Yawan dumamar yanayi na haifar da dusar kankara a kan dukkan nahiyoyi, gami da Antarctica. A baya can, ƙasa ta rufe kankara gaba ɗaya, amma yanzu akwai filayen filaye tare da tabkuna da koguna, babu kankara. Wadannan hanyoyin suna faruwa a bakin gabar teku. Wannan zai taimaka da hotunan da aka ɗauka daga tauraron dan adam, inda zaku iya ganin taimako ba tare da dusar ƙanƙara ba.

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Ana iya tsammanin cewa dusar kankara ta narke a lokacin bazara, amma kwarincin da ke da murfin kankara ya fi tsawo. Wataƙila a wannan wurin ana yin zazzabi mai yawan gaske a jiki. Ice narkewa yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar koguna da tafkuna. Kogin mafi tsayi a kan nahiyar shine Onyx (30 kilomita). Kogunan sa kusan babu daskarewa a duk shekara. A lokuta daban-daban na shekara, ana lura da canjin yanayin zafi da bambance bambance na ruwa a nan. Sakamakon cikakken bayani a 1974 +15 digiri Celsius. Ba a sami kifi a cikin kogin ba, amma akwai algae da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.

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A wasu yankuna na Antarctica, kankara ta narke, ba kawai saboda yanayin zafi da dumamar duniya ba, har ma saboda yawan iska da ke motsawa cikin matakai daban-daban. Kamar yadda kake gani, rayuwa a nahiyar ba ta da wata ma'ana, kuma Antarctica ba wai kankara ce da dusar ƙanƙara ba, akwai wurin zafi da jikin ruwa.

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Ta yanke a mai mai

A lokacin bazara, glaciers sun narke akan Antarctica, kuma ruwa ya cika damuna daban-daban, sakamakon wacce tafkuna ke samin tsari. Yawancinsu an rubuta su a yankuna na gabar teku, amma kuma suna a wurare masu tsayi, alal misali, a cikin tsaunukan Sarauniya Maud Land. A Nahiyar akwai manyan ramuka da ƙananan wurare a yankin. Gabaɗaya, yawancin tafkuna suna cikin filayen babban gari.

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Manyan koguna da tabkuna na Antarctica

An dauki lokaci mai tsawo cewa Antarctica ita ce babban yankin ƙasa inda babu koguna masu gudana kullun. An ɗauka cewa yayin lokacin bazara tare da farawar dusar ƙanƙara da kankara, koguna na wucin gadi suna bayyana a wuraren rairayin bakin teku da kuma isharar ruwan Antarctic, waɗanda ke kunshe da narkewar ruwa mai narkewa.

Koyaya, a wasu yankuna, ana iya ganin aikin narkewa da gudummawa a cikin sararin wurare waɗanda suke da tsayi mai yawa. An lura da manyan ruwan ruwa a kan Ket-Litsa Glacier da McMurdo Ice shelf da kuma Lambert Glacier. An san cewa a saman Lambert Glacier, aiwatar da narkewa mai aiki ya fara daga nisan mita 900 sama da matakin teku.

A da, masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa ruwa yana gudana a tsakanin kankara a hankali. Amma sabon bincike ya nuna cewa tafkunan Antarctic “sun fashe” kamar yadda abin toshe kwalaba ke tashi daga kwalba, sannan a saki rafukan da zasu iya tafiya mai nisa.

Ana iya ganin kogunan yankuna na yanki a cikin tauraron dan adam.

Hoto 1. Kogunan subglacial.

An samo tabkuna a cikin Antarctica a bakin teku.

Kamar koguna na nahiyar da koguna, tafkuna na musamman ne a nan. Akwai da yawa daga kananan tafkuna a cikin mai.

Wani ɓangare na tabkuna a lokacin rani yana buɗewa ta halitta, kuma an warware shi daga kankara. Amma, akwai waɗanda ba su daskarewa ba, har ma da masu tsananin sanyi.

Gishiyoyin ruwan gishiri ana rarrabe su da kankara. Ruwan da ke cikinsu yana da ma'adinan sosai. Wannan yana bawa wuraren ajiyar ruwa damar ajiyar abubuwan da suke ciki a cikin ruwa mai tsafta. Babban tafkin ruwa na nahiyar wanda ke da ruwa ita ce Tekun Figure a cikin zangon Banger.

