• BAYAN gaskiyar
• Lokacin rayuwa da mazauninta (lokacin): kusan a cikin Mesozoic (210 - 65.5 miliyan da suka wuce)
• An samo: tsakiyar karni na XVIII., Bavaria (Jamus)
• Masarauta: Dabbobi
• Era: Mesozoic
• Nau'i: Chordates
• Class: Abubuwa masu rarrafe
• Squad: inarfin Jirgin Sama mai Yawo
• Abisa: Ramforinhs da Pterodactyls
• Iyali: Pterosaur
• HALITTA: Pterosaurs

Ana iya kiransu da yawan iko da sararin sama. Rayuwarsu ta shude yayin wanzuwar dinosaurs da dinosaurs. Akwai iyalai 16 na pterosaurs, duk da haka, ya fi wuya a sami saboda kwarangwal ɗin ba a kiyaye shi da kyau.

Farkon da aka samo a tsakiyar karni na XVIII. Zavru, masana kimiyya ba su ba da suna. Amma a cikin 1809, masanin ilimin burbushin halittu da likitan dabbobi Cuvier Georges ya sami damar tabbatar da cewa wannan nau'in halittar tsuntsaye ne masu rarrafe kuma ya bamu duk sanannen sunan dinosaur.

Akwai kusan nau'ikan pterosaurs 60, mafi girma daga cikinsu sun kasance ƙasa - azhdarchids (mafi girma ya kai 8m a tsayi, sun farautar wasu dinosaurs) suna tashi - Ornithoheirus (fuka-fukan daga 12 zuwa 15 mita), sun kasance masu rarrafe masu jini a jiki.

Me kika ci kuma wane salon rayuwa

Mafi yawan rayuwa sun shude cikin sama, wani lokacin, wasu nau'in, suka zauna suka yi ruwa a cikin ruwa. Suna zama a cikin fakitoci, suna iya yin jirgin sama mai tsayi, galibi suna amfani da tsari sama da ƙasa. Sabbin zavras sun fashe daga harsashi kuma da farko basu bambanta da manyan girma ba, amma sun riga sun san yadda zasu tashi kuma su sami abincin nasu.

Manyan manyan sune galibi suna ciyar da dabbobin ƙasa, amma wani lokacin, kamar ƙananan, suna farautar kifayen da ke tashi saman ruwa. Mata sun kasance ƙasa da maza, kuma ɗaukar abin da yake kan kai shima ƙarami ne.

Cikakken bayanin jikin

Harsashin kirji yana da kariya ta hanyar fashewar kashi. Yawancin nau'ikan suna da gashi ko'ina cikin jiki, wuyansa da kai (mm (2-4 mm)), wasu har ma suna da membranes tsakanin yatsunsu na ƙafa da ƙafa, waɗanda su ma an rufe su da gashi.

An sauƙaƙe kwarangwal ɗin, saboda haka yana yiwuwa a kasance cikin iska na dogon lokaci ba tare da wata matsala ba.

Shugaban

Yawancin nau'ikan wadannan abubuwan din din din suna da bori crests a kawunansu; sunada girma da sifofi daban-daban. Ya taimaka sarrafa jirgin, yayi aiki a matsayin nuna nuna ƙiyayya da jan hankalin mata.

Tsarin kwakwalwar saurine yayi kama da wanda ake kira avian, yana cike gurbin jijiyar wuya. Hanyar daidaituwa da ingantacciyar ma'ana da aka bunkasa sosai, idanuwa ma sunada kyau, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da irin yadda suke farauta - da gudu sai suka fatattaka abincinsu suka kama shi ba tare da jinkiri ba.

Jaws, kamar wuya, sun kasance masu tsawo. Wasu nau'in basu da hakora, kawai suna haɗiye kifin.

Tarihin Binciken Pterosaur

A cikin 1784, Alessandro Collini, wanda ya gudanar da tarin burbushin halittu a Mannheim, ya fara rikodin ragowar pterosaurs, amma bai san menene wannan binciken ba. A shekara ta 1801, Bajamushe ɗan asalin masanin ilimin kimiyyar halittar dan asalin kasar Faransa Georges Cuvier ya gano cewa burbushin halittun da aka samo sune ragowar nau'in halittun dabbobi masu rarrafe da ba'a iya sani ba. A cikin 1809 Cuvier ya kira dabba "pterodactyl."

A farkon karni na 19, masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa akwai jinsunan pterosaur guda biyu ko uku kawai. A wancan zamani, rayuwar wadanda suke son wadannan dabbobin tayi sauki sosai. Amma a ƙarshen karni, masana kimiyya sun gano sabbin nau'ikan halittu kuma sun rarraba pterosaurs zuwa rukuni biyu. Groupaya daga cikin rukunin suna da dogon wutsiya, gajerun dabino, ƙanƙan hanci, da kuma keɓaɓɓun gabbai. Wannan rukunin pterosaurs ana kiranta ramforinha.

Secondungiya ta biyu sun haɗa da pterosaurs tare da dogon dabino, gajeriyar wutsiya da ƙoshin ƙanƙara, haɗe da foramen gwiwar gwiwa. Ana kiran wannan rukuni "pterodactyls" bayan Georges Cuvier. Ba kamar rumphorinchs ba, pterodactyls suna da crest a kan kawunansu. Amma a farkon karni na XXI, masana kimiyya sun gano ra'ayin Ramforins, wanda shima yake da tsefe a kawunansu.

Masana kimiyyar sun yi rudani yayin da, a cikin karni na 21, an samo wani nau'in tsoffin maganganu wanda ba ya cikin ɗayan ƙungiyoyin biyu. Yawancin waɗannan pterosaurs an samo su a China da Ingila. Wadannan pterosaur suna da gajerun dabino da dogon wutsiya. Wannan shi ne irin wannan na ramforinhs. Amma kwanyar ta yi kama da na ta mahaifa: bangon gabbai sun daidaita da hanci. Ana kiran wannan rukuni na pterosaurs wukonopterids kuma yanzu ana yin bincike dalla-dalla. Wannan nau'in zai iya fada da yawa game da yadda pterodactyls ta samo asali daga ramforins.

Hanyoyin bincike

Masana kimiyya yawanci suna binciken pterosaurs akan samfuran burbushin halittu waɗanda aka adana su cikin tarin kayan tarihi a duniya. Mafi kyawun tarin sune a cikin Turai, wato: a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta a Landan, a cikin Bavaria State Archaeological Tarin a Munich, a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Halittu a Karlsruhe. Hakanan akwai zane-zane da yawa a cikin gidajen tarihi a kasar Sin.

Wasu masu binciken suna gudanar da aikin filin a wani yunƙuri na gano sabbin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta. Waɗannan ƙoƙari ne masu haɗari, saboda ƙasusuwan magabatan marasa galihu ne, kuma koyaushe akwai kyakkyawan sa'a cewa balaguron ɗin zai ɓata. Koyaya, akwai wurare da yawa a cikin duniya inda zaka iya samo ragowar pterosaurs da yawa. Amma cikakkun kasusuwa kusan ba sa faruwa ko da a can. Roland Poskl ya sami kusan kasusuwa 50 na pterosaurs a rayuwarsa. Amma ya yi ramuka na sirri saboda tarin burbushin halittu.

Bayyana rarrabe ƙasusuwa na ƙasusuwa na dinosaurs yawanci yana da sauƙi. Dinosaur kasusuwa ba yawanci bare bane, amma ba kamar yadda yake a cikin mutanen pterosaurs ba. Kasusuwa na fikafikan pterosaurs dogaye ne da bakin ciki, kuma suna da sauƙin ganewa. Saboda gaskiyar cewa pterosaurs sun kasance halittun dabbobi masu rarrafe, kwarangwal dinsu sun sha bamban da kwarangwal na sauran dabbobi.

