Abubuwan ban mamaki na tsuntsu * Dabbobi

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A halin yanzu, tsuntsaye sun fara jawo hankalin musamman akan masana ilimin dabbobi. Wannan shi ne saboda da ɗanɗanar da aka gano kwanan nan iyawar tsuntsayen ba kawai don ƙwarewar yanayin yanayin rayuwa ba, don koyo, har ma don aiki mai hankali. Haka kuma, ana nuna irin wannan halayen tsuntsu a cikin mazauninsu na asali da kuma yanayin yanayin gwajin.

A karshe, son zuciya akan iyawar tsuntsaye da sauran dabbobi ya fara murkushewa. Haƙiƙa, tun daga ƙarni na biyu na ƙarni na goma sha tara, masana kimiyya sun haɗu da ƙayyadaddun ƙima ga ilimin halittar mutum. In ba haka ba, zai zama da wahala a sanya dukkan halittu masu rai a kan “matakan tsani” gwargwadon matsayin girman su: daga “protozoa” zuwa birai. Tunda hadaddun halayen halittu masu rai, har ma da abubuwan da suke binciken kwari, basu dace da tsarin da aka bayar na wannan jerin ba, sun daina kula da shi sosai. A lokaci guda, mummunan ilimin ethological da kuma ilimin zoopsychological sun yadu sosai kawai dangane da magabata.

Amma ga tsuntsayen, masana halittun masana sun yi imanin cewa an ba su ilmantarwa ne kawai, saboda an yi imani da cewa "bazuwar tsuntsayen.

Kuma kawai daga tsakiyar karni na 20 karɓar ra'ayoyin tsuntsaye ya koma daidai. Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa suna da kyakkyawar ƙwaƙwalwa, ikon koyo da haɓaka sassauci. Saboda haka, yawancin tsuntsaye suna da sauƙin horarwa. Haka kuma, a cikin ayyukan su na hikima, tsuntsaye, misali hankaka (ko corvidae), basu da ƙasa da abin da ake kira dabbobi mafi girma, amma a hanyoyi da yawa sun wuce su.

Bari mu kalli wasu misalai na kwarewar halayen tsuntsaye.

Bayyanar gado na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya

Ikon samun gida da wuraren abinci. Yawancin tsuntsayen, lokacin da suka dawo ƙasarsu daga ƙasashe masu nisa, godiya ga ƙwaƙwalwar su, suna neman mazaunan ƙasarsu. Saboda haka, rooks, bayan koma bayan hunturu, tashi daga nesa zuwa inda suke zuwa da kuma yin sheƙun a kusa da tsohon gidan. Ko da kaji suna iya gane kajin kaji bayan wasu 'yan shekaru.

Ko fasinjojin jirgin sama. Maza lalle sun dawo a farkon Mayu zuwa daidai wuraren da aka haifi zuriya shekara guda da suka gabata. Memorywaƙwalwar ajiya tana ba su damar samun tarko da kuma jerin gwanonsu, amma hanyar waɗannan wadatar ba ta da kusanci - daga Afirka. Yayin tafiyar, sun tashi sama da kasashe talatin na duniya, kuma idan sun dawo, zasu iya samun gidan mahaifarsu cikin sauki. Matan tsuntsaye masu fasikanci da tsuntsayen ƙanana ba su da kusanci da gidan kuma sun fi kusantar maza fiye da manya su koma mazaunansu.

Wasu tsuntsayen hankaka suna shirya ɗakunan abinci a cikin kaka, da sauri kuma same su a cikin hunturu da bazara. Har ila yau, magudin katako yana hannun jari - ta wata hanya mai hikima. Yakan yi ramuka a cikin maginin itacen da ya sa itacen ƙaya a kowane ɗayansu. Waɗannan ƙananan ɗakunan abinci na iya zama da yawa sosai cewa gabaɗaya suna kare su, duk da haka, tsuntsayen sun yi nasarar tuna kowane ɗakunan ajiya sannan kuma amfani da shi a cikin lokacin sanyi.

Tsuntsayen da ke ciyar da fure na furanni suma suna da ingantaccen ƙwaƙwalwa. Don haka, masu safiyar tsibirin Hawaii sun san manyan hanyoyin abinci kuma suna tunawa da wuraren da suka riga suka ziyarta kuma suka sha ruwan ƙoshin fure. Sabili da haka, ba sa ɓatar da lokaci a cikin binciken bincike mara amfani.

Abilityarancin haɓaka ga yin koyi. Yawancin tsuntsaye suna iya tunawa duk abubuwan da suka ji da gani daga iyayensu, brothersan uwan garken, har ma daga wakilan wasu nau'in. Parrots, starlings, ravens suna da ikon yin kwaikwayon, ba ta canza su duka a cikin yanayin yanayi da kuma bauta.

Misali, tauraron maƙoƙin talakawa ya tuna kuma ya san yadda ake magana daidai muryoyin tsuntsaye kamar su murkushe, ƙwararraki, finch, jackdaw, mai baƙi, baƙar fata. A zahiri daga ɓangarorin waƙoƙin an haɗa waƙoƙin sa, suna sauraron abin da yake da ban sha'awa don tsammani sautin na gaba. Ko dai ya yi zub da ciki, to zai yi kururuwa tare da kestrel, ko kuma ya yi jahannama tare da kaji.

Labarin tauraron ya ƙunshi a wakarsa da sauran sautuna waɗanda dabbobi ke jin su - tsintsiya madaurinki, maƙwabta, karewar gida, da kuma sauti daga rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun - injin injin, ƙwanƙwarar ƙofar, buhun ƙofofi da ma ƙarancin buga rubutu. Rayuwa cikin zaman talala, tauraron dan adam na iya haddace kalmomin mutum na magana da gajerun magana.

Har yanzu ba a fahimci mahimmancin kwaikwayo a cikin jama'ar avian ba.

Daga cikin gba sonan littafinmu, da cancantar za a iya kiran blean wasan gaba ɗaya fitaccen matafiyi kuma masanin ilimin harshe tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai kyau. An ba ta damar ban mamaki don hanzarta "ankara", haddace tsawon lokaci tare da daidaita sautin da wasu tsuntsaye suke yi.

Wannan karamin pichuga mai ruwan kasa yana zaune tsawon watanni biyu kacal a cikin mahaifarsa, a Tsakiyar Turai, kuma yana ciyar da mafi yawan shekara a Zambiya. Hanyarta zuwa Arewacin Afirka ta ta'allaka ne zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya, Larabawa Larabawa, Jar Teku. Kuma duk da cewa mayaƙan jigilar fara balaguronsu na tsawon kilomita 8,000 a wani ɗan ƙaramin yaro, suna sane da alamomin ƙasa ga wuraren asalinsu kuma ba sa ɓatarwa, suna tashi daga shekara zuwa shekara zuwa ƙazaman iri ɗaya.

Bugu da kari, a yayin zirga-zirga, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya tana ba da izinin tsuntsaye su tuna irin sautin tsuntsayen da suke haɗuwa dasu a hanya. Warbler yana da ikon yin koyi da muryoyin tsuntsaye sama da 210. Kamar yadda abin lura ya nuna, wani fadama mai dunkule na tsawan mintuna 35 ya iya kwaikwayon muryoyin tsuntsaye iri daban daban na 76. Bayan sun dawo daga yankuna na kudanci zuwa Turai, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna yin kwaikwayon “yarukan” baƙi na sauran kwanaki uku ko hudu, kuma daga nan ne sai suka koma ƙasarsu ta asali. Saboda haka, yawancin lokuta a cikin yankin Turai a farkon kwanakin bayan isowar waɗannan “polyglots” masu ban mamaki, mutum zai iya jin cikakken kwatancin wakokin yawancin tsuntsayen kudu.

Ilimin koyo

Gaskiyar cewa tsuntsaye suna da horo sosai kuma suna ba da aiki na yau da kullun, yana fadada mahimmancin yanayin halayen su, yana sa halayen filastik ya zama mai sauƙin yanayin, isasshen canjin yanayin muhalli koyaushe

Koyo, yayi daidai da yanayin halayyar tsuntsaye a cikin yanayin halitta, shine batun binciken masana masana ilimin halitta. Ana bincika shi a hankali. Kallon iyayensu, tsuntsaye suke koyon yadda ake samun abinci. Don haka, wasun su suna harbi da bawo, suna karya su, yayin da wasu suka doke a gefen fikafikan, suna sa su bude. Da zaran wani karamin tsuntsu ya sami daya daga cikin wadannan dabarun, to yana amfani dashi duk tsawon rayuwarsa.

An tabbatar da kwarewar koyo na nau'ikan nau'ikan tsuntsaye iri biyu ta hanyar lura da dabi'unsu a cikin mazaunin halitta, da kuma binciken musamman a dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Memorywaƙwalwar kiɗa da koyo. A tsibirin Tasmania, taron jama'a ke zaune. Jin jin wakarsa, abu ne mai yiwuwa a yarda cewa ainihin sashin jiki yana wasa. Wannan hankaka ana saukakke ne, kuma a zaman bauta ana iya koya masa yin sautin wakoki daban-daban.

Cikakken tauraron dan wasa yana da kyakkyawar ƙwaƙwalwar kiɗa. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa yana raira waƙoƙinsa kamar mai ba da rakiya tare da fuka-fukan fuka-fukai. Akwai lokuta da yawa masu ban dariya daga rayuwar wannan ƙwararren mai kwaikwayon. Bigaya daga cikin manyan ƙaunataccen tsuntsu ƙaunataccen ɗan koren ya koyar da tauraron ɗan wasa kamar yaɗa Marseillaise. Kuma yayin da ya saki tsuntsu cikin daji, ba da dadewa ba ya halarci wani abin aukuwa na musamman - mawaƙa da yawa na mawaka da yawa sun yi wannan waƙar ta Faransa. Wannan shine, tsuntsu ba wai kawai yasan karin waƙar ba, amma ya mika wa 'yan uwan sa.

