| Pachycephalosaurus
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943 - Bakano na baka , 2006
- Stenotholus Giffin et al. 1988
- Stygimoloch Galton & Sues, 1983
- Tylosteus Leidy, 1872
- Coreaukar Hotortsi
Bakker et al. , 2006 - Coreaukar Hotortsia
Bakker et al. , 2006 - Pachycephalosaurus grangeri
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943 - Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943 - Stenotholus kohleri
Giffin et al. 1988 - Stenotholus kohlerorum
Giffin et al. 1988 - Troodon wyomingensis
Gilmore, 1931 - Stygimoloch mai walƙiya
Galton & Sues, 1983
| shekaru miliyan | Lokaci | Era | Aeon |
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| 2,588 | Ko da | | Ka | F
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th | | 23,03 | Neogene | | 66,0 | Paleogen | | 145,5 | wani alli | M
e
s
game da
s
game da
th | | 199,6 | Yura | | 251 | Triassic | | 299 | Permian | P
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th | | 359,2 | Carbon | | 416 | Devonian | | 443,7 | Silur | | 488,3 | Talakawa | | 542 | Kambrian | | 4570 | Precambrian | Pachycephalosaurus (lat.Pachycephalosaurus) - abubuwan halittar dinosaurs na pachycephalosaurids, gami da jinsin guda - Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis. Rayuwa a cikin Babban Cretaceous zamanin (shekarun Maastrichtian) a cikin yankin Arewacin Amurka na zamani. An gano burbushin halittar pachycephalosaurus a Amurka (Montana, South Dakota da Wyoming) da Kanada (Alberta). A al'adance, an dauki pachycephalosaurus a matsayin herbivorous, amma gano kwanyar ta tare da wasu hakoran da ke adanawa waɗanda suka yi kama da hakoran Mesozoic theropods da yawa sun nuna cewa tana da mutuƙar yawu, kuma abincin ta ya canza daga lokaci zuwa kakar, don haka ta tuno da abincin bear. Hakanan za'a iya cewa wasu haƙoran hakoran da ke cikin ƙasa waɗanda aka danganta su da masassarar halittar kuma aka samo su a cikin tsarin inda pachycephalosaurus ya kasance yana iya kasancewa nasa. Pachycephalosaurus yana ɗayan dinosaurs na ƙarshe na avian na ƙarshe kafin ƙarshen nau'i na Cretaceous-Paleogene. Kamar sauran pachycephalosaurids, pachycephalosaurus dabba biyu ce (bipedal) dabba mai rufin katako mai kauri. Yana da dogon toho da ƙananan goge-goge. Pachycephalosaurus shine mafi girman sanannun wakilin wannan rukunin pachycephalosaurus. Babban lamuran cranial na pachycephalosaurus ya haifar da hasashen cewa pachycephalosaurs yayi amfani da su a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe iri-iri. A baya, kawai abubuwan da suka manyanta an danganta ga pachycephalosaurus, saboda abin da ba a karanceshi akan tsarin bunƙasa kansa (amma ana inganta shi), amma daga baya an gano cewa burbushin ya dogara ne da janareto. Dasashi da Stygimoloch, a zahiri, na cikin matasa ne na pachycephalosaurus, kuma zabin wadannan abubuwa bisa ga tsarin halittar kashi daban-daban da matsayinsu da girman tsirar ba daidai ba ne, tunda wadannan abubuwan sun canza sosai yayin tsarin girma. Labarin GanoPachycephalosaurus an san shi da samun babban dome kashi har zuwa santimita 25 kauri akan kwanyarsa, wanda amintacce yana laushi. Koma bayan dome ya kasance ƙusoshin ƙashi da ƙuraje ƙashi yana fitowa daga sama. The spikes kasance mai yiwuwa m maimakon kaifi. Kwanyar ta kasance gajere kuma tana da manyan firam na ido wanda ke fuskantar gaba, wanda ya nuna cewa dabbar tana da hangen nesa mai kyau kuma yana da ikon hangen nesa. Shafin pachycephalosaurus yana da karamar mucks, wanda ya ƙare da baki. Hakora sun kasance kaɗan tare da rawanin kamannin ganye. Wani goyan bayan ya sami goyan bayan kansa a cikin siffar “S” ko “U”. A cikin samari matasa, pachycephalosaurs suna da kwanya mai santsi da manyan ƙaho ke fitowa daga bayan kwanyar. Lokacin da dabbar ta yi girma, ƙaho ɗin ya yi ta jujjuya shi, dome ya yi girma. A pachycephalosaurus ya kasance bipedal (bipedal) kuma shine mafi girman pachycephalosaurus (dinosaur babba-mai kawuna). An kiyasta cewa pachycephalosaurus ya kai tsawon mita 4,5 kuma ya auna kilo 450. Yana da gajeren gajere, wuyan wuka, gajere, babba, jiki mai ƙarfi, tsokoki na baya da kuma wutsiya mai ƙarfi, wacce mai yiwuwa maƙarƙashiya ne a cikin jijiyoyin wuya. Labarin Gano![]()
Burbushin mallakar pachycephalosaurus na iya yiwuwa a gano shi a cikin 1850s. Ta hanyar bayanin Donald Baird, a cikin 1859 ko 1860, Ferdinand Vandiver Hayden, mai tattara burbushin halittu daga Arewacin Amurka ta Yamma, ya tattara guntun kasusuwa a kusa da asalin kogin Missouri, a cikin abin da yanzu ake kira Tsarin Lance a kudu maso gabashin Montana. Joseph Lady ya bayyana wannan samfurin, a yanzu da ake kira ANSP 8568, a cikin 1872 a matsayin mallakar garken dabbar mai rarrafe ko dabba mai kama da ita. An sanya samfurin a cikin sabon salo. Tylosteus. Ba a gano yanayinsa na gaskiya ba har sai da Baird ya sake duba shi sama da ƙarni daga baya kuma ya gano shi a matsayin ƙashin ƙugu (kashi a bayan kwanyar) na pachycephalosaurus, gami da ƙararrakin ƙararrawa wanda ya yi daidai da waɗanda aka samo akan wasu samfuran pachycephalosaurus. Tunda sunan Tylosteus an ambaci da suna Pachycephalosaurus, daidai da Codea'idar Zamani ta Zamani ta Kasa, sunan farko ya kamata a fifita. A 1985, Baird yayi nasarar neman hakan a maimakon Tylosteus sunan amfani Pachycephalosaurus, tunda ba a yi amfani da sunan ƙarshe ba fiye da shekaru hamsin, an samo asali ne daga kayan bincike-bincikensa kuma yana da daidaitattun yanki da ƙayyadaddun wurare. Wannan bazai zama ƙarshen labarin ba, Robert Sullivan ya ba da shawarar a 2006 cewa ANSP 8568 ya fi kama da ƙashi mai dacewa Dasashifiye da akan pachycephalosaurus kashi. Koyaya, yanzu wannan tambayar ba tabbatacciya ba ce, kamar yadda kara bincike ya nuna cewa burbushin ya dogara da shi Dasashi, a cikin samari na pachycephalosaurus. Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis, na hali kuma a halin yanzu kawai nau'in ingancin pachycephalosaurus, wanda Charles Gilmore ya rada masa a cikin 1931. Ya yi amfani da wannan sunan don ɗan USNM 12031 daga Tsarin Lance a cikin Nyobrara County, Wyoming. Gilmore ya danganta da sabon nau'in halittar ga troodon, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin Troodon wyomingensis . A wancan lokacin, masana ilimin burbushin halitta sunyi imanin cewa troodon, wanda kawai hakora ne kawai aka sani, yayi kama Stegoceraswanda yake da hakora iri ɗaya. Don haka, waɗanda jigajigan waɗanda yanzu ake magana da su na pachycephalosaurids sun kasance ne na dangin troodontid, wanda Charles Sternberg ya yi kuskuren gyarawa a 1945. A cikin 1943, Barnum Brown da Erich Maren Schleikier sun bayyana labarin halittar ta hanyar amfani da sabbin abubuwa. Pachycephalosaurus. Sun ba da suna biyu: Pachycephalosaurus grangeri, nau'in nau'in halittar pachycephalosaurus na genuscephalosaurus da Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri. P. grangeri An samo asali ne daga samfurin AMNH 1696, kusan kwanyar da ta gabata daga Tsarin Gidan Wuta na Wuta a Ekalaka, Carter County, Montana. P. reinheimeri an samo asali ne daga samfurin DMNH 469, wata babbar ruwa da wasu abubuwa masu alaƙa suka wakilta daga Tsarin Lance a Corson County, South Dakota. Har ila yau, suna ɗaukar tsohuwar ra'ayi game da Troodon. wyomingensis ga sabon danginsa. Sabbin nau'ikan su guda biyu ana ɗaukar su ne kamar ƙarami P. wyomingensis tun 1983 ![]()
Kyau Stygimolochwanda kawai aka sanya nau'in halittu - Stygimoloch mai walƙiya, masanin ilimin binciken burbushin halittun nan na Burtaniya Peter Galton da kuma masanin ilimin burbushin halittu Hans-Dieter Sue daga Gidan Tarihin Tarihi na Kasa a 1983. An yi imani da cewa Stygimoloch haɗe da gungu na ƙaya a bayan kwanyar, wanda babban ƙaho na tsakiya ya kewaye shi da ƙaramin ƙaho sau biyu, da kuma babban madaukai. An kara fahimtar cewa dukkan samfurori da aka sanya Stygimolochzama kusan kusan cikakkun pachycephalosaurs, kuma Stygimoloch, bi da bi, shine ƙaramin magana da ke nuna wa pachycephalosaurus. Sunaye Stygimoloch wanda aka kirkira daga sunan Kogin Styx, wanda, a tsohuwar tatsuniyar Girkanci tana gudana ta karkashin lamuran, tare da nuni ga samuwar Wutar Creek, kuma a madadin Moloch, allahn Kan'anan yana da alaƙa da hadayar yara, an zaɓe dangane da nau'in dabba mai ban sha'awa. Duba suna zakaru fassara a matsayin "farashi". Cikakken sunan nau'in, sabili da haka, yana nufin "Iblis mai ban tsoro daga Kogin Styx." ![]()
Individualsaramin mutane na pachycephalosaurus an san su daga ɗayan kusan kwanyar (TCMI 2004.17.1) da ƙwayar mahaifa huɗu (Atlanta, na uku, na takwas da na tara). Masana burbushin halittu uku daga Sioux City, Iowa sun gano su a cikin Jahannama a South Dakota. Bayan haka, a cikin 2004, an canza kwanyar a Gidan Tarihi na Yara na Indianapolis don bincike. Da farko, burbushin yara ne, guntu-guntu masu gasa. Maidowa sunyi aiki akan gluing kwanyar kwanyar biyu. A ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2006, gidan kayan gargajiya a hukumance ya ba da sanarwar shigar da shi ga bayanin (an shirya bikin da ya yi daidai da buɗe taron Babban Taro kan Fice). Robert Bob Backer da Robert Sullivan ne suka bayyana wannan binciken a 2006 a matsayin sabon dabi'ar halittar. Dasashi . Har da Stygimoloch, Dasashi an gane shi a matsayin mafi ƙaramin synonym na pachycephalosaurus. BayaninPachycephalosaurus an san shi da samun babban dome kashi har zuwa santimita 25 kauri akan kwanyarsa, wanda amintacce yana laushi. Koma bayan dome ya kasance ƙusoshin ƙashi da ƙuraje ƙashi yana fitowa daga sama. The spikes kasance mai yiwuwa m maimakon kaifi. Kwanyar ta kasance gajere kuma tana da manyan firam na ido wanda ke fuskantar gaba, wanda ya nuna cewa dabbar tana da hangen nesa mai kyau kuma yana da ikon hangen nesa. Shafin pachycephalosaurus yana da karamar mucks, wanda ya ƙare da baki. Hakora sun kasance kaɗan tare da rawanin kamannin ganye. Wani goyan bayan ya sami goyan bayan kansa a cikin siffar “S” ko “U”. A cikin samari matasa, pachycephalosaurs suna da kwanya mai santsi da manyan ƙaho ke fitowa daga bayan kwanyar. Lokacin da dabbar ta yi girma, ƙaho ɗin ya yi ta jujjuya shi, dome ya yi girma. A pachycephalosaurus ya kasance bipedal (bipedal) kuma shine mafi girman pachycephalosaurus (dinosaur babba-mai kawuna). An kiyasta cewa pachycephalosaurus ya kai tsawon mita 4,5 kuma ya auna kilo 450. Yana da gajeren gajere, wuyan wuka, gajere, babba, jiki mai ƙarfi, tsokoki na baya da kuma wutsiya mai ƙarfi, wacce mai yiwuwa maƙarƙashiya ne a cikin jijiyoyin wuya. AbincinTare da ƙananan ƙananan haƙoran haƙora, pachycephalosaurs ba zai iya tauna tsire-tsire mai ƙoshin ƙarfi ba kamar yadda sauran dinosaur na lokaci ɗaya. Hakoran bakin hakoran za su iya yin tasiri sosai ga nika, wanda ke nuna cewa pachycephalosaurs sun ci ganye, tsaba da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Hakanan, a bayyane, dinosaur ya haɗa da nama a cikin abincinsa. Cikakken burbushin halittar yana nuna cewa ya tsinke hakoran ciki, mai kama da ruwan wukake, mai kama da hakoran masifan dabbobi marasa kwari. A bayyane yake, ban da abinci na shuka, pachycephalosaurs suma sun ci ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, shellless, scaly, kuma mai yiwuwa ma ƙarancin dinosaur. An ɗauka cewa, kamar abincin bear na zamani, abincinsu ya canza daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Wataƙila wasu haƙoran haƙoran da aka sanya wa theropods na iya kasancewa cikin pachycephalosaurus. RarrabawaPachycephalosaurus ta ba da suna ga pachycephalosaurs (lat. Pachycephalosauria), wani yanki na kaji-dinosaurs na kaji na dabosa wanda ya rayu a ƙarshen Cretaceous a Arewacin Amurka da Asiya. Duk da matsayin da yake da shi na biyu, ya kasance yana da kusanci da ceratops fiye da na ornithopods. ![]()
Da ke ƙasa akwai Evdo cladogram et al., 2013 . Ontogenesis![]()
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Samfurori ba a kuskure ba don kayan aikin nasu Dasashi da Stygimolochkamar yadda kara karatu suka nuna, na cikin kananan pachycephalosaurs ne, wanda saboda tsararrakinsu, dome da ƙaho ba su isasshen ci gaba. An goyan bayan wannan shawarar a taron shekara-shekara na 2007 na Kungiyar Marassa lafiya ta Vertebrate. Jack Horner daga Jami'ar Montana aka gabatar, bisa ga tsarin bincike na kwanyar, kadai samfurin da aka danganta shi ne DasashiShaida cewa wannan dinosaur na iya zama wani tsari na matasa Stygimoloch. Bugu da kari, ya gabatar da bayanai wadanda ke nuni da hakan Stygimoloch, da Dasashi na iya zama siffofin yara na pachycephalosaurus, wanda aka kara tabbatarwa. ![]()
Horner da M.B. Goodwin ya buga sakamakonsu a shekara ta 2009, wanda ke nuna cewa ƙasusuwan dunƙulewar abubuwa da ginin kwanyar dukkan nau'ikan halittu uku suna da tsayayyen haɓaka, kuma duka biyun Dasashihaka Stygimoloch samfuran samari ne kawai aka san su, yayin da pachycephalosaurus kawai aka sani kawai ta samfuran mutane manya. Wadannan abubuwan lura, ban da gaskiyar cewa dukkanin nau'ikan ukun sun rayu a lokaci guda kuma a wuri guda, sun haifar da yanke hukuncin cewa Dasashi da Stygimoloch sun kasance pachycephalosaurs ne kawai matasa, waɗanda suka rasa kashinsu tare da shekaru, kuma girman gidajensu. A wannan yanayin, samfurin ake magana a kai Dasashiya yi samari sama da samfuran Stygimoloch, yayin da na biyu ya riga ya kusan zuwa ga balaga. ![]()
Gano kwayar kashin da aka danganta da pachycephalosaurus, wanda aka bayyana a cikin 2016 daga bangarorin kasusuwa biyu daban daban na samuwar Gidan Wuta, an gabatar dashi azaman ƙarin tabbacin wannan hasashe. Burbushin ya ragu, kamar yadda David Evans, Mark Goodwin da Colegmie suka bayyana, iri daya ne ga duk ukun da ake zargi da samarda tsintsaye, kuma saboda haka kebantattun abubuwa ne. Stygimoloch da Dasashi maimakon haka, suna da halaye masu daidaituwa akan tsarin ci gaban pachycephalosaurus. Wannan da sauran karatuttukan tsoffin tsoffin tsoffin mutane sun ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da ake gabatarwa a cikin kwanyar ya bayyana ne a farkon rayuwar dinosaur, yayin da al'adar tare da shudi ta bunkasa daga baya. Binciken da Nick Longreach da abokan aikin sa suka yi a shekara ta 2010 kuma sun tabbatar da hasashen cewa dukkan dabarun cranial pranial pranycephalosaurs yara ne, inda suka nuna cewa siffofin cranial-, Goyocephale kuma homalocephalus, yara ne manya, kuma manya ne na wa annan fitattun gidajen cranial. A al'adaPachycephalosaurus ya zama hali a cikin littattafai, litattafan almara game da kimiyya da kuma fim. Musamman bayyanuwar pachycephalosaurus shine fim din "Jurassic Park: Duniya da aka Lashe" da kuma zane-zane mai taken "Duniya Kafin Lokaci." A cikin fim "Jurassic World 2" ya bayyana stygimoloch Stiggy. A cikin ikon amfani da harshen Faransanci, pachycephalosaurus da stigimoloch dabbobi ne daban daban, kuma kodayake masaniyar kimiyyar franchise, Jack Horner, ya nuna kasancewar stigimoloch a cikin rubutun a matsayin kuskure kuma ya nemi maye gurbinsa da pachycephalosaurus, wannan ba a taɓa yin sa ba. A cikin 2009, karamin pachycephalosaurus, mai suna a cikin fim Dasashi, ya fito a jerin na bakwai na kakar na uku a cikin jerin "Jurassic Portal". A lokaci guda, an bashi fasali na dabbar dragon - an tsawaita ƙahon sa, an canza yanayin kayan muƙamuƙi, sannan aka ƙara fashewa biyu a bayan. Duk wannan an bayyana shi da gaskiyar cewa, a cikin labarin, pachycephalosaurus ya gamu da wani mayaki wanda ya dauke shi dabbar dabbar da ya fada cikin zamani, wanda ya zama kwatankwacin tarihin tatsuniyar wani maciji da ya harzuka dragon ya tafi gidan wuta.
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