki 4 idan sanyi ya faɗi zuwa digiri 5. Bugu da ƙari, sun fi son zafi na 70-90%, da hatsi - 10-17%.
Wadannan kwari marathon - wayoyin hannu kuma suna da ikon shawo kan nesa mai nisa. Suna ɓoye a cikin wurin da aka rufe, kuma idan ɓarna ta mutu, to sai ya yi kamar ya mutu, amma ba daɗewa ba - ya kwanta ya gudu.
"Ma'aikatan shinkafa", kamar masu gudu na marathon, suna da tsananin numfashi, sabili da haka, idan gas ta lalata shi, suna mutuwa kamar kwari.
Kwayoyin cuta a wannan lokacin hunturu a filin suna neman matattarar ruwa, ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko tsiro tare da hatsi don hunturu. Suna zaune wuri guda har sai abinci ya ƙare, sannan ya tashi ko kuma zuwa wani wuri mai gamsarwa.
Sitophilus oryzae L
Calandra oryzae L., Rice weevil sito
Coleoptera (Gwoza) - Coleoptera
Rice weevil - karamin irin ƙwaro tare da halayyar halayyar elongated a cikin rostrum. Canjin ya cika. Kwaro mai hatsi mai haɗari, yana samar da nau'in kamuwa da latent.
An yi imanin cewa wurin da aka kawo shinkafar ita ce Indiya, daga inda take, tare da shinkafa, ta bazu ko'ina cikin duniya. Kuma ya sami sunansa "shinkafa" dangane da gaskiyar cewa an fara bayyana shi da samfuran samfuran Linnaeus da aka gano a cikin shinkafa. A zahiri, yana haɓaka a cikin alkama mai laushi, da kuma a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin hatsi na hatsi.
Wuri ne mai keɓe masu rigakafi ga Mongolia, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary.
Danna hoto don faɗaɗawa
Me kukan shinkafa suke ci?
Ana kiranta "Rice" irin ƙwaro ne saboda an fara gano shi da Carl Linnaeus a cikin shinkafa. Baya ga wannan al'ada, weevil yana ƙaunar:
Amma yana ciyarwa ne kawai akan lalacewar, rigar da batters. Ya ƙi ya ba da 'ya'yan itatuwa da bushe, burodi da taliya.
Da farko, waɗannan kwari suna da tsire-tsire masu dicotyledonous, kuma suna sake dawo da kansu tare da sassan kore na shuka, fure, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da fure, kuma sun fi son nau'in shuka.
Ilimin halittar jiki
Imago. A waje, yana da matukar kama da sittin murhun, ya bambanta da shi ta hanyar ƙaramin abu da ƙananan rostrum. Irin ƙwaro 2.5 - 3.5 mm tsawo. Jiki yana launin ruwan kasa, mai laushi ko dan kadan mai haske, pronotum a cikin babban fossae, akan kowane elytra biyu m, fuka-fuki suna haɓaka, kuma ƙwaro irin ƙwaro yana da kyau.
Elytra densely ya lullube tare da nuna tsummoki, da kuma kunkuntar sarari a tsakankanin su ta hanyar gajeren layin dige. Hakanan an yi amfani da tsinkaye sosai cike da ɗigo-ɗigo sannan kuma a lokaci guda gabaɗaya, don haka a tsakiyar babu layi mai laushi mai lamuran kyauta daga waɗannan abubuwan, kamar sito murhun.
Dukkan matakan matakai na haɓaka (kwai, tsutsa, pupa) daidai suke da sifa da girma zuwa matakan da ya dace na sitacin murhun.
Larvae fari, mai tsayi 2.5-3 mm mai tsayi.
Dolls da fari fari, daga baya yellowing, har zuwa tsawon 2.75 mm.
Phenology na ci gaba (a cikin kwanaki)
Ci gaba
Imago. Tsawon rayuwar ƙwayoyin ƙwaro yana daga watanni 3 zuwa 6. Etazaman da suka rage na yin hunturu suna zaune har tsawon watanni 8; wuraren hunturu wurare ne na hatsi, gandunan ƙasa, manyan wuraren ɓoye da sauran wuraren da ba a rufe ba.
Ciyar katuwar huda ta fi kiba da sito, kuma har ya kai sittin 500. Hanyar kwanciya da dukkan cigaban ci gaba kamar yadda yake a cikin sito murji.
Abiotic dalilai. Rashin ƙwayoyin cuta yana da zafi, kuma ƙarancin yanayin zafi yana mutuwa a gare shi. A cikin yankuna na kudanci na Tarayyar Rasha a wannan shekarar tana haɓaka har zuwa 4, kuma a arewacin har zuwa ƙarni biyu.
Matsakaicin zafin jiki don ci gaba shine 28-30 ° C, kuma danshi hatsi 18%. A karkashin waɗannan yanayi, tsarin haɓaka aikin ya ɗauki kwanaki 23-25. Ci gaban ƙarni ɗaya a 21 - 25 ° C yana ɗaukar kwanaki 40, kuma a 14 -18 ° C ya ɗauki tsawon watanni 3.5 - 7.
A wani zazzabi na yanayi a kasa +13 ° C da kuma zafi na hatsi (alkama) a ƙasa 10%, haɓakar shinkafar ba ta faruwa.