Juyin halittar ikon tashi

Na farko pterosaurs ya bayyana game da 230 miliyan miliyan da suka gabata a cikin Babban Triassic lokacin a cikin yankin mai tsayi na Arewacin Italiya, Yammacin Austria da Switzerland. Speciesaramin jinsin ya bayyana a ƙarshen Cretaceous. Yaran jinsunan pterosaurs sun hada da quetzalcoatlus daga Texas, hatsegopteryks daga Romania, da aramburgian daga Jordan. Duk wadannan nau'ikan halittu sun mutu shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata bayan faduwar meteorite wanda ya goge fuskar duniya da manyan dinosaur. Don haka, pterosaurs sun rayu a duniya tsawon shekaru miliyan 164. Amma yana yiwuwa za su iya rayuwa tsawon rai, tunda masana kimiyya ba su sami magabatan magabata ba.

Sakamakon haka, nazarin juyin halittar iya tashi a cikin abubuwan pterosaurs ya zama matsala. Tsarin fuka-fukan tsuntsayen dabbobin sun sha bamban da tsarin fuka-fukan tsuntsaye, jemagu da kwari, dukda cewa dukkanin wadannan jinsunan suna da fasali iri daya. Yanzu masana kimiyya suna ƙoƙarin fahimtar tsarin fuka-fukan tsuntsayen dabbobi. An kiyaye ragowar manya da ƙananan mutane. An kiyaye wasu ƙasusuwa sosai, kuma zaku iya ganin yadda kowane haɗin gwiwa yayi aiki. Hakanan akwai samfurori masu ban sha'awa daga Jamus da Kazakhstan, waɗanda suka adana nama mai laushi. Dangane da waɗannan samfuran, pterosaurs suna da membrane mai tashi, wanda ya shimfiɗa daga wuya zuwa wuyan wuyan hannu, daga ƙarshen yatsa na huɗu zuwa yatsa na biyar da kuma daga gwiwowi zuwa ɗayan. A lokaci guda, an kiyaye ƙafafu dabam, kuma membrane mai tashi sama yayi yawa.

Wasu nau'o'in Pterosaurs na Cretaceous da aka samo a Brazil da China, da kuma nau'in na Late Jurassic, wanda aka samo a Jamus, ya sami damar ganin tsarin ciki na jikin membrane da ke tashi kuma yayi nazari a ciki tsayayyun nama, tasoshin jini, da guntuwar tsoka. Kodayake wasu jikin pterodactyl suna da tsarin fuka-fukai, babu gashin fuka-fukai a jikin membranes masu tashi.

Masana kimiyya basu sami wani tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin halitta da zai danganta abubuwan da suke yawo da magabatansu ba. Saboda haka, ba a bayyana yadda pterosaurs suka sami fuka-fuki ba. Amma zaku iya bincika yadda ake ƙaddamar da yatsa na biyar, tsawan yatsa na huɗu, kuma a cikin nau'ikan daga baya - tsawaita ƙaƙƙarfan kasusuwa. Wani sabon kashin pterygoid ya bayyana kusa da wuyan hannu, wanda zai iya sarrafa gaban membrane mai tashi. Yana da mahimmanci don taɓawa. Babban murfin katuwar leda a kafada ya nuna cewa pterosaurs sun lullube fukafukan su. Amma jinsunan da suka fi girma sun fi daukar lokaci suna yawo a sararin sama.

[shirya] Babban bayani

Yawancin lokaci suna cikin ajin dabbobi masu rarrafe, kodayake sun kasance dabbobi masu jin jini. Anatomically, pterosaurs sunada alaƙa da tsuntsaye, kodayake ba kakanninsu bane, kamar dinosaur. Don haka, kasusuwa na pterosaurs sun kasance m kuma cike da iska, kamar ƙasusuwan tsuntsaye. Kamar tsuntsaye, pterosaurs suna da kashin keel, wanda aka haɗa tsokoki da ke cikin jirgin, da kwakwalwa mai haɓaka, wacce ke da alhakin ayyukan haɗin jirgin.

Sun tashi shekaru miliyan 228 da suka gabata a cikin Late Triassic kuma sun kasance ƙare a ƙarshen zamanin Cretaceous na Mesozoic lokacin Cretaceous - Paleogene an lalata shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata.

Sun kasance manya-manya: ƙananan mutane, kamar su Nemicolopterus crypticus, yana da fikafikan 25 cm, mafi girma nau'in, Aramborgiania philadelphiae, Harshen hatzegopteryx da Quetzalcoatlus northropi kai fuka-fuki na mita 10-13.

Pterosaur dabbobi ne masu tashi.

Fuka fuka-fukan da ke jikin tsoka da sauran kyallen takarda. Babban membrane an haɗe shi da yatsun kafa na huɗun yatsu na gora kuma ya shimfiɗa tare da gabobin jiki zuwa gwiwar. Membranes wani hadadden tsari ne mai tsauri wanda ya dace da jirgi mai aiki. Furann fukafukan waje (daga bakin yatsa zuwa gwiwar hannu) an karfafa su tare da fiber mai zurfi da ake kira actinofibrils. Actinofibrils ya ƙunshi yadudduka uku daban daban, waɗanda suke rarraba juna ta hanyar juna. Ba a san ainihin ainihin aikin actinofibril ba, kamar yadda abubuwa suke daga cikinsu. Dogaro da abun da ke ciki (keratin, tsokoki na murfi, ƙirar roba), zasu iya zama mai daɗauri ko ƙarfafa wakilai a cikin ɓangaren ɓangaren sashin ɓangaren. Membranes yana dauke da bakin ciki na bakin ciki, tsokar nama, da kuma tsarin kewaya.

The membrane reshe ya ƙunshi sassa uku. Babban sashi ya kasance rashin lafiya (“Member na hannu"), ya shimfiɗa tsakanin gaban da bayan kafa. Chiropathagy ya goyi bayan ɗayan, golf ɗin gaba mai faɗi sosai, wanda galibi ana kiranta da yatsa na huɗu na reshe. Yatsun farko guda uku, da bambanci, sun kasance ƙanana da kayan ado. Bangare na biyu na reshe shi ne patatagy ("Membrane na gaba"). Ya kasance gaban reshe ne, wanda ya kara daga wuyan hannu zuwa kafada, yana haifar da "jagorar gaba" yayin gudu. Wataƙila, wannan membrane ya haɗa farkon yatsun hannun guda uku. Kashi na uku kuwa croropathagycrescent-mai siffa miƙa tsakanin kafafu na pterosaurs. A bayyane yake, croropatagius kawai yana haɗa paws kuma ba a haɗa shi da wutsiya ba.

Bambanci ga waɗannan dabbobi kashi - kwayoyin - an danganta shi da wuyan hannu kuma ya taimaka ci gaba da membrane na gaba (yaduwa) tsakanin wuyan hannu da kafada.

A wasu tsararrun magabata, da yawa na kashin kashin bayan kashin ya hade zuwa wani tsari da ake kira “notary”, wanda yayi aiki don kara wasu tsauraran kwarangwal tare da bayar da goyan baya ga gindin kafada.

Pterosaurs suna da ƙafafun ƙafa.

Yankunan farkon suna da tsofaffin jaws da dogon wutsiyoyi, marigayi siffofin sun rage karfi da wutsiyoyi ko cikakkiyar rashi, kuma da yawa basu da hakora.

Yawancin kwanyar da aka samo suna da jaws tare da cikakken saitin haƙo hakoran. A wasu halayen, ana kiyaye ragowar keratin beak, kodayake a cikin siffofin da hakora, beak ƙanƙane, iyaka da ƙamushin jaws kuma baya haɗa da hakora. Wasu samfuran ci gaba, alal misali, Pteranodontidae da Azhdarchidae, ba su da hakori kuma suna da manyan bebaye, masu kama da beaks na tsuntsaye.