Bayyanannun bayyanannun ƙwaƙwalwar kiɗan ma ana nuna su ta parrots. Famousaya daga cikin shahararrun aku, Jacquot, ya koya kuma ya sami damar murƙushe yawancin mashahuri sassa daga operas da operettas. Ya tuna da ƙidaya waƙoƙi da dabara daidai, kuma idan yayi kuskure ba da gangan ba, nan da nan ya tsaya, kamar dai yana tunani, kuma ya sake maimaita wannan waƙar.

Wani ɗan akuya, wanda ke zaune a dangin Moscow, ya taru a waƙwalwar sa da raira waƙoƙi na waƙoƙi kamar, "Jin daɗin ci gaba", "Me ya sa ku 'yan mata ku ƙaunaci kyawawan' yan mata," har ma ku san waƙar yara na macijin croa.

Ikon yin koyi da kalaman mutum. Abu na daban, tsuntsaye ne kawai wadanda suke wakiltar duniyar dabbobi wadanda ke da ikon halitta don koyan yadda za'a iya fadada magana ta mutum. Kodayake gabobin jikinsu na asali daban ne daban kamar na dabbobi da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Kuma birai humanoid, wadanda kayan aikinsu suke a tsarinsu, da alama, basu da bambanci da namu, bazai iya furta kalma ɗaya tak ba.

Yawancin wakilan dan hankaka - crows, rooks, jays, da jackdaws - zasu iya koyan kirkirar kalaman dan adam daidai. Tun daga lokacin tunawa, ya kasance al'ada a Rasha don ci gaba da magana da tauraron ɗan adam.

Dangin mafi kusancin su, layin Indiya da Tsakiyar Asiya, suna da mafi kyawun ikon furta kalmomi. Yawan mutanan layin yanzu an san su a yankin Turai na ƙasarmu. Kakannin waɗannan daulolin sun kasance tsuntsaye ne daga Tajikistan, waɗanda aka samo a cikin shagunan dabbobi ta hanyar yan koyo don koya musu yaren Rasha. Lane da gaske suna da irin wannan damar, amma don kiyaye irin wannan tsuntsu mai hayaniya a cikin gida ba abin jin daɗi ba ne. Saboda haka, mafi yawancin wadannan kananan tsuntsaye masu magana ba da dadewa ba ko daga baya suka kare akan titi, suna haifar da adadin layuka a cikin Moscow guda.

Manyan masu yin kwaikwayo da kuma masu tsinkaye, ba shakka, baffa. Mafi shahara a cikinsu shine Jaco, ko akuya, da ke zaune a dazuzzukan daji masu zafi da ke Yammacin Afirka da Tsakiyar Afirka. Godiya ga ƙwaƙwalwar sa, ƙamusinsa sun ƙunshi ɗaruruwan kalmomi, jumloli masu yawa, furuci daga waƙoƙi, da ayyukan kida.

Parrots ba kawai tunawa da sake haifar da waɗannan duka ba, har ma daidai kwafin sauti. Muryar jaka ta Jaco ba ta ƙoshi ba saboda sautin maganganun mutane. Suna iya yin koyi da kuma daidaita ɗaruruwan soundsaruruwan sautuna na yanayi daban-daban. Daga cunkoso, zakara, kukan kare, kukan tsuntsayen gida da na gida, da buga waya da ƙwanƙwasa ƙofa.

Tattabara "mail". Da zaran mutane ba su yi amfani da pigeons, gami da prosaic sosai - a matsayin abu na abinci mai gina jiki. Amma sama da duka, tige pigeons suna aiki a matsayin "masu aikawa da sakonni." Tsuntsayen da aka zaɓa sun yi aiki a cikin wannan damar har ma a lokacin da Fir'auna ya yi a cikin tsoffin haikalin Masarawa. A cikin Turai, ƙarni XI - XIII, tattabara mai ɗaukar dutsen bai zama ƙasa mai tsafta ba. Bayan haka, yin amfani da wukake tare da taimakon wakilan ma'abuta halaye sun ci gaba da kulla alakar kasuwanci tsakanin ginin ko kuma gudanar da aikin sirri.

Me yasa aka yi amfani da pigeons? Amsar mai sauki ce: suna da kyau sosai, suna da ingantaccen ƙwaƙwalwa, haɗe zuwa wuraren farauta da kyawawan damar kewayawa.

An kira mahimman sakonnin rubutattun kwalaben da pigeons - pigeongram. Harshen kiwo da zaɓi na tattabara "masu aika wasiƙa" an yi shi ne saboda dalilan soji a tsohuwar Masar, da tsohuwar Girka, da kuma cikin Daular Roma.

Kurdawa da yawa "sunyi aiki a cikin sojoji" a cikin lokutan baya. Don haka, a cikin shekarun yakin Franco-Prussian (1870 - 1871), pigeons masu ɗaukar hoto sun ba da haruffa sama da miliyan. Pigeons daga Paris sun kewaye Faransawa suna ta jigilar kaya ta hanyar saukar da wuta da bindiga, wani lokacin kuma sukan kai ga kawunansu sun ji rauni har ma suka daina gani. Don hana masu ba da isharar saƙo, sai Jamusawa suka jefa ƙyalli a gaban rundunar, sai kuma pan kunnan suka fara mutuwa ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Amma asalin Faransawa ta magance matsalar ne ta hanyar samar da pankuna da makamin kare - kananan kunnun wutsiyoyi sun fara hade da wutsiyarsu. 'Yan Falist suna tsoron kai hari ga tsuntsayen da ke huɗuwa.

A Rasha, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, tattabarai suna ɗaukar wasiƙu a duk bangarorin. An koyar da pigeons na soja daidai dabarun da ake buƙata kuma a ɗaure su a cikin ɗakin kulawa, wanda ke cikin Ostankino, ƙauyen a cikin waɗannan shekarun.

Ko da a lokacin Yaƙin Jiha na Patriotic, duk da cikakkiyar hanyar sadarwa ta fasaha, an ba da rahotonnin soja da yawa a fuka-fukan palon. Don haka, a cikin 1942, Nazis ya lalata jirgin ruwa mai amfani da Ingilishi tare da tuhuma mai zurfi. Ba za ta iya tsinke kanta daga ƙasa ba kuma da ta mutu idan ba ta riƙe da gashin tsuntsaye ba - kurciya da kurciya. An sake su zuwa saman a cikin karamin karamin kwalin ta hanyar bututun wuta. Kurciya, a bayyane, guguwar iska ta kwashe shi, amma har yanzu kurciya ta sami damar zuwa ginin. Godiya ga bluegram, an kubutar da jirgin jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu, kuma daga baya aka kafa dutse a kan hoton "hoton".

Sojojin sun kuma karɓi ka’idar hangen nesa ta musamman. Idanunsa za su iya zaɓar daga duk fannin duba kawai bayanan da suka wajaba. An yi nazarin wannan fasalin kuma kwararru na ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin jirgin saman Amurka. Godiya ga wannan, an samar da "ido na lantarki", ko kuma a'a, wani samfurin tsinkayar dabbar (145 masu daukar hoto da 386 “neurons” - sel masu wucin gadi). Irin wannan “ido” yana iya iya tantance shugabanci da saurin abu, siffar sa da girman sa. Zai iya, alal misali, gane mai harba bam da makami ba tare da ya lura da wasu abubuwa masu tashi ba.

Taimako ga wadanda suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya. Dangane da gaskiyar cewa wahalar tattabara sau da yawa ta fi ta mutum kyau, Societyungiyar Jama'a don Cutar da Ruwan Ruwa tana shirya shiri don amfani da trainedan kurji dabarun bibiyar mutane a saman tekuna. Tsuntsaye za su tashi cikin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu tare da rukunin masu ceto kuma, lokacin da suka ga tutar orange (alama ce ta gama gari don taimako), suna ba da siginar yanayin.

Kuma ana amfani da pigeons don dalilai na warkewa. Sanannen ƙwarewar asibitoci an san shi, inda tsakanin waɗannan gadaje da mutane ke kwance, waɗannan kyawawan tsuntsayen ke tafiya ko'ina. A dovecote ne musamman located kusa da dakin. Marasa lafiya, koyaushe suna lura da kyawawan tsuntsayen masu lafiya da lafiya, suna tattauna abubuwan da suka ji game da yanayin. Duk tare - magunguna, iska mai tsabta, sanyaya pigeons a hankali da kuma tunanin masu haƙuri game da kyakkyawa da bayyanannun abubuwan ban mamaki a cikin rayayyun duniya suna ba da gudummawa ga murmurewa.

Aikin mai sarrafawa. Ofaya daga cikin aikace-aikace masu ban sha'awa na ikon pigeons don riƙe da tunanin hoto shine amfani da waɗannan tsuntsayen a cikin sarrafa samfuran ƙare. An ba da shawarar wannan ga likitocin dabbobi, tunda pigeons, da farko, daidai suna iya tuna matsayin ma'aunin abu, na biyu, suna da kyakkyawan gani, a na uku, ba a wahalar da su ta hanyar aikin monotonous kuma suna aiki sosai da himma.

Pan purtons sun ƙware da ƙwarewar mai sarrafawa a cikin kwanaki 3-4. Wani keji tare da tsuntsu, a cikin kasan wanda aka sanya faranti biyu, an sanya shi kusa da jigilar kayayyaki tare da magungunan da aka shirya. Lokacin da akwatin rufewa da kyau ya motsa, pigeons pepped one plate, kuma idan tare da aure - wani. Tsuntsayen sun tabbatar da cewa sune masu kulawa da kulawa sosai. Samun kwantena don magunguna, ba su rasa akwatin rufe ɗayan talauci ba. Pigeons ma sun sami irin waɗannan ƙananan lahani waɗanda mutum ba zai iya gani ba.

Masu kula da pigeon tare da mafi ƙarancin damar su kuma sun jawo hankalin ta hanyar jera kwallaye don ɗaukar kaya a kan mai ɗaukar kaya na masana'anta na Moscow. Bayan darussan na ɗan gajeren lokaci, sun tuna da hoton ɓangaren tunani da ayyukanta: lokacin da sashin ya motsa tare da jigilar kayayyaki na ingancin da ya dace, kuna buƙatar nuna hali a hankali, amma idan ɓangaren yana da karkacewa, ya kamata ku ciji lever. Injin zai sauke wannan bangare daga tef, kuma a gaban baki, mai ba da abinci zai buɗe na ɗan lokaci.

