Bisharar daji Manul wakili ne na ƙananan karnuka daga dangin Feline. Manul dabba ce mai ban sha'awa da baƙon abu. Man cat na da hankali, mai da hankali kuma yana da sirri. Ana kiranta manul dabbar dabbar pallas cat. A cikin wannan labarin zaku sami bayanin manul da hotonsa, kuma zaku iya koyan abubuwa da yawa masu ban sha'awa game da dabba mai ban mamaki tare da sunan manul mai ban mamaki.

Bayanin Pallas

Bayanin manul za a iya farawa da bayyanarsa. Manul yayi kama da cat na talakawa, kawai ya fi girma da furen ruwa. Girman girman manul ya kasance daga 50 zuwa 65 cm tare da tsawon wutsiya mai zuwa cm 30. Manul yana da nauyin kilogram 2 zuwa 5. Kayan daji Pallas ya bambanta da na talakawa a cikin wani ƙaramin jiki, gajeriyar kafafu mai ƙarfi da tazara mai kauri shida. Af, manajan shida na iya kaiwa tsawon 7 cm. Cat manul yana da furfura mafi furfura kuma mafi kauri a tsakanin kuliyoyi.

A cikin bayanin manul, ya kamata a lura da bayyanar fushin wannan cat, wanda ya sa ya zama abin tunawa sosai. Manul yayi kama da mai rauni saboda “raɗaɗin” a kan kumatun, waɗanda ke haifar da kumburin dogon gashi. Dabbar dabba tana da faffada babba da babba, 'yan kunnuwa masu fadi iri-iri. Idanun manul suna bayyana sosai kuma suna da launin rawaya.

Abin mamaki, ɗaliban idanun waɗannan kuliyoyi, sabanin ɗaliban cat na gida, basu da fadi da haske, amma suna zagaye. Manul daji yana da dogon wutsiya mai ɗaukar hoto tare da tip na zagaye. Hada launi na manula kuma yana hade da tsarin launi na launin toka da tan.

Manul yayi kama da sabon abu. Tun da ƙarshen gashin gashinsa ya zama fari fat, da alama kamar an rufe gashin dutsen ko dusar ƙanƙara mai sanyi. Koma bayan jiki da wutsiya suna da kunkuntar raunin launi mai duhu. Hannun launin baƙar fata yana shimfiɗa daga kusurwar idanun da kuma gefen ɓangaren wuƙar, kuma ana samun maganganun duhu a goshin. Bodyasan jikin dabba yana launin ruwan kasa a launi tare da farin shafi. Gashin wutsiyar an fentin baƙar fata. Manul cat yana da haƙora da haƙora.

Dabarar dabbobi tana da yanayi na musamman. An yi imanin cewa wannan cat tana da alaƙa da kuliyoyin Farisa. Masanin kimiyyar Jamus Peter Pallas ne ya gano bishiyar daji Man P Peter, wanda a ƙarni na 18 ya gudanar da bincike a gabar Tekun Caspian. A cikin girmamawa ne aka sa wa manul suna Pallas Cat.

Ina manul yake zama?

Manul yana zaune a Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Asiya. Gasar mazaunin manul ya rufe yanki daga Kudancin Transcaucasia da yammacin Iran zuwa Transbaikalia, Mongolia da North-West China. Dangane da asalin yankin, pallas suna da ƙananan bambance-bambancen launi da girma. A kan iyakar Rasha, Pallas yana zaune a yankuna da yawa: gabas, Transbaikal da Tuva-Altai. A kan ire-iren wadannan rukunin yanar gizo, an rarraba Pallas a cikin sassan dajin.

A cikin duka, ana rarrabe sau uku na manul: talakawa, Asiya ta Tsakiya da Tibet. Kasancewar farko tana da launi iri iri kuma tana zaune wannan manul a Mongolia da yammacin China. Nau'in na biyu na Pallas yana zaune ne a Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Kyrgyzstan da Afghanistan. An kwatanta shi da launi mai launin shuɗi, tare da tabbatattun ratsi na launin shuɗi. Theungiyoyi na uku na Pallas suna zaune ne a Tibet, Nepal da Kashmir. Wannan tallafin yana da launin toka tare da raɗaɗin launi mai duhu. A cikin hunturu, launi na manib Tibet ya zama azurfa.

Yaya manul yake rayuwa kuma menene ci?