Ba kamar yawancin dabbobin archosaur ba, buɗewar hanci da na preorbital a cikin kwanyar pterodactyloid na pterosaurs sun haɗu cikin manyan buɗewa guda ɗaya, wanda ake kira taga naso-preorbital (naso-antorbital fenestra), a fili don sa kwanyar ta fi sauƙi tashi.

An yi imani da cewa kananan pterodactyls da doguwar ramphorinchs sukan fasa fikafikansu lokacin da suke tashi, yayin da manya-manyan pterosaurs suka yi hawan girma, suna amfani da tallafi don hawan iska da taimaka wa jirgin tare da ƙarancin manyan fuka-fukai.

Wasu bambance-bambancen pterosaurs sun bambanta ta tsararrun mahaya, galibi gami da keratin da sauran sassa masu taushi. Wataƙila, pterosaurs ya yi amfani da tsefe ba kawai don jawo hankalin akasin jima'i ba (tsefe ɗin yana ɗayan cikakkun bayanai ne na lalata jima'i), amma kuma don tsara jirgin (yana aiki a matsayin jirgin ruwa da iska a lokacin jirgin), an kuma ba da shawarar cewa tsefe ya kasance azabtarwa ga bakin, ko ma na thermoregulation.

Akwai zaren da aka yi kama da gashi a kai da jiki - pycnofiber, mai kama, amma ba wai ɗaya daga gashin gashin dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, kuma suna kama da gashin-tsuntsaye na dinosaur. Kasancewar pycnofibres yana nuna cewa pterosaurs dabbobi masu dumin jiki, tunda gashin kansa ingantaccen inshorar zafi ne, kuma kasancewar sa tana magana ne don samun nasarar asalin gida ta hanyar magabata - yawan zafin jiki jikin da yake sarrafa shi ta hanyar kayan motsa jiki. Pycnofibres bai yi aikin iska ba, amma ya fito ne ta hanyar juyin halitta don ya kula da yanayin zafi.

Wataƙila wasu nau'in suna da gashin fuka-fukan.

Kasance da tsokoki na fuka-fukai masu ƙarfi kuma sunyi amfani da waɗannan tsokoki don motsawa a kan gabar jiki huɗu. Wataƙila Pterosaurs yayi amfani da tsalle don ɗaga jikinsu a cikin iska. Strengtharfin babban goshin ya basu damar ɗauka. Sau ɗaya a cikin iska, pterosaurs na iya isa zuwa saurin kilomita 120 / h kuma ta tashi dubban kilomita.

Pterosaurs suna da tsarin jakar iska da sikelin kwarangwal mai kulawa, wanda ke samar da kwararar kumburin huhu kwatankwacin na tsuntsaye.

Nazarin X-ray na ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa na pterosaurs Rhamphorhynchus muensteri da Anhanguera santanae ya bayyana kasancewar manyan shreds a cikin su, wanda shine yanki na cerebellum, wanda ya haɗu da alamomi daga gidajen abinci, tsokoki, fata da sifofin daidaitawa. Wani yanki na Pterosaur ya mamaye kashi 7.5% na adadin kwakwalwar su, wanda ya fi kowane irin vertebrate aiki. Facin yana aika da alamu waɗanda ke haifar da ƙananan motsi na atomatik na ƙwaƙwalwar ido, wanda ke sanya hoton akan ɗigunan ido a tsaye. Zai yiwu pterosaurs sun mallaki irin wannan babban togaran saboda girman reshe, wanda ke nufin cewa suna buƙatar aiwatar da babban adadin bayanan azanci. Hakanan saboda karancin dangi a jikin tsuntsayen shine saboda kasancewar babban kwakwalwa, kodayake ana tunanin pterosaurs a rayuwa a tsarin da yafi sauki a ciki ko kuma bashi da halayyar halaye fiye da tsuntsaye, kuma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan game da yawu da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe sun nuna cewa zavropsids suna nuna hadaddun. Tsarin halaye tare da ƙananan kwakwalwa.

Pterosaurs galibi magabatansu ne. Yankuna masu hakora masu tsayi tabbas sun kama kifi (har da cephalopods). Sauran nau'ikan da aka zana a kan dabbobi masu rarrafe, har ma da dinosaur, dabbobi masu shayarwa da invertebrates (manyan kwari, mollusks da crustaceans). Wasu nau'ikan ba su yi watsi da ɗaukar kaya ba. Wakilan dangi Tapejaridae a fili ya ci 'ya'yan itãcen tsirrai. Wasu pterodactyls (Belonochasma, Ctenochasma) a cikin jaws zaune sosai tam dasa, har zuwa 1000, mai bakin ciki da bakin ciki mai tsayi-dimbin yawa hakora, wanda za a iya amfani da matsayin tace na'urar lokacin ciyar a kan plankton. Wataƙila wasu nau'ikan sun yi ta tono ƙasa a cikin berarsu don neman ƙananan dabbobi.

A biyun, dinosaurs na tsinkaye da kuma yiwuwa karnuka, ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs da kifayen kifayen da aka farauto su.Hakanan, pterosaurs sun sha wahala daga cututtukan fata da yawa. Mai yiyuwa ne tsuntsaye da pterosaurs ke farautar junan su, haka nan kuma cewa pterosaur da kansu za su iya farautar ƙananan pterosaurs.

Yana yiwuwa wasu pterosaurs zasu iya iyo, kamar ruwa na zamani. Don haka ku Jelopterus, kamar ruwa mai zamani, akwai membranes tsakanin yatsun kafafun hagu. Abubuwan da ke cin kifayen kifi a fili suna iya zama a saman ruwa su yi iyo a ciki, suna jan kafafunsu, kamar duke. Musamman ma, an gano abubuwan da aka bari ta hanyar magudanar ruwa a cikin ruwa mara zurfi.

Musamman ma, pterosaur Tapapejara dazamanna Yana da kashin da ba kasala ba (jikin yayi kama da jikin jemagu, wata babbar kasada ce mai fashewa a kai) wacce ta taimaka masa ya iyoshi ruwa. Binciken sararin samaniya da hydrodynamics na fuka-fukai sun nuna hakan T. sananniyar, kamar wani mai kawo canji, ya sake gina jikinsa (wataƙila, kamar wannan jijiyar tashi) don ya iyo a saman ruwa, kamar dai a ƙarƙashin jirgin ruwa. Saboda haka, wataƙila yana neman abinci ne don kansa. Game da batun magabatan ruwa na karkashin ruwa T. sananniyar zai iya sauri kashe da kuma boye. Lokacin da aka watse T. sananniyar ya tsoma bakin daffar cikin ruwa, ya haifar da kwatancen jirgin ruwan, kafafun kafafun da ke gefen sassan suna zama kamar ƙarin hulɗa. Sakamakon ya kasance dala, kuma ƙaramin hulɗa da ruwa ya sa ya yiwu ya zamar da sauri tare da ruwa kuma ya sami saurin gaske. An aiwatar da aikin pterosaur ne saboda dogaye da fikafikan fuka-fukai, wanda ya taka rawar masts guda biyu tare da sails, kuma fitaccen fitowar katako shine jib, zai baka damar canza shugabanci na motsi. Hadaddiyar tsefe ta kasance da farko don yin iyo, ko da yake a lokaci guda ana iya amfani da shi don jawo hankalin mata da maza.

Pterosaurs sun sanya ƙwai. Wasu nau'in sun rayu a cikin manyan yankuna, masu kama da "kasuwannin tsuntsaye" na gannets da mazaunan kunkuru na teku. Masana kimiyya sun gano alamu da cewa pterosaurs na iya ɗaga kajin tare. Binciken ragowar mahaifa ya nuna cewa kukan pterosaurs marasa taimako ne kuma ba za su iya ciyar da kansu da kulawa da kansu ba, don haka kafin su girma, iyayensu dole ne su kula da su. Ta yin amfani da lissafin kayan maye, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa mafi ƙanƙantar da gidan ya kusan shekaru 2 ne, amma ci gabanta a kwai a lokacin mutuwa tana ci gaba. Wannan yana nuna cewa tsoffin pterosaurs da dadewa sun ƙi ƙwai.