Yankin yanki
Rarraba a kan dukkan nahiyoyi.
A Rasha da ƙasashen CIS an same shi galibi a cikin yankuna na kudanci.
A cikin mafi yankuna yankuna ana shigo da shi sau ɗaya daga kudu, amma yana haɓaka, a matsayin mai mulkin, kawai a cikin ɗakunan dumi. Koyaya, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wannan kwaro an samo shi sau da yawa fiye da sauran waƙoƙin huhun a cikin layin tsakiyar, inda ake shigo da shi daga kudu tare da iri, abinci da hatsi, da kuma inda aka ci nasara cikin nasara.
Malware
Rice weevil yana lalata hatsi shinkafa, alkama, hatsin rai, masara, sha'ir, gari, wake, hempseed, sha'ir gyada da kayan kwalliyar alkama, irin gero, gero da lemo.
Idan aka kwatanta da sito, huhun shinkafa ya fi cutarwa. Albarkatun hatsi a sakamakon ci gaban huhun shinkafa yana asara mai nauyi daga 35 zuwa 75%.
Sabanin sito da sauran nau'ikan weevils, shinkafa a cikin wurare masu ban sha'awa (Krasnodar, Tervropol Territories) zasu iya rayuwa a cikin shekara-shekara a filin, amma ba a wuraren budewa ba, amma a foci, reserves.
Manyan dabbobin sune tarkace na shuka daga shekara zuwa shekara akan tafiyar ruwa tare da kasancewar hatsi na amfanin gona iri daban daban. Rarraba shekara-shekara na sharar hatsi da ba a saba gani ba ya sanya kwalliya ta zauna a cikinsu na dogon lokaci. A yayin da kayan abinci a cikin barkewar ke karewa tun kafin a fara girbi ko kuma tsoffin iskar ruwa su daina wanzuwa, sai a bar su. A lokaci guda, suna yin jirgi mai yawa kafin su girbe hatsi na sabon amfanin gona.
Akwai sanannun lokuta na gurɓataccen hatsi a cikin filin daga nesa nesa da kusan kilomita 1.5 daga ɗakunan ajiya tare da ƙwayar cutar.
Sadu da kwaro
Cokalin huhun kwaro ne mai kwaro wanda girmansa na iya bambanta daga 23 zuwa 35 mm. Dukkanin kwari suna ba da launin ruwan kasa-baki ko duhu mai launin ruwan kasa mai santsi da sanye da bakin ciki. A kan m elytra na gluttonous weevils, wanda zai iya lura da wata biyu daga ja aibobi da kuma 'yan m nuna tsagi. Game da pronotum, suna kama da na elytra. Mugun barikin flyan iska yana tashi da ƙarfi - an sauƙaƙe wannan ta hanyar ingantattun fuskoki.
Qwai da parasites masu cutarwa suna da siffa mai launin lu'u-lu'u ko wani nau'in zane kuma ana fentin su cikin sautunan farin ciki tare da ɗanɗano launin toka mai haske. Don kare qwai daga lalacewa mai yiwuwa, mace daga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta tana yin ƙaramin ramuka a cikin tsirrai. Sannan ya ciccila ramuka da ƙananan kwanduna waɗanda suka ƙunshi sirrin kansu. Jimlar haihuwa ga kowace mace a wannan yanayin daga kwai dari biyu zuwa uku.
Kimanin kwanaki biyar zuwa goma sha hudu bayan kwanciya qwai, lardin da ke fama da yunwa ya fara bayyana. Accuratearin tabbatattun sharuɗɗan bayyanar su kai tsaye sun dogara da matakin ɗumi da zafin jiki na iska. A cikin mataki na larvae, parasites masu cutarwa suna nan har sati uku. Ci gaban larvae rayayye ciyar a kan shinkafa hatsi, wanda zama a matsayin ba kawai abinci a gare su, amma kuma amintaccen tsari. Ya yi karatunsu a can, kuma zuwa sauran kwana huɗu zuwa shida, ɓoyo suna cikin matakin ɗaliban.
Gabaɗaya, a cikin yanayin al'ada, duk weevils suna tafiya cikin zagayen ci gaban gaba ɗaya (ƙwai - larvae - pupae - kwari) a cikin kusan kwanaki talatin. Kuma tsadar rayuwar manya tana kan kwana dari daya da tamanin.
Baya ga shinkafa da sauran nau'ikan hatsi, ana iya samun huhun shinkafa a wasu samfurori, misali, a cikin taliya ko a cikin gari, da kuma a cikin 'ya'yan itace da aka bushe da kayan dafaffen burodi. Dukkanin ƙananan larvae da manya suna kusan cutar iri ɗaya. Gaskiya ne, a cikin amfanin gona na hatsi suna ƙoƙarin zaɓar ƙwallaye, rigar da lalatattun hatsi don cin abinci da ƙoshin kwai masu zuwa - duka hatsi da bushe basu da amfani sosai a gare su.
Sanannen abu ne cewa ana iya lura da kamuwa da cututtukan albarkatu a kowane mataki na ci gaban su. Weearfin ɓarna mai sauƙi na iya saukake su har ma a fagen daga, sannan kuma za su ci gaba da yin kiwo a cikin ajiya.