Manul yana zaune a cikin yanayin yanayin tsananin yanayin zafi, tare da ƙarancin zafi da canjin yanayi. Pallas na dabba ya fi son murfin dusar ƙanƙara, tunda gajerun kafafu basa barin sa ya motsa cikin tsananin dusar ƙanƙara. Saboda haka, cat Pallas na daji yana da yawa a cikin yankuna masu karancin dusar ƙanƙara.

Manul yana zaune a cikin tsaunuka da kuma sassan hamada na tsaunuka, yana zaɓar wurare tare da tsintsayen bishiyoyi, kasancewar masu ajiye dutse da fasa dutse. A cikin tsaunuka, Pallas cat ya tashi zuwa 3-4.5 km sama da matakin teku. A cikin ƙananan ƙasusuwa da belin gandun daji, yana da wuya.

Manul yana zaune ya zauna shi kaɗai, yawanci yana nuna aiki a maraice da kuma safiya. Da rana, yana bacci, yana ɓoyewa a wani tsari. Garkuwan manul daji na neman mafaka a ƙarƙashin duwatsu, a cikin tsoffin marmots, dawakai da marayu, gami da cikin manyan kogo da makoki na dutse. Ulaukar dabbobi shine mahalli yanki wanda ke kishin yankinsa kuma baya son baƙi, saboda haka yana fitar da duk baƙon da ba'a so.

Launi na manula yana bautar da wannan bishiyar daji kamar wani camouflage, wanda ke taimaka masa a farauta kuma ya ba shi damar zuwa ganima. Koyaya, cat manul shine ɗayan mafi mashahuri da kuma jinkirin wakilan dangin cat. Amma kyakkyawar hangen nesa da ji suna ba shi damar zama mashahurin kama-da-wane.

Manul ya ci abinci iri-iri kamar linzami da pikas. Lokaci-lokaci, Pallas yakan ci abinci da tsuntsaye, tsuntsayen filayen dabbobin ƙasa. Manul ya kama ganima ta hanyar wayo. Ya jira ta a rami ko ya tsare wanda aka azabtar ya leƙa a duwatsun, bayan haka sai ya yi karo da shi, ya yi jifa da ƙarfi. Wannan cat na daji yana da hankali sosai lokacin farauta. Manul baya iya gudu da sauri, don haka neman abin farauta ba dokinsa ba ne. A lokacin rani, manul ya ci manyan kwari iri daban-daban, idan akwai wani rashi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta.

Duk da tsananin bayyanar, manul ba mai zafin rai bane. Manul kusan ba shi da abokan gaba, kawai Wolves da manyan tsuntsaye masu farauta suna da haɗari ga wannan dabbar daji. Dabbobin Manul ba ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ke cikin sauri don yin zanga-zangar yaƙi da abokan gaba ba. Wannan cat tana ƙoƙarin tserewa da gudu ta kwanta a cikin matsuguni. Amma lokacin da aka kamo manul din cikin mamaki kuma babu hanyar tsira zuwa mafaka, daga nan sai ya fara yin zagi kuma yana fallasa hakora masu kaifi.

Kittens

Sake haifuwa a cikin manul yana faruwa sau 1 a shekara kuma ikon yin hakan ya bayyana a cikin su yana da shekaru 10. Lokacin mating ya faɗi a kan Fabrairu-Maris. Game da gasa, hakkin mace yana zuwa mafi karfi ga maza. Ciki na Pallas na daukar kimanin watanni 2, a lokacin ne mace ke shirya ramin.

Manul kittens an haife su a watan Afrilu-Mayu. Yawanci daga yara 2 zuwa 6 ake haihuwar yara. Namiji baya shiga cikin tarbiyyar jarirai. Kwalayen kitse suna da tsawon kusan 12 cm kuma nauyinsu ya kai gram 300. Matasa Pallas an haife shi makaho ne kuma bashi da taimako.

Babiesan jarirai sun fara gani a rana ta 10-12, mace na ciyar da feedsan ta tare da madara kuma tana kula da su. A kusan watanni 3-4 zasu fara farauta. 'Ya'yan pallas kittens suna girma da sauri kuma suna isa ga girman girma ta watanni shida. Manul yana zaune a matsakaicin shekaru 11-12.

