A kasar Sin, kungiyar BYD da ta Injiniya Tsabtace Tsabtace muhalli suna aiwatar da wani aiki na hadin gwiwa don inganta yanayin. Sun ƙaddamar da layin manyan motocin diban shara. An gabatar da su a taron. Nan gaba, ana shirin cewa zasu maye gurbin kusan rabin motocin kamfanin tsabtace garin. Sakamakon haka, a ƙarshen shekara mai zuwa, rundunar motocin datti zasu ƙunshi kawai samfuran lantarki. Tsabtace muhalli
p, blockquote 1,0,1,0,0 ->
- iskancin iska
- tsaftace titunan birni,
- sufuri na gari gari sharar gida,
- Shayarwa sarari.
Bugu da kari, kamfanin yana yin wasu ayyuka daban-daban masu alaƙa don inganta bayyanar megacities.
p, blockquote 2,1,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 3,0,0,1,0 -> p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,1 ->
Game da sabbin injunan lantarki don tattara datti, sharewa, ban ruwa, bawai kawai suke adana albarkatu bane, harma suna aiki yadda yakamata tare da haifar da karancin hayaniya. Motoci suna gudana akan batir mai caji na musamman da batir, wanda ya rage watsi da carbon dioxide cikin yanayin. Waɗannan na'urori suna da sauƙin caji, kuma cajin su ya ishe na dogon gudu. Beijing, kamar sauran biranen kasar Sin, za su amfana ne kawai idan suka yi amfani da motocin datti da sauran kayan aiki na musamman kan wutar lantarki.
Motocin datti na KAMAZ: bayani na farko
Ka tuna, ba haka ba da dadewa na yi tafiya akan motar KAMAZ? Amma wannan ya nuna cewa injiniyoyin kamfanin shuka na Kama a nan gaba suna son tsaresu ba kawai jigilar fasinjoji ba. A taron kamfanin RG-Techno, ban da injunan datti da aka saba magana da su, an gabatar da aikin jigilar kayan lantarki na KAMAZ.
Gabaɗaya, manufar canza motar datti zuwa tashar wutan lantarki abu ne mai ma'ana. An yi hasashen hanyarta tare da daidaituwa na mita da yawa, don haka yana da sauƙi a lissafa yadda ake buƙatar tanadin ƙarfin wuta. Kuma dangane da wannan bayanan, zaka iya zaɓar nau'in baturi da damar, tare da ƙayyade wurin tashoshin caji.
KAMAZ matasan chassis tsari na camfe-camfe
Akwai zaɓuɓɓuka uku na manyan motocin lantarki a cikin ci gaba na KAMAZ. Kamar yadda za'a iya gani a cikin kwatancenmu, dukkansu za'a fara dasu sabbin igiyoyin Mercedes.
Kuma na farko shi ne mai hade. Babban injin da ke ciki shine injin din Cummins na dawakai 300 na doki, wanda injin motar Bosch ke amfani dashi da karfin 120 kW (163 hp).
Ana tsammanin cewa akan hanyoyi na yau da kullun irin wannan matasan zasuyi aiki a kan matattarar dizal, kuma lokacin da ake shiga farfajiyar, zai canza zuwa wutan lantarki.
Daga motar lantarki ne za a tura duk raka'o'in da ke hawa, saboda babban aikin motar datti za a iya yi idan ba a yi shuru ba, sannan a yi shuru.
Motocin datti na lantarki tare da ƙarin injin janareto
Tunanina na biyu shine motar kwandon shara tare da tsawaita nisan mil. Babban injin wannan rukunin, a akasin wannan, shine lantarki, tare da karfin 250 kW. Ba mu da takamaiman bayanai game da ƙarfin baturi, amma an san cewa suna da garantin kilomita 70 na nisan lantarki. Koyaya, wannan ba mahimmanci bane, saboda karamin injin din dizal tare da damar 45 kW zai iya ba da cajin batir, don haka yana ƙaruwa nisan mil.
Akwai na uku, cikakken lantarki, aikin (a cikin hoton taken). An ɗauka cewa irin wannan motar datti za a sanye shi da motar wutar lantarki ta 250 kW synchronous.
Yankin da aka tabbatar tabbas mai nisan kilomita 100, kuma mafi girman (a bayyane yake rarrafe kuma tare da ƙarin masu amfani da wutar lantarki) ya kai kilomita 180.
Hakanan ba a ba da rahoton ƙarfin baturi ba, an sani kawai cewa daga cibiyar sadarwa 380 V ana iya cajin su a cikin awowi uku.
Lissafin yana nuna fa'idodin amfani da motocin datti na lantarki
Abin sha'awa, ayyukan suna da matukar kyau. Sun yi alkawarin nuna aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan injunan yayin faɗuwar a nunin nunin Comtrans. Af, bisa ga lissafin masu haɓakawa, maye gurbin motar kwandon shara ta al'ada tare da isharar wutar lantarki a kan takamaiman hanya zai iya rage farashin zuwa sau 2.65. Irin su ne ilmin lissafi.
Aikata motocin datti
Wace hanya tarkace ke wucewa tsakanin jakar a gidan da tudu? Akwai matakai da yawa, mahimmin kalmar da za a iya san yawancin wannan tsararren tsari shine sufuri. A cikin wannan labarin, zamuyi la'akari da irin wannan abu kamar manyan motocin datti kuma, musamman, sake ɗaukar manyan motocin datti.
Babban motar jigilar kaya ana kiranta jigilar kayayyaki don fitar da ƙazanta na birni. Shin wannan ba kyau sosai? Akwai wasu karin sunayen baƙi, amma wannan kalmar ta wuce gwajin lokaci. Ee, don haka a takaice.
Don haka, manyan motocin diban shara suna jigilar datti. A lokaci guda, ribar da riba daga aiki da motocin datti an ƙaddara da farko ta mahimmancin jikinta. Wannan shine, mafi sharan shiga, mafi kyau. A aikace, ana aiwatar da wannan kamar haka: a rabi na biyu na karni na 20, kusan dukkanin manyan motocin datti waɗanda aka kirkira a cikin Tarayyar Soviet suna dogara ne akan ƙungiyar motocin GAZ-93 da ZIS-150.