Hoto 2. Tsarin Lake.

Tsawonsa kilomita 20 ne. Yankin sa yana kilomita 14,7. sq., zurfin kuma ya kai kusan mita ɗari da rabi. Partangare na tabkuna tare da wurin da ke da nisan mil 10. sq. tushen a Victoria Oasis. Yawancin manyan tafkuna a Antarctica suna ɓoye a ƙarƙashin kankara.

Daga cikin koguna na gudana a cikin mai, mafi kogunan ruwa su ne

Kogin Onyx yana da nisan kilomita goma sha uku.

Yankunan kankara

Baya ga ruwa saman, ana samun gawar-kankara a cikin Antarctica. An bude su ba da dadewa ba. A tsakiyar karni na ashirin, matukan jirgi sun gano wasu sifofi masu ban mamaki da ke da nisan kilomita 30 da kuma tsawon kilomita 12. Malaman kimiyya na Cibiyar Polar sun sake nazarin waɗannan tabkuna da kuma koguna. Don wannan, an yi amfani da binciken radar. Inda aka yi rikodin sakonni na musamman, an kafa ruwa mai narkewa a ƙarƙashin daskararren ruwa. Tsawan tsayin yankunan ruwan karkashin ruwa ya wuce kilomita 180.

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A yayin nazarin wuraren raye-rayen kankara, an gano cewa sun bayyana sosai tuntuni. Ruwan sama na dusar kankara na Antarctica a hankali ya kwarara zuwa cikin gurnin-kankara kuma an rufe shi da kankara daga bisa. Kimar shekarun tsufanan tafkuna da koguna shine shekara miliyan ɗaya. A kasan su akwai toka, da kuma ganyayyaki, furewar ire-iren ire-iren tsirrai, da kuma kwayoyin tsirrai shiga cikin ruwa.

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Narkewar kankara a cikin Antarctica yana faruwa ne a fannin daskarar da kankara. Ruwan kankara ne mai saurin motsawa. Narke narkewa wani ɓangare yana gangarowa zuwa cikin teku, kuma wani ɓangare yana daskarewa zuwa saman dusar kankara. Ana lura da narkewar kankara daga 15 zuwa 20 santimita a shekara a cikin yankin gabar teku, kuma a tsakiyar - har zuwa santimita 5.

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Unguwar Gabas a Antarctica

Shekaru biyu da suka wuce, masana kimiyya a duk duniya suna nazarin tafkin Vostok da ke cikin yankin Antarctica. Don nazarin nazarin halittu da ke rayuwa a cikin tafkin na miliyoyin shekaru, an kirkiro injin din ruwa. A cikin ka'idar, na'urar da ke amfani da madafan iko na ruwan zafi ya kamata ya fasa rijiyar 3.5 kilomita sosai. Wani sabon binciken gano tafkin Vostok ya faru ne a cikin Maris 2011.

Hoto 3. Kogin Vostok.

Yankunan halitta na Antarctica, tare da hulɗa da kankara, za su haifar da tsibiran kankara. Rashin daidaiton wuri mai ban sha'awa na Antarctica a wasu yankuna yana da tsari tare da zurfin sama da mita dubu. Amma mafi mahimmancin binciken shine cewa an gano babban magnetic magnetic kusa da yankin kudu maso gabashin yankin tafkin.

An samo samfuran zinare da alaƙar kifin da ba a taɓa amfani da su ba a samfuran ruwa daga tafkin.

Unguwar Gabas

Ofayan mafi girman wuraren ajiyar ruwa, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kankara, shi ne Lake Vostok, da kuma tashar kimiyya a Antarctica. Yankin sa kusan kilomita dubu 15.5. Zurfafawa a sassa daban daban na yankin ruwan ya sha bamban, amma ana ɗaukar mafi girman mita 1200. Bugu da kari, akwai akalla tsibirai goma sha daya a tafkin.

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Dangane da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, halittar yanayi na musamman kan Antarctica ya rinjayi ware kansu daga duniyar waje. Lokacin da aikin hako rijiyoyin ya fara sauka a duniyar tsibirin, an gano wasu halittu a wani wuri mai zurfi, halayyar mazaunin kawai. Sakamakon haka, a farkon karni na 21, an gano koguna da tabkuna sama da 140 a Antarctica.

Amsa ko yanke shawara 3

Antarctica yanki ne na sanyi na dindindin, inda matsakaicin matsakaici yake a cikin yanki na digiri 37 digiri Celsius, kuma duk da haka akwai koguna da tabkuna, ko da yake suna da kyau sosai.

Antarctica Rivers

Koguna sukan bayyana a nan ne kawai a lokacin rani a yankin rairayin bakin teku ko kuma a lokacin ruwan sanyi, lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara da kankara ta fara. Tare da shigowar kaka da farkon sanyi a cikin tashoshin kogin mai zurfi wanda magudanar ruwa ta shimfida tare da tsauraran matakai, magudanar ruwa tana tsayawa, kuma an rufe taskokin kogin da dusar ƙanƙara. Wani lokacin ana rufe hanyoyin ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara ko da gaban ruwa, sannan kwararar ruwa yakan faru a cikin rami mai dusar ƙanƙara. Idan murfin dusar ƙanƙara bai da ƙarfi sosai, yana zama haɗari ga mutumin da aka same shi.

Manyan koguna na Antarctica sune Onyx da Victoria. Kogin Onyx yana kwarara zuwa cikin kogin Wright kuma yana gudana zuwa tafkin Wanda. Tsawonsa ya kai kilomita 30, yana da haraji da yawa. Kogin Victoria, wanda ke gudana a gefen raɗaɗin suna iri ɗaya, yana da tsawon kaɗan kaɗan na Onyx. Babu kifi a cikin waɗannan koguna, amma akwai algae da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.

Tabkuna na antarctica

Babban tabkuna na Antarctica an mai da hankali ne a kan oases bakin teku. Partangare na tabkuna a cikin bazara an warware su daga kankara. Wasu suna rufe kankara koyaushe. A halin yanzu, akwai tabkuna da ba su daskare ko da a cikin hunturu tare da tsananin sanyi. Wayannan tafkuna ne na gishiri, yanayin daskarewa wanda, saboda karfin ma'adinin su, ya ragu da digiri na sifiri.

Babban tabkuna na Antarctica sune:

• Kogin Figured, yana tsakanin tsaunuka a kewayen Banger. Sunansa yana da alaƙa da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Jimlar tafkin tazarar kilomita 20, yankin shine murabba'in kilomita 14,7, kuma zurfin ya wuce 130 m.
• Lake Vostok, wanda ke auna kimanin kilomita 250 × 50 da zurfin fiye da 1200 m, is located a kusa da tashar Vostok Antarctic. An rufe tafkin da yadudduka kankara kusan m 4000. A cewar masana kimiyya, yakamata halittu masu rai su zauna a ciki.
• Lake Wanda, wanda yake a Victoria Land, yana da tsawon kilomita 5 da zurfin mita 69. Wannan tafkin gishirin yana daɗaɗɗa.

Abubuwan ban sha'awa

An lura da wasu yankuna akan nahiyar mafi sanyi, a cikin narkewa ke faruwa, tare da kwararar ruwa. Suna da tsayi mai yawa kuma suna mamaye manyan yankuna. Manyan wuraren ruwan ruwa suna kan kankara:

A saman ƙarshen ƙarshen, an riga an lura da narkewa a cikin girman 900 m dangane da matakin teku. Ruwan kofofin ruwa akai-akai suna buɗewa zuwa gaɓar tekun, suna rufe da nisan mil 450.

Onyx ita ce kogi mafi girma kuma mafi tsawo da ke ambaliyar ruwa a karkashin kasa, tashoshin karkashin kasa kuma ba wai kawai tare da ƙasa ta 'yantu ba Tsayinsa, ya kai kilomita 30, is a cikin wani yanki mai suna Wright (Victoria Land). Na biyu mafi tsawo shine Kogin Victoria. Matsayinta wuri ɗaya ne.

Lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara ta kaka, raɓar ruwa ta ragu sosai kuma tashoshin kogin mai zurfi tare da bankunan m suna cika da sauri da yawancin dusar ƙanƙara. A wasu wuraren sukan mamaye kankara da kankara a gabas da yamma. Hakanan yana faruwa cewa tashoshin ciki suna cika da dusar ƙanƙara a gabanin dakatar da guduwa. A wannan yanayin Koguna suna yin ta hanyar rafin “daskararre” da sanyi kuma ba a gan su daga waje.

Ba su da hatsari sai dai fasa da ke rufe kankara. Kayan aiki a yayin da ake motsa shi ta wannan bangarorin ya kasa.

Idan gada mai dusar ƙanƙara ba ta da ƙarfi sosai, har ma mutum zai iya shiga cikin rafin, komai zurfin zurfin. Irin wannan haɗarin ba shi da yawa a cikin kwatancen idan aka kwatanta shi da kankara, zurfin wanda yake dubun kuma daruruwan mita.

Fasalin tarin yawan ruwa

A mafi yawancin halayen, tafkunan Antarctic suna cikin yankin gabar teku a gabas. Kamar koguna da koguna, suna da bambanci iri-iri, daban ne da irinsu. Ruwan ruwan dake bakin teku yana rufe da kananan tafkuna. Abin lura ne cewa wasu daga cikinsu sun sami 'yanci daga kankara ne kawai tare da farkon bazara, wasu suna kullun a ƙarƙashin yanayin ruwa kuma ba sa buɗewa daga murfin mai yawa, ana kiran su da rufewa.

Amma akwai tafkuna waɗanda ba su daskare ko'ina cikin shekara ta Antarctic, ba sa jin tsoron mafi tsananin sanyi. Irin waɗannan Wuraren suna cike da ruwa mai gishiri, wanda yake a ƙasa ma'adinai ne da kwantar da shi kawai a zazzabi wanda ya faɗo ƙasa ba komai. Idan muka yi magana game da rafuffukan da aka rufe shekaru da yawa, ana samun su ne kawai a yankin da ke kan iska.

Ana la'akari da mafi girman tafkin Antarctic Curly, located a cikin zango na banger. Yana zuwa kan hanyarsa a cikin kyawawan tsaunuka a kan tsawon 20 km. Girman yanki shine murabba'in murabba'in 14.7. km, a wasu wurare zurfin ya kai mita 150. Victoria Oasis an rufe shi da tabkuna da yawa, kowannensu ya wuce murabba'in mita 10. km Bodiesarancin ƙananan jikin ruwa suna cikin Westfall.

Abubuwa masu ban mamaki

Akwai tabkuna a cikin Antarctic halin da ba na yau da kullun ba, a cewar masana kimiyya, rarraba yanayin zafin jiki ko'ina cikin zurfin. Ba} ar fata da ke nazarin tafkin Victoria Lands sun lura da halayyar marasa aikin yi na wa annan wuraren lokacin da ake bincika wani tafki mai cike da matsanancin rami a kusa da ginin McMurdo a Antarctica.

Yanayin yanayi a yankin da aka tsara yana da tsauri, saboda matsakaicin zafin jiki baya tashi sama da -20 °. Tare da isowar bazara ta kudu, alamar akan ma'aunin zafi ba ya tashi sama da sifili ba. Dangane da wannan, tabkin ya rufe kankara mai tsananin sanyi da kauri.

Daga nazarin kimiyya an san cewa zazzabi a cikin ruwan tafkuna mai daskarewa ba zai iya zama da + 4 °.

Kawai a wannan alamar, ruwa yana samun mafi girman jiki, ya kasance a cikin yadudduka na halitta. A lokaci guda, babban ɓangaren ana saninsa da rage zafin jiki a cikin 0 °. Abin mamaki da firgici ya ba masana kimiyya mamaki wadanda suka gano hakan tabkuna da aka rufe da kanumfirin kankara mai kauri suna nuna zazzabi na ruwa sama da + 4 °. Misali, an lura da wani lamari mai kama da wannan tare da kandarin Salantin a Argentina.

Babban halayyar mutum

Na dogon lokaci, masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa Antarctica ita ce kawai ƙasa ba ta da ragowar koguna masu yawa. Tabbas, a cikin Arctic akwai kusan 10% na dukkanin ruwa mai tsabta a duniya, kuma an daɗe da la'akari da Antarctica a matsayin babbar glacier. Masana ilimin kimiyya sunyi tunanin cewa a cikin lokacin dumin, lokacin narkewar kankara da dusar ƙanƙara, gawarwakin ruwa na wucin gadi a nan.

Amma a wasu yankuna daga tauraron dan adam zaka iya ganin manyan rafuffuka masu tsayi mai tsayi. Manyan igiyoyi na kannfari kan narkewa:

A ƙarshen ƙarshen, narkarda kankara yana farawa ne a tsawon mita 900 sama da matakin teku a ƙarƙashin rinjayar iska da zafin rana. Amma ruwan da ke nan yana tafe a hankali. Kuma wasu rukunin yanar gizo suna haɓaka daban. Idan kogunan suka gudana a hankali kuma suna gudana a hankali, tabkuna suna bayyana nan da nan.

Suna fashewa, suna tashi daga ƙarƙashin kankara, kamar kwalaba daga kwalban gwal. 'Yancin da ke gudana yana gudana ne da sauri a kan nesa mai nisa. Mafi yawancin lokuta suna samar da bazara. Amma akwai wadanda ba su daskare ko da a cikin hunturu. Ruwa a cikinsu yana da ma'adinan da gishiri sosai, kuma ba sabo bane, saboda haka ya kasance cikin yanayin ruwa mai ƙarancin zafin jiki.

Dankin kankara yana narkewa a cikin nahiyar ba kawai saboda yawan zafin jiki na iska. Hakanan ya haifar da haifar da manyan koguna da tafkuna ta hanyar yawan iska wanda ke motsawa cikin babban gudu akan Antarctica. Isasa ba ta rufe kankara da dusar ƙanƙara ba. Ruwa na cikin tudu suna da bambanci sosai - koguna masu yawa, Wuraren dake karkashin kankara, manyan tafkuna.

Manyan koguna

Antarctica yana da manyan jikuna na ruwa waɗanda ke gudana ta narkewar ruwa. Ana iya kiransu ta hanyoyi daban-daban - koguna koguna. Yawancinsu sun yi tsayi, amma akwai kuma gajerun rafuffuka:

• Adams - 800 m
• Onyx - 32 km
• Aiken - 6 km,
• Lawson - 400 m,
• Bilkisu - 3.8 km,
• Rezovski - 500 m,
• Surko - 1.6 km,
• Jemmi - 10.3 km.

Kogin Adams yana kwarara daga gurnani mai zurfi kuma yana gudana zuwa tafkin Myers. Wannan rafin yana ƙarami - tsayinsa ba ya wuce mil 800. Babban kogin Antarctica shine Onyx. An kafa shi daga gilashin narkewa, tsawonsa ya kai kilomita 32.

Aiken yana cikin tudun Taylor, yana gudana daga wani bazuwar glacier tare Victoria Land yamma zuwa Freexell. Masanin kimiyyar ruwa Diana McKnight, ya ƙirƙira sunan kogin ne, wanda ya binciki yankuna kusa. Ta bai wa kogin suna a cikin girmamawa ga masanin kimiyya George Aiken, wanda, tare da tawagarsa a cikin 1987-1991, sun kirkiro tasoshin ramuka a kan kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa tafkin Friksella.

Lawson wani kogi ne mai nisan mita 400 daga Rhone Glacier zuwa kudu maso gabashin nahiyoyin. Kuma sun rada mata suna ne saboda girmamawa ga masaniyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kwalliya Julia Lavson. Ta jagoranci balaguron don yin nazarin Taylor Glacier a lokacin rani na 1992-1993.

Tashar Prisku tana gudana daga tafkin Vostok zuwa gilashin daya. Amma ruwa yana gudana daga wasu tsatsotsan daskararren ciki a ciki. Rezovski ya mamaye gangaren yamma na glakaner na Balkan, ya wanke bakin tekun Bulgarian.Ga cocin St. Clement na Ohrid. Kogin Surco yana kwarara zuwa gabashin yankin Wilson Piedmont. An ba ta suna ne bayan wani jami'in rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Amurka da ke aiki a hanyar jirgin sama kusa da wannan rafin.

Jammy yana da haraji daban-daban daga gizagizai daban-daban. Amma babban tushen abincin ta shine daskararren hula na Jame Ross Island. A bakin kogin akwai maraba mai zurfi, kuma a cikin ruwa akwai ƙananan tsibirai 2. Zuwa gabashin James Ross, an sami labarin iskar, amma hanyarsa ta kusan ba ta raguwa.