Pterosaurs ya kasu kashi biyu-kashi (an kwatanta fiye da nau'ikan 200):

Inarancin a ƙarshen Cretaceous saboda faɗuwar Earthasa ta asteroid / asteroids (Giant craters Chiksulub da Shiva) a cikin girman

10 km (ko fiye) game da miliyan 65 da suka gabata, har ma da gasa daga tsuntsaye kuma, wataƙila, wasu dalilai marasa kyau (ayyukan volcanic / tarkacewar Deccan /, yana iya haifar da fushi ta hanyar tasirin asteroid / asteroids).

Umarni Winged Lizards ko Pterosaurs (Pterosauria)

"Winged dinosaurs." Waɗannan sune farkon hanyoyin ɓoyayyiya kuma onlyan dabbobi masu rarrafe ne kawai waɗanda suka ƙware yanayin iska. Su dabbobi ne na gaske masu tashi mai iya aiki mai ƙarfi.

Wannan rukunin yana da kusancin dangi tare da dinosaur da kakanninsu. Asalin ba a sani yake ba, tabbas ya samo asali ne daga karami, kamar kananan halittu masu rarrafe wadanda ke rayuwa akan bishiyoyi ko kan tsaunin dake da alaƙa da Lagosuchus da Kalmarma. Nan da nan suka bayyana a ƙarshen Triassic, kimanin miliyan 225-230 shekaru da suka gabata. Gano farkon binciken sanannu ne daga Late Triassic na Arewacin Italiya, Jamus da Greenland. Waɗannan an riga an inganta su da rumphorinhoids tare da kwarangwal kwarangwal don ingantawa. Wannan shine daidai wannan zamanin da tsoffin sanannun dinosaur da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Tuni a cikin Jurassic ya bazu ko'ina cikin duniya. Inarfafa a ƙarshen Cretaceous. Suna iya zama ƙungiyar 'yar'uwar ga Dinosauriformes a cikin Ornithodira, amma yana iya kasancewa mafi tsararru na archosaurifances.

Kodayake pterosaurs suna riƙe mafi yawan fasalin magabatan pro-cerciform, jikinsu an inganta shi don hawa bishiya da tashi. Daga baya, sauran gyare-gyare sun ƙirƙiri nau'ikan daban. Pterosaurs ya mamaye sararin sama don yawancin Mesozoic, amma bai tsira daga ƙarshen Late Cretaceous Late.

Yawancin lokaci suna da dogon kwanyar da hakora mai kaifi, dogon wuya, gajeriyar jiki, gajerun kafafu da fuka-fukan membrane. Jaws sun kara, wasu (Jurassic) suna da hakora, wasu (Late Cretaceous) suna da baki. Karami ya kasance girman karamar gizo, kuma mafi girma ya kai girman jirgin sama. Wasu suna lullube da fizikan fure-kamar su.

An bayyana fiye da nau'ikan 130, amma kusan 30 ne kawai aka san su da ƙayyadadden sharan gona. Yawancin nau'ikan suna da fikafikanci kasa da mita ɗaya kuma girman girman kurciya ne ko kururu. Manyan manyan fayiloli sun bayyana a cikin Cretaceous, 3-4 m a wingpan, kuma Late Cretaceous Kattai ya kai 10 m.

Pterosaurs na Triassic sune farkon farko kuma yawancin jinsuna na asali. Yawancin lokaci ana iya gano su ta haƙoransu, wanda ƙila yana da ƙari guda ɗaya. Daga baya pterosaurs suna da hakora masu tsayi masu kyau iri iri. Yawancin hakora na pterosaurs suna santsi, m a sashe na giciye, ridges ba ya nan. Sun fi dacewa a kan mazugi a kan tip kuma suna iya zama madaidaiciya ko dan kadan mai lankwasa. Wasu nau'in burbushin halittu suna nuna kamannin hakoran tsohuwar ፍሬ, musamman wasu youngannann crocodiles. Kasusuwa na nau'in Triassic pterosaurs suna da yawa fiye da nau'ikan da suka biyo baya, suna nuna shinge mai kauri da ƙananan buɗewar huhu.

Zamanin Jurassic shine lokacin da masu saukar ungulu suka sami ci gaban juyin halitta. Sun mamaye wurare da yawa a cikin duniya. Jurassic pterosaurs (rhamphorhinhoids) suna da haƙoran haƙora masu tsawo tare da sashin m mai santsi da kuma hat ɗin enamel na musamman a saman haƙorin. Wasu nau'ikan suna nuna dogayen layuka da na bakin ciki tare da tsawon hakorin, amma kuma mafi yawansu suna da haƙoran hakora. Wasu daga baya pterosaurs Jurassic (pterodactyloids) sun fara nuna ƙanƙan haƙorin haƙori da haɓaka tsawon ƙashin ƙyallen fikafikan fuka-fukai.

A alli, halittu da yawa sun kai manyan girma, wataƙila saboda mafi girman abubuwan oxygen a cikin yanayin to. Pterosaurs ba banda bane kuma an san yawancin jinsuna a wannan lokacin. Yawancin nau'ikan jinsin daga baya sun bazu ko'ina cikin duniya kuma galibi suna da yawa sosai. Hakanan akwai wasu speciesan kananan nau'ikan, amma da yawa kaɗan daga cikin Jurassic. Wannan tabbas mai yiwuwa ne saboda gasawar ƙananan pterosaurs tare da tsuntsaye, waɗanda sun yawaita da yawa a alli.

Pterosaurs matukan jirgi ne na gaske, tare da fuka-fukan da ke da ikon ƙirƙirar ganga da ɗagawa. Suna da manyan membranes - suna tashi membranes. Babban goyon baya ga membrane mai tashi saman jirgin saman shine farkon fifikon fadakarwa. Yatsun farko uku na farko suna da tsari da ka'idodi na yau da kullun, na biyar ba ya nan, na hudun ya kai tsayi da ban mamaki kuma ya shimfiɗa bakin ciki a tsakanin shi da gefan jikin. Zurfin ciki na jikin membrane ya kasance kai tsaye ga jikin. Bayan yaduwar da suka wuce sosai, yatsan na huxu ya lissafa sama da 60% na tsayin gaba ɗaya. Sauran yatsun sun takaice kuma wataƙila ana amfani da su don riƙe dabba a kan rassan itace ko a kan dutsen.

The membrane da kanta ya karfafa da wani Layer da yawa na bakin ciki, a fili spaced layi daya filayen, kasa da 0.1 mm a diamita, amma har zuwa 100 mm a tsawon, da ake kira actinofibrils. Wadannan zaruruwa sun ba da tafin reshe kuma su ci gaba da kamannin sa, suna rage yawan tashin hankali wanda yatsu dole su shafi gawarwakin don kiyaye su daure. Wannan ya ƙarfafa reshe kuma ya hana shi karyewa, yana iyakance lalacewa. Actinofibrils ya bunkasa ne daga sikeli.

Propatagium an sanya shi a saman gaban faduwar gaba kuma ana iya tayar dashi ko saukar da ƙwararren ƙwayar cuta, wanda shine keɓaɓɓen ƙungiyar ta kashi. An ba da shi daga wuyan hannu na pterosaur zuwa kafada, yana tallafawa wani ɓangare na membrane. Samuwar wannan sabon salo abu ne mai wuya a tsakanin mawuyacin hali, juyin halitta yawanci yana amfani da tsoffin tsarukan, yana daidaita su don sabbin ayyuka.

Babban rawanin reshe (cheiropatagium) an haɗe shi da gefen ƙarshen goshin, gefen jiki, da gefen ƙarshen ƙashin bayan mahaifa zuwa idon ƙafa. Hakanan pterosaurs suna da wani membrane (cruropatagium ko uropatagium) wanda ya shimfiɗa tsakanin ƙashin bayan mahaifa kuma yana tallafawa da yatsa na biyar.

Cheyropathagium ya ba da yawancin ɗagawa da jijiyoyi yayin jirgin. An yi amfani da propatagium da cruropatagium da farko azaman hanyoyin sarrafawa don motsawa yayin jirgin, don sarrafa saurin gudu, ko don ba da izinin jirgin da zai yi jinkiri lokacin tashiwa ko saukarwa. Sauran tsarin, kamar kananan yatsunsu a hannayen, crests a kan kwanyar, da ƙafa, wataƙila ana iya amfani dasu azaman hanyoyin sarrafawa. Ramforinchoid da wasu mutane suma sunada farin jini.

Ba a sani ba ko membrane reshen ya kasance a haɗe zuwa cinya ko kafafu, ya bar kafafu ya sami damar motsawa a ƙasa. Idan membrane ya kasance a haɗe zuwa kafafu, to asalin asalin tashin pterosaurs daga gusawa sama zai iya yiwuwa. Fikafikansu sun kasance tare da manyan tsokoki waɗanda ke fita daga sternum kuma suna haɗuwa da manyan fashewa a kan ƙashin wuyan hannu na sama (humerus). Theirƙirar haɗin gwiwar hannu ya ba da damar reshe ya koma sama da ƙasa, juyawa, haka kuma yana juyawa da baya. Pterosaurs sun kasance ƙasa da motsawa sama da tsuntsaye.

Tean ƙaramin tsalle da matsakaitan matsakaitan ƙarfi sunyi amfani da jirgin sama mai ƙyalƙyali, wasu lokuta suna juyawa don ƙyalli, manyan siffofin sun fara komawa zuwa lokacin tashiwa da sauka, amma sun hau kan zafi da hawan iska mai hawa mafi yawan lokaci don adana makamashi. Pterosaurs suna da manyan fikafika kamar yadda aka kwatanta su da nauyin jikin su don haka sun iya tashi a hankali. Bugu da kari, tsarin hadaddun kayan aikin jirgin sama wanda ya shafi gaba da gabar kafa, da suka hada da hanyoyin sarrafawa daban-daban, ya nuna cewa su ma sun kasance masu kwazo ne.

Baya ga fuka-fuki, pterosaurs kuma suna nuna wasu abubuwan daidaitawa ga salon rayuwar tashi. Kwakwalwar su sun kasance manya-manyan kuma kamar-tsuntsu - tashi yana buƙatar tsarin sarrafawa mai zurfi. Amma, kodayake ƙungiyar halittar gabaɗaya tana kama da tsuntsu, pterosaurs har yanzu suna da ƙarancin ikon tunani dangane da nauyin jikinsu fiye da tsuntsayen. Pterosaurs yana da babban kwakwalwa wanda ke da ƙwaƙwalwar ci gaba na gani, amma ba a sami ci gaba ba.

Sauran gyare-gyare da aka yi niyya don rage nauyin jiki sun haɗa da raguwa mai kauri zuwa kauri bango da ciwon huhun ƙasusuwa da jijiyoyin jiki da yawa. Kasusuwa na fikafikan pterosaurs gabaɗaya suke, kamar yadda yake a cikin tsuntsaye, har ma da filoli-waldi. Lokacin rayuwa, kasusuwa sun kasance masu karamin karfi kuma suna dauke da wutan iska don sauƙaƙe tsari. Sun ƙunshi ramuka masu rami tare da bakin ciki na bakin ciki da farantin ko kuma ɓangaren gwal uku. Babu wata tabbatacciyar shaida game da jakar iska, amma yanayin huhun ƙasusuwa ya tabbatar da cewa sun wanzu. Manyan ƙasusuwa reshe sau da yawa suna da tsarin giciye kamar na bakin ciki, musamman a ƙarshen ƙas bonessuwa.

Suna da gajeru jiki, rage da faranta mata, gwargwadon girman kwanyar (har zuwa kashi 50% na tsawon tsayin jikin), sternum mai fa'ida da aka samo daga murƙushewar da aka haɗa. Fuskancin gabbai a cikin sternum (cristospine) yana aiki azaman kashin tsuntsaye a cikin tsuntsaye. Abubuwan da aka gano daga cikin sternum suna da keel tare da burbushi na haɗin tsokoki masu ƙarfi.

Shafin vertteral na pterosaurs ya sha bamban. Ta hanyoyi da yawa, yana kama da tsuntsayen da ke daure daure da kuma ƙashin ƙugu. Akwai fewancin jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki tare da motsi kaɗan.

Yawancin burbushin halittu sune kasusuwa na mahaifa. Sun fi girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran vertebrae. Atlas da axis yawanci suna hade cikin kashi daya, kuma kirgaro atlas da axis ga mutum biyu, yawanci akwai almara na cikin 8 a farkon pterosaurs, yana raguwa zuwa 6 daga baya kuma manyan pterosaurs. Agarin occipital vertebrae yana da bakin ciki na bakin ciki mai kauri mai rauni da kuma sashin tsakiyar kashin kasusuwa da huhun ciki (huhun iska). Babu haƙarƙarin mahaifa a baki ɗaya. Girman waɗannan vertebrae ya dogara da iri-iri.

Teananan pterosaurs. Vertebrae na mahaifa na ƙananan pterosaurs, kamar ramforinha da pterodactyl, sune halayen mutane da yawa. Tare da kwanyar ta, kwano mai ƙarfi ya buƙaci ƙarfin occipital vertebrae. Pterodactyl vertebrae sun fi tsayi kuma sunyi laushi.

Manyan pterosaurs. Pteranodon babban pterosaur ne mai cikakken fete vertebrae na Atlanta-axis wanda yake haɗuwa da kwanyar. Cervical vertebrae a cikin wannan nau'in an rufe shi da wani bakin ciki mara nauyi mai zurfi (da bakin ƙashi) da kuma ƙashin kashi mai warwarewa. Akwai matsanancin iska a cikin kashi kuma ana iya ganin rami na huhu a tsakiyar farji na gefe na vertebra. Kusan dukkanin ƙasusuwa na kashin baya na pteranodon sun cika da iska.

Ornithosaurs rukuni ne mai yaduwa sosai kuma ƙwaƙwalwar mahaifa sun bambanta a cikin jinsuna daban. Gabaɗaya, sun kasance masu faɗi sosai kuma suna da fadi kuma suna da manyan buɗaya na huhu. Hakanan akwai pterosaurs da yawa tare da vertebrae na mahaifa masu tsayi sosai. Misalai na yau da kullun sune azdarkides Azhdarcho, Harshen Quatzalcoatlus da Arambourginiana. Irin waɗannan samfurori suna da wuya sosai.

Takaddar vertebrae. Zai iya kasancewa har zuwa goma sha biyu a wasu nau'ikan, amma yawanci ƙasa kaɗan. Rtean farkon gangar jikin vertebrae galibi suna haɗuwa tare don samar da tsararren tsari don ƙira tare da scapula. A cikin wasu nau'in, suna haifar da notarium, ƙashin ƙashi wanda ya ratsa cikin hanyoyin 6 ko 8 vertebral. A cikin manyan pterosaurs, thoracic vertebrae shima ya haɗu, yana samar da tsari wanda ake kira notarium.

Wurin vertebrae. Amountaramin adadin, kusan 6, gajera ne amma m. Wadannan vertebrae suma suna maganin huhu kuma galibi suna nuna manyan hanyoyin bude huhun ciki (don wucewar iska zuwa kashi) a kowane bangare. A mafi yawan nau'in, dorteal vertebrae na iya haɗa ƙananan ƙananan haƙarƙarin.