Amfani da ƙananan motocin datti ba masu tattalin arziƙi bane kuma masu tsada sosai. Saboda haka, yanzu ana samar da motocin datti da suka dogara da manyan motoci - ZIL, MAZ, KamAZ.
Bidiyon da ke ƙasa suna nuna yadda motar ɗaukar kaya ta baya take aiki a kan ƙungiyar KAMAZ:
Na'urar da ka'idodi na aiki daga motar hawa na dirar mai
Tsarin motocin datti tare da nau'in ɗora Kwatancen baya ba shi da wahala musamman. Mayar da hankali kan aikin mai aiki da kuma rashin hadaddun kayan sarrafawa na atomatik yasa irin waɗannan injunan basu da ma'ana kuma sunadawwama fiye da takwarorinsu na injina.
Kirkirar manyan motoci datti bai canza sosai ba da daɗewa. Kayan aiki na zamani sun fara aiki, da sauke abubuwa. Canje-canje ya shafi kundin ɗoraƙin da aka saka a jiki da kuma jiki.
Don haka, ƙirar motar ɗaukar kaya ta baya tana kama da wannan. Ma'aikacin (ko ma'aikata da yawa) yana sanya datti a cikin kayan ɗoraƙin, wanda yake a ƙarshen jikin.
Bayan an cika ko kuma a cika, hatimi na inji (a salo na tura farashi) ya haɗa tarkace kuma a ko'ina a sanya shi a jiki.
Kasancewar irin wannan kayan yana ba ku damar amfani da sararin samaniya da hankali kuma ku sami cikakken cika.
Zaman sake zagayowar komfuta a cikin motocin datti na samfurin 50s na zamani ne kai tsaye. Jirgin ruwa mai aiki da karfin ruwa yana samar da bugun motsa jiki na farantin. Cksarin motocin datti na zamani suma suna aiki, don mafi yawan bangare, akan kayan aikin hydraulic, amma lantarki kan jirgi zai baku damar saitawa, kamar cikakkiyar matattakalar farantin suttura, ko naúrar semiautomatic.
A bidiyo na gaba, motar MAZ biaxial
Zubar da datti kamar “motar jujjuyawa” ana amfani dashi sosai kuma tsawan lokaci. Mafi yawan motocin datti suna sanye da kayan aiki don saukar da abubuwa ta atomatik. Yanzu aikin injin din ruwa ne wanda ya tayar da gaban jikin mutum don zubar da sharar gida.
Bangon baya yayin da kake ɗaga jikin yana buɗe. Ba a buƙatar ƙoƙarin jiki don ɗaukar motarka na datti, wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, ba za a faɗi game da loda ba.
Zai yi kama da cewa lokacin da za a ɗora manyan motocin datti sun shude. Amma a'a, a cikin Rasha har yanzu suna samar da kayan aiki na wannan aji. Me yasa? Yin amfani da motocin kwantena shara yana da inganci har ila yau.
Motocin da ake kera su a cikin injina suna da wahalar aiki, masu tsada da ƙarancin aiki. Sabili da haka, a yau zaku iya siyan motar kwandon shara tare da saka hannu a ciki - a wasu yanayi wannan zai zama barata.
Bidiyo - wacce manyan motocin dila ke amfani da su a Turai:
Telematics a cikin manyan motoci
Hanya madaidaiciya, motocin datti!
Tsarin keɓaɓɓiyar kewayon lantarki da rarraba tsarin injin yayin aiki, hanya ta atomatik da ayyuka suna ƙaruwa ta hanyar kamfanonin da ke da hannu a cikin tattarawa da cire datti, saboda ikon da ke cikin “kula da kullun, gyarawa nan da nan” suna taimakawa don haɓaka ingantaccen ayyukan aiki.
Akwai matsaloli da yawa a masana'antar tarin sharar gida da kuma zubar da su. A cewar ‘yan jaridu, kusan kashi 50% na duk datti ana fitar da su ba bisa ka’ida ba, wato ribar ba ga kamfanin amfani bane, amma ga aljihun direbobin marasa gaskiya, akwai lokuta da yawa idan aka jefar da datti ba a kannukan kasa ba, amma a wuraren da ba a ba da izini ba inda ake kirkirar sharar gida.
Akwai maganganun da suka keta tsarin jadawalin tarin datti, kodayake masu motoci a lokaci guda sanarwa a cikin lokacin da aka nuna lokacin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa. Mazauna wurin ba su fahimci dalilin da ya sa kwandunan shara su cika ba, kuma manajan kamfanin mai amfani yana da tabbacin cewa an cire komai daga abokan ciniki akan lokaci. Kuma, ba shakka, rufe lambobin mota mai nisan zango da rubuta kashe mai da yawa.
Wadannan jan hankali ga direbobin gari, kuma ba wai kawai ba, sufuri na gargajiya ne.
Kayan aiki na telematics na zamani suna taimakawa sosai don magance waɗannan matsalolin da haɓaka duk ayyukan kasuwancin kamfanin.
A fagen kawar da sharar gida da kuma zubar da shi, fasahar kere kere ta zamani tana ba da damar musayar bayanai da "tattaunawa" tsakanin motocin da ke nesa da juna a tsakanin mutane da mutane da motoci, suna iya tsara hanyoyin da suka dace don manyan motocin datti, ci gaba da tattara bayanai, shirya ayyukan shugabannin sassan mutum da da sauransu, wato, don haɓaka ayyukan mutum zuwa tsari guda da ke sarrafa shi don inganta shi, adana kuɗi da haɓaka amincin aikin.
Abun da ke cikin kayan telematic
Tracker, nuni. Kayan kwalliyar kayan kwandon shara sun haɗa da tsarin maɓallin GPS / GLONASS tare da mai tracker wanda ke watsa bayanan lokaci-lokaci zuwa kwamfutar ta tsakiya.
Iska ba ta da tsaftar yanayi kuma batir ke da iko da ita.
An shigar da allo-allon fuska a cikin kabin, wanda ya samar da duk mai aiki da mai aikawa wanda yake a cikin ofishin tare da kulawa na baya da kuma damar bayanai a baya.
Za'a iya daidaita allon sarrafawa a buƙatun mai aiki, musamman, zaku iya daidaita saurin da amfani da na'urar taya.
Don dalilan tsaro, mai sarrafawa zai iya toshe yiwuwar rashin izini ko sake fasalin sake fasalin nuni na sarrafa kayan lever.