Amfanin gona da ya shafi yawan shinkafar sau da yawa yana asarar kashi 35 zuwa 75 cikin ɗari na nauyin amfanin gona.
Yadda ake yaqi
A matsayinka na mai mulki, domin magance shinkafar shinkafa, watsewar aerosol ko jiyya tare da shirye-shirye na musamman - ana aiwatar da waɗannan matakan ba kawai hana hare-hare sabbin kwari ba, har ma da kawar da waɗancan. Don jiyya jiyya, samfuran kamar Fufanon, Decis, Actellik, da Karbofos ko Karate cikakke ne. Ya kamata a sarrafa wuraren ajiya na amfanin gona tare da waɗannan kayan aikin a gaba ɗayansu, suna kashe kimanin 50 ml na maganin tsirar kowane yanki na murabba'in ƙasa.
Kuma domin ya sa hatsi su zama ƙasa da kyawawa ga kwari, dole ne su zama a hankali a hankali don tanadin na dogon lokaci. Har ya zuwa ƙarshen, suna bushe, suna ƙoƙarin cimma ƙididdigar danshi na 15% (don tsawan tsayi da yawa - a cikin 13 - 14%). Kuma lokacin da amfanin gona ya bushe sosai, dole ne a tsabtace da kowane irin ciyawar ƙazanta da duk tsaba masu lalacewa.
Cututtuka da cututtuka na shinkafa. Hanyar gwagwarmaya.
Rice abincin hatsi ne mai ban mamaki, tsohuwar al'ada a Duniya. A matsayin shuka wanda ke samar da hatsi mai mahimmanci, an san shinkafa sama da shekaru 10,000. Sunan 'yan halittar Oryza ya fito ne daga kalmar Sinanci ma'ana "hatsi mai kyau don abinci, abincin biredi na bil'adama." Tabbas, shinkafa itace ɗayan abincin abinci mai mahimmanci. Ganyayyaki na shinkafa ya ƙunshi yawancin carbohydrates, mai ƙanƙara a cikin furotin, mai da ash, yana da dandano mai kyau, yana da narkewa sosai, kuma shine mafi ƙoshin abinci a wasu albarkatun hatsi Sinadarin Rice ya ƙunshi babban adadin waɗannan mahimman acid kamar lysine, valine, methionine, saboda abin da jikin ɗan adam yake ɗorawa sosai. A halin yanzu, ana noman shinkafa a cikin kasashe 114 a wani yanki mai girman hekta miliyan 155. Manyan manoman shinkafa sune India da China. Tare suna samar da 62% na shinkafar Asiya da 57% na hatsi shinkafa na duniya. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa a duniya shine 2.5 t / ha.
Ga mazaunan Rasha, shinkafa ma abinci ne mai mahimmanci. An horar da kan yankin 182.9 dubu ha. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin Tarayyar Rasha shine 7 t / ha. A cikin adadin hatsi da aka cinye, rabonsa ya wuce 40%. A cikin 2016, an shuka shinkafa a kan yanki na 142, 4 dubu ha a yankin. Bayan an girbe, an samo amfanin gona mai rikodin - tan miliyan 1 da dubu 26.5.
Babban zafi yana jawo kwari da suka dace da rayuwa da haifuwa a cikin yanayi na musamman ga filayen shinkafa. Mafi yawan lokuta, takamaiman kwari masu ƙaunar danshi suna cutar da shinkafar. Irin su shinkafar shinkafa, sauro, leech, aphids da sauransu. Karin kwari sun lalata duka bangarorin ruwa da na karkashin ruwa.
Haɗu da wasu daga cikinsu.
- Rice weevil — Sitophilus oryzae L
- Oda: Coleoptera - Coleoptera
- Iyali: Abubuwa - Curculionidae
Ciyar huhun itace mummunar kwaro na amfanin gona na hatsi. Yana faruwa ne musamman a yankuna na kudanci. Suna ciyar da hatsi shinkafa, alkama, sha'ir, hatsin rai, da masara. Wannan nau'in kada a rikita shi da sitacin murhun. Rice yana da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu kuma yana yin ƙarin lalacewar amfanin gona. Kwaro suna tashi da kyau. Mace suna da yawan gaske, suna iya sa har ƙwai 600 a kowace kakar. Tsutsotsi suna cutar da cutar a mataki na larvae da manya, suna cin hatsi sosai. A cikin noman shinkafa, yana jan ƙasa mai laushi da tsaba masu kumbura. Haya cikin tsaba, sai murhun ya shiga cikin sito, inda yaci gaba da ciyarwa. Asarar amfanin gona zai iya zuwa 75%.
- Sauro na Rice — Endochironomus yana iya canzawa
- Umarni: Kwana biyu - Diptera
- Iyali: Sauro-karrarawa -Chironomidae
Sauro na kankara ya kware kan shinkafa. An rarraba shi a duk wuraren noman shinkafa. Yana da launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Matan suna da rai, suna kwanciya har zuwa qwai 100 a kowace kakar. Sauro na ci gaba da sauri. Matattara mai cutarwa shine larvae, wanda ke haɓaka ruwa da ciyar da ganyayyaki matasa da mai tushe. Mafi cutarwa yayin fitowar su zuwa motsa jiki. Ganyayyaki masu lalacewa sun juya launin rawaya kuma suka mutu, harbe matasa mutu. Tsararraki uku suna tasowa cikin shekara guda. Rarraba a cikin ciyayi.