Manul a cikin Littafin Alkawari

Yau, manul dabba ce mai wuya kuma lambarta tana raguwa da sauri. An jera Manul a cikin Littafin Ruwa. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, a wasu wurare, an gama lalata daji daji Manul kuma yanzu ya kusa karewa.

Ba a san takamaiman adadin Pallas ba saboda yawan yanki na mazaunin rayuwa da yanayin rayuwar Pallas da ke ɓoye. A farkon shekarun 2000, kwararru sun kiyasta adadin Pallas, gwargwadon lissafinsu, adadin yakai kimanin mutane dubu 3,5.

A mazaunin manul ba kusan mutane ba ke shafan su ba. Manul ya bayyana a cikin littafin Red saboda wani farautar farauta da akayi saboda shi. Hakanan, yawan karnuka, yawan amfani da tarkuna da tarkuna da yawa don kama hares da dawakai sun shafi yawan Pallas.

Baya ga dalilan da aka ambata, manul yana cikin Akwatin Ruwa dangane da raguwar wadatar abinci, tunda yawan ƙwayoyin da ke ciyar da manul ya ragu sosai. Yawancin rodents suna lalata gaggafa da ciyayi, haka kuma, matasa galibi suna mutuwa daga cututtuka daban-daban. Lambobin Manul kuma yanayin yanayi yana tasiri. A cikin lokacinn dusar ƙanƙara, waɗannan dabbobin suna fama da karancin abinci.

Ya kasance a cikin littafin Red na Federationungiyar Rasha tun 1995 kuma yana da matsayin "kusa da barazanar." An haramta farauta Manul. A cikin zaman talala, Pallas yana haifar da nasara cikin nasara, kodayake, akwai matsala ta yawan mace-mace a cikin matasa Pallas daga toxoplasmosis. Ba a karanci bishiyar dabbar daji ba saboda yanayin sirrin rayuwa da mazaunin Musa, don haka ƙungiyar matakan kare wannan nau'in na daukar lokaci.

Idan kuna son wannan labarin kuma kuna son karanta game da dabbobi, biyan kuɗi zuwa sabuntawar yanar gizon don zama farkon wanda zai karɓi kawai sabon abu kuma mafi ban sha'awa game da dabbobi masu bambancin duniyarmu.

Bayyanar

Manul dabba ce mai girman cat a cikin gida: jikinta yana da tsawon 52-55 cm, wutsiya 23-31 cm tsayi, kuma tana nauyin kilo 2-5. Ya bambanta da cat na yau da kullun a cikin fensho, mafi girman jiki tare da gajeren kauri kafafu da gashi mai yawa (akwai gashi 9,000 a kowace santimitaimita santimita wanda zai iya kaiwa tsawon 7 cm). Shugaban manul ƙaramin ne, faɗaɗinsa kuma yaɗano, tare da ƙananan kunnuwa masu zagaye waɗanda ke yaɗuwa. Idanun suna rawaya, yara ne waɗanda suke da haske, ba kamar ɗaliban idanun cat na gida ba, da za su sami sifar da za ta yi tsaruwa, amma suna zagaye. A kan kuncin kuwa ɗaure ne na gashi mai tsawo (tankuna). Wutsiya tana da tsayi da kauri, tare da zagaye.

Manula Jawo shine mafi yawan furry kuma mafi kauri a tsakanin kuliyoyi. Launi na Jawo hade ne da launin toka da launuka-ocher, gashi yana da fararen shawarwari, wanda hakan ke haifar da ra'ayin cewa an rufe mana fur da dusar ƙanƙara. A bayan jikin mutum da kan wutsiya akwai kunkuntar ratsi mara duhu, ratsi na baki a tsaye take daga kusurwar idanun zuwa bangarorin mucks. Ganin wutsiyar baƙar fata ce. Ofarshen jiki launin ruwan kasa tare da farin rufe.

Rarraba da Biyan Kuɗi

An rarraba Manul a Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Asiya, daga Kudancin Caucasus da yammacin Iran zuwa Transbaikalia, Mongolia da Arewacin-yamma China.

Bambancin yanayin yanki na launi da girman jikin manula ƙanana ne, an yarda da abubuwan da suka dace da abubuwa uku:

• Otocolobus manul manul - wanda aka samo a cikin mafi yawan kewayon, amma mafi yawan abubuwa a cikin Mongolia da yammacin China. Yana da launi na hali.
• Ruwan manoma na Otocolobus - An rarraba shi a Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan. Yana fasali mai launi mai launin shuɗi, tare da tabbatattun launuka masu launin shuɗi.
• Otocolobus manul nigripecta - yana zaune a Kashmir, Nepal da Tibet. An kwatanta shi da launi mai laushi na launin toka, wanda a cikin hunturu ya sami alama mai launin launin shuɗi.

A cikin Rasha, kewayon manul ana wakilta sashe uku: gabas, Transbaikal da Tuva-Altai. Na farko shi ne yankin Chita, tsakanin kogin Shilka da Argun, a yamma - zuwa Onon. A nan, rarraba manul yana iyakance ga yanki mai ɗaukar hoto. Transbaikal hearth galibi yana cikin Buryatia, cikin gandun daji-steppe da yankuna: Dzhidinsky, Ivolginsky da Selenginsky, zuwa cikin Ulan-Ude. A fashewa ta uku, a Tuva da Altai, an lura da kasancewar manul a cikin matsanancin kudu maso gabashin yankin. A cikin shekaru 10-15 da suka gabata, aikin manul a buɗe ya kasance kusan an gama lalata shi, kuma kewayon sa yana ɗaukar matsayin tsararraki mai zaman kansa.

Rayuwa & Abinci

Gidajen Pallas suna sanyin yanayin ƙasa mai tsauri tare da ƙarancin zafi a cikin hunturu da ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara, yana da yawa a cikin yankuna masu ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara. Manul yana zaune a cikin matakan da ke kusa da hamada a cikin tsaunuka, ƙananan tuddai, kwari a ciki, musamman tare da shuki, fashewa da motsi, kasancewar masu ajiye dutse da wuraren dutsen. A cikin tsaunuka ya hau zuwa 3000 - 4800 m sama da matakin teku. Yana da wuya a cikin gandun daji da kuma a cikin ƙananan tuddai. Yanayin mosaic na kewayon shi, rarrabuwa mai rarrabuwar kai, da ƙarancin ƙarancin an bayyana shi ta hanyar dangi mai ɗaukar hoto (wanda aka ƙaddara shi ga da'irar mahalli) na nau'in. Duk inda manul yake ƙarami.

Manul yana jagorantar salon rayuwa mai tazara. Yana da aiki musamman a yamma da sanyin safiya, da rana yana barci a cikin tsari. Jirgin yana zaune a cikin duwatsun duwatsu, kananan koguna, a karkashin duwatsun, tsoffin burbushin marmots, dawakai, marayu. Launin launi na manula yana da kyan kayan kwatancen kwatancen da ke taimaka masa farauta. Manul da kanta ita ce mafi saurin jinkiri da kuliyoyin daji.

Manul yana cin abinci kusan keɓaɓɓu akan pikas da linzamin ƙwaya, kamar a wasu lokutan, sukan kama goya, tolai hares, marmots da tsuntsaye. A lokacin bazara, a cikin shekarun ɓacin rai, yawan pikas, Pallas ya ci dumbin jemagu da sauran kwari. Yana kama ganima ta hanyar satarsa ​​ko tsare shi daga duwatsu da ramuka.

Ba a daidaita Manul don gudu da sauri ba. Lokacin da yake cikin haɗari, ma'anar ɓoye shi, shi ma ya tsere daga abokan gaba, yana hawa kan duwatsu da kan dutse. Alamar firgita ta fito da hayaniya mai tsananin amo ko jijiyoyi mai kaifi.

Asalin nau'in halitta da kwatancin yadda aka tsara manul

Kusanda dabbobin na iya zama irin wannan tsinkayen Madagascar na zamani kamar fossa. Wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna mamaye daidai a cikin daji kamar dukkan kuliyoyi.

Kimanin shekaru miliyan 18 da suka gabata, kuliyoyi na zamani (Felidae) sun fito daga Schizailurus. Wakilan zamani na farko na cat sune farkon maganin rigakafin (Miracinonyx, Acinonyx). An yi imanin cewa sun bayyana ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 7 da suka gabata. Wasu majiyoyi suna ba da rahoton cewa cheetah ta Arewacin Amurka (Miracinonyx) ta fito ne daga Acinonyx kawai shekaru miliyan 4 da suka gabata, amma binciken da masanan suka yi kwanan nan sun nuna cewa Miracinonyx shine asalin magabatan cheetah da cougars (Puma).

Kimanin shekaru miliyan 12 da suka shude, halittar Felis ta fara fitowa, daga inda da yawa daga cikin ƙananan kuliyoyi na zamani suka ci gaba. Biyu na farko na zamani na Felis sune cat Martelli (Felis lunensis †) da Manul (Felis manul). Yawan nau'in Felis sune Felis attica, Felis bituminosa, Felis daggetti, Felis issiodorensis (Issoire lynx), Felis lunensis da Felis vorohuensis. Don haka, Pallas sune mafi tsufa don farawa.

Dukkanin abubuwan Acinonyx, Felis da Panthera suna wakiltar mutane da ke rayuwa a yau. Tsarin wasu nau'ikan waɗannan nau'ikan zamani ana sabunta su akai-akai kuma ana sake gina su tare da ƙarin burbushin magabatansu. Suna ba da tabbatattun alamu game da wanda ya fito daga wanene, kuma a wane lokaci hanyoyin da yawancin halittu suke rarrabu.

Wanene manul

Manul wakili ne mai sake fasalin dangin cat, daji ne mai ƙarancin gaske tare da bayyanar sabon abu. Godiya ga furcin sa mai kauri tare da launi mara kyau da kuma bayyana idanun da ke dauke da hikimar duniya, wannan dabbar ta ci nasarar zuciyar miliyoyin mutane a duniyarmu. Tarihin manula ya koma ga zamanin da. Ya bayyana a duniya kusan miliyan 12 da suka gabata kuma ya zama magadan wasu nau'ikan kuliyoyi.

Masana ilimin Felino sun tabbatar da cewa kuliyoyin Farisa da Angora sune zuriya ta kai tsaye.

Wannan dabbar daji tana da suna ga Turkawa. Daga harshen Turkic “manul” an fassara shi da “sauri”. Wani suna na Pallas shine Pallas cat. Ya karbe shi da girmamawa ga masanin dabi'ar halittar Peter Simon Pallas, wanda ya gano kuma ya gabatar da duniya ga dabba mai ban sha'awa. A karni na biyu na karni na XVIII, a wajan 'adawar Cressine II, wani masanin kimiyya ya ci gaba zuwa yawon shakatawa zuwa gandun dajin Caspian, inda ba tsammani ya gano wani abu. Abin da masanin kimiyyar halitta bai so da sunan Turkic na cat - tarihin ba shi da magana, amma ya kira shi - Otocolobus manul, wanda aka fassara daga Latin a matsayin "mummunar kunne". Tsarin kunnen cat na ciki abin mamaki ne da gaske a siffa, amma zaka iya kiransa da mummuna tare da babban shimfiɗa.

Yawan Manul

Duhu daji yana jagorantar rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Shi masani ne na maƙarƙashiya, kuma da ya ji mutum, zai iya zama wurin 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan, yana haɗuwa da yanayin ƙasa. Wannan ya yi amfani da manul ɗin sosai. Adadin yawan dabbobi yana da wahalar tantancewa.

A cewar masana ilmin halitta, adadin dabbobi a farkon wannan karni ya kama daga 3 zuwa 3.5 dubu.

A Rasha, an kiyasta yawan manul kamar haka:

• Mountain Altai - mutane 250-300,
• Buryatia - mutane 70,
• Yankin Chita - har zuwa 2500.

Ina catal manul yake zaune?

Ana samun cat na gandun daji na Manul a Tsakiyar Asiya, a Tekun Caspian, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan da arewacin India. Hakanan, wani kurmi na daji yana zaune a tsakiyar China, Mongolia da kudancin Rasha. Yawan jama'a a kudu maso yamma na kewayonsu - a yankin yankin Tekun Caspian, Afghanistan da Pakistan - an rage sosai. Manula kusan ba zai yiwu a samu ba a Tibet Plateau. Mongolia da Rasha a halin yanzu sun fi yawancin adadin su.

Ganin mazaunin manula yana da yanayin yanayi mai sanyin gaske tare da ruwan sama, ƙarancin zafi da kuma yawan zafin jiki. An same su a wani tsawan kusan 4800 na sanyi, yankuna masu saurin zama a cikin kwari da kuma kwararowar dutse.

Waɗannan ƙananan kaddara sun gwammace kwari da wuraren dutse inda suke da damar samun mafaka, saboda suna gujewa mazaunun buɗe ƙasa. Hakanan, Pallas ba ya son yankuna tare da babban murfin dusar ƙanƙara (sama da 10 cm). 15-20 cm shine iyaka ga wannan nau'in.

Mazaunin da ke ciki yana da girma sosai ga irin wannan karamar feline. Misali, a cikin Mongolia, matsakaiciyar tazarar tsakanin mace shine 7.4-125 km2 (23 km2 a matsakaita), yayin da kewa tsakanin maza shine 21-207 km2 (98 km2 a matsakaita). Daga wannan ana iya ɗauka cewa ga kowane kilomita 100 akwai mutane huɗu zuwa takwas.

Matsayin kiyaye dabbobi

An lissafa manul a cikin Littattafan Red of Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, China da Mongolia, kazalika a cikin jerin 'IUCN Red List' tare da matsayin "kusa da barazanar".

Dalilai na rage yawan dabbobi:

• masu fastoci
• kasancewa cikin irin karnuka iri daya ba tare da leash ba,
• da amfani da tarkuna da tarko domin farautar dabbobi da aka yi fur,
• mawuyacin yanayi da kankara,
• rauni da abinci,
• manyan annabta
• masu fafatukar abinci:
  • dawakai
  • Wolverines
  • martens
  • gaggafa na zinariya,
  • steppe gaggafa
  • mujiya.
• cututtuka daban-daban.

Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kirkiro da wani shiri: "Nazari, adanawa da kuma haifuwar manul." Yayin shirin, wanda aka tsara shi na shekaru 10, likitocin dabbobi sun yi niyyar fara haifar da yawan cat a cikin yanayin da aka tsara. Manul alama ce ta Zoo ta Moscow.

Me ke cin bisharar daji?

Aikin manul yana da bambanci sosai. Karen daji ya ci amana:

• filin voles
• marmots
• furotin
• tsuntsaye daban-daban (gami da larks, aviaries da partridges),
• kwari
• dabbobi masu rarrafe
• tsoratarwa.

Yankin bishiyar manul yana ɓoye yayin rana a cikin ƙananan ramuka waɗanda aka yi watsi da su na farkon marmots ko dawakai. Tunda Pallas suna da jinkirin gaske, ya kamata su zama ƙasa ƙasa kuma kusa da abin da suka fara kafin tsalle. Domin kada su zama ganima don gaggafa, karnuka, dawakai masu jan hankali ko karnuka da kansu, suna motsawa cikin gajerun matakai, sannan kuma su ɓoye a lokacin abinci.

Babban aiki a cikin neman abinci don manul shine faɗuwar rana da alfijir. Kayan daji zasu iya farauta yayin rana. Sauran masu farautar, kamar dawakai da Corsac, dawakai masu dawakai da masu bautar Turai, sun dogara da kayan abinci iri ɗaya kamar manul. Don hana ficewar gasa, akwai wata manufa da akace wacce jinsin dogaro da albarkatu iri ɗaya baza su iya zama tare ba. Dangane da wannan, Pallas ya saba da yanayin binciken abinci na lokaci.

A cikin hunturu, lokacin da babu isasshen abinci, Pallas na rayayye suna neman hunturu ko daskararre kwari. Hunturu lokaci ne da ke sanya ɓarna, don haka kuliyoyin daji su samu nasarar guje wa gasa don farauta.

Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa

Halin Manul yana da wuya. Dabba tana da matukar sirri da kulawa. Kamar sauran wakilan sauran manufofin feline - loners. Daga cikin duk kuliyoyin da ke cikin daji, man na da saurin ratsawa kuma ba zai iya saurin motsi ba. Manul, kamar sauran masu farauta, yana son lokacin dare. Duk da cewa wannan dabbobi masu shayarwa za su iya farauta da rana, sun fi son yin bacci da rana. Saboda halaye daban-daban na mutum, kamar jinkirin da kuma nishaɗar motsa jiki, yakan iya sa hannu yakan kula da wanda aka cutar da shi kusa da rami. Launin dusar dabbar dabbar dadda tana aiki kamar garkuwa.

Manul yana ɓoyewa daga abokan gaba a cikin gorges, a kan kankara ko a ramuka. Wannan cat tana daɗaɗaɗɗar hanyar sa daga tsohuwar sananniyar ko ramuka fox, ko kuma dacewa da gawanin dutsen da ƙananan kogo. Wannan shi ne abin da ke taimaka wa manul ba a gane shi ba idan ya buya. Manul shine mafi saurin zama a tsakanin kuliyoyi. Tare da haushi ko haushi, Pallas suna yin kara mai ƙarfi waɗanda suke da alaƙa da sautin mujiya.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

An yi imani da cewa namiji Pallas ya yi yawon nisan kilomita 4, amma babu ingantaccen shaidar kimiyya game da wannan. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun ba da rahoton cewa kiran abincin manul yana kama da cakuda hawayen karnuka matasa da kururuwar mujiya.

Pallas suna da lokacin kiwo a shekara. Mace na wannan nau'in sunada yawa, wanda ke nufin cewa namiji zai iya miji da mace da yawa. Lokacin kiwo ya kasance daga Disamba zuwa farkon Maris, kuma lokacin haihuwar yana daukar kwanaki 75. Daga kitse 2 zuwa 6 ana haihuwar su a lokaci guda. Cubs an haife su a ƙarshen Maris kuma suna tare da mahaifiyarsu a farkon watanni biyu.

Bayan an haifi kittens, namiji ba ya shiga cikin haihuwar. Da zaran kyanyayen sun bar gandun daji, zasu koyi yadda ake samun abinci da farauta tun yana da shekaru 4-5. A kusan shekara 1 na rayuwa, sun girma kuma suna iya samun abokan tarayya. Matsakaicin rayuwar rayuwar manula shine kimanin watanni 27, ko kawai sama da shekaru 2, saboda matsanancin yanayin muhalli da kuma ɗaukacin matakin fallasawa don zama ganima. A cikin zaman talala, Pallas ya rayu har zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu.

Dalilai na raguwar adadin Pallas

Babban barazanar da aka yiwa manul shine:

Pallas sun wanzu cikin yanayi a cikin adadi kaɗan kuma ba a daidaita su da kariya daga maɓarnata. Dogararsu ga takamaiman wuraren zama yana sa su zama masu rauni sosai. Jawo wannan dansandan daji ana jin dadinsa a kasuwanni da yawa. A farkon shekarun 1900, sama da kuliyoyi 50,000 ke kashe a shekara saboda fata.

Rashin halayen Hutu yana kara karfi da tasiri ga wanzuwar manul. Karnukan gida da na mutum shine kashi 56% na mutuwar Pallas a cikin Mongolia ɗaya kaɗai. Kusoshi wasu lokuta kuskure da mafarauta ke kashe su, a kuskure su game da dabbobin ƙasa.

Yawan Mongolia na fuskantar barazanar farauta mai yawa da kuma masu farautar namun daji. Ana farautar Pallas don "dalilai na gida", akwai kuma damar samun izini daga hukumomin yankin. Koyaya, tilasta doka ta yi rauni kuma babu sarrafawa. Wataƙila babbar barazanar da wannan ƙaramar cat ita ce kamfen ɗin da gwamnati ta sanyawa hannu don sarrafa yawan nau'in halittun da ake yinsu a Rasha da China.

Matsayin jama'a da kuma adana manul

Pallasov cat a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta ɓace daga yankuna da yawa da ke kusa da Tekun Caspian, har ma da gabashin ɓangaren asalinta. An jera Manulas a matsayin "cikin haɗari" a cikin Jerin Kasuwancin IUCN. Yarjejeniyar Washington don Kariyar dabbobi tana ba da jagora game da wannan nau'in a shafi ta II.

A shekara ta 2000, Dr. Bariusha Munktsog na Kwalejin Kimiyya na Mongolian da Cibiyar Irbis na Mongolia, tare da Meredith Brown, sun fara nazarin filin farko na maganin dabbobi. Dokta Munktsog ya ci gaba da nazarin mahimmancin waɗannan kuliyoyin a tsakiyar Mongolia kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin researchersan bincike da suka lura da irin ƙarancin mata. Pallas Cat International Conservation Union (PICA) wani sabon shiri ne na kiyayewa daga Arewacin Ark Zoo, da Royal Zoological Society of Scotland da kuma Snow Leopard Trust. Fondation Segre shi ma ya goyi bayan kamfen din tun daga Maris 2016.

Manufar PICA shine don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da Pallas, zana tarihinsu da rahoto game da barazanar lalata waɗannan kuliyoyin. