Abubuwan al'ajabi na duniyar dabbobi basu isa bane. Idan dai ba a samu damar samun yankin ba, za a sami karin mazaunan wurin. Sama da talakawa, da kuma a bayyane, kamar gilashi, amurka babu komai a ciki tana zaune a yankuna na wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amurka.

Gilashin rana. Hoto na kyakyawa mai kamshi

Akwai kwayayen gilashi a cikin duniya. Hoton kyakkyawar kyakkyawa da kwatankwacin salon rayuwarta mai ban mamaki duk suna cikin labarinmu.

Kwalaben gilashin gilashi - a'a, a'a, ba su yin gilashi! Waɗannan su ne ainihin ainihin wakilan rayayyun ƙasashen duniya. Waɗannan 'yan amphibians ne, waɗanda masana kimiyya suka danganta da umarnin wutsiya. Iyalin hada wadannan halittu ana kiransu - gilashin gilasai, halittar kuma tana da suna iri daya.

Mu'ujjizai da yawa a duniya! Ana iya la'akari da Yanayin Uwa a matsayin babban mahaliccin ɗaukakar duniyarmu. Ba ta daina mamakin yadda ta kware ba. Anan, da alama, kwaɗi na yau da kullun - menene na musamman game da su? Amma har cikin wadannan halittun akwai misalai a wurin wanda mutum ba zai iya tsayayya da kyan gani ba.

Idan ka kalli kwayar gilashin daga sama - ba ta bambanta da kwaɗar bishiyar da ta saba.

A karo na farko, masu bincike suka bayyana wannan dabba dabbar a 1872. A yau akan duniyarmu akwai kusan nau'ikan 60 na waɗannan kyawawan abubuwa.

Abubuwan fasalin gilashin gilashi da mazauninsu

A cikin fadama mai dunƙulen kudu, Mexico, arewacin Paraguay, Argentina, inda mutane ba za su iya isa ba, ƙaƙƙarfa gilashin rana (Centrolenidae) yana jin daɗin zama. Bankunan koguna da rafuffukan da ke gudana a cikin gandun daji mai laima sosai wuri ne da aka fi so a mazaunanta. Halittar da kanta, kamar dai daga gilashi ne, ta hanyar fata ana iya ganin su, kwai.

Yawancin 'yan amphibians suna da "gilashi" ciki, amma ana samun su da fatar fata a baya ko ƙafafun translucent gabaɗaya. Wasu lokuta ana yin ado da ƙwallon ƙafa tare da kamannin abin da ya zano. Smallarami, babu girma fiye da 3 cm a tsayi, kore mai haske, mai haske a launi tare da ɗigon launuka masu launuka, tare da idanu masu sabon abu, irin waɗannan bayanin kumahoto na gilashin rana.

A cikin hoto gilashin gilashi

Ba kamar amintacciyar itace ba, idanunta ba sa duban bangarorin, amma a gaba, don haka ana fuskantar kallonta a wani kusurwa na 45 °, wanda zai ba ka damar yin daidai waƙa da ƙananan dabbobi. Akwai takamaiman guringuntsi a kan diddige.

Cuungiyar 'yan tsiraru ta' yan ampilifa (Centrolene) suna da babban sigogi har zuwa cm 7. Suna da fararen fararen ciki, ƙasusuwa masu launin kore. Harkar ciki ta ƙunshi fitar da yawu. Manufar karuwar kayan aiki kayan aiki ne lokacin da ake yin yaɗa don ƙasa ko akasin haka.

Fitowar mabuɗin gilashi, yaya abin mamaki?

Siffar fasalin ciki na dabba shine cewa ta hanyar fata zaka iya ganin duk hancin dabbar. Da alama duk jikin kumburin yana da kwalliya mai launin shuɗi. Abin da ya sa aka kira dabbar "gilashi", saboda duk ta yi haske!

Amma yana da daraja ganin ciki - kuma nan da nan ya zama sananne dalilin da yasa ake kiran wannan dabbar haka!

Wadannan kyawawan launuka suna girma cikin tsayi daga 3 zuwa 7.5 santimita - idan aka kwatanta da sauran kwalliyar sun kasance ƙananan. Kuma bayyanannan rashin karfi na kara rage girman su. 'Ya'yan dabbobin suna da kusan bayyanuwa. A wasu nau'in, an yi musu ado da kyan gani kawai. Launin gilashin gilashi mai launin shuɗi ne. Amma wani lokacin akwai samfurori masu zane a cikin launuka masu haske. Idanun kwalaben gilashin suna kallon gaba, baya kan bangarorin, kamar, misali, tsutsar itace.

Gilashin halin gilashi da salon rayuwa

Ya kasance a cikin Ekwado a ƙarshen karni na 19 ne aka samo samfuran farko, kuma har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 aka raba irin wannan amintattun mutane zuwa 2 janareto. Daga karshe aka zabi 3 halittar raga gilashin rana (Hyalinobatrachium) ana nuna shi ta kasancewar farin kashi, kasancewar babu fitila mai haske, wanda a cikin wasu "dangi" yana kunshe da dulmuyawar zuciya, hanji, hanta.

Wadannan gabobin ciki suna bayyane a fili. Babban bangare na rayuwar frogs yana faruwa a ƙasa. Wasu mutane sun fi so su zauna a cikin bishiyoyi, suna zaɓar yanayin ƙasa. Amma haihuwar mai yiwuwa ne kawai kusa da ruwa.

Jagoranci irin rayuwar da ba su dace ba, a ranar suna hutawa a kan bushin shara. Amphibians Hyalinobatrachium sun fi son farauta da rana. Faɗin Gilashi Frog na Gaskiya fasalulluka ne na halaye a tsakanin mata da maza, rarrabuwar kawuna yayin kwanciya qwai.

Maza suna kiyaye fewan sa'o'insu na farko na rayuwa, sannan lokaci-lokaci suna ɗaukar lokaci. "Mahaifan Mesh" suna kare masarar daga bushewa ko kwari na tsawon lokaci (duk rana). Akwai wata ka’idar cewa a nan gaba za su kula da ci gaban matasa. Matan daukacin nau'ikan mace bayan sun bauce su ta hanyar da ba a san su ba.

Gilashin cincin Glass

Daga cikin sunayen 'yan amphibians da aka samo Rogan murfin Venezuelan da aka ba ta kan yankin ƙasa. Kamar kowane 'amintattun' 'amintattun' 'amintattun mutane, ba shi da isasshen ra'ayi, yana ƙaunar cin abinci a kan ƙananan arthropods mai taushi, kwari, sauro.

A gaban wanda za'a iya azabtar da shi, ya buɗe bakinsa, ya buɗe akan ta daga nesa da santimita da yawa. Yanayin yanayi yana ba ku damar samun abinci ba da maraice ba, har ma da rana. A karkashin yanayin rayuwa na dabi'a, kwari na Drosophila sun dace da abinci.

Sayi tsintsiyar gilashi yana da matukar wahala, dukda cewa akwai cibiyoyin kimiyya na binciken waɗannan dabbobin da ba a san su ba, akwai loversan ƙaunatattun ƙaunatattu da ke ɗauke da su. Abubuwan da ake buƙata don kiwo a kamfani masu rikitarwa, za ku buƙaci babban aquatorrariums na musamman tare da daidaitaccen yanayin yanayin.

Sake bugun tare da tsawon kwanakin gilashin gilashi

Lokacin haifuwa yana faruwa ne kawai a lokacin rigar. Namiji, yana kawar da masu hamayya da wata karamar barazana ko hari, yana farawa da matsayin mace. Duk abin da ya jawo, sai ya sanya da ƙarfi, sannan a takaice.

A cikin hoto gilashin gilashi tare da caviar

Wasu lokuta an samo su hoton rana ta rana, inda mutane da alama suna hawa akan junan su. Wannan nau'in ana kiran shi amplexus, tare da shi abokin tarayya ya kama mace ta hannun ta, ba ta barin har tsawon awanni ko awanni.

Ana sanya ƙwai cikin zurfin tunani a kan farantin ciki na ganye na tsirrai da ke girma sama da ruwa. Ba za a iya rarrabe su da tsuntsaye ba, mazaunan ruwa na ruwa ba za su iya isa ba. Bayan caviar ripening, tadpoles sun bayyana, wanda nan da nan suka fada cikin ruwan ruwa, inda haɗari ke jiransu.

Ba'a fahimci tsawon lokacin rayuwa da mutuwar mutanan amphibians. Babu takamaiman hanya don tantance shekarun dabbobi da ke rayuwa a cikin yanayin halitta. Amma masana kimiyya sun ce a dabi'a rayuwar su ta fi guntu. An kiyaye gaskiyar asalin wurin ajiyar wuri:

• toad - toka shekara 36,
• itace rana - 22 years old,
• ciyawar ciyawa - 18.

Ba lallai ba ne cewa kowane ɗayan tsutsotsi na Centrolenidae zai kasance da dogon lokaci. Baya ga matsalolin muhalli, barazanar lalata gandun daji, akwai yuwuwar yiwuwar magungunan kashe kwari suka shiga cikin yanayin ruwa, inda tadpoles ke zama. Su abinci ne ga kifi da sauran wakilan fauna, don haka '' amintattu '' 'yan' matan za su iya bacewa daga duniyar dabbobi.

Ina so in san komai

Panama bata gushe ba tana bamu mamaki da sahunta. Wani daga cikin mazaunanta ana iya kiransa ainihin mu'ujiza ta yanayi. Zai kasance rana mai murfin gilashi ("Centrolenidae" - sunan sunan kimiyya).

Frog gilashi ba gilashin gilashi ba ce, amma halittu masu rai. Kuna kallon ta daga sama, daga gefe, daga gaba - tsintsiya ce mara tsauri. Amma kalli ƙasa da mamaki. Fatar da ke jikinta a bayyane yake har za ka iya ganin dukkan gabobinta na ciki, gami da qwai. Kodayake a cikin nau'ikan daban-daban, yanayin nuna gaskiyar fata ya bambanta.

A zahiri, kwalaben gilashin dangi ne gaba ɗaya.

Fatar kan ciki irin wannan kwayar tana kama da gilashin, saboda ta wurinta zaka iya ganin gabobin ciki na rana - hanta, zuciya, hanjin ciki, wani lokacin ma harda qwai mata. Saboda wannan, an kira rana mai gilashi. Baya ga fatar fata a kan ciki, irin wannan kwaya ta talaka ce.

Farkon ambaton fatar gilashi ya bayyana a shekara ta 1872, yayin da aka kama samfuran farko a Ecuador. Daga baya, masana kimiyya suka gano cewa mazaunin gilashin gilashin bai tsaya ga Ekwado kadai ba, ana iya samun wannan sabon dabba a arewa maso yammacin Kudancin Amurka, a Amurka ta Tsakiya (a kan tsibirin tsakanin Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka, zuwa Mexico kanta) da kuma wasu wurare da dama na Kudancin Amurka .

A cikin duka, wannan dangin kwaɗi suna da haɓaka 12, gami da nau'ikan 60. Ingancin gano waɗannan amintattun na nasa mallakar masanin kimiyyar gidan Spain Marcos Jimenez de la Espada ne (1872, Latin Amurka). Wannan binciken ya samo asali ne daga farkon binciken wasu sababbin nau'ikan kwamba na wannan iyali. A cikin shekarun 50-70 na karni na 20, kwatancen kwalliyar da ke zaune a Tsakiyar Amurka (Costa Rica da Panama), anjima kadan - a kan yankin Andes, a Kolombiya, Venezuela, Ecuador da Peru. Wasu nau'ikan suna rayuwa ne a yankuna na kogin Amazon da Orinoco.

Koyaya, a cewar masana kimiyya, kwaroron gilasai sun samo asali ne kawai a arewa maso yamma na Kudancin Amurka, bayan wannan sun fadada mazaunin su. Kwalaben gilashin gilashi sun zauna akan bishiyoyi a cikin dazuzzukan da ke da ruwa da kuma rabin kwari. Kusa da ruwa, suna motsawa ne kawai a lokacin kiwo. Frogs suna kwancen ƙwai a ganyen bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi dake saman kogunan koguna. Oneaya daga cikin jinsuna yana sanya ƙwai a kan duwatsu kusa da ruwayen ruwa. Bayan balaga da haihuwa, tadpoles din yayi tsalle cikin ruwa. Mai karfi yanzu, a cikin hannun wanda suka fada kai tsaye, ba karamar matsala ba ce. Godiya ga wutsiya mai ƙarfi da ƙananan ƙusoshin, suna iya jimrewa da shi.

Zabi irin wannan sabon wuri wurin kwanciya qwai yana kawo fa'idarsa. Gilashin gilashin haka yana ƙara yawan damar rayuwa, tunda kifayen fata ba zasu isa ƙwai ba. Kodayake, lokacin da tadpoles ya fada cikin ruwa, suma zasu iya zama ganima ga kifi.

Smallaramin girman sa, daga 3 zuwa 7.5 santimita, yana ba gilashin rana alherin da ƙamshi. Kowane sassa na jiki, kamar kafafu, kusan gaba ɗaya bayyane suke. A baya da kafafu ana fentin kore a launuka daban-daban.

Da zarar wani lokaci, duk gidan gilashin frogs an dauki wani ɓangare na itacen rana gidan. Amma kimiyya ba ta tsayawa ba, kuma masana kimiyya suna ci gaba da bincike da bunkasa iliminsu, da kuma ilimin dukkan mutane. Karatun ya nuna cewa kwalaben gilashin da kwaroron bishiyoyi sun bambanta da iyalai. Babban abin nufi shi ne cewa yanayin gilashin gilashi da itace, wanda yake da alaƙa da kwaɗar bishiya, suna da kama sosai. Amma tare da gilashin gilashi, idanu kawai suke kallo, amma tare da itacen itace ana karkatar dasu ta fuskoki daban-daban.

Wannan mun dauki batun halitta ne. Amma dai itace akwai aikin hannun mutum. Masana kimiyyar Jafananci sun gabatar da sabon nau'in - kwaroron roba. Wannan yana ba su damar lura da ci gaban gabobin ciki, hanyoyin jini, qwai ba tare da shiri ba. “Zaka iya lura da fata yadda gabobi ke girma, yadda cancer ke tasowa da kuma ci gaba. Masanauki Sumay, farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayar halitta ta Amfibian a Jami'ar Hiroshima ta ce a duk tsawon rayuwar ku tana da irin yadda kwayoyi suke shafar kasusuwa, hanta da sauran gabobin.

Yanzu wannan ya dace saboda yawancin duniya a kimantawar abin da aka shirya, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi suna da mummunar niyya. A wurin taron, Masayuki Sumida ya bayyana cewa rukunin sa ya kirkiro wata halitta ta farko wacce ba ta da kama hudu a duniya, ba tare da yin la’akari da wasu kifayen da suke da alamu ba. Masana kimiyya sun kirkiro da sabon nau'in halitta dangane da ƙarancin samfurin wata rana mai launin ruwan Jafananci, Rena japonica, wanda bayansa yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne ko ocher mai launi. Ya zama bayyananne ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin halittar da ke tafe. Ta yin amfani da saka ƙwayar wucin gadi, ƙungiyar Sumida ta haye ƙurar guda biyu tare da wasu kwayoyin halitta. Zuriyarsu sun yi kama da na yau da kullun, abubuwan da suka fi ƙarfin halittar nasara. Amma kara hayewa ya haifar da bayyanuwar tadpoles mai amana.

Yanzu kuma, lokacin da tadpole ya juya zuwa wata rana, zaku ga duk waɗannan canje-canje na ciki na duniya. A akasin haka, irin wannan kwaro ɗin na iya wanzu a cikin yanayin, amma kusan ba zai yiwu a gaji irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar da ke faruwa ba. Hakanan za'a iya haifar da kwaroron daskararru, don su sami damar iyayensu. Amma zuriya na gaba sun mutu, saboda kasancewar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittar haihuwa guda biyu. A cewar masana kimiyya, godiya ga kwayar da aka yiwa mutum, zasu kuma iya fitar da kwalayen fure ta hanyar maye gurbin wani sinadari na musamman. Koyaya, amfani da hanya guda ga dabbobi masu shayarwa, irin su bera, ba zai bada sakamakon “gaskiya” ba, tunda tsarin fatar jikinsu ya bambanta.

Ban yi rubutu ba game da frogs kafin, amma ko ta yaya na rubuta game da Babban tarkace

Ta yaya frogs ɗin gilashi suke rayuwa da hali a cikin yanayin?

Babban aikin waɗannan amintattun mutanen suna gudana akan bishiyoyi. Sun zauna a cikin gandun daji. Mafi yawan lokacin da suke rayuwa a cikin ƙasa. Bukatar kusancin ruwa na faruwa ne kawai a cikin lokacin kiwo. Wani fasalin halayen wadannan dabbobin shine alakar da mata da kuma rawar da suka taka a ilimin 'ya' ya. Wataƙila waɗannan kwaroron baƙaƙen yanayi ne na daban daga duniyar dabba, saboda ƙananan kwaɗi, tun daga ƙwai, ana kula da su ... maza! Kuma mace na gilashin kwalliya suna yin kamar suna tashiwa nan da nan bayan halittar kwanciya. Wannan abin mamaki ne! Kula da "ubanni" suna kare qwai, sannan kuma ci gaban matasa, daga masu hasara da sauran haɗari.

Juyin halitta abu ne da ya zama mai ma'ana da ma'ana. Me yasa irin wannan na'urar ta hanyar fataccen fata - zamu iya tsammani.

Da yake kare zuriyarsa, ɗan rana gilashin yakan iya zama mai zafin rai, har ma ya shiga cikin yaƙin. Zai yi yaƙi zuwa ƙarshe! Ga irin mahaifin nan mara son kai.

Kiwo m frogs

Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, macen tana ɗaukar ƙaramin abu wajen kiwo. Bayan ta sanya ƙwai, ta bar cuba'yanta masu zuwa, ta bar su cikin kula da namiji. Masonry yana kan ganyen bishiyoyi ko shishika. Tadpoles ɗin da aka haife suna da ƙusoshin ƙuraje da babban wutsiya. Wannan fasalin tsarin jikin yana taimaka musu su tsayayya da kwarara da motsawa cikin sauri cikin ruwa.

Kamar yadda batun batun renon yara: me yasa mata suke bacewa bayan share ƙwai?

Abokan gaba a mazauninsu

Sakamakon gaskiyar cewa gilashin gilashi tana sanya kwayayenta a wuraren da ba a rufe ba, wasu mafarautan da fatar caviar ba za su same ta ba. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu a kula da yawan samari. Amma wani lokacin m tadpoles mai ban sha'awa da ƙwarewa har yanzu suna zama ganima ga kifayen da ake tsammani. Da kyau, yana nufin don haka ya ba da yanayi!