A ranar farko, pigeons sunyi aiki lafiya, washegari suka fara ƙin duk kwallayen a jere. Ya juya cewa tsuntsayen da sauri "sun inganta kwarewar su" - sun fara aikawa da kwallaye tare da yatsan yatsa zuwa ga auren. Saboda tsuntsaye basu same su da lahani ba, dole ne su goge kwallayen kafin gabatar da su ga masu jagoranci.

Pigeons sun sami damar ganin mafi kyawun lahani a farfaɗan sassan sassafe, har ma da ƙananan fasa a cikin gilashin.

Sha'awa game da ban mamaki damar pigeons da wakilan sauran sana'a. Misali, gaskiyar cewa hangen nesa na launuka sun fi na mutum. Pigeons sun bambanta da ƙananan inuwar launuka, suna kauracewa idanun har ma da masana masanan keɓaɓɓu na suttura waɗanda suke rarrabe masana'anta.

Kwararru zane-zanen ta masu zane-zane. Masana ilimin dabbobi na kasar Japan sun gudanar da wani gwaji mai ban sha'awa ta hanyar koyar da pigeons don bambance gwanin kamannin rakodin daga rake mai siffar sukari. Expertwararren masani, wanda aka saba dashi don "sanin" wata makarantar kirkirar, "aka zana" kawai hotunan da suka dace dashi. Lokacin da aka gabatar da ayyukan Monet da Picasso ga tattabara da aka horar, kuskuren bai wuce 10% ba, koda kuwa an nuna tsuntsu da zane-zanen da ba a gani a baya. Lokacin da masu gwajin suka gabatar da pigeons a cikin ayyukan Cezanne da Renoir, “kwararru” cikin sauki kuma sun sanya su daidai da Monet. Zane-zane na zane-zane daga ayyukan masu katanga kamar su Georges Braque, alal misali, tsararrun pigeons ba tare da aiki ba.

A cewar kwararren masanin tarihin zane-zane, pigeons kawai sunsan gane mafi sauki alamu ne a cikin wadannan makarantu - kasancewar ko rabewar kusurwoyi masu kaifi ko kuma bayyanannun launuka mai ma'ana a cikin kwatanci a cikin hotunan. Bayan duk, jan hankali ya kasance cikin kyawawan launuka da launuka na pastel, wanda ya kamata ya kama gashin tsuntsu.

Koyaya, masana kimiyya sun kafa wani gwaji wanda ke tabbatar da cewa pigeons ƙwararrun masana ne. Tsuntsaye sun fahimci salon lokacin da aka nuna su ta musamman “mai ƙwari” ko kuma a haifesu cikin baƙar fata da fari. Tsuntsayen, kamar mu mutane, ba suyi amfani da guda ɗaya ba, amma maɓallin haruffa yayin da suke fahimtar hoton.

Aiki na hankali

Dabbobi da yawa suna da ikon halitta don abin da ake kira "takamaiman motsi" wanda ke nuna abin da dabba zai yi. Suna ba da damar mutum da sauran mutane su faɗi hasashen halin dabba na nan gaba. Wato, dabbobi suna tsinkaye matakan gaba na halayyar su.

A cikin wasu tsuntsaye, ɗayan nau'ikan halayen dabi'a masu alaƙa da niyya shine karkatar da hankalin mutum - nuna lalata lalacewar jiki. Idan mace ta kasance mai tsoratar da mace ta zauna akan qwai, to, za a tilasta barin barin gida, amma a lokaci guda yi kokarin nuna cewa an raunata. Za ta yi duka, ja da baya an karya reshe, ta nisantar da makiya daga gida. A wannan yanayin, tsuntsu zai iya tantance halin da ake ciki a fili kuma a kowane yanayi yana yin da gangan. Kuma kawai lokacin da mace ta kai wa maharbin zuwa amintacciyar nesa daga gida, nan take ta “murmurewa” sai ta tashi ta koma gida a hanya. Kuma mamaki, wani lokacin hoopoe yakan koma zuwa wata hanya mai tarko: yana kwance a kasa, shimfida fikafikan sa kuma baya motsawa. Don haka ya zama kamar raguna mai rarrafe fiye da tsuntsu mai rai, kuma yana yawan sarrafawa ba da kulawa ba.

Irin wadannan ayyukan ilhami na tsuntsu sune ke jagorantar shirin kwayoyin halitta na adana rayuwa a ciki. Amma don kunnawa, dole ne dabbar ta fara tantance matakin haɗari daidai sannan kuma ta hanyar amfani da wata hanyar kariya.

Abincin da mafarautan suka kama shi sun sauke kan sa, yayi ajiyar zuciya sau da yawa, da alama ya mutu. Amma da zarar an bar ta daga hannayen ta, idanuwan tsuntsu nan take suka bude baki daya, sai ta tsinke a cikin hanzari, kuma yayin da maharbin ya zo wa kansa da mamaki, sai ya kwashe ya bace a bayan bishiyoyi.

Za a iya ba da ƙarin misalai da yawa masu ban mamaki yayin da tsuntsaye suke yin hali a lokuta masu haɗari ba kawai a cikin lamari ba, amma da gangan kuma cikin ma'ana sosai.

Har zuwa kwanan nan, masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa halayen dabi'a sun rinjayi tsuntsaye, da kuma damar iya koyo, har ma fiye da haka don yin tunani.

Dangane da wannan, an samar da gwaje-gwaje iri-iri don nazarin aikin mai hankali na dabbobi don gwaje-gwaje akan birai. Kuma kawai lokacin da, a ƙarshe, aka lalata ra'ayoyi game da damar tsuntsaye, ya zama cewa za a iya amfani da waɗannan gwajin cikin nasara ga tsuntsaye. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen suna haifar da waɗannan matsaloli masu haɗari waɗanda suka fuskanta a cikin yanayin yanayin mazauninsu.

Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa tsuntsaye suna da ikon aiki na yau da kullun, suna da ikon ɗaukar dokoki da yawa waɗanda ke ɗaukar abubuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli. Abin da ya sa tsuntsaye lokaci guda, ba tare da horarwa ba kafin, suna iya “mai ma'ana” canza halayensu a cikin sabon yanayi a gare su.

"Gun" aiki. Amfani da dabbobi na abubuwa masu taimako, wanda ya kasance ci gaba ne ta kowane bangare na jikin sa, ana kiran shi bindiga.

Wannan ikon na sarrafa abubuwa don cimma wasu manufofi an baiwa wasu dabbobi da dama, gami da wakilan nau'ikan tsuntsaye. Saboda haka, crows, kuma ba kawai su ba, tayar da mollusks a cikin iska kuma karya harsasai a kan duwatsu. Ko kuma su saukar da ƙasusuwa don su raba su kuma su ci riba.

Kurciya mai ban sha'awa da ciyawar ƙaunarta suna son cin abinci a kan kunkuru. Don karya garkuwar, tsuntsayen sun kama dabba mara kyau tare da dabbobin, suna zuwa tsayi mai yawa tare da ita, sannan su jefa ganima.

Gban wasan ya yi wa katifa kamar dutsen a kan dutse. Looney na ɗayan nau'in, idan ba zai yiwu ba to ku karya harsashi mai ƙarfi na ƙwaiƙar fata tare da baki, ku ma ku yi amfani da dutse mai nauyin gram 100-300 don wannan. Auke shi a cikin beken sa, hawan ya shimfida a tsaye, ya ɗaga kai, ya jefa dutse a ƙwai a ƙafafunsa.

Akwai tsuntsaye waɗanda abin da ake amfani da bindiga a ayyukan ƙusa, misali, don haɗa ganye tare da cobwebs. Utsan hudun Australiya suna nuna hali cikin son sani. Suna yin ɗan gasa kaɗan daga tushen sa, sannan su mulmula shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, su jiƙa abin da ruwan 'ya'yansu su yi launi da ƙirjinsu da ganuwar bukka.

Galapagos katako mai tsafta na iya amfani da murfin katako don kama kwalliya. Kuma a gefunan daji da kuma tsakanin makiyaya a Turai da Asiya, wani lokacin mutum yakan iya ganin ƙwaro da sauran ƙananan dabbobi a rataye a jikin ƙayayuwa dazuka - wannan shine yadda ake adana shuki.

Jackdaws daga tsibiran New Caledonia da kansu suna yin babban tsarin kayan aikin da yawa. Ofayansu yana faɗaɗa a ƙarshen, ɗayan yana nuna, na uku tare da ƙugiya. Kuma kowane ɗayan waɗannan bindigogin an yi niyya ne don manufar sa. Tsuntsayen su a hankali suna kiyaye nesa.

Amma shin waɗannan ayyukan duka suna da ma'ana, masu ma'ana ne, ko kuwa sakamakon halin ɗabi'a ne kawai?

Tunda tsuntsaye na wasu nau'ikan suna amfani da irin wannan hanyar ko da a farkon shekarun, ana keɓe su daga dangi, to, hakika, suna da asali ga ainihin irin wannan aikin bindiga. Wato, akwai wani shiri na gado wanda ke ba da ayyukan su ga kera da amfani da kayan aikin da ake bukata.

Koyaya, a wasu nau'in tsuntsayen, ayyukan bindiga ba'a iyakance kawai ga bayyanannar ilhami ba. Masana kimiyya suna da sha'awar gaskiya game da rayuwar hankaka, waɗanda wakilansu suka koma amfani da kayan aikin musamman na yanayi a cikin yanayin da ba tsammani ba.

Ofaya daga cikin tabbataccen tabbaci game da makami mai ma'ana shine halayyar shuɗi mai launin shuɗi.

Jay na gwaji an bar shi ba tare da abinci na ɗan lokaci. Lokacin da aka sanya abinci a gaban keji, sai ta fara yin kayan don kanta da nufin cin abincin. Tsuntsu ya tsamo wasu takardu daga jaridar da ke kwance a keji, kuma, rike su da kafafansa, yayi yankan baki a baki. Bayan ya yi takaddun "sandunansu" ta wannan hanyar, jay ta tattara su ta cikin sandunan kuma ta ɗauki kayan abinci da ke kwance kusa da keji.