- Mai shayarwa — Lema suvorovi jacobs
- Oda: Coleoptera - Coleoptera
- Iyali: Ganyayyen ƙwaro Chrysomelidae
Mai shayarwa Rice shine mafi yawan ƙwayoyin cuta. Rarraba a cikin Turai ta Rasha, Caucasus, Tsakiyar Asiya, Siberiya. Irin ƙwala tare da m shudi elytra. Matan sun sami damar sa har ƙwai 200 a kowace kakar. Larvae da kwari suna cutar. Ganyayyaki masu narkewa, suna lalata manyan wuraren noman shinkafa. Irin ƙwaro suna bayyana a farkon Afrilu, lalata ƙwayar cuta, haifar da muhimmin sashi daga cikinsu.
- Babban aphid — Schizaphis graminum
- Oda: Diptera - Hankalin
- Iyali: Aphids - Aphididae
Aphids kwari ne mai ban mamaki. A karkashin yanayin mummunan yanayin, yana iya samar da sabon ƙarni na larvae ba tare da aiwatar da hadi ba. Rarraba a cikin yankunan kudu na Rasha. Yana da launi mai haske koren launi. Larvae da balagagge kwari cuta, tsotsa ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga hatsi tsire-tsire, ciki har da shinkafa. Damage ganye curl, juya rawaya ya mutu. Mafi sauƙin yanayin shinkafa shine mafita zuwa bututu. Mafi yawan adadin aphids ana lura dasu a ƙarshen Yuni-Yuli. A cikin lokacin girma, shinkafa tana haɓaka har zuwa ƙarni 12.
- Yankin tudu ya tashi — Ephydra macellaria
- Umarni: Kwana biyu - Diptera
- Iyali: Gudu - Ephydridae
Fashin bakin teku shine takamaiman kwaro na shinkafa. Kwaro na manya yana da launi mai launin kore. Larvae fararen fata, launin rawaya. Rarraba a cikin yankin steppe na Rasha. Wafin yana faruwa kwanaki 2-3 bayan ambaliyar filayen. Mace tayi sama da ƙwai 100 a kowace kakar a kan ƙasa mai laushi da kuma tushen ɓangaren shinkafa. Larvae gnaw Tushen, hallaka matasa harbe da ganye. Musamman masu cutarwa sune larvae na ƙarni na farko, waɗanda suka fara ciyar da ƙarshen Mayu.
Kwaro | Tsarin tsiro | Matsalar tattalin arziki |
Rice weevil | seedlings | 1.5 - 2 beetles da 1 m 2 |
Sauro na Rice | seedlings | 1 tsutsa a kowace shuka |
Mai shayarwa | tillering seedlings | 3-5 gwoza ta 1 m 2 |
Babban aphid | harkisar | 10 - aphids 10 a kowace kara lokacin da ake sarrafa sama da 50% na tsirrai |
Yankin tudu ya tashi | seedlings | 35-40 larvae ta 1 m 2 |
Hakanan cututtukan hatsi na iya rage ingancin da adadin amfanin gona. Akwai nau'ikan cututtukan da yawa a cikin wannan al'ada. Yi la’akari da wanda aka saba.
Pyriculariosis
- Tushen maganin cutar shine Piricularia oryzae
- Class: Kayan Kwayoyi - Karafarini
- Oda: Gifomycetales - DanshiMacci
Cutar cutar shinkafa mafi haɗari. An rarraba shi a duk wuraren noman shinkafa. Rice pyriculariosis yana jagorantar TOP - 10 mafi yawan phytopathogenic fungi kuma yana daya daga cikin Sanadin yunwar a Asiya da Afirka. Naman gwari yana haɓaka tsirrai a rayuwa daga tsintsiyar da ke birbishin tarkace da ciyayi. Spores na fadowa a kan wata shuka a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau (ƙarancin zafin jiki da babban zafi) na iya yin tsiro a cikin awanni 3. Asarar amfanin gona na iya zuwa daga 15 zuwa 40%. Abubuwa uku na shinkafa pyriculariosis an san su: ganye, nodular da paniculate.
Fuskokin ganye yana bayyana akan ruwan ganye a cikin nau'i mai cike da launuka masu launin shuɗi tare da iyakar launin ruwan kasa a gefuna. Tare da shan kashi mai ƙarfi, ganyen ya bushe ya bushe, shuka ya mutu kafin a share.
Siffar nodular tana faruwa ne a yayin lokutan fure da kakin zuma da ke kumburi, suna samar da launin ruwan kasa a kan ƙananan hanji na tushe. A lokaci guda, nama na kumburi ya fara jujjuyawa, ya zama an rufe shi da wani abu mai launin toka, kara zai fashe.
Tsarin Paniculate yana shafar tushen jijiyar panicle, kwararar ruwa da abinci mai tsayawa suna tsayawa. Ganyen ya bushe ko ya ba ƙwayaya.