A baya an yi amfani da waɗannan fasahar a cokali mai ƙyalƙyali da sauran injin, amma yanzu ana amfani da su a manyan motoci.
Kyamarorin bidiyo, hotunan hoto, radars. Don mai sarrafa motocin datti yayi aiki a cikin cunkoson jama'a a cikin yadudduka inda dole ne a matsa da mutane da kuma bazuwar, yara na iya kasancewa a cikin hanyar injin, kuna buƙatar kyakkyawan shimfidar wuraren "makafi".
Wannan ra'ayi ana iya samarwa ta hanyar tsarin kyamarar bidiyo mai watsa hoton a allon a cikin cab. Koyaya, ingancin hoton da kyamara tayi ya dogara da haske.
Idan kyamarar ba ta haɓaka ta hanyar Haske mai haskakawa, bazai yuwu yin aiki a cikin duhu ba.
A wannan yanayin, mai Doppler ko nau'in radar pulse na iya taimakawa. Hanyar magance matsalar samun hotuna a cikin duhu kuma na iya kasancewa yin amfani da hoton Injiniyan Injiniya. Ana yada hoton zuwa allo a ɗakin a cikin sauri game da firam 30 a sakan biyu.
Tsarin zafin jiki mai aiki don tsarin hoto na al'ada: daga –20 zuwa +2000 ° С.
Baya ga hoton zazzabi, ana iya samar da damar gani a cikin duhu ta na'urorin hangen nesa na dare da ke aiki kan fasahar fadada dijital da haɓaka ingancin hoto a cikin abubuwan gani na hasken rana.
Motocin Garkuwa: fasalin ƙira da rarrabuwa
Motocin Kayan shara - sunan asali don motocin da aka tsara don tattarawa da jigilar sharar gidaje iri-iri. Mafi nau'ikan nau'ikan motocin datti suna ɗaukar sharar gari. Akwai manyan motocin datti don jigilar haɗari da ƙuraje.
Dangane da dalili da nau'in sharar da aka kwashe, fasalin manyan motocin diban shara ma sun bambanta.
Motocin datti sun bambanta da ɗaukar ƙarfi, ƙarar jikin mutum, nau'in nau'in kayan saukarwa (gefen, baya, na gaba), kasancewar kayan aikin ɓarna, hanyar sakawa (manual, injin) da nau'in jiki (jikin, motar motar juyawa, tare da ƙasa mai motsi, tare da ƙugiya).
Abubuwan da ake buƙata don tarawa da jigilar motocin shara tare da injin sarrafawa da saukarwa ana kafa su a cikin GOST 27415-87 “Motocin Garkuwa. Janar bukatun fasaha. " Abubuwan da ake buƙata na GOST sune kaɗan. Misali, ana buƙatar samar da ikon sarrafa mai jan hankali daga cikin motar direban.
Tsabtace motoci
Ta nau'in jiki, an rarraba manyan motocin datti cikin:
Nau'in Jiki - lokacin da jiki da kayan aikin sun kasance ɗaya. Nau'in mai ɗaukar kaya - lokacin da motar ba ta da jiki na dindindin, amma yana jigilar kwantena mai ɗorewa (bunkers).
Ta hanyar manufa, an rarraba manyan motocin datti cikin:
- motocin datti
- safarar motocin datti.
Tattara motocin datti - mafi girman abin hawa don tara ƙazamar sharar gida. Su ne suke kiran a cikin dukkan yadudduka kuma suna ɗora kwantena daga shagunan shara. Aikin su shine tara datti daga “tushen”. Tattara manyan motoci masu diban shara suna dauke da tarin datti zuwa inda ake yin shara, da wuraren shuka na sharar gida ko tashar kwashe su (sharar gida).
Motocin jigilar datti suna yin jigilar kayayyaki da yawa a cikin dogon zango. Misali, ana amfani da motocin jigilar datti don yin jigilar sharar gida daga tashar jigilar datti zuwa filin shara.
Bugu da kari, manyan motocin datti zasu iya zama sanye da kayan shara kuma ba tare da sikelin ba (kwantena da manyan motocin bogi). Kwantena masu ɗaukar datti (nau'in M-30) yanzu sun cika makil, kamar yadda tarin datti ta irin waɗannan motocin datti suna da tsada sosai, loda yana da jinkiri, kuma ƙarar kwandunan da aka kwashe ana iyakance shi da girman kwantena.
Dangane da nau'ikan nau'ikan kaya, ana rarraba manyan motocin datti cikin manyan motocin shara:
- tare da mayar da kaya,
- tare da gefe,
- tare da gabatarwa ta gaba.
Tabbas, akwai wasu nau'ikan motocin datti waɗanda aka tsara don ƙarin ƙwarewar "kunkuntar." Misali, akwai manyan motocin datti tare da mai sarrafa iskar ruwa da kuma ankarar da na kama don tattara rassa. Akwai manyan motocin datti, an kuma wadata su da mai sarrafa inzinin ruwa, don tattara shara daga kwantena da aka binne. Akwai manyan motocin datti waɗanda suka kware wurin tattara sharar gida (tare da kwantena da yawa).
Gefen motocin datti
Na'urar da za'ayi amfani da irin wadannan motocin diban shara zata baka damar kawarda aikin hannu gaba daya lokacin tara datti. Wannan yana rage lokaci.
Gefen motoci na diban shara an tsara su don sarrafa kayan kwantena. Ma'aikacin ruwa na hydraulic na irin wannan motar datti na iya ɓoye kwantena uku a jere, a tsaye gefe, ba tare da amfani da aikin mai aiki ba. Abin takaici, cancantar direbobin manyan motoci ba koyaushe ba zasu baka izinin "ma'ana" don sarrafa mai, kuma har yanzu dole a jawo kwantena.
Ba koyaushe laifin ya kasance tare da direba ba. Bishiyoyin sharar gida ba su da matsayin jihar. Akwai ma'aunin masana'antu na zamani tun daga USSR - OST 22-1643-85 “Garkunan shara da kwantena na ƙarfe don datti na gida da sharar abinci.
Bayani dalla-dalla. " Yana da bada shawara a yanayi, kamar yawancin GOSTs. A zahiri, wannan yana haifar da zane-zane iri-iri na kayan kwandon shara, wanda baya bada izinin abubuwan hannunkala na yau da kullun suyi aiki na yau da kullun.
Misalin Foreignasashen waje na manyan motoci masu ɗaukar kaya tare da jigilar kayan gefe suna ba da damar yin amfani da kayan aikin injin ɗin sosai kuma direban bai isa ya bar motar, kamar yadda kabin da ke da ƙananan saukowa yana da kujerun direba biyu (hagu da dama), kuma ƙofofin motar suna cike da ƙima don cikakken kallo.
Motocin datti na gaba
An tsara manyan motocin dila daga kwandon shara (na gaba) don tara abubuwan sharar su daga ababen ajiyar har zuwa tsayin mita 8. m. Korar buhunan an kera shi cikakke, direban yana sarrafa mai jan ragamar ba tare da ya bar motar ba. Ana saukar da motar datti ba tare da amfani da farantin turawa ko hanyar zubar da ruwa ba.
Babban fa'idodin manyan motocin datti na gaba shine saurin tara datti. Maimakon saukar da kananan kwantena sau ɗaya a lokaci guda, babban hopper ana sauke shi nan take.
Motocin datti na gaba-gaba sun shahara sosai a Amurka. Don irin wannan tsarin don loda datti, ana buƙatar takamaiman sarari, saboda manyan motocin shara na yau da kullun sunada manyan manya manya ..
Motocin Bunker
Motocin dakon kaya na cikin manyan motocin birni. Sun bambanta a cikin ɗayan ɗakunan jigilar kayayyaki da kuma yadda ake ɗaukar su.
Ta hanyar amfani da kayan saukarwa, sun bambanta cikin:
- motoci masu riƙe da ƙugiya, da aka fi sani da suna "Multi-lif" (da sunan alamar Finnish, wanda ya fara bayyana a cikin lokutan Soviet),
- motoci dauke da kayan aikin kebul,
- firam (portal).
Kayan tarkace masu wuta
Jirgin saman Soviet na farko da aka kirkiro irin wannan ya samo asali ne a cikin shekarar 1964 ta hanyar masu zanen kaya a cikin jama'a kuma ana kiran shi ZIL-164AK. An cire jikin ko an ɗora shi ta amfani da juyawa mahaɗa tare da injin hydraulic. Ana saukar da abubuwa cikin sauƙi.
Kayan tarkacen manyan motoci masu fasali Waɗannan manyan mashahuran motocin shara ne da aka yi amfani da su wajen kawar da datti na gida.
Wani fasalin manyan motocin dakon kaya shine cewa zasu iya barin jiragen kasa. Rukunin hopper na biyu an ɗora shi akan trailer.
Karamin motocin datti
Inda manyan motocin datti suke tafiya da wahala ko kuma kananan motoci ake buƙata, an yi amfani da manyan abubuwan datti. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, ana amfani da motoci masu datti masu karamin tsada a tsarin tattara abubuwa biyu da tsarin zubar da abubuwa, i.e. amfani da tashoshin kula da sharar gida.
Suna da jikin tipper kuma ana iya sanye su da tipper-tilter don injin din sarrafa shara daga kwantena. Hakanan za'a iya samun ƙananan motocin datti tare da injin motsawa.
Hakanan ana samun ƙananan motocin da ke ɗauke da ƙugiya.
Truan manyan motocin shara Misali, kamar wannan “Multicar”.
Truan manyan motocin shara da aka yi amfani da su sosai a Italiya da Japan. A Tokyo, aikin manyan motoci masu ƙarancin datti an tabbatar da lafazin cewa ba lallai ne su ɗauki datti ba, saboda A cikin tatsuniyoyi da yawa na Tokyo, akwai wuraren ɓoye sharar 21, da kuma wuraren girke-girke.
Manyan tsire-tsire masu suna KAMAZ a kan hanya don ƙirƙirar motar lantarki mai ɗaukar kaya
Manufar ƙirƙirar motar wutan lantarki mai ƙarfi ta ɓaci fiye da rana ɗaya. Sabili da haka, shugabannin shuka na KAMAZ sun matso kusa da aiwatar da wani kyakkyawan buri.
Don yin wannan, suna buƙatar amincewa kan haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyar da ke gudanar da bincike a kimiyyance a fagen tushen hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kanta ("Tushen masu zaman kansu a yanzu" ko "AIT" a cikin Saratov).
Dalilin yarjejeniyar shine haɓaka da ƙirƙirar motar lantarki mai ɗaukar wuta.
Amfani da wannan dabarar a cikin tattalin arziƙin birni na iya zama mafi banbanci: tarin datti, yin aiki a matsayin motar juji, ana amfani da shi a ɓangaren ginin. Akwai tunani don amfani da shi azaman motar jigilar kaya da jigilar jama'a.
Motocin lantarki, idan aka kwatanta da motoci na yau da kullun, suna da wasu fa'idodin da ba za a iya warwarewa ba: kusan aiki na shiru, tattalin arziƙi a cikin kulawa, rayuwa mafi tsayi. Amma babban mahimmanci shine abokantaka ta muhalli. Wato, ana ba da kulawa ta kusa ga kiyaye muhalli a duniya.
Vyacheslav Volynsky, Mataimakin Darakta na Batutuwan Fasaha a AIT, ya yi imanin cewa aikin da zai zo nan gaba zai kasance da matukar amfani a ci gaban fasahar sa. Nan gaba kadan - samun damar yin amfani da kayan albarkatun kasa da abubuwan da aka gyara a ciki.
Masu haɓakawa suna ba da sanarwar cewa aikin zai mayar da hankali kan sabon ƙarni na baturan lithium-ion a madadin na acid-acid. Da fari dai, sabbin batura za su fi araha da aminci, kuma na biyu, ba za a sami matsala tare da su ba idan aka gabatar da su cikin rundunar motocin birni. Kuma tuni KAMAZ ta fara inganta bas, manyan motocin datti da manyan motocin wutan lantarki.
Hakanan an yi tunanin tsarin cajin bas: a dare - a tashoshin tashoshin motoci da na taya, da rana - daga layin wutan lantarki. Babban samfurin motar bas zai iya yin tafiyar kilomita 100 akan cikakken cajin baturi, ƙarami - ba fiye da kilomita 50 ba. A wannan shekara, aikin zai fara, wanda ya fi dacewa a Kazan.
A halin yanzu, akwai tattaunawa game da cikakkun bayanan aikin kuma ba wata kalma game da kuɗin kuɗin sa da yuwuwar biya. Abu ɗaya a bayyane yake: akwai dama da babban buri, wanda ke nufin aikin ya zama.
Vyacheslav Volynsky yayi bayanin cewa samfuran sun dace da yanayin gida da kuma mawuyacin yanayi, wanda ke nufin ana tsammanin ƙananan haɗari.
Wataƙila raguwar wasu alamomin kayan aiki tabbas zai zama ƙasa da na samfuran ƙasashen waje. Kuma farashin batirin nasu zai zama ƙasa da ƙasa.
Dangane da Labaran Lantarki akan layi, masu haɓaka baturan batir sunyi alƙawarin cewa zai ɗauki ɗan lokaci kaɗan kafin a ɗora su - mintuna kaɗan.
Cibiyar bincike "Tushen m yanzu" an shirya shi a cikin 2012.
A rabin na biyu na Yuli, cibiyar tare da kamfanin sun ƙaddamar da wani aiki wanda zai samar da nasa baturan lithium-ion cikakke.
Masu zanen kaya sun yi alkawarin cewa ingancin samfuran za su cancanci: ƙarfin baturi da ƙarfinsa yakamata su buƙace shi. Ana tsammanin ƙaddamar da jigilar kaya a cikin 2017.
Tabbas manyan kamfanoni za su kasance da sha'awar batura: Ma'aikatar Tsaro, Cibiyar Sadarwar Rasha, Hukumar Sararin Samaniya, da kamfanonin masana'antu da ke da hannu a cikin masana'antar nukiliya, gas, da sassan mai.
Wannan samfurin yana cikin babban buƙata, kuma a cikin mahimman wurare kamar sadarwa da jigilar lantarki, kawai ba za ku iya yi ba tare da shi ba.
Yankunan da ke Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma nesa da nesa daga tsarin wutar lantarki suma suna buƙatar tushen madafan ikon.
Ya rage fata fata mai samar da Saratov kan aiwatar da tsare-tsaren.
Yadda motar datti take aiki
(Ba tukuna tantance)
Loading…
Mutane da yawa har yanzu suna tuna da babbar motar da ke kan tituna, wanda kayan amfani da jama'a ke amfani da ita suna ɗaukar nau'ikan datti. A yau, ana yin tsabtace titi ne ta amfani da kayan kaɗa kai na musamman.
Irin waɗannan kuɗaɗen ana kiran su da manyan motocin shara, tare da taimakonsu ana loda kuma ana yin datti. Duk game da farashin motocin datti da ka'idodin aikinsu, duba babban shafin shafin don siyar da kayan aiki masu nauyi.
Siffofin amfani da motocin datti
Irin wannan sanannen nau'in kayan aiki kamar motar shara don amfani da datti ba kawai don tara datti ba a titunan ƙauyuka. Tare da taimakonsu, ana cire sharar kayan kayan gini daga wuraren da ake gudanar da aikin.
Wani fasali na manyan motocin datti shine cewa, dangane da kayan aikin su, ana iya amfani da irin wannan jigilar kayayyaki ba wai kawai don tattarawa da cire kaya mai yawa ba, har ma don fitarwa da manyan gine-gine, kamar su katako.
Da yake bayanin aikin motar kwandon shara, mutum ba zai iya tunanin cikakken injin da yake yin ayyukan da dole a lokaci guda. Akwai manyan motocin datti da aka ɗora da hannu, su ma ana buƙatarsu, musamman tsakanin kamfanonin gine-gine.
Babban amfani da motocin datti shine ikonsu na hayewa, suna ɗaukar ƙarfin aiki da yiwuwar ƙarin kayan aiki tare da kayan ɗagawa daban-daban.
Iri motocin datti da yadda suke aiki
Motocin Garkuwa - wannan kayan aiki ne mai nauyi da ake amfani da shi don nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwan ɗora kaya da fitarwa. Akwai nau'ikan motocin datti:
- sauke manyan motocin datti wata dabara ce da aka sanyata da bulo, tare da taimakon abin da jikinta ke sanyawa. Ana ɗora date da hannu a cikin guga ita kanta irin waɗannan motocin datti suna da saukarwa daga baya. Rashin ingancinsu ana ɗaukar shi rashin daidaituwa ne, suna dacewa lokacin da suke tattara datti a ƙananan yankuna,
- motocin datti tare da sakawa a gefe suna keɓaɓɓu, an ɗoraran datti ta amfani da manomi na atomatik, saukarwa - tare da taimakon injin,
- Motar sharar bayan danshi, a mafi yawancin lokuta, tana cire shara a cikin kwantena da aka ɗora ta amfani da ƙarin tsarin ɗagawa. Irin waɗannan motocin datti ba a saukar da su, kamar manyan motocin da aka zubar, ta ɗaga jikin,
- manyan motocin diban shara suna sanye da kayan aiki na musamman don tattara shara, basu da mashahuri sosai tukuna saboda hauhawar farashin wannan hanyar cirewa.
Motocin datti na zamani ba za a iya kira su da kayan haɗin kai ba, saboda a koyaushe suna sanye da ƙarin ɓangarori, kamar ɗaga, ɗab'i, da sauransu.
Babban fa'idar su ita ce aiki da iya aiki, wanda mutum talakawa zai iya godiya, tare da sha'awar tsaftatattun titunan da motar kwandon shara ta kawar da datti.
Tarkokin Tsoro - Gano Matsalar Tsoro
Motocin kwastomomi wani bangare ne na rundunar jiragen ruwa na kowane irin sabis, masana'antar masana'antu, manyan kungiyoyin gini. Ana amfani da irin wannan kayan don tattara sharar gida da jigilar su zuwa wuraren rarrabawa da zubar da kaya.
Zaɓin zaɓi na injin ƙuraje
Takamaiman halin tarin datti ya ƙunshi canje-canje iri iri na motar da take da abubuwan ɗaukar nauyi, ramming, compaction, saukar da datti da sauran su.
Kafin ka sayi wannan nau'in kayan aiki masu tsada, ya kamata ka yanke shawara kan sigogi masu mahimmanci:
- girman jiki
- dauke da iya aiki, yawan aiki,
- hanyar sauke datti,
- samfurin chassis don girka hopper.
Cikakkiyar hanyar da za a bi wajen zabar injin din datti zai bamu damar tsayar da aiki mafi inganci a kamfanin.
Babban halayen da abokan ciniki ke jagoranta lokacin da suke siyan kayan aiki na musamman don tarin sharar gida shine ƙarar jikin mutum da kuma alamar ƙarancin sharar sharar.
Halayen Volumetric na jiki yana daga 7.5 zuwa mita 20 cubic. Matsakaicin ɗaukar ƙarfin shine tan 9, kuma mafi ƙarancin - tan 3. Kayayyakin da ke tallafawa aikin matattarar sharar gida suna da isasshen tsari na datti daga raka'a 2,5 zuwa 7.
Rarrabuwa ta hanyar hanyoyin loda
Dangane da hanyoyin sauke sharar gida, manyan motocin datti ana rarrabasu kamar haka:
- Shararren mota Ana aiwatar da loda datti ta hanyar mai amfani da gefen.
- Motocin bayan gida An kwaba kwandon shara a cikin kwandon shara na musamman da aka sanya a bayan dutsen.
- Motocin datti tare da yin gaba (na gaba).
- Motocin shara
Gefe gefe
Kusan har zuwa tsakiyar 80-ies na ƙarni na karshe, an yi amfani da motocin datti tare da amfani da kayan taya kusa da cajin GAZ-93 a cikin ƙananan biranen. Jama'ar sun kwashe sharar daga buhunan kwandon shara a cikin rufaffiyar akwati, kuma mai daukar kaya ya leka shi da mashin.
Babu wani matattara ko kuma teku a nan. Amfanin kawai na irin wannan motar datti shine sauki na ƙira da ƙarancin farashi.
A halin yanzu, ana amfani da injin da ke dauke da kayan aiki ba tare da ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka ba don tattara sharar gida a tashoshi, kasuwanni, daga akwatunan titi da akwatunan zaɓe.
Motocin datti mai ƙarancin inganci tare da saukar da kayan aiki kusa da kai ta hanyar amfani da motocin mai amfani waɗanda ke ɗora makaloli a cikin kwantena na ajiya a cikin jiki ta hanyar rufin rana.
Motocin da suke dauke da sharan sashi sun hada da:
- fraaramin jirgin ruwa wanda aka ɗora ƙarfe na baƙin ƙarfe duka tare da matattarar wutsiya a gefe da farantin (matsi) a gaba,
- tashin hankali,
- mai amfani da injin din ruwa
- tsarin hydraulic.
Tsarin wutsiya ya nuna godiya ga aikin daskararru kan daskararru wanda aka sanya a bangarorin biyu na jiki. Mai amfani da injin din ruwa ya kama akwati, ya dauko, ya kwashe datti, ya girgiza kai ya sanya. Alkairi (agitator) wanda aka sanya a kan farantin karfe a ko'ina yana watsa tarkace a jiki. Ana cire datti daga hopper ta amfani da farantin turawa yayin ɗaga jikin.
Manyan motocin shara da ke da manya-manyan kayan aiki suna sanye da manya-manyan silinjojin hydraulic (har zuwa 18) waɗanda ke keɓance kayan aikin.
Yanzu a yawancin injunan datti akwai wuraren cire wutar lantarki waɗanda suke ba ku damar sarrafa aiwatarwa da sauke abubuwa kai tsaye daga kab.
Haka kuma, ana iya samun motocin tare da tsarin sa ido na bidiyo, godiya ga wanda direba ke da damar ganin aikin gaba daya aikin ba tare da barin motar ba.
Motocin datti tare da ɗora Kwatancen an tsara sune don ɗimbin tankuna tare da ƙarfin mai mita 0.75. Shekaru da yawa, a cikin su ne mazauna ke kwashe datti.
Babban matsalar damuwa da motocin datti tare da mai jan hankulan mutane shine zubar da datti daga cikin akwati a kasa da kuma iyakancewar aiki.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙananan injin tarin datti tare da ɗimbin yawa ta magudanar ruwa sun zama masu dacewa.
An tsara su don komai a fannoni daban-daban tare da datti yayin da aka yi amfani da kwantena daban-daban don sharar abinci da filastik.
Irin waɗannan manyan motocin na iya yin aiki a cikin kunkuntar tituna da canja wurin sharar gida zuwa manyan manyan motocin datti waɗanda ke ɗaukar ƙazanta zuwa masana'antar sarrafa shara.
Rear saukarwa
Don rakodin abubuwan hawa na musamman, ana sanya kayan sawa a bayan jiki. Jagora ne kuma an kera shi. A halin yanzu, kayan aiki tare da mai ɗaukar nauyi mai ɗaukar hoto yana aiki da ƙarfi.
Gudun juyar da motocin shara da sannu a hankali suna girke samfura tare da masu ɗauka ta gefen saboda babban ƙarfin aiki da haɓakarsu.
Akwai dalilai da yawa na wannan:
Matsakaicin matsawa datti a nan shine 1 zuwa 7, yayin da manyan motocin diban shara tare da mai jan ragamar - 1 zuwa 3.
- Kuna iya jigilar kowane nau'ikan kwantena, gami da “jiragen ruwa” don sharar gida.
- A kan irin waɗannan motocin ya fi dacewa su fitar da su har zuwa wurin da akwatin.
- A yayin lodin, tarkace ba ta zub da abin hawa ba.
Gudanar da kayan saukarwa ba abu mai wahala bane. Yin amfani da levers guda biyu, injin ya kama tanki mai ajiya, ya ɗaga shi zuwa tsinkayen da aka ƙaddara kuma ya cire kwandon.
Sharar matsi a cikin hopper na karɓa yana gudana tare da felu na musamman, yana motsa abubuwan da ke cikin jiki a cikin shugabanci mai mahimmanci a ƙarƙashin matsin kullun.
A cikin nau'ikan zamani na injin ɗora na baya-baya, haɗaɗar datti na iya faruwa a cikin kayan sarrafa kai, na atomatik da na siginar sarrafawa ta atomatik.
Ana tsabtace hopper ta hanyar tura sharar da aka matse ta hanyar bangon baya na jikin.
Sauke gaba
Amfanin wannan nau'in kayan sharar gida shine wurin da ake saurin sauke kayan a gaban motar direba. Godiya ga kyakkyawan tsari da kuma tsarin injiniya na zamani, zai iya sarrafa kayan sawa da lodawa ba tare da barin motar motar ba. Dangantakar dan adam da tarkace an cire shi da gangan.
Designirar wannan nau'in motocin datti yayi daidai da ƙirar na'urori masu ɗorewa na gefe. Ban da wannan shine na'urar ta ɗora kayan ɗorawa wanda ke ɗauke da tsarin mai ɗaukar kaya. Yana wakiltar abin da ake kira cokali mai yatsa da aka dakatar a kan masu liƙa da ke ɗauke da fasalin nau'ikan G, waɗanda ke da motsi a jikin mutum a bayan kabin. Cokali mai yatsu biyu na hurawa da iska kuma yana iya kutsawa cikin mahalli.
Mai ba da aiki yana lura da sarrafa kayan saukarwa kai tsaye daga ɗakin jirgin.
Koyaya, abubuwan amfani da jama'a ba su hanzarta su sayi irin wannan kayan ba, tunda ba a samar da shi a Rasha ba, samfuran ƙasashen waje sun fi tsada tsadar motoci na yau da kullun tare da ɗora baya da gefe.
Bugu da kari, kayan aikin da mai dauke da kaya na gaba-gaba an yi su ne don aiki tare da kwantena na musamman da ba a amfani dasu da tarin datti a kasarmu.
Motocin datti na duniya
Motocin datti na iya zama kayan aiki na duniya waɗanda ke biyan bukatun abubuwan amfani ba kawai don tsabtace yankin ba .. Tsarin motar yana buƙatar jiki mai cirewa daga ƙarar inji, wanda ya ba da izini ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan kayan aiki maimakon maimakon motoci da yawa.
Yin amfani da mutane daban-daban ya sa ya yiwu wa motoci su shimfida yashi, tsotse su, su kuma yi aikin injin.
Yawanci, manyan motocin datti na duniya suna sanye da tsarin waɗannan masu taimako:
Multilift babbar hanyar saukarwa ce da ba'a saukar da abubuwa tare da ƙugiya ko abin riƙe kebul, wanda motar injin motsa ruwa ke motsa shi.
Wannan tsarin yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa:
- Shine mafi sauki cikin tsari, dacewa kuma mai lafiya don aiki.
- Tsarin yana da yawa: injin ɗaya yana da ikon yin ayyuka daban-daban. Ya isa ya maye gurbin jiki ko ƙima.
- Godiya ga multielevator, kayan aiki suna aiki ba tare da downtime ba.
- An sami kuɗin adana kuɗin ƙasa mai mahimmanci, tunda zaku iya samun raka'a kayan aiki a cikin gareji.
- Bambance-bambance tare da amfani da trailer ko crane mai yiwuwa ne.
Tsarin mai ɗaukar kaya (mai tsalle tsalle) yana sanye da manyan motocin datti don ɗaukar manyan kaya, da datti (sharar gini, ƙarfe) da kuma kwantena.
Tsarin saukar da kayan yana da ingantaccen injin da zai nutsar da kwantena a dandalin kowane nau'in chassis. Dogaro da ƙirar, motoci masu ɗauke da tsalle-tsalle za su iya ɗaukar jigilar buɗaɗɗu zuwa guda huɗu ko kwantena guda 6.
Wannan tsarin yana ba ku damar ɗaukar abubuwan musayar musayarwa a kan motocin datti tare da tsarin jiragen ruwa masu yawa.
Nau'in inji na duniya ya shahara tare da haɓaka fasaha don kawowa na sharar gida biyu.
Ko dai motar da ke da keɓaɓɓun abin hawa ko ta jirgin ƙasa ana amfani da su anan, wanda aka ɗora kayan aikin don musanya gawarwa.
Yayinda aka ɗauka ɗayan suttura tare da datti mai datti, wani aka aika zuwa matattarar ƙasa don zubar dashi ta hanyar tipper. Yawan jikin waɗannan irin waɗannan Kattai na iya kai mita 50, kuma ɗaukar nauyin shine tan 25.
Daga cikin manyan alamomin aiki mai ingancin jigilar motocin dattin, ana iya lura da masu zuwa:
- saukar da downtime yayin loda da saukarwa,
- rage tashin jiragen sama tarin datti,
- rage farashin lokacin sufuri da sauransu.
Shugabannin samar da kayayyaki
Kayan aiki na musamman na cikin gida ya fi rahusa fiye da na masana'antun ƙasashen waje. Amma duk da wannan, yawancin kayan amfani da birni sun fi so su sayi don bukatun birni samfuran shugabannin duniya a masana'antar kera motoci, waɗanda suka tabbatar da kansu amintattu kuma suna aiki marasa aibu.
An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga kayan aikin Scania na Sweden da kayan aikin BFE, waɗanda a cikin tandem suna ba da samfuran manyan motocin datti waɗanda ke da bambanci a cikin aiki, kayan aiki da inganci.
An samar da motocin shara na Sweden a Balticum Frinab Ecology (BFE) tun 1986. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, masana'antun sun sami sakamako mai ban mamaki dangane da halayen sarrafa kayan wannan kayan aiki na musamman.
BFE yana samar da samfuri tare da mafi girman jiki na 26 m3, wanda aka tsara don dacewa da chassis-axle uku, alal misali, akan Scania P380 CB6X4EHZ.
Ingancin Yaren mutanen Sweden mai ƙarfi na tarko da kayan aiki, wanda aka gwada shi tsawon shekaru, tare yana ba da sigar ƙirar motocin ɗaukar kaya wanda ba shi da kyau don aiki a cikin yanayi mai wahala na Rasha.
Wannan dabarar tana da ikon yin tsayayya da sigogin aiki mafi tsauri kan hanyoyi na Rasha da matsakaicin nauyin yau da kullun.
Samfurin tare da saukar da BFE 26 m3 akan Scania P380 CB6X4EHZ chassis ya fi dacewa don amfani da shi don ƙarancin sharar gida da sake yin datti daga ƙananan motocin datti a wuraren jigilar jigilar kayayyaki don ƙarin jigilar kayayyaki zuwa rarar ƙasa, tunda ga mahalli birane wannan injin yana da ɗan girma.
Motocin datti na BFE suna daga cikin manyan sanannun injunan da aka tsara don tattarawa da jigilar manyan sharar sharar. Bayani mai zuwa na yau da kullun suna ba da gudummawa ga wannan:
- Ofarar wanka mai ɗorewa shine 2.8 m3.
- Matsakaicin matsi shine 1: 7.
- Lokacin sake matsi shine 20 seconds.
- Matsi mai matsi ya kai tan 32.
- Lokacin saukarwa - har zuwa minti daya.
Abvantbuwan amfãni na motar BFE 26 m3 akan chassis ɗin Scania P380 CB6X4EHZ:
- An sanye shi da kayan aikin musamman na farantin matsi, godiya ga wanda zai yuwu a murƙushe sharar a cikin wanka mai ɗorewa.
- Yana aiki tare da kowane nau'ikan abubuwan tuki na kowane girma (daga 0.6 zuwa 8 m3): baƙin ƙarfe da filastik na Euro, tanki, kwandunan jirgin ruwa, da dai sauransu.
- Samun jikin ƙarfe ta amfani da fasaha na yau da kullun yana sa ya zama sauƙi a cikin tan 1 a kwatancen irin waɗannan jikin wannan ƙarar.
- Kyakkyawan ƙirar motocin datti suna ba ku damar ɗaukar sharar gida a cikin hopper, wanda ke sa motar motsawa a kan hanya kuma mai sauƙin sarrafawa.
- Ana amfani da tsarin atomatik tare da babban darajar aminci da aminci don sarrafa ayyukan.
Yana yiwuwa a kammala tare da ƙarin kayan aiki waɗanda ke ƙara haɓaka aikin aiki:
- tsarin gantry da kuma tsarin kebul na cafe hoppers,
- hydraulic manipulator wanda aka sanya a bayan kabbara ko a rufin, don ɗorawar kwantena,
- tsarin aunawa da lura da yadda ake aiki da kayan aiki,
- kayan wanki.
Shigarwa akan Scania P380 CB6X4EHZ chassis yana sanya motar BFE 26 m3 ta zama mafi inganci da abokantaka .. Tsarin ƙafafun 6 x 4 yana samar da babban kayan fitarwa yayin saukar da fulawar ƙasa. Har zuwa tan 21 na sharar gida ana iya jigilar su a kowace jirgin.
Zaɓar motar shara, bai kamata ka mai da hankali kan farashinsa, ƙarfinsa da yawan amfaninsa ba. Don ingantaccen aiki na wannan nau'in kayan kayan birni, nau'ikan abubuwan diban sharar gida, abubuwan da datti, har ma da yawan adadin yankin da aka yi hidimar ya kamata a la'akari dasu.
Kari akan haka, ya kamata ka tuna hanyoyin samun kwantena da kuma nisan da za su zubar da shara.
Kyakkyawan zaɓi na mota don tarawa datti ba kawai zai adana kuɗin ƙungiyar ba, har ma zai sanya kuɗin motoci da ƙarin zirga-zirga na sharar gida don duka citizensan ƙasa da direbobin manyan motoci.
Ka'idojin aiki
Ana ɗaukar loda ta ma'aikaci ko mai jan kafa wanda ya sanya datti a cikin kayan ɗoraƙin (wanda yake a bayan injin ɗin). Bayan haka, kwamiti ya haɗa sharar kuma ya rarraba shi a cikin jikin mutum, yana tabbatar da amfani da ma'amala daukacin sararin motar.
Ana saukar da sharar gida sau da yawa akan mizanin "jigilar kaya". Wani abin hawa mai dauke da sinadarai ya dauke jikin a gaban. Saboda wannan, ana zubar da datti ba tare da taimako ga wurin sarrafawa ko adanawa ba. Yayin da kake hudawa, bangon jikin yana buɗewa, wanda ke ba ka damar cire duk sharar gida daga motar ɗaukar datti.
Babban bambance-bambance daga kayan saukarwa na gefe
Karkatarda motocin datti sunyi amfani da tsarin da fasahar da zata basu wasu ababe masu kyau akan wasu kayan aiki:
Tsarin matsi tare da babban yawan jiki na iya ƙara ƙarɓar datti da aka kwashe ta amfani da kayan aiki. A saboda wannan, an rage adadin injina masu mahimmanci kuma ana rage farashin sarrafa jirgi.
Lokacin saukar da sharar gida daga ganga zuwa cikin ɗakunan ajiya na datti, da yiwuwar ɓarna yana raguwa da muhimmanci. Wannan yana warware wasu matsalolin muhalli a cikin sauran fasaha.
Akwatin da ke bayan motar ta hau zuwa ƙaramin tsayi, wanda ke rage haɗarin aiki da motar kwandon shara.
Idan ya cancanta, zaka iya saitin datti da hannu. Bugu da kari, injin zai iya aiki da nau'ikan kwantena.
Sakamakon waɗannan fa'idodin, manyan motocin dirar-baya suna ƙara zama sananne tare da amfani a cikin birane daban-daban kowace rana. Kuna iya siyan wannan kayan aikin a cikin ƙwararrun kamfanoni.
Misali, a cikin kamar http://ar-tehnocom.ru, inda aka gabatar da dumbin kayan masarufi iri-iri.
Yawanci, irin waɗannan kungiyoyi suna shiga ba wai kawai a cikin tallace-tallace ba, har ma a cikin haya, wanda ya rage nauyin kuɗi akan sayan injina daban-daban.
Wannan nau'in sabis ɗin ɗaya ne daga cikin shahararrun duniya. Kuma kun san cewa a cikin kasashe daban-daban akwai ayyukan dokoki daban-daban dangane da aikin direbobi a wannan fannin.
Paziki bas ne wadanda yawancin Russia suka san su tun suna yara. Wadannan motocin suna aiki kuma har yanzu suna yin amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar birane da kewayen birni ...
Wannan na’urar lantarki tana da tabbaci a tsakanin manyan fitattun na'urorin mota. Ba wai kawai direbobi masu novice suna amfani da shi ba, har ma masu motoci masu ƙwarewar tuƙi. Aikace-aikacen na irin wannan ...
A yawancin wuraren masana'antu, ana amfani da manyan injiniya, wanda ya kunshi duka ɗaya kuma ba batun rushewa. Ana samar da irin waɗannan hanyoyin, a matsayin mai mulkin, ta hanya.