Akwai wasu shaidu da yawa waɗanda ke tabbatar da ikon hankaka ba kawai don amfani da abubuwa azaman kayan aiki a yanayin da ba a tsammani ba, har ma ga wasu bayyanannun halayen halayen.

Babban halayyar mutum

A cikin vocalization emit waƙa da siginar murya, bambanci tsakanin wanda yake akan daidaituwa, tsayi da yanayin sauti. Waƙa ko waƙa mafi tsayi da rikitarwa kuma ana dangantawa da dabbar ta hanyar canjin yanayin ɗabi'a, ko da kuwa siginar murya ko roko Yi ayyukan gargadi ko kiyaye fakitin tare.

Ana raye raye da yawa a cikin tsuntsayen tsari na Passeriformes, musamman ma ƙasann ungulu. Yawancin waƙoƙi halayen maza ne, ba mata ba, kodayake akwai banbancen. Mafi yawan lokuta ana bayar da waƙoƙi ne lokacin da tsuntsu ya zauna akan wasu keɓaɓɓu, kodayake wasu nau'in sun sami damar bugawa yayin tashi. Wasu rukunin tsuntsaye kusan suna shiru, suna yin sauti kawai na inji, alal misali, murguɗaɗɗu, kawai suna danna beransu. A cikin wasu manakins (Pіprіdae), maza sun haɗu da hanyoyi da yawa don ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan sautuna, gami da halayyar kwari.

Samuwar sautuna ta hanyoyin inji, akasin syrinx, ana kiranta kayan kida (kamar yadda Charles Darwin ya bayyana) ko sauti na inji da kuma, a cikin ayyukan marubutan zamani, sonation . Lokaci sonation yana nufin azaman aiki don ƙirƙirar sautikan da ba magana ba waɗanda aka kirkira tare da takamaiman maƙasudi, kuma alamomin sadarwar ne wanda aka kirkira ta tsarin marasa murya kamar beak, fika-fika, wutsiya da gashinsa.

Anatomy

Sautin tsuntsaye shine syrinx. Wannan shine tsarin kasusuwa a wurin da aka samu rauni daga cikin kashin. Ba kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, tsuntsayen ba su da muryoyin kiɗa. Ana yin sautin ne saboda rawar jiki da membranes na tympanic (ganuwar syrinx) da tragus, wanda aka haifar da busa iska ta cikin syrinx. Musamman tsokoki suna iya canza tashin hankali na membranes da diamita na lumen na bronchi, wanda ke haifar da canji a cikin sautin da aka samar.

Syrinx wani lokacin kuma jikunan iska da ke kewaye da ita suna sake magana don amsawa da rawar jiki da membranes ke haifarwa, wanda iska ke wucewa lokacin numfashi. Tsuntsu yana sarrafa mitar sauti ta canza tashin hankalin membranes. Don haka tsuntsu yana sarrafa duka mita da girma, yana canza saurin motsi. Tsuntsaye sun sami ikon sarrafa ɓangarorin biyu na trachea, saboda haka wasu nau'ikan suna haifar da madaidaiciya sau biyu a lokaci guda.

Aiki

An yarda dashi gabaɗaya cewa waƙa tsuntsayen sun ci gaba ne sakamakon zaɓi na jima'i a matsayin wani ɓangaren halayen jima'i, musamman ƙawance da kuma jan hankalin mace ta maza. Bugu da kari, wani muhimmin aikin waka shine tsara yankin. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen, ingancin murda alama alama ce ta dacewa da dacewa da yanayin muhalli. Hakanan, bisa ga gwaje-gwajen, parasites da cututtuka na iya shafar halaye da sauƙin raira waƙa, don haka ɗaukar murya wata alama ce ta kai tsaye ga lafiya. Maimaitawar waƙoƙi ma yana da mahimmancin nuna alama ta dacewa, iyawar maza don ƙaddara mace da tsara yanki. Yawancin nau'ikan waƙoƙi daban-daban a cikin aiki ana yin su ne kawai a wani lokaci na wani lokaci ko a lokuta daban-daban na shekara lokacin da yakamata ayi wani aiki, kuma a wannan lokacin ne kawai wasu tsuntsaye suka fahimce su. Misali, namiji ne na kayan aiki (Luscіnіa megarhynchos) waka da ake so don jan hankalin mata ne kawai da daddare (lokacin da mazan da ba su da miji suke raira), da waƙar da aka yi nufin nuna yankuna kusan na musamman yayin sautin safe (lokacin da mazan duka suke raira).

Alamar murya anyi amfani dashi da farko don sadarwa. Ana aiwatar da irin wannan sadarwa ne a tsakanin jinsuna iri daya, da kuma tsakanin jinsuna. Ana amfani da sigina na yau da kullun don jan hankalin tsuntsayen mutane zuwa garken. Waɗannan alamun alamun muryar suna nunawa da yawa da kuma farawa mai kyau da ƙarewa, kuma maimaitawarsu, na kowa tsakanin yawancin jinsuna, an yi imanin cewa suna da amfani don ƙayyade wurin garken. Alamar gargaɗi ta Hazard, da bambanci da su, a cikin yawancin nau'ikan ana saninsa da sautin sauti mai yawa, wanda ke sa wahalar ƙayyade matsayin tsuntsu ya ba da irin wannan siginar.

Sau da yawa tsuntsaye na iya rarrabe alamu na murya, wanda ke ba su damar sanin juna ta hanyar murya. Musamman, yawancin tsuntsayen da ke farautowa a cikin mazaunan mallaka suna sane da kajin.

Yawancin tsuntsaye suna da ikon ba da ɗan taguwa. Wani lokaci irin waɗannan duets suna aiki tare har suna sauti kamar siginar murya ɗaya. Irin waɗannan alamun ana kiran su antiphonic. An lura da alamun alamar Duet a cikin dangin tsuntsaye da yawa, ciki har da pheasant, shrouds (Malaconotidae), thimelia da wasu owls da parrots. Abubuwan cikin ƙasa suna ba da irin wannan siginar yayin taron mamaye ƙasarsu, suna nuna matsayin irin waɗannan alamun a cikin gasa mai ma'ana.

Wasu tsuntsaye na iya kwaikwayon alamun sauti sosai. A cikin wasu tsuntsaye, kamar drongovye, kwaikwayon alamu na iya yin aiki don samar da garken dabbobi da yawa.

Wasu nau'in kogon dutse, kamar guajaro da salangans (halittar mutum Collocalia da Aerodramus), yi amfani da sautuna a cikin kewayon mafi yawa daga 2 zuwa 5 kHz don echolocation a cikin kogon duhu. .

Harshe da kuma halayen sana'a

Yaren tsuntsaye ya daɗe yana zama labarin almara da almara. An daɗe da sanin cewa siginar murya tana da ma'ana, wanda masu sauraro ke fassara shi daidai. Kaji, na cikin gida, alal misali, suna da alamomi daban daban dangane da tsarin kusancin iska da ƙasa, kuma suna ba da amsa daidai. Koyaya, yaren, ban da kalmomin mutum, dole ne su sami wasu tsare tsaren ilimin nahawu da dokoki. Nazarin irin waɗannan sifofin a cikin tsuntsaye ya fi wahala saboda yawan fassarori da yawa. A cikin binciken daya, duk da haka, masu bincike sun sami damar nuna ikon parrots don samar da ginin nahawu, gami da halayen kamar kalma, da kalmar baki, da ƙyalli. Binciken alamun siginar murya shima ya bayyanar da kasancewar tsarin tsarin rayuwa.

Yawancin lokaci, lokacin da ake bayanin yaren tsuntsaye, mafarauta da masu rayewar halitta sun bambanta manyan nau'ikan sauti 5: kira, waƙa, siginar ƙasa, ladabi da damuwa. Na farkon hudun suna wakiltar halayen "asali" kuma ana aiki dasu da aminci da kwanciyar hankali, yayin da ɗayan ke ma'anar kasancewar maƙiyin ko wata barazana. A cikin kowane rukuni, ma'anar sauti suna dogara ne da daidaituwawar murya, motsin jiki, da mahallinsu.

Saurin jin tsuntsaye na iya wuce iyakokin ji na mutum, yana faduwa cikin wasu nau'ikan duka a ƙasa 50 Hz da sama da 20 kHz, tare da iyakar ƙarfin jiyya tsakanin 1 da 5 kHz.

Yawan kewayon sigina na murya ya dogara da yanayin muhalli, musamman amo. Kamar yadda aka saba, kunkuntar mitoci, mitar mitsi, saurin mitoci da tsayi tsayi da sauti da tsaka-tsaka a tsakanin su halayyar sarari ne tare da ciyayi mai dumbin yawa (inda shawo kan sauti yake nunawa), yayin da mitoci masu yawa, kewayon fadi, girman saiti-girma da kuma gajeren sigogi sune sifofin bude wurare. Hakanan an gabatar da ka'idar gwargwadon abin da ya dace da daidaitaccen yanayi da lokaci akan rarrabuwa tsakanin tsuntsaye daban daban da jinsinsu, sakamakon hakan, wanda idan aka iyakance shi, aka rage tsawonsa da mitar siginar sauti, ana kiran wannan tasirin a matsayin “mafi ƙoshin lafiya”. Tsuntsaye suna raira waƙoƙi da ƙarfi kuma a maimaituwa a cikin birane inda akwai sautin mara saurin yanayi.

Yaruka

Muryar tsuntsaye iri daya ko da sau daya ne sosai bambanta sosai, suna samar da “yaruka”. Wadannan yarukan suna iya tasowa duka saboda bambancin yanayi da kuma saboda rabewar ƙwayoyin halitta, kodayake sabon abu ba ƙaramin nazari ba ne, ba a san tasirin abubuwan da ke faruwa ga mutum har ma ga jinsunan da aka yi nazari sosai. Ana bambance waɗannan bambance-bambance don raira waƙa yayin lokacin kiwo. Koyaya, sakamakon wannan abin ba iri ɗaya bane kuma sun bambanta sosai dangane da nau'in tsuntsayen.

Matan da suka yi girma a ƙarƙashin tasirin yare ɗaya ba su amsa ko ba da amsar muni ga waƙoƙin namiji na jinsin guda ɗaya wanda ya mallaki yare daban, wanda aka nuna, alal misali, ga wata zonotrichia da ke kan gaba -Zonotrichia leucophrys) A wani gefen, mace da suka fito daga wuraren da yaruka da yare daban-daban ko yare daban daban suna yaduwa ba sa nuna irin wannan fifiko ga yare ɗaya.

Hakanan an bincika amsar mazaunin ƙasa don waƙoƙin baƙon. Don haka, galibi maza sukan fi mai da hankali sosai ga wakokin wakilin yarensu, mai rauni ga wakilan nau'ikan nasu daga wasu yankuna, har ma suna da rauni ga waƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa, maza kuma suna raba wasu waƙoƙi tare da maƙwabta don kiyaye tsaro sosai.

Dangane da fitowar yaruka, ana tambayar tambayar tasirinsu kan ƙwarewa. Misali, an bayyana wannan sabon yanayin a cikin binciken Darwin finches. Sauran ayyuka, duk da haka, suna nuna rashin daidaituwa na bayanai akan wannan batun.

Gabaɗaya halaye

Waƙar tsuntsaye iri daban-daban sun bambanta da juna kuma yawancin lokuta halayen halayen ne. Waƙa ce wacce yawanci fasalin ce wacce ke hana haɗuwa da nau'ikan halittu waɗanda ke da kusancin asali don ƙirƙirar mai yiwuwa. A cikin bincike na zamani, waƙar ana nuna shi ta hanyar yanayin motsa jiki. Yawancin nau'ikan sun bambanta sosai a cikin mawuyacin waƙoƙi da kuma nau'ikan nau'ikan waƙoƙin da za su iya isa 3,000 a cikin launin ruwan kasa; a cikin wasu nau'in, har ma daidaikun mutane daban-daban a cikin wannan halayyar. A cikin nau'ikan halittu da yawa, kamar su 'yar tauraron dan adam da kifayen mawaka, waka sun hada da wasu abubuwan da ba'a iya tunawa dasu a duk rayuwar tsuntsu ta hanyar kwaikwayon "kwalliya" (saboda gaskiyar cewa tsuntsu yayi amfani da sauti na wasu nau'ikan). A shekarar 1773, an gano cewa a cikin gwaje-gwajen da suka shafi kajin kajin ta tsuntsaye na sauran nau'in, hemp (Acanthіs cannabіnaya iya koyon larkAlauda arvensis) A yawancin jinsuna, da alama cewa duk da cewa babbar waka iri ɗaya ce ga dukkanin wakilan jinsin, tsuntsayen yara sun koshi wasu bayanai na mawaƙa daga iyayensu, yayin da bambance-bambancen ke tara, suna haifar da “yaruka”.

Yawanci, tsuntsaye suna koyon waƙoƙi a duk rayuwarsu, kodayake wasu halaye suna ci gaba da tara daga baya, suna haifar da waƙar tsuntsayen waƙoƙi. Zebra amadina, shahararren masanin tsarin binciken mawaka na tsuntsu, ya samar da waka wacce tayi kama da tsoho, bayan kamar kwana 20 bayan kyankyashe. Har yakai kwanaki 35, kajin ya riga yayi cikakken nazarin mawaƙa. Waƙoƙin farko sune “filastik” ko kuma suna iya canzawa, kuma tsuntsu yana buƙatar kimanin watanni 2-3 don kawo waƙar ta hanyar ta ƙarshe canzawa a cikin tsuntsaye masu girma.

Bincike kuma ya nuna cewa horarwar waƙa wani nau'i ne na horo wanda ɓangaren ɓangaren basal ganglia ke shiga. Sau da yawa, ana amfani da tsarin horar tsuntsaye azaman tsarin koyan yare. A cikin wasu nau'in (alal misali, zebra amadina), horo yana iyakance ga shekarar farko ta rayuwa, ana kiran waɗannan nau'in "ƙarancin shekaru" ko "rufe". Sauran nau'in, irin su canary, suna iya koyan sabbin waƙoƙi ko da a lokacin tsufa, ana kiran waɗannan nau'in "buɗe" ko "marasa iyaka a cikin shekaru."

Masu binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa koyar da waƙoƙi ta hanyar sadarwa ta al'adu mai zurfi ya ba da damar ƙirƙirar yarukan yare dabam dabam waɗanda ke taimaka wa tsuntsaye daidaita da yanayin yanayin yanayin bambancin.

Horar da iyaye don tsuntsaye an fara nuna su a cikin gwaji na 1954 na William Torpy. Tsuntsayen da suka girma cikin rabuwa da maza nau'ikansu na iya raira waƙa, kuma mawaƙarsu, gabaɗaya, kamar yadda suka saba da waƙar tsuntsayen manya, duk da haka, ba su da abubuwa masu rikitarwa kuma yawancin lokuta sun sha bamban sosai. Irin wannan waka yawanci basa iya hango mace. Baya ga waƙar iyaye, yana da mahimmanci ma kajin su ji waƙar nasu yayin waƙoƙin firikwensin. Tsuntsayen da basu ji ba saboda yawan waƙoƙi suna yin waƙoƙin da ya sha bamban sosai da irin halayyar wannan nau'in.

Rarraba da kwaikwayo

Yawancin tsuntsaye suna iya ɗaukar waƙoƙi ba kawai na nasu jinsin ba, har ma na wasu, ƙari iri ko .asa da jinsunan. Don haka, kajin nau'ikan halittu da iyayen da ke da alaƙa tare da su suna yawan samun damar yin waka wanda ya yi kama da na iyayen da suka yi renon sa, kuma a wasu lokuta ma sun tsinkaya mace ta wannan nau'in. Sauran tsuntsaye suna da ikon ɗaukar tsuntsayen wasu nau'in, har ma da iyayensu suka yi renonsu. Hundredaruruwan ɗaruruwan mutane a duniya suna da irin wannan kwaikwayon. Misali, sunan Mockingbird (Mіmus) an baiwa wannan tsuntsu daidai ne saboda iyawar ta tayi saurin yin sauti da sauran tsuntsayen kuma ta sake su. Wani nau'in sanannen da ke da ikon kwafin kwafin shi ne na yau da kullun (Sturnus vulgarіs), musamman a Arewacin Amurka, inda aka shigo da wannan tsuntsu daga Turai, yana “kwaikwayon” ko da mockingbird. A Turai da Burtaniya, tauraron dan adam sanannen sananne ne wajen yin waƙar wasu tsuntsaye, wanda yakan dawo da sautin tsuntsaye kamar su na kowa da kowa (Buteo buteo), Oriolus oriolus, Numenius arquatamujiya toya (Strіx aluco), ducks da geese. A wasu yanayi, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna iya kwaikwayon muryar jariri ko ma sautin fashewar bama-bamai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II. A cewar wasu rahotanni, daya daga cikin tauraron dan wasa ya kwaikwayi sautin alkalin wasa, wanda ya haifar da rashin fahimta yayin wasan.

Babban abin birgewa kuma sanannen misali tsakanin mutanen sautikan tsuntsu shine kwaikwayon yaren mutum. Akwai da yawa budgerigars girma cikin bauta, wanda repertoire ya kai 550 kalmomi. Hakanan, Jaco parrot (Psіttacus erіthacus), Parrots na Ostiraliya irin su cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) da Amazons ta Kudu (Amazona) Alexander von Humboldt a yayin binciken da aka yi a Kudancin Amurka ya bayyana karar lokacin da ya sami damar ji daga bakin '' harshe mai mutu '' na kabilar Atura da aka ɓace. A cikin Turai, an san shari'un ikon kwaikwayon muryar mutum a tsakanin wasu wakilan dangin corvidae, kamar su jackdaw (Corvus monedula), arba'in (Pica picada hankaka ()Corvus corax) .

Koyaya, ba a san ainihin dalilan wannan kwaikwayon ba. Wataƙila rikitarwa ne na waƙar nasu, amma fa'idodin wannan sabon abu ga tsuntsu har yanzu shine batun bincike.

Haka kuma akwai maganganun sanyaya siginar murya maimakon na tsuntsu. Misali, euphonia mai kauriEuphonia laniirostris) yawanci yakan haifar da siginar barazanar da wasu nau'ikan yayin da mai yiwuwar ƙaddara ya kusanci ta, yayin da yake zaune lafiya. Wannan halin shima halayyar jays (Garrulus glandarіus) da kuma jan-kai redstart (Cosypha natalensis) A wasu halaye, ana amfani da kwaikwayon don tarko wa wanda aka kama, alal misali, gurnar daji mai ƙamshiMicrastur mirandollei) zai iya yin koyi da kira don neman taimako daga wadanda abin ya shafa, sannan kuma ya kama tsuntsayen da suka tashi domin amsa kiran.

Neurophysiology

Wadannan sassan kwakwalwa suna shiga cikin sarrafa alamun siginar murya:

Hanyar waƙar: ta ƙunshi babban maɗaukakiyar cibiyar (hih vocal center ko hyperstrіatum ventralіs pars caudalіs, HVC), Cocin Arkopillium (kwalliyar kwalliya ta kwalliyar arcopіllіum, RA) da kuma ɓangaren hyoid nucleus wanda ke zuwa ga trachea da syrinx (tracheosyrіngeal jijiya) ,

Kashi na gaba na farji, wanda ke da alhakin horo: ya kunshi sashin kanti na tsohuwar ƙwayar tsohuwar ƙwayar tsoka ta ciki (Kashi na ƙarshe na magnocellular nucleus na anterіor neostrіatum, LMAN, daidaituwa na basal ganglia na dabbobi masu shayarwa), yanki na X (ɓangare na basal ganglia) da ɓangare na baya-zuwa ɓangare na tsakiyar thalamus (DLM).

Gwaji da tabbatarwa

Masana kimiyya sun gudanar da wani gwaji a cikin abin da suka raba kajin daga duk dangin ta, wanda har ya girma, baya jin sautin da sukayi. Lokacin da kaji ya girma, alamomin sautinsa basu da bambanci da kaji da suka cin wannan lokacin a cikin kajin kaji. Kwarewa ya tabbatar da cewa tsuntsayen ba sa koyon waka (twitter, kururuwa). Kwayar halitta ce a cikinsu.

Haka kuma, wasu tsuntsayen su kan sake haifar da muryoyin danginsu da suka fito. Musamman, muna magana ne game da izgili, wanda ya sami sunansa. Wani misali shine canary. Sau daya a cikin al'adun sonbirds, alal misali, tallan dare, ta kan sami lokaci na kwarewar waƙoƙinsu. Amma sparrow dukiya na yin kwaikwayon muryar waƙar ba ta halitta. Wani sake nunawa tsakanin tsuntsaye shine aku. Kuma dukda cewa yana iya koyar da magana da maganganun mutane, kwaikwayon murya da timbre, amma bashi da masaniyar abin da ake fada.

A ina tsuntsaye suke da irin waɗannan waƙoƙin

Lallai hakika mawaƙan kyawawan dabi'un sun fi tsuntsaye girma, ba za ku samu a masarautar dabba ba. Kuma daya daga cikin dalilan kwarewar tasirinsu shine gaskiyar cewa 'kayan aikinsu' asali ne. Wannan ba ƙari bane: muryar tsuntsu, kamar makamancin ɗan adam mai kama, yana nufin "kayan kida na iska". Ta wata hanyar, ana yin sautin a cikin kayan ji ne saboda motsin iska da aka fitar daga huhun. Ruwan iska a cikin wannan yanayin yana haifar da oscillation na membranes na roba, wanda ke samar da raƙuman sauti.

Wadannan membranes a cikin mutane sune sautin muryoyin da ke cikin maƙogwaron. Amma game da tsinkayar sauti da aka samar, ya dogara ne da irin tasirin tashin hankali na muryoyin: wanda yake da ƙarfi, yana daɗaɗa murya. Amma game da karfin muryar, ya dogara da girman girman karfin huhu, da kuma yadda ake rufe jijiyoyin: mafi girman matsa lamba da buguwa, rufewa da karfi.

Koyaya, kada mutum ya manta cewa duk wani kayan kida kadai ba isasshen bayanan sauti: ana buƙatar atare guda ɗaya wanda zai inganta wannan sautin. A cikin mutane, trachea, hanci da bakin cavins, da pharynx sune irin resonators.

Tsuntsaye mawaƙa tsakanin dabbobi.

An dauki lokaci mai tsawo, an yi imanin cewa an tsara ƙirar tsuntsaye iri ɗaya daidai da na mutum. Bayan haka, kan aiwatar da bincike, sai aka juya ga cewa tsuntsayen basu da larynx ɗaya kamar mutane, amma biyu a lokaci ɗaya: babba na sama, mai dacewa da na dabbobi masu shayarwa da ƙananan larynx, wanda ba kamar yadda yake ga sauran dabbobi. Haka kuma, a cikin halittar sauti, na biyu, ƙananan larynx, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Na'urar ƙananan larynx tana da rikitarwa, kuma tana da bambance-bambance da aka sani a cikin nau'in tsuntsaye daban-daban. Saboda wannan hadadden da bambance-bambance, masana kimiyya suna ci gaba da bincike akan yadda ake amfani da ƙananan larynx. Ba shi da mai kunnawa ɗaya, kamar yadda a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, amma biyu ko ma hudu.

Bayan haka, dukkan masu rawar jiki suna aiki da kansu ba tare da wani ba. Wannan tsarin mai ban mamaki yana cikin ƙananan ɓangare na trachea, inda ya shiga cikin sassan biyu. Godiya ga irin wannan na'urar mai rikitarwa, na'urar sautin tsuntsaye tana da ikon yin irin wannan aikin.

Tsuntsayen suna maimaita ayyukan wakokin nasu.

Gaskiyar cewa yayin juyin halitta a cikin ƙananan trachea na biyu larynx wanda aka kafa, ya ba wa waɗannan dabbobin damar amfani da shi azaman resonator na biyu, wanda yake da ƙarfi sosai. Kuma a cikin yawan adadin tsuntsayen, trachea yana girma sosai, yana haɓaka duka biyu a diamita da tsayi. Hakanan huhu yana girma. Amfani da wadannan ko wadancan motsin jikin mutum da kuma tashin hankali na tsokoki na musamman, tsuntsu zai iya canza yanayin wannan tsarin mai rikitarwa mai karfi kuma zai iya sarrafa membrane da tsarin yanayin girman muryarsa.

Saurari kukan tsuntsaye

Amma game da yanayin sihirin sautikan, sun dogara da aikin maƙogwaron ne na sama, wanda yake aiki azaman takaddar ƙarewar hanyar hanyar sauti. Manyan larynx suna aiki tare da ƙananan maƙogwaro a cikin yankin reflex.

Godiya ga tsarin ban mamaki na kayan sauti, tsuntsaye sun sami damar yin sauti.

Maƙarƙashiya da resonators (ƙirar muryar tsuntsaye) suna da ban sha'awa a girman girman jiki. Gaskiya gaskiya ne ga ƙananan tsuntsaye. A saboda wannan dalili, kusan dukkanin kwayoyin suna shiga cikin aiwatar da waƙoƙi a cikin tsuntsaye.

Damuwar da jikin tsuntsu yake fallasa yayin da ake waƙa yana da girma har jikin ta yana rawar jiki a zahiri.

Tailaran da yad'auke da dan kadan da kuma fikafikan suyi rawar jiki da rawar yabo, karamar beak ya bude sosai, yana kirkirar sararin samaniya don sauti wanda zai mamaye kirjin tsuntsu, kuma wuyansa yana da tsawo. Haka kuma, batun bai iyakance ga damuwa ta jiki shi kaɗai ba. Waƙa tana ɗaukar tsuntsu gabaɗaya da kuma cikin nutsuwa.

A farkon shekarun 60s na karni na 20, masu bincike suka gano a cikin muryoyin tsuntsayen ultrasonic akan cewa kunne na mutum baya iya ganewa. Ana samun irin waɗannan abubuwan a cikin waƙoƙin greenfinchs, sunflowers, zaryanok da wasu tsuntsaye.

Waƙar yana kama tsuntsu gabaɗaya, duka a zahiri da ruhi.

Kasancewa da mawaƙa na ainihi, tsuntsaye ba su iyakance ga kayan murya ɗaya kawai don ƙirƙirar sauti. Don wannan dalili, suna haɗa haɗin abubuwan da suke da shi. Wings, paws, baki da ma wutsiya suna da hannu. Babban misali game da wannan shine katako, wanda kowa yasan shi mai bugun daka mai rauni. Shirya kayan wasan kwaikwayo na bazara, yana amfani dasu a baki kawai, harda abubuwa daban-daban wadanda yake amfani dashi azaman drum. Yankunan irin waɗannan abubuwa sunada yawa - daga bushe itace zuwa guntun ƙarfe da gwangwani.

An sani cewa baki a matsayin kayan aiki na ƙawancewar ƙauna ana amfani da storks. Daban-daban nau'in beak danna suna maye gurbin sadarwa na muryar da storks. Wannan nau’in sadarwa kuma ya yadu a tsakanin tsuntsayen dabbobi iri-iri, kamar su mujiya da gaggafa. Theseaɗan waɗannan maɗaukaka ana fitar da su azaman siginar barazana.

Waƙoƙi, sauti iri ɗaya da isharar magana a cikin duniyar tsuntsu suna da rawar daban.

Babban ban sha'awa shine abin da ake kira "wakar waka", wanda za'a iya lura dashi lokacin tashiwar jirgin sama a saman mahaukacin. Tare da wannan waƙar, ana samar da sautin saboda rawar murya daga gashin fuka-fukai daga cikin iska mai zuwa. Sautin da ya tashi a wannan yanayin yana da kama da zubar da ɗan rago. Saboda wannan kamanceceniyar, an sanya sunan dutsen cikin mutane "ragon daji." Tsuntsaye da yawa suna yin sauti ta amfani da fikafikan su. Waɗannan sun haɗa da, alal misali, capercaillie da baƙar fata, wanda, a lokacin balaga, dole ne ya sami irin wannan slam.

Amma duk da haka, waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan samar da sauti suna, kodayake suna da ban sha'awa, amma na sakandare, kuma ƙananan larynx shine babban tushen sauti a cikin tsuntsaye. An yi sa'a, ƙudurin aikin sautin kukan tsuntsun yana da ban mamaki sosai. Don tabbatar da wannan, kawai ka tuna da alamuran taurari da kera wakoki tare da waƙoƙinsu na ban mamaki, da kuma kwarewar kwaikwayon parrots da sauran waɗansu tsuntsayen.

Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.

Blackbird (Turdus merula) - shahararren mawaƙa kuma ba ƙarancin ɗan da aka sace ba. Wannan tsuntsu mai tsarkin daji ya saba da kusanci da mutum, kuma yanzu za a iya jin wakarsa melancholy a cikin birane. Baya ga wata waƙar kyakkyawa, ana kuma ba da alamar murkushe ta hanyar alamun da aka nuna wa dangi: “Dachshund-Dachshund”, “Gix-Gyx”. Hoton marubuci

Koda mutane da ke nesa da ornithology suna nuna sha'awar parrots, saboda waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da hankali, sun san yadda ake "magana" kuma suna da bayyanar ban dariya. Bayan haka, akwai wasu 'tsuntsaye' da yawa da suke magana a cikin yanayi, kuma dayawa daga cikinsu suna nuna ba wai kawai gwanin kiɗa ba, har ma da fasaha.

Daya daga cikin abokaina, mai bincike, yana zaune a cikin wani gidan abinci a bankunan Mekong. Lokacin da suka juya zuwa gare shi: "Yaya kake?", Ya juya, amma bai ga kowa ba, ban da tsuntsayen baƙi biyu a cikin keji. Tsuntsayen sun ci gaba da tattaunawar:
- babyan jariri, kana son ayaba tare da shinkafa?
- Ina so in. .
- Amma wanene zai ba su?
- Eh ...

Mai binciken, a asara, ya matso kusa da keji - magana parrots ba zai ba shi kunya ba, amma tsuntsayen baƙi girman tarko ?!

Wannan ba shine karo na farko da wakilan dangin dangi (Sturnidae), ko kuma hanyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi (Gracula religiosa), tsoratar da mamakin matafiya. Na ga kekuna tare da wadannan tsuntsayen a kan titunan China da Vietnam, kuma idan duk masu yawon bude ido sun fahimci cewa babbar tsuntsu tana nufin “Sannu” kuma, a saboda haka, za su yi rawar jiki da mamaki. Staran wasan mu na yau da kullun (Sturnus vulgaris) shima kyawun kwafi ne - yana sautin muryoyin wayoyin hannu, waƙoƙin Orioles, ƙarar chainsaw, da kuma tauraron ɗan adam da aka yi da hannu zasu iya koyan jumla kaɗan.

Idan mafi yawan parlots suna magana cikin muryoyin "zane", wasu abubuwa ", haɗiye" wasu, kuma wasu sanannun ma'abuta Amazons da Jacques sun furta kalmomi da kyau, sannan tauraruwar taurari suna kwaikwayon maganar ɗan adam sosai. Don tabbatar da wannan, ba lallai ba ne don zuwa Asiya ko don samun tsuntsaye a gida - alal misali, zaku iya bincika filin Sparrow Bird Park, wanda ke kusa da babbar hanyar. Akwai wata hanya a cikin kahon da ke cewa “hello!” Ga baƙi da "Sannu!" da tsabta cewa mutane fara duba cikin idanun farka na kafa. Baya ga rariya, sauran "masu magana" ma suna zaune a wurin shakatawa, ɗakunan da aka nuna su a wani keɓaɓɓen tsaye, Tsuntsayen Tallan.

Wa yace "ay"?

Ikon tsuntsaye zuwa onomatopoeia ya dogara da dalilai da yawa - alal misali, na'urar larynx da halayyar sadarwa mai kyau. Faxi cewa, ana amfani da hanyoyi, kamar sauran jerin kundin rera wakar, don sadarwa da juna ta hanyar sauti daban-daban. Zai yi wuya a ci gaba da lura da juna a cikin dazuzzuka mai yawa, kuma "kiran yi" yana ba da izinin tsuntsaye su kasance cikin hulɗa koyaushe.

Fiye da rabi na tsuntsaye masu rai suna cikin waka irin ta masu wucewa (Passeriformes L.). Maƙarƙashiya da tsokokin muryoyinsu suna da cakuduwa cikin tsari, don haka babu wani abin mamaki a cikin gaskiyar cewa duka “mugu” na hankaka ne da kuma rawar murya mai cike da sauti suna iya fahimtar magana da mutum.

Jays, tauraron dangi, remixes har ma (Menura superba), kyakkyawa kuma ba tare da wasu waƙoƙi ba, suna iya rikicewa - ko dai suna "tari", to ambaliya tare da nightingale, sannan "meow".

Me yasa tsuntsaye suke “kwaikwayon” sauran abubuwa masu rai? Wannan tambayar ta dade da damuwa ga masana kimiyya, amma babu tabbataccen amsar da za a bayar. Wasu sun yi imani da cewa waƙoƙin rikice-rikice suna taimakawa wajen ɓatar da abokan hamayyarsu da ƙarfafa kariyar ƙasa, yayin da wasu suka yi imani da cewa idan aka sami bambancin waƙar, to ya fi kyau ga mace. Idan tsuntsu ba ya cikin rukunin mawaka, to, namiji yana da tsabta yana da '' '' dama 'don yin waƙar takamaiman waƙa.

Dangane da binciken masanin ilimin halitta Scott McDougall-Shackleton (Scott) da masanan Amurkawa Stephen Nowitzki, Susan Peteres da Jeffrey Podos (Stephen Nowicki, Susan Peters, Jeffrey Podos), maza da ba su ci abinci da kyau ba a cikin ƙuruciya ba su raira waƙa da kyau, kuma maimaitawa talaka ne. Jin irin waƙar “hilyachka”, mace za ta fi son shi namiji da ya girma a cikin mafi kyawun yanayi - daga gareshi zuriyarsa tabbas za su iya ƙarfi. Af, tsuntsaye da yawa ma suna buƙatar horarwa don "daidai" waƙar - a nan "raye-raye" na maza da manya kuma rakodin tef ɗin su ma sun dace.

Sautin da tsuntsayen ke yi sun bambanta sosai - waɗannan alamun kira ne, kuma masu kariya ne, kuma (yankin yana da aiki!), Da, kuma waƙar samari. Don haka, a lokacin bazara zaka iya jin "kyakkyawan" murmurewa a cikin filin shakatawa, kuma idan ka duba cikin dajin, zaka iya ganin tushen sautin - gashin tsuntsu (shine Erithaucus rebecula), wanda ke dandana muryar.

Cranes suna tafiya cikin fakitoci, amma da wuya suka taru a wurin ɗaure. Hotuna (lasisin Creative Commons): Louis

Da kyau, kyakkyawan misali na siginar kira shine kiranyen murfin sama. Kowace faɗuwa, muna jin sautin garke na tashi, kuma wannan waƙoƙin yana da alama mafi kyau da baƙin ciki a duniya.

Af, mutane ƙalilan suna lura da cewa gurgling wani karin waƙa ne mai ban mamaki, wato tsuntsu ɗaya ya ce “kaji”, na biyun kuma ya amsa “l”, wannan yana kama da hirar masoya na gaskiya idan mutum ya fara magana kuma na biyu ya ƙare. Irin wannan waƙar ana kiranta Duet kuma tana da asali a wasu nau'in tsuntsayen - wren, mujiya mai kifi, ƙarami, mawaƙa ta Habasha (Laniarius aethiopicus). Haka kuma, har ma tsuntsayen da suke zaune nesa da nesa, suna raira tare, cikin haɗin kai.

A wasu halaye, irin waɗannan duets masu kyau su ne kawai sadarwa tsakanin ma'aurata a nesa, kamar "Oh, ina kake?" - "Ina nan", a cikin wasu - kare yanki da kare aurena daga da'awar mugayen 'macho' da "masoya mata".

Ofaya daga cikin sabon binciken da aka yi akan wannan batun masana binciken dabbobi na jami'ar Windsor da ke Kanada suka gudanar da shi. Sun kafa wata magana ta hanyar magana da dabino (Thryothorus rufalbus) kuma sun rasa muryar wani, masu fa'ida. Maƙidan da ke fusata sun yi wakar da ƙarfi, da sauri, da kuma 'fushin', suna ƙoƙarin korar abokan hamayyarsu.

Tsuntsayen sauran nau'ikan suna da ciyarwa iri daban-daban da kayan gini don gida, amma akwai wani abu da zaiyi 'gardama' tare da tsuntsayen nasu nau'in.

Hikimar kaji

Wani nau'in waƙa mai ban sha'awa a cikin tsuntsaye shine siginar haɗari, alal misali, a wurin maharbi. Haka kuma, rawar jiki da ake firgita da hankulla da tsoratarwar tsuntsaye ga kunnuwan mutum basuda bambanci da sautin "kwantar da hankali", amma tsuntsayen har ma da sauran nau'ikan sun kama bambance-bambance da ɓoyewa.

Af, a cikin kaji, wanda mutum yayi la'akari da matsayin wawanci, akwai alamun alamomi har guda bakwai waɗanda ke bayyana yanayin haɗarin da ke gabatowa. A tsakanin kaji, da kuma tsakanin sauran halittu masu rai, akwai mutane da ke da saurin fushi da tunani mai zurfi.

Nazarin da ƙungiyar biophysical a Cibiyar Nazarin Silsoe suka gudanar ya nuna cewa kaji, musamman yara, suna iya nuna mu'ujizai na saurin-kai da kame-kame. Don haka, an koya wa kaji yadda ake saka maɓallan launi, bayan wannan kuma sun ba da lada - magani. Idan kaji ya ci abinci nan da nan, bai isa ba, amma idan ya jira naƙiƙi 22, an ba shi lada mai yawa. Kuma yawancin kaji sun koyi jira.

A wani gwaji, an koyar da kaji da yawa don samun abinci ta hanyar latsa maballin da beransu, daga baya suka “dasa” su. Daliban sun samu nasarar wuce jarabawar. Abin sha'awa ne cewa su kalli kaji kawai, amma ba sa so su koyi yadda ake samun abinci daga matsosai.

Chicken tsuntsu ne mai hankali da mai hankali. Idan akwai wani hadari, za ta gargadi jakar har ma ta tantance barazanar. Hoto (lasisin Creative Commons): Kevin Utting

Tabbas, basirar kaji yana da wani yanayi. Wani abu kuma shine hankaka, jackdaw, jacquot, cockatoo, Amazon, Lori da dabarun "fasaha". Thearfin corvids da manyan parrots don kwatanta halin da sautin da ake so wani lokacin rikice ne. Yawancin misalai an san su yayin da tsuntsaye suke amfani da kalmomi da jumla cikakkun wurare zuwa wuri. Misali, sukan ce “barka da zuwa” lokacin da bako ya fita, ko kuma la'antar “Tsarkakewa! Ba sa'a! "Idan suka manne wa labulen tare da fizge-fizgensu kuma ba za su iya fita ba. A lokaci guda, crows da magpies sun fi parrots ƙarfi a cikin ikon yin koyi da jawaban mutum, amma yafi zama mafi wahalar koya musu.

A da ana tunanin cewa tsuntsaye kawai suna kwaikwayon maganar mutum ne. Koyaya, yanzu wasu masana game da ilimin halittu sun sanya hankali ga tsuntsaye akan mataki daya tare da bayanan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa: karnuka, dabbobin ruwa, giwaye, birai, kuma hakan, yana da alaƙa da matakin haɓaka yara masu shekaru biyu zuwa huɗu. Tambayar ita ce ta yaya za a tantance matakin ma'ana? Masana kimiyya daban-daban suna fassara sakamakon gwajin iri ɗaya. Anan ga kyakkyawan misali game da mummunan ra'ayi ga kowane ra'ayoyi da aka samo daga littafin David D. McFarland, Dabarar Dabbobi. Psychobiology, Ilimin halittu, da Juyin Halitta. "

Yayin da yake karatu a makarantar digiri na biyu, marubucin littafin ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen tare da pigeons - ya sa su "neurosis" ta hanyar ba da abinci na yau da kullun ko kuma nuna abinci wanda ba zai yiwu ba. Ofaya daga cikin pigeons na gwaji ya nuna hali mai saurin kisa, kuma ɗalibin wanda ya gama karatun digiri ya yi zargin cewa tsuntsu bai son maganin "mara kyau".

yanke shawarar yin gwaji kuma bar tsuntsun daga cikin keji. Kurciya ta tashi zuwa wayoyi, ta tabbatar da aiki da kayan, sannan ta fara cire su da beak! Fuskantar yanayi iri-iri - daga wani girgiza mai haske zuwa ji mai laifi - dalibi mai digiri na biyu ya fita shan kofi. Lokacin da ya dawo, ba zato ba tsammani ya gano cewa tsuntsu kawai ya kuskure wayoyi don kyawawan kayan don gina gida, da kyau, kuma halayyar tashin hankali tana da alaƙa da shiri don ladabtar da mace.
Af, pigeons koyaushe suna kusa, kuma yaya sauran nau'ikan halittu basa bincike ta hanyar binciken ... Mai hikima na mujiya, ko cacapo (Stirigops habroptilis) yana zaune a cikin gandun daji na New Zealand, amma ba wanda ya gwada shi, saboda tsuntsu yana gab da ƙarewa.

Heron zai tafi kamun kifi ko ta yaya ...

Yadda za a gano wanene yafi “wayo” tsakanin tsuntsaye? Masanin Kanada Louis Lefebvre na Jami’ar McGill, ya ba da shawarar auna IQs na tsuntsayen ba ta hanyar “iya tattaunawa mai zurfi” tare da mutum ba, amma ta hanyar girman fasahar da tsuntsayen ke nunawa yayin neman abinci. Dangane da wannan sikelin, crows da jays suna cikin farkon, falmo da vultures suna cikin na biyu, masu katako da herons suna gaba. Don haka, aka yi fim har sama sau da yawa ga ma'aikatan shirin na BBC, yayin da suka kama tsuntsayen don nuna damuwa - tsuntsayen "" sun yi ", suna jefa kayan abinci a cikin ruwa suna jiran babban kifi.

Sanannen abu ne game da hankakan hankalta da kuma iyawarsa na ƙidayarwa, amma kyautar onomatopoeic ta kasance asirin mutane da yawa. Hoto (lasisin Creative Commons): Dori

Amma Lefebra tana da kyau musamman da ƙwayar hankaka don amfani da "kayan aikin" don hakar abinci. Sabuwar Caledonian (Corvus moneduloides) Betty da zuriyarta daga dakin binciken dabbobi na Jami'ar Oxford (Jami'ar Oxford) sun shahara sosai a “filin aiki”.

Gwanaye masu fikafikan mutum biyu sun koyi yadda ake yin ƙugiya daga waya da yadda ake samun abinci daga bututun gwaji. Amma ya zuwa yanzu babu wata tabbatacciyar shaida da ke nuna cewa wannan ba komai bane, kamar ɗan adam. Hakanan, ba hujja ba ce kawai, amma kuma akwai maganganu iri-iri game da aikin hankali na tsuntsaye.

Duk da yake masana kimiyya suna jayayya game da wannan batun, masu bincike daga dakin gwaje-gwaje na kimiyyar lissafi da kuma halayen dabi'a na Ma'aikatar Ilimin Jiki na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jami'ar Jihar Moscow a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Zoe Zorina sun yanke shawara cewa hankaka "mai hankali". Shekaru na kwarewa sun nuna cewa crows (Corvus cornix) sun sami damar ƙidaya, warware rikice-rikice masu ma'ana da kuma yanke shawarar da ta dace a cikin sabon yanayi. Don share shi duka, waɗannan tsuntsayen ban dariya suna son wasa kuma suna da nishaɗi. Ko dai za su tsokanar karnukan, to sai su mirgine daga manyan gidajen Ikklisiya, kamar daga tudu.

Sauran nau'in tsuntsayen ma ba su gushe ba suna ba mutane mamaki. Yi hukunci da kanka - a cikin Guangzhou na kasar Sin, duck yana aiki a matsayin mai siyar da jarida maimakon ubangijinsa, raven na Rasha Gavryusha ya kirkiro hotuna don aikin AnimalsArt, wasan ƙwallon ƙwallan kankara na yin kiɗa, kuma wani akuya mai suna AJ yana wasa golf da kwallon kwando daidai. ta bakin shugabanta, David Cota.

Tabbas, duk wannan ya wuce ikon bincike na dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma shine cin gaban horo, amma yaya farin ciki yake kawowa mutane. Koyaya, tsuntsayen daji suna rera waƙa a cikin gandun daji suna haifar da motsin zuciyarmu - ana ma yin aikin tiyata a yanzu - ana kula da damuwa ta hanyar sadarwa da son haihuwa.

Mawaƙa na ƙasarmu

Rasha ta ƙunshi yankuna masu yawa kuma sun haɗa da yankuna masu yanayi daban-daban. Game da wannan, bambancin tsuntsayen da ke zaune a Rasha sun cika da wasu nau'ikan da ba a saba gani ba.

Daga cikin kundin renon da ke zaune a tsakiyar layin, akwai waɗanda ke haifar mana da ƙungiyoyi kai tsaye tare da mahaifar ƙasa.

Nightingale. Iridarancinsa na almara mai ban sha'awa suna ƙarfafa waƙar mawaƙan cikin gida da mawaka don ƙirƙirar gwanin nasu. Wani tsuntsu mai matsakaici, na waje mara fahimta, madaidaicinn dare yana da muryar da ba ta da mahimmanci.

Ana rera wakar maɗaukaki.

Ana jin muryoyin manyan dutsen ana buɗewa da safe lokacin da ya faɗi rana kuma ya sanar da farkon rana.

Bright rawaya Orioles chirp, raira waƙa.

Zaryanka ta fashe da kuka mai sauti. Ba dalili ba tare da dalili ba a Rasha ana amfani da abubuwan da ake kira masu kira rasberi.

Sauran mawaƙa masu launi na Rasha: thush, siskin, goldfinch, finch, mockingbird da sauransu.

Tsuntsayen waje

Vocal tsuntsaye na duniya suna haifar da sha'awa da sha'awa cikin mutum tun a tarihi. Suna fadakar da mutane da karfafa kirkirar kida wadanda suke kwaikwayon wakar tsuntsu. Amma akwai kuma nau'in tsuntsayen da ba sa yin waka, amma magana. Yana da, sama da duka, game da parrots. Waɗannan baƙin tsuntsayen suna mamakin iyawar su na haifar da kalmomi da sautin maganganun mutane. Suna zaune a Afirka, Brazil, da kuma wasu tsibiran kudu masu hazaka. Mafi yawan jita-jita game da duniya shine Jaco parrots. Suna iya maimaita magana ba kalmomi kawai ba, harda kwafe rarrabe, murya da saurin magana.

Wani tsuntsu mai yawan magana shine rake na Turai. Cancantar sa shine kawai ya furta kalmomin, amma kuma a zahiri ya sanya su cikin zance da mutum.

Wata baiwa mai ba da shawara ta zamanto ita ce mai faɗa. Tana kuma rera wakokin wasu tsuntsaye. Yana zaune a cikin ƙasashen Tsohon Duniya, kuma yana tashi zuwa hunturu a Afirka.

Rashin barci da daddare

Wasu tsuntsaye ba su kwana. Da farkon duhu, ayyukansu suna ƙaruwa sosai, saboda a wannan lokacin tsuntsayen suna neman abinci. Misali mai kyau game da wannan shine mujiya. Sukan tashi da shiru, suna da kaifin idanu suna kashe ganima a lokacin da babu tsammani. Hawan kogin da ya dace yana da alaƙa da dazuzzuka mai duhu da haɗari.

Sauran tsuntsayen suna amsawa da dare. Wannan daddaren daddare, dabbar kwandon daji, warbler, redstart, blackbird.

Illsawannin dare suna zuba a lokacin lokacin kiwo, wato a damina da damuna. Mafi yawan maza suna rera waka. Don haka suna jan hankalin abokan huldarsu.

Fiye da mazaunin mawaƙa na dare - wurare kusa da tafkunan ruwa da kwari. Mazaunan garinsu ƙaƙƙarfar ƙasa ce. Tana yin sauti takamaiman sauti, mai kama da ruri (sa).

Tsuntsayen birni suna raira waƙa

Yawancin mazaunan gandun birane sune pigeons, haɗiye, crows, wagtails, magpies da sparrows. Mun ji motsin su, amma sabo ne, tataccen dunƙule dunkule a dunkule.

Amma tare da farkon bazara, bambancin muryoyin da karin waƙoƙin suna da haɓaka sosai. Lokacin kiwo a cikin tsuntsaye, kamar yadda kuka sani, tare da raira waƙa kawai. Abubuwa na wasan dare, na tauraro, mawaƙa, son waƙoƙi ko sauti masu kyau a cikin birni. Sau da yawa waɗannan tsuntsayen suna tashi daga belin daji. A cikin birni sun zaɓi murabba'ai, wuraren shakatawa da sauran wuraren da akwai ciyayi. Saboda haka, idan kuna son jin daɗin shimfidar tsuntsu kuma ku shakata daga haɗarin yau da kullun, tafi don yawo a cikin wurin shakatawa ko lambun birni. Ana gudanar da irin waɗannan nunin raye-raye don 'yan ƙasa duk lokacin bazara da bazara.

Tsuntsaye masu birgima

Wasu wakilan duniyar da aka zana suka yi sautin kama da muryar mutum. Ana jin sa a cikin gandun daji, lambu, wurin shakatawa, duka damuna da damuna. Saƙon halayyar kifi-kifi, kaska-tik-fyuyu suna yin ɗan farat ɗaya da maƙwabta na kusa da blackstart. Wadannan kananan tsuntsayen daga tsuntsu masu tashi daga gidan tsuntsaye sun kasance cikin mawaƙa. An dauke su ɗayan kyawawan tsuntsayen da ke zaune a cikin wuraren shakatawa na birni. Girman tsuntsu yakai santimita 10 cm 3. Abun ciki da wutsiyar tsuntsaye ana zanen su a cikin ruwan lemo mai cike da launi. Lokacin da ta yada kayanta, da alama kamar harshen wuta yake ci.