Fusarium
- Tushen maganin cutar shine Fusarium graminearum schwabe
- Class: Kayan Kwayoyi - Karafarini
- Oda: Tsabtacewa - DanshiMacci
An rarraba shi a duk wuraren noman shinkafa. Naman kaza overwinters a kan tsaba a cikin hanyar mycelium, a ragowar tsire-tsire - a cikin irin mycelium da sclerotia. Yanayin da ba'a dace dashi ba don cigaban naman gwari - zazzabi mai zafi da zafi fiye da 85%. Asarar amfanin gona shine kashi 10-15%. Cutar tana shafar tsiro, tsirrai da tsirrai. Roarshe ya juya launin rawaya, curl da bushe. A kan seedlings, tushen wuyan wuyansa, ganye ya juya launin rawaya ya mutu. A cikin tsofaffin tsirrai, nodes sun zama baki kuma sun zama ruɓaɓɓen, ɓataccen sutturu na faruwa, kuma an sami raguwar kwari. Tsaba suna da rauni, datti ko launin toka.
Alternariosis ko Man Zaitun Moza
- Tushen maganin cutar shine Alternaria tenuis Nees
- Class: Ascomycetes - Asmarkarsus
- Umarni: Pleospore - Abubuwan Tawada
Aka rarraba ko'ina. A causative jamiái da cutar ci gaba a kan tsaba da kuma marasa lafiya shuka tarkace a cikin irin mycelium da conidia. Cutar na haɓaka tare da ƙara zafi, iska da haɓakar ƙasa. A cikin shekarun rigar, asarar amfanin gona na iya zuwa 40%. Yawancin lokaci yana bayyana kanta a rabi na biyu na kakar girma. Yana shafar ganye, mai tushe, samarda matattarar mashin zaitun. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin kwari suna zama earthy. Godiya ga gubobi, ingancin hatsi yana taɓarɓarewa.
Helminthosporiosis
- Tushen maganin cutar shine Helminthosporium oryzae B. de Haan
- Class: Kayan Kwayoyi - Karafarini
- Umarni: Gyphomycetes - DanshiMacci
Cutar ta yadu sosai a Japan, China, Indiya, a 'yan shekarun nan ana ganin ta a Rasha. Naman gwari yana shafar dukkanin sassan jikin iska. Hanyoyin da ke da haɗari masu kamuwa da cuta sune ƙwayoyin cuta da tarkokin shuka. Otsan buɗe ido ya ɓoye da kayan rubutu a kan wuyan tushen. M aibobi-m-zaitun m bayyana a cikin ganyayyaki. Duffai masu duhu akan panicles. Rashin amfanin gona ya kai kashi 5-10.
Yin yaƙi da kwari da cututtuka a cikin shinkafa yana da wuya, amma zai yuwu.
A cikin yaƙar kwari da kwari na shinkafa, kamfanin Khimagromarketing ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da magunguna: Fostran, CE (dimethoate, 400 g / l) tare da gudummawar 1.0 - 1.5 l / ha, Nurimet ,ari, CE (chlorpyrifos, 500 g / l + cypermethrin, 50 g / l) tare da yawan amfani na 0.75 - 1.0 l / ha, Operkot Acro, KS (imidacloprid, 300 g / l + lambda-cygalotrin, 100 g / l) tare da yawan amfani na 0.05 - 0 , 1 l / ha. Spraying ne da za'ayi a lokacin girma.
A kan yawancin kewayon cututtuka a cikin shinkafa, kamfaninmu yana ba da kwayoyi masu kariya da sakamako mai warkewa. Fitar yayin da ake girma girma ana bada shawara don a aiwatar dashi tare da Dr. Krop, KS (carbendazim, 500 g / l) da Fitolekar, KS (flutriafol, 250 g / l) tare da adadin kuzari na 0.5 l / ha. A lokacin girma, a matakan haɓaka tutar - ganye da kuma farkon taken, ana ba da shawarar yin amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi Bizafon, SP (triadimefon, 250 g / kg) tare da yawan amfani na 0.25 - 0.4 kg / ha. A cikin yaƙar pyriculariosis a cikin shinkafa a cikin lokacin girma, ƙwararrun ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai ƙarancin ƙwayar cuta na Nurimet ,ari, SP (tebuconazole, 500 g / kg) zai taimaka. Adadin aikace-aikacen shine 0.25 - 0.4 kg / ha.
Don mafi kyawun ɗaukar ƙwayar magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar shinkafa, Kamfanin Chemagromarketing ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da sabon samfuri, ƙirar-silicone surfactant adjuvant Super KAP (polyester trisiloxane). Saboda kaddarorin “atomization” da “riko da” maganin da aka shafa, yana haɓaka tasirin magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta akan ƙwayoyin cuta mai haɗari.
Rice irin amfanin gona ne; ana buƙatar ruwa don noma shi. Super KAP yana aiki daidai a cikin yanayin danshi - yana ɗaukar danshi a cikin mintina 15, yana inganta gwagwarmaya da kwari da cututtuka na tsirrai. Super KAP samfurin ne da ake bukata don shinkafar girma!
Abin takaici, adjuvant ba magani bane na yau da kullun a cikin kasuwar maganin kashe ƙwayar cuta ta Rasha, kamar yadda mutane da yawa basu sami lokaci ba don samun sani. Dangane da wannan, Himagromarketing yana ba da gabatarwar samfuri na musamman a cikin tsarin kare amfanin gona!