Tsarin vertebrae. Mafi yawan lokuta ana haɗa su zuwa ƙashin tsoka mai ƙarfi kuma an haɗa su da ƙasusuwa na ƙashin ƙugu. Don rhamphorinchoid, wannan tsari a bayyane yake, amma a cikin jinsin daga baya tsarin rufewa yake. Yawancin lokaci daga 6 zuwa 8 vertebrae a cikin sacrum. Pelvic vertebrae ya haɗu tare da kasusuwa na pelvic, yana samar da wani irin abu mai ɗauke da girgiza (synsacrum), yana buƙatar dabba don sauka.

Caudal vertebrae. Dukkanin pterosaur suna wanzu, amma pterodactyloids suna da kaɗan. Hanyar caudal vertebrae na ramforinha na iya haɗawa da vertebrae sama da 35 kuma kowannensu yana da sandunan ƙarfafa kashi biyu waɗanda ke gudana tare.

Wasu masu binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa sun yi tafiya a ƙasa akan ƙafa biyu, amma yawancin shaidu suna nuna yanayin motsi na ƙafa huɗu (kusan kamar gorillas). A cikin pterosaurs, yatsan "waje" - yatsan tsakiya da na ciki na hudu tare da yatsun waje na uku - wani abu ne mara muhimmanci. Hanyoyin ƙafafun suna da ƙanƙani amma mai kauri wanda ya kiyaye tushe daga ƙafafu.

Siffofin farko suna da gajerun fikafikan, wanda ke buƙatar kullun flaps don jirgin, nau'ikan da suka gabata sun haɗu da fuka-fuki mai tsawo don ba su damar yin rawa a cikin iska tare da ƙaramin ƙoƙari. Fikafikan sun ninka lokacin da suka jingina ga itace. Pterosaurs dole ne su miƙe tsaye yayin da suke buɗe fikafikan su tashi daga ƙasa. A ƙarshen maganganun pterodactyls, yatsan na biyar ya zama mai sake kuma ya juya ya zama ragowar.

Yawancin burbushin halitta ana samo su ne a cikin ruwan tekun da lamuran lake, suna ba da shawara cewa pterosaur dabbobi ne na bakin teku. Yawancin pterosaurs sune kifayen masu cin kifi, wasu ma kwari ne.Babu wata shaidar cewa pterosaurs na oviparous ne, tunda ba a san abin da ya samo asali ba game da ƙwai ko ganowar pterosaurs. (A cewar wasu rahotanni, kwai na farko da aka samo shine na anurognathid, kwai na biyu na kasar Sin yana cikin babban ornithocheid, wanda har yanzu yana riƙe da wasu sifofin cycloramphid). Akwai kimanin shekaru miliyan 160 - daga ƙarshen Triassic har zuwa ƙarshen Maɗaukaki, kasance da wadatar wadata a ƙarshen Jurassic. An samo shi a duk nahiyoyi, gami da Antarctica.

Ba da tantancewa, pterosaurs sune uropathagiata tare da waɗannan abubuwan da aka haɓaka:

• • girman kwanyar
• • lambar tuntuɓar premaxillary-palatal, wacce ta cire bangon sama daga iyakar bakin hanci
• • yawan fita daga kashin maximi wanda yake a cikin kasusuwa da gaban kasusuwa
• • orifice na preorbital sosai faɗaɗa
• • hakora a kan kashin maxillary da wata biyu a tsakiyar muƙamuƙi babba sun haɗu
• • kasusuwa na palatine sune ke fitowa gaban gaban buɗewar hanci ta ciki
• • akwai budewa tsakanin pterygoids da mabudin bashin (interterigoid na rashin nasara)
• • humerus kusan daidai yake da cinya
• • Hannun hannu biyu da suka fi kusa da shafin abin da aka makala ana haɗa su a cikin tsofaffi don yin aikin syncarpal.
• • Uku daga cikin wuyan wuyan hannu na wucin gadi na wucin gadi a cikin manya, suna haifar da jigilar waje.
• • Abun yatsu biyu na yatsu I - III tsawaita
• Yatsa ta hudun ta ƙunshi 4 matuƙar tsayi da ƙarfi, yayin da ba a haɗa maɓallin dutsen ba. Hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa suna ba da izinin motsi kaɗan.

Laopteryx priscum. Laopteryx. "Gaskiya reshe na girmamawa shekaru." Marigayi Jurassic (Kimmeridgian - Tithonian), Amurka (Wyoming). Fi girma fiye da shuɗi shudi. Wani ɓangaren kwanyar da farko ta cancanci zama tsuntsu. An samo kwanyar kwanyar da hakorin haƙora da aka samo a kusa, wanda na iya kasancewa ga wata dabba. Ragowar ma guntu-tsage ne don ayyana dangi.

Tarihin nazari

Daidaituwa (Collini, 1784)

Binciken kimiyya game da pterosaurs ya fara ne a 1784, lokacin da masan ilimin halitta Cosimo Alessandro Collini ya buga bayanin kasusuwan dabbar da baƙon abu tare da dogayen gaba, kowannensu yana da yatsa mai tsayi, wanda aka samo a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Solnhofen, Jamus. Ya yarda cewa wannan dogon yatsan na iya tallafawa membrane mai kama da reshen jikan, amma tunda aka samo wata halitta da ba a san ta ba a cikin lamuran ruwan, sai ta yanke hukuncin cewa an yi amfani da wadannan baƙin hannaye azaman firiji. A farkon karni na 19, wani masanin ilimin kimiyyar lissafin kasa dan kasar Faransa, Georges Cuvier, ya yi nazarin wannan halittar, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan burbushin mallakar na dabbobi masu rarrafe ne, kuma “fuskokin” su fuka-fuki. A shekara ta 1809 ya sanya sunan Ptero-dactyle ("Fati-reshe"). Daga wannan lokacin, ragowar dukkanin abubuwan da suka gano ana kiransu magabatansu ne, kuma a shekarar 1834 ne masanin kimiyyar dabi'ar nan na kasar Jamus Johann Jacob Kaup ya ba da sunan wani sabon satar abubuwan dabbobi masu rarrafe - “Pterosauria"(Pterosaurs).

A Burtaniya ta ƙarshe a ƙarshen karni na 18, a cikin asusun ajiya na Jurassic na Stonefield (Oxfordshire), an kuma samo ƙasusuwan pterosaurs, amma ana ɗaukarsu azaman kasusuwa na tsuntsu kuma galibi ba a kula da su. Gidiyon Mantel ne ya gano sabon kashin kasusuwan a farkon karni na 19, amma masanin kimiyyar halittar dan kasa shima ya dauke su kasusuwan tsuntsaye. Wannan ra'ayi na masana binciken burbushin halittu na farkon karni na XIX, wanda ya hada da William Buckland da Gideon Mantell, sun haifar da gaskiyar cewa ragowar pterosaurs na shekarun da suka gabata ba a san su ba a cikin tsarin Jurassic na Biritaniya da Cretaceous na Burtaniya.

Sake Tsugunnar Dimorphodon, 1864

Wannan ya jinkirta gano asalin mutane ne har zuwa ƙarshen 1820, lokacin da William Buckland ya bayyana jinsin “Pterodactylus macronyx"(Dimorphodon). Koda bayan wannan kwanan wata, yawancin ƙasusuwa na yanki amma an gano su da kuskure a matsayin avian, duk da cewa babu wata tabbatacciyar shaidar tabbatar da kasancewar tsuntsayen Mesozoic har zuwa gano archeopteryx a cikin 1860s. Gano manyan pterosaurs an fara gano su a Burtaniya shekaru 20 kafin sanannen sanannen pteranodon ya bayyana (Pteranodon), daga Cretaceous adibas na Kansas. Koyaya, kayan Biritaniya ya gutsure (ornithoheir) wanda ya kusan zama ba'a gane shi ba kuma yana da sauƙin lulluɓe shi,

Ginin sake gina Ramphorhynchus (Marsh, 1882)

kusan cikakkun kasusuwa na pteranodon wanda Otniel Marsh ya samo a cikin 1870s. A cikin 1882, Charles Marsh ya bayyana samfurin farko na wanda aka rubuta tare da membrane reshe, wanda ya kira "Rhamphorhynchus phyllurus"(ramforinh). Samfuran samfurin daga Zolnhofen sunadarai da ke riƙe da adon dabbobi, da kuma dutsen lu'u-lu'u a ƙarshen wutsiya. Marsh ta yi imanin cewa wannan" fin "an daidaita shi sosai saboda yana da ƙima sosai kuma an yi amfani da shi don inganta saurin motsawa lokacin tashi.