Dogara gare mu kuma zamu taimaka wajen magance matsalar barazanar kamarku!
Bayanin shinkafar shinkafa
Kwaro da aka karɓi sunanta bai zama barata ba. Lokacin da yake bayyana misalan, masanin kimiyyar halitta Karl Linney ya gano murhun a cikin shinkafa, wanda ya ƙaddara nau'in kwaro. A zahiri, abincin irin ƙwaro ba ya iyakance ga shinkafa - ba ya ƙyamar buckwheat, alkama, sha'ir da sauran albarkatun hatsi kuma mai yiwuwa ana iya samun waɗannan samfuran.
Rice weevil
Fasali irin ƙwaro:
- Murhun shinkafa a cikin hoto ana iya bambanta shi da wata babbar rostrum da kuma launuka dabam dabam akan elytra.
- Girman manya ba su wuce 2.5-3 mm.
- Launin jikin mutum mai canzawa ne kuma yana iya zama daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa launin ruwan kasa. Gaba dayan baya an lullube su da dige waɗanda ke haifar da tsarin da ya dace.
- Rice weevil yana da kyakkyawan fuka-fukai, don haka yana nuna kwarewar tashi.
- An kawata bututun kai yana da kayan aiki na baka mai ƙarfi, wanda zai baka damar ƙwanƙwasa ƙwayar hatsi.
Irin ƙwaro son-zafi, saboda wanda aka lura da mafi yawan rarraba a yankuna na kudanci. Matsakaicin yanayin haɓaka shine 26-30 ° C kuma yanayin hatsi ya fito daga 15%.
Rice weevil yana da yawa a cikin abubuwa tare da sito weevil. Zaka iya bambance su ta hoto kawai a bango. Hakanan ana nuna halin kwaro da haɓaka ta ƙarancin ɗanɗano da cutarwa.
A cikin filin, kwari suna yin tururuwa a cikin hanyoyin rami, na ɓoye ɓarna, ƙarƙashin hatsi na hatsi. Idan akwai tushen abinci akai-akai, suna jagorantar rayuwa mai tsayi. Lokacin da kayan abinci suka ƙare, sai ɓarnar shinkafa tayi ƙaura kuma ta tashi zuwa filayen tare da sabon amfanin gona.
Fasali na haifuwar kwari
Wakilan nau'in nau'ikan shinkafar shinkafar ana saninsa da cikakken canji. Matar tana yin zubin hatsi a cikin hatsi kuma ta sanya ƙwai a ciki. An kiyasta yawan haihuwar mace daya ne a matakin 300-500. Bayan sanya ƙwai, ƙwaro irin ƙwaro yana rufe rami tare da rufin. Ci gaban amfrayo yana daga kwana shida zuwa shida.
Weevil Rice Weevils
Larvae jariri farare ne ba tare da wani tsari ba. Girman kananan dabbobi shine 2.5-3 mm kuma haɓakarsu ke ci gaba cikin hatsi. Larvae cinye dukkanin abubuwan gina jiki kuma bayan kwanaki 20-30, lokacin da suka sami wadataccen taro, sai su wuce zuwa matakin karatun. Da farko, pupae fararen fata ne, a ƙarshen lokacin da suke jujjuya launin rawaya.
Idan an lalata rauni a cikin shinkafa, to, kuɗin da ke ƙasa ya rasa daga 30 zuwa 70% na nauyin sa na asali.
Imago zaune sama da watanni 6. Cikakken tsarin zagayawa yana gudana daga kwanaki 25 zuwa 210. Abubuwan da ke tantance mutanen zamanin shine zafi da yawan zafin jiki. Idan zazzabi yana ƙasa da 12 ° C, haɓakar embryos da larvae na shinkafa weeret. Daga ƙarni 2 zuwa 4 na tasowa a kowace shekara.
Yadda za a rabu da kwari a gida
Kammalawar amfanin gona na faruwa a cikin filayen. Rashin ingantaccen hatsi a cikin ɗakunan ajiya yana ƙara matsalar da kwari da abinci tare da abinci suke shiga cikin ɗakin. Mafi yawan lokuta ana shuka ƙwayoyin shinkafa a cikin shinkafa, buckwheat, alkama, alkama, kayan burodi, Legumes na ganye, gari, 'ya'yan itaciyar. Rice weevils sauƙi gnaw ramuka a cikin jaka filastik kuma shiga duk kayayyakin.
Rice weevil
- Gano tushen asali da kuma kamuwa da cuta. Don yin wannan, yakamata a bincika duk hatsi, gari, taliya don tantance larvae, manya. Ya kamata a zubar da samfuran da aka gurbata nan da nan.
- Idan akwai shakku cewa kwari sun fara hatsi a cikin hatsi, amma ba zai yiwu a gano su ba yayin binciken gani, kuɗaɗa samfuran ko sanyaya su a cikin firiji. Andarancin zafi da ƙarancin zafi suna lalata abubuwa masu tsauri a duk matakan cigaba.
Don dalilai na hanawa, ana aiwatar da abubuwa da yawa:
- sarrafa kayan kafin ajiya,
- ajiya na hatsi, taliya a kwantena wanda aka sanye yake da abin rufe wuta,
- bincike na yau da kullun na samfurori
- ragin dabarun abinci na abinci,
- lokacin cinyewa na kayan dafa abinci.
Daga cikin magungunan mutane, tsire-tsire masu ƙamshin turare ana yawan ambata su. An ba da shawarar cewa a shimfiɗa rassan lavender a cikin kabad, da kuma tafarnuwa da aka toya a cikin kwandon ajiya.
Sanarwar kamuwa da cuta
Weean farin shinkafa mai launin shinkafa mai launin shuɗi ko launin shuɗi mai launin fari kuma yana da fari a launi tare da launin toka mai launin toka. Don adana kwan, ƙwakwalwar mace tana amfani da ƙaramin rami a cikin ƙwayar shuka ko kuma a cikin wani samfurin da ta huda. Yana toshe ramin tare da abin toshe kwalaba na musamman daga irin rufin da kansa ke dashi.
A matsakaici, mace lays 200-300 qwai.
Tsutsa yana bayyana bayan kwanaki 4-14, gwargwadon yanayin iska da kuma yanayin zafi. Lokaci na lardin yana kimanin makonni 3. Yayin haɓaka shi, tsutsa yana cin abinci, wanda shine mafakarsa. Pupation na faruwa anan. A wannan karon, kwaro ya zauna har tsawon kwanaki 4-6.
A sake zagayowar “kwai-larva-pupa-irin ƙwaro” a cikin shinkafa weevil yana a ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli na yau da kullun na kimanin kwanaki 30. Rayuwa da tsawon rai irin ƙwaro yana kan matsakaita kwanaki 100-180.
Damagearancin lalacewa
Duk da sunanta, shinvil shin zalunci ba kawai shinkafa ba, har ma da sauran albarkatu: sha'ir, hatsin rai, alkama, masara, ƙwaya hemp, buckwheat, wake, gero lu'u-lu'u, da sauransu. Hakanan, ana iya samun wannan kwayar cutar a cikin kayayyakin abinci: kayayyakin abinci na busassun, 'ya'yan itatuwa da aka bushe, gari da taliya.
Damagearancin lalacewa yana haifar da kwari biyu da larvae. A cikin hatsi, suna zaɓar ƙwayau masu laushi, danshi da bugi domin cin abinci da ƙwai ƙwai, domin ba za su iya ci da bushewa baki ɗaya. Kamuwa da cuta ta ƙwayoyin cuta na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci na ci gaba. Saboda iyawar tashi, wannan kwaro zai iya mamayewa kuma ya lalata amfanin gona har ma a gona, bayan haka, tare da amfanin gonar da aka girbe, ya ci gaba da zama da kuma kiwo.
Cire weevil, da bambanci da sito weevil, na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewar amfanin gona. Sakamakon kamuwa da cuta tare da wannan kwaro, amfanin gona sun rasa 35-75 na jimlar nauyin amfanin gona. Wannan nau'in murwa a wasu yankuna na iya rayuwa shekara-shekara. A Rasha a kowane lokaci na shekara za su iya ɓoyewa a cikin mafakarsu a kan filayen Stavropol da Krasnodar Territories.
Hanyar gwagwarmaya
A cikin ƙasarmu, ana amfani da hanyoyin don magance wannan kwaro ya danganta da yanayin yanayin yanayin zafi. Saboda haka, a duk yankuna, ana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na rigakafin da lalata shinkafar shinkafa. Babban ma'aunin shine yawan zafin jiki na yau da kullun yayin girbin amfanin gona. Don haka, fannoni uku na canjin yanayi an rarrabe su:
- Zazzabi sama bai wuce digiri 16 ba. Yankunan da ke ƙasa suna cikin wannan yanki: Arewa, Tsakiya, Arewa maso yamma, Yammacin Siberian, Ural, Volga-Vyatka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Yankin Tsakiyar Duniya (Yankin Tambov), Yankin Volga (Jamhuriyar Tatarstan, Yankin Penza, Samara da Ulyanovsk Yankuna) da kuma gabashin Gabas.
Yanayin iska a lokacin girbi yana a kan matsakaita 16-20. Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da yankunan Kurgan da Orenburg da aka haɗa a cikin yankin Ural da duk yankuna na yankin Black Black Central, ban da yankin Tambov. - Yanayin iska ya tashi zuwa digiri 23. Wannan rukunin ya hada da Jamhuriyar Kalmykia, Astrakhan da Volgograd yankuna.
- Ka'idojin yaƙi da ƙwayar shinkafa iri ɗaya ne a duk yankuna. An kasu kashi biyu cikin ayyukan kariya da lalacewa.
Carrot tashi yana son irin wannan karas kamar "Chanson", "Nantes", "Carrot". Za ku sami sauran bayanai masu ban sha'awa game da wannan kwaro a https://stopvreditel.ru/rastenij/selxoz/morkovnaja-muha.html.
Yadda ake yin kiwo
Rice weevils sune kwari kwari. A cikin yanayi mai kyau, 2-6 sababbin tsararran ƙwaro suna fitowa a cikin watanni 12, saboda ci gaba yana ɗaukar watanni 1-3.
Don sa kwan kwai, mace ta tona rami a hatsi, sai a rufe shi da kayan da aka keɓe. Bayan makonni 1-1.5, wani tsutsa zai fito daga kwan, wanda ke narkewa cikin ayoyin. Wasu lokuta ƙwai suna dage farawa a garesu na hatsi, sai gashi 2 babu ƙwari, fari ƙwaya-rawaya yana zaune a ciki.
Makonni 3-4, tsutsa yana ciyar da abinda ke ciki na hatsi, yana cin rabin, sannan ɗalibai. Atsungiyoyi a cikin wannan lokacin sun zama wuta ta hanyar 30-70%. Bayan makonni 1-1.5, wani irin ƙwaro irin ya bar dako, wanda rayuwarsa zata kai tsawon watanni 6.
Tsaftacewa aiki, gyara daki
Rigar jiyya tare da shirye-shirye na musamman ko watsa ruwa don hana bayyanar shinkafar ko lalata waɗancan. Ana yin sarrafa ciyayi ta amfani da injin motsi ko knapsack sprayer da maganin sinadarai (karate, CE, karbofos, actellik, decis, fufanon). Aiwatarwa duk abubuwa ne na jigon gwaji na nan gaba. Na 1 square. mita cinye kusan 50 ml. mafita.
Hakanan ya kamata a shirya hatsi don ajiya na dogon lokaci.. Don yin wannan, an bushe, yana cim ma mahimmancin zafi na 15%, kuma don ajiyar mafi tsayi - 13-14%. Bayan an bushe amfanin gona, an tsabtace shi da lalatattun ciyawa da ƙazamar ciyawa iri iri.
Kafin sanya hatsi a cikin shagon tare da taimakon mai saƙo, suma suna aiwatar da yankuna kusa da shagon. Ana amfani da maganin daidai kamar don aiki na ciki na ɗakin, amma adadinsa yana ƙaruwa sau 2.
A cikin yankin farko na yanayi, don hana haɓakar kwari da aka tara hatsi ya sanyaya zuwa ƙananan ƙarar zazzabi.
Bangare na biyu kuma yana biye da hanyar sanyaya hatsi, amma ban da ita yana ɗaukar aikin amfanin gona tare da maganin ƙwayoyin cuta.
A cikin yanki na uku, akasin haka, babban dabarar shine amfani da maganin hana ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ana amfani da hanyar zafin jiki bugu da inari ko kaka.
Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa lokacin aiwatar da matakan kula da kwaro ya zama dole a bi shi ta hanyar umarni na musamman da ƙa'idodi da jihar ta shimfida.
Matakan hanyoyin kariya
- Shiri Tsaro kafin yarda da sanya hatsi don ajiya: tsaftacewa da watsawa mai zuwa ta hanyar rigar ko kula da iska, cikakken nazarin duka abubuwa don gurɓata.
- Tsarin hatsi: bushe hatsi zuwa yanayin bushewa ko matsakaici, tsaftace ciyawa da ƙwaya, ƙarar matsakaicin zafin hatsi, yayyafawa da maganin ƙwayar cuta na hatsi.
- Ikon kamuwa da cuta Ya kamata a aiwatar da kwari da kujeru akai-akai.
Matakan sarrafawa
Don gano kwari a cikin lokaci, yana da daraja yin duba a cikin dafa abinci sau da yawa. Abubuwan da ke kamuwa da cutar an watsar da su, kuma ana sarrafa waɗanda ake zargi da murhu a cikin tanda a digiri 50 ko kuma a daskarar su na tsawon awa 1 a cikin injin daskarewa.
A cikin kabad da shelves, an cire ƙura. Ganyen hatsi da aka sayo ana keɓantasu kuma a ajiye su a cikin kwantena, kuma ba cikin fakiti ba.
Magungunan Anti Rice na Chemically
Ana kula da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire har sai an girbe, ko wuraren ajiya. Karka yi amfani da gida.
Rigar jiyya tare da maganin kashe kwari yana bada shawarar:
Daga cikin magungunan mutane, suna amfani da maganin sabulu don kwantena kwantena da wuraren adanawa, da sarrafa su tare da maganin vinegar.
Kamshin shinkafan shinkafa zai tsoratar da kamshin tafarnuwa ko lemo mai zaki, lavender ko albasa, mint ko ganyen bayyade da ke yada abinci. Ana zubar da barkono ja mai bushe a cikin gwangwani na Peas, kuma yanki na ƙarfe na waya yana da amfani a cikin jaka na groats.
Matakan hanawa
Don rage haɗarin ƙwayar huji a cikin gidan, ana bada shawara:
- Lokacin adana samfurori, tsari na gaba,
- Zuba hatsi, taliya, 'ya'yan itatuwa da aka bushe daga jaka filastik a cikin jita-jita da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya,
- Bincika samfuran mafi yawan lokuta, a lokacin bazara 1 lokaci a cikin kwanaki 14-15,
- Kada ku sayi hatsi "a ajiye" kuma kada ku adana har tsawon watanni 4,
- Kada ku bar abinci a rana,
- Yi tsabtatawa na yau da kullun tare da lalata a cikin dafa abinci.
Measuresididdigar matakai masu sauƙi da kuma ikon gane kwaro ta hanyar bayyanar zai kare samar da abinci na gida da kuma kiyaye lafiyar iyali.