Manyan pterosaurs

Sake gini na pteranodon (Marsh, 1884)

Har zuwa 1870, mafi girman pterosaurs sanannu ne da yawa gutsuttsurawa daga cretaceous adibas a kudu na Ingila kuma yana da matsakaicin fifikon 3 mita, kwatankwacin girman manyan tsuntsayen zamani, kamar su albatross da amai. Tarihin shekaru 140 na manya-manyan pterosaurs, ana iya ganin su daga gano ainihin sanannun sanannun tsoffin pterosaurs - Pteranodon (Pteranodon): da farko, Charles Marsh ya ba da sanarwar gano wata dabba mai dauke da fukafiti 6.6, daga baya ta sami izinin samun kayan daga samfurin da aka kiyasta tazarar mita 7.6. Pteranodon shine ɗayan shahararrun mashahuran Mesozoic bayan Tyrannosaurus rex, yana ɗaukar matsayin tabbatacce a gaban jama'a a matsayin pterodactyl archetypal. Gano abubuwan pteranodon ya mamaye wasu binciken da suka gabata na ƙananan maganadisun daga Cretaceous na Turanci, shi ne farkon wanda ya sami karɓuwa daga waɗanda suka zama sananne ga ilimin kimiyya ta fannoni da yawa, kuma ba daga ƙananan gutsuttsurare ba, kuma ya zama babban ɗabi'a kamar ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'prehistoric dabbobi masu rarrabewa' a cikin finafinan “The Lost World” ta Arthur Conan Doyle (1922) da Jurassic Park daga hannun Michael Crichton - Hakkin a cikin labari da Pteranodon a fim.

A cikin shekarun farko na karni na 20, ba a gano ragowar pterosaurs da suka fi girma fiye da na pteranodon ba. Rikodin Maris ga mawakiyar Amurka, dabba mafi girma da aka santa sama da shekaru 80, wani karya ne da C.A. Arambourg ya bayyana a cikin 1954. An fassara wannan kashin rabin-500 (mm 500), daga cikin ajiyar kampanin na lokacin Cretaceous na Jordan, ana fassara shi a matsayin kashin fuka-fukai tare da fuka-fukan 7 mita, wanda yayi daidai da fuka-firin mutum. Bayan shekaru biyar, wannan samfurin ya sami sunan kimiyya. Titanopteryx safyani (Arambourg 1959) - "resheic reshe."

A cikin shekarun 1970, an gano sababbin guntun tsohuwar pterosaur, waɗanda suka ba da sababbin ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa game da girman babban pterosaur. Douglas Lawson ya ba da bayanin tsinkayen tsayi na mm 544 da wasu manyan manya manyan sassan Texas a shekarar 1972, inda suka nuna kasancewar pterosaur da fuka-fukan da ya fi nisan mita 7. A shekara ta 1975, an kira sabon ƙaton mai suna Quetzalcoatl (Harshen Quatzalcoatlus), humerus na wannan giant ya ninmi girma kamar na mafi girma na pteranodon, yana nuna cewa wannan pterosaur yana da fikafikanci kimanin mita 15. A wannan shekarar, Douglas A. Lawson, yana nazarin ragowar quetzalcoatl, ya kammala da cewa aikin arikin Aramburg ba kasusuwan fuka-fuki ba ne, amma kashin mahaifa ne. Dogon wucin Quetzalcoatl ya tayar da sha'awa, kusan iri ɗaya da girmanta. Yawancin elongated cylindrical vertebrae, mafi tsayi wanda girmansa sau 8 ne, wanda aka gano shi azaman kashin mahaifa, ya samar da fasali na musamman don ingantaccen ganewar Quetzalcoatl. Van Langston ya sake yin ƙididdigar girman taetetcocol a 1981. Wannan bita ya gano cewa ƙasusuwan tsawan mita goma sha-biyar babu makawa sun sha wahala daga wuce kima lokacin jirgin. Robert Bakker (1986) ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba a san kaɗan game da gidajen abinci na quetzalcoatl don dogara da kimanta fuka-fuki; Becker ya ce ya kamata a karɓi ƙididdigar ƙirar fikafitika 15 mita har sai an samu shaidar akasin hakan. Koyaya, daga baya binciken kasusuwa daga karami, amma siffofin da ke da alaƙa, irin su Zhejiangopterus (Cai & Wei 1994) yana nuna kimanta ajikin Quetzalcoatl a kusan mita 11. Waɗannan ƙididdigar sun nuna cewa resetzalcoatl reshe kusan 40% ya fi girma fiye da na pteranodon kuma yana da gaskiya ɗayan manyan dabbobi masu tashi.

A shekarun 1980, wani masanin ilimin burbushin nan na kasar Sin Lev Nesov ya sake suna Titanopteryx cikin sabon saudiyya Aramburgiana (Aramborgiania), cikin girmamawa ga K. Aramburg, wanda ya fara nazarin wannan binciken mai ban sha'awa. A cikin 1998, David M. Martill tare da ƙungiyar masu bincike sun yi ƙarin nazarin holotype daga Jordan. Idan aka kwatanta rashin daidaituwar Aramburgian vertebra tare da Quetzalcoatl, sun isa ga yanke hukuncin cewa wannan dabba ta kai fuka-fukai na mita 11-13: saboda haka, wannan samfurin, wanda aka samo a farkon 1940s, ya sa ya zama babban gilashi na farko wanda aka samo ya fi girma fiye da pteranodon, kodayake ya dauki kusan shekaru 60 kafin a fahimci hakan. Exarin ramuka ya fara ba da sabon bincike game da manyan gizan da ke Turai. A cikin 1996, Martill ya rubuta game da guntun reshe wanda aka samo a cikin bututun Isle na Wight, kudancin Ingila, mai yiwuwa tare da fuka-fukan mita 9. A cikin 1997, Eric Buffett ya ba da rahoton kashin kansa na ajarheid daga asusun Maastrichtian na Pyrenees na Faransa, wanda ya nuna dabba mai girman. a shekara ta 2001, an ba da rahoton azhdarchide mafi girma daga azabtarwa na Valencia, Spain, tare da tsarin fikafikan firam na kimanin 12 m.

Kwanan nan, an gano ragowar gabobin Pterosaur mafi girma, waɗanda aka bayar da rahoton an same su a cikin ɗakunan ajiya na Maastrichtian na Romania, a cikin Hateg yankin Trans Trans. An bayyana sabon girar ne daga masanin ilimin burbushin halittu Eric Buffett kuma ana masa lakabi da Hatzegopteryks (TanyaBarbara), ya hada da gutsuttsura kayan kwanyar wani katon azhdarchid, bonesan ƙasushin kwanyar ya nuna cewa jimlar jaw ɗin za ta yuwu ta kai mita 2.5. Sauran gabobin ƙasusuwa, idan aka kwatanta da Quetzalcoatl, sun nuna cewa tana da fuka-fukan kusan 12 m.The tarihin bincike da kuma nazarin manya-manyan tsoffin maganganun bai ƙare ba, yana ci gaba da aiwatarwa cikin sabon karni, a nan gaba, tabbas zamu sami sabbin abubuwa masu ban mamaki.

Haraji

A bisa ga al'ada, kungiyoyin Pterosaurs sun kasu kashi biyu: Rhamphorhynchoidea, kungiyar “tsoffin” tsoffin maganganun magabata, da kuma Pterodactyloidea, “magabatansu” na gajeren zango. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin, wannan rarrabuwa na gargajiya an saba da shi. A halin yanzu, a cikin tsarin binciken ilimin halittu, an san rukunin Rhamphorhynchoidea a matsayin ƙungiya mai faskara, kuma tunda wakilan Pterodactyloidea sun samo asali ne daga garesu kai tsaye, kuma ba daga magabata daya ba, wannan rukunin ya rasa matsayin "yanki" kuma ya daina amfani a tsakanin yawancin masana kimiyya.

• Samantakala family (Sambayanti)
• Iyalin Rhamphorhynchidae
• Kankaranci Kamannan
• Iyalin Vukongopteridae (Wukongopteridae)
• Family Anurognathida (Anurognathidae)

• Hanyar dangi (Pterodactylidae)
• Iyalin Germanopterids (Germanodactylidae)
• Ctenochasmatidae dangi (Ctenochasmatidae)
• Dangin Istiodactylidae (Istiodactylidae)
• Gidan Iyalinsa (Nyctosauridae)
• Pteranodontidae Family (Pteranodontidae)
• Iyalin Kirkirar (ornithocheiridae)
• Gidan Iyangueridae (Anhangueridae)
• Iyalin Tapejaridae
• Thalasdromids (Thalassodromidae)
• Dzungaripterida family (Dsungaripteridae)
• Iyalin Azhdarchidae (Azhdarchidae)

Rayuwar Pterosaur

Ganin mazaunan magabata sun sha bamban. An ƙaddara wannan da bambancin nau'in nau'in ƙwayoyin Pterosaurs, musamman tsarin wuyansu, kai da hakora. Wasu pterosaurs ba su da hakori kuma watakila sun ci ciyayi, kamar ciyawar zamani. Sauran nau'in suna da haƙoran fang-fure mai tsawo wanda yasa ya dace da kamun kifi. Wasu sun ci kwari, akwai kuma wasu nau'o'in da suka ci ƙananan mollusks. A cikin membranes a kan ƙafafun wasu tsoffin maganganun suna nuna cewa wataƙila zasu iya kasancewa kan ruwa kamar ducks. Yawancin ragowar pterosaur da aka samo a cikin kogi, tekuna da tabarmin tafkin, wannan yana nuna cewa wasu mutane sun rayu a tekun, kamar albatrosses.

Wani fasali na ragowar pterosaurs shine crest akan kai (wani lokacin tare da canza launin launi), wanda, mafi kusantarwa, yayi magana akan fasalin haɓaka. Idan dabarun canjin yanayi na pterosaurs sun bambanta da na tsuntsayen zamani, to kuwa har yanzu masana kimiyya suna da abubuwa da yawa da zasu koya game da su.

Mun san cewa pterosaurs sun yi hulɗa tare da dinosaurs, amma mafi yawan lokuta sukan juya su zama abincinsu. Aƙalla sau biyu, masana kimiyya sun gano ragowar pterosaurs, waɗanda jikinsu hakora ne. A daya daga binciken, hakorin spinosaurus ya fito daga wuyan pterosaur. Masana ilimin kimiyya kuma sun sami reshen pterosaur tare da hakoran dromaeosaurid. Koyaya, babu wata alama ta kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin pterosaurs da dinosaurs.

Fiye da pterodactyl

Akwai nau'ikan pterosaur daban-daban. Mafi karancin jinsunan suna da gajeren wuyansa da fikafikanci kasa da mita. Dabbobin da suka fi girma suna da dogo mai tsawo (fiye da mita biyu a tsayi), babban kai (har ma fiye da mita biyu) da fuka-fukan firam na 9 zuwa 13. Tean peterosaurs na Triassic da Late Jurassic suna da wutsiyoyi masu tsayi, kuma magabatan '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' Cretaceous sun kasance masu gajeru. Kimanin nau'ikan nau'ikan Pterosaurs 120 an san su, kuma mafi kusantar su, masana kimiyya zasu iya samo sabbin nau'ikan halittu.

A cikin wallafe-wallafen, ana amfani da kalmomin guda biyu (kuma wani lokacin ba daidai ba): pterosaurs da pterodactyls. Kalma ta farko ta zo daga ajalinsa Pterosauriawanda ke tsara duk pterosaurs. Kalmar "pterodactyl" mafi yawanci ba a amfani da ita don nuna duka pterosaurs, amma wani lokacin masana kimiyya suna amfani da shi don nuna nau'in pterosaurs, waɗanda ƙwararrun hancin ƙwaƙwalwa suke haɗuwa da foramen gaba na ciki. Wannan rami ne da aka ambata da ajalin ansarbital fenestra, yana haɗu tare da hanci, samar da babban tsarma a cikin kwanyar pterosaurs. Sunan kimiyya don pterosaurs da irin wannan kwanyar ke Pterodactyloidea, amma wasu malamai sukan kirasu pterodactyls. Wannan nau'in yana da ɗan wutsiya. Pterodactyls ya rayu a Cretaceous.

Binciken kwanan nan

A karni na 20, masana kimiya sun samo sabbin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan magabata. Suna cikin lokutan Triassic, Jurassic da Cretaceous. A cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, sau biyu ana samun yawancin nau'in pterosaurs fiye da shekaru 200 da suka gabata. Yana da mahimmanci cewa daga cikin waɗannan binciken akwai waɗanda suka sa ya yiwu a bincika ilimin dabarun ilimin halittu da ilimin lafiyar dabbobi na pterosaurs. A Argentina da China, masana kimiyya sun samo kwayayen pterosaur tare da tayi a ciki. A lokaci guda, a kasar Sin, masanan kimiyya sun kuma sami kwai a cikin mahaifar mace. Wannan yana nuna cewa pterosaurs suna da ovaries sau biyu.

Abubuwan da tayin da aka samo sun samo kwarangwal irin su kwarangwal mutane manya. Wannan yana nuna cewa pterosaurs sun koyi tashi sosai jim kaɗan bayan haihuwa. A China da Brazil, masana kimiyya sun sami wuraren adana abubuwa. Wannan yana nuna cewa pterosaurs da alama yana zaune a kungiyoyi.

An gudanar da bincike da yawa wanda masu bincike suka yi kokarin lissafta nauyin jikin pterosaurs. Ya juya cewa sun kasance mafi wuya fiye da yadda muke tsammani. Abin sha'awa shine, jinsunan pterosaurs irin su quetzalcoatli suna da nauyi sosai har sun kwashe yawancin lokaci a duniya. Wani bincike na ilimin halittar kwakwalwar kwakwalwa na pterosaurs ya nuna cewa suna da manyan (idan aka kwatanta su da tsuntsaye) canals na semicircular. Hakanan an san cewa pterosaurs sun tashi da kawunansu ƙasa, wannan yana bambanta su da tsuntsaye.

Har yanzu akwai tambayoyin buɗewa da yawa, amma kowace shekara masana kimiyya suna samo sabbin nau'ikan tsoffin maganadisu, kuma wannan yana ba mu damar samo ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sababbin dabaru don nazarin tsoffin yara sun bayyana. Mafi ban sha'awa a cikinsu shine ana lissafin tomography.Yana bawa masana ilimin kimiyyar ilimin likitanci damar ganin cikakkun bayanan cikin kasusuwa. Na'urorin da suka fi ƙarfin iko har ma suna ba da damar yin la’akari da ragowar da ba su rabu da dutse ba. Tomography na iya zama mai tsada, amma mafi yawan lokuta abin mamaki ne. Wannan da sauran fasahohi da yawa sun bamu damar nazarin ragowar pterosaurs da masana kimiyya suka samo a cikin ƙarni da yawa. Makomar binciken pterosaur da alama mai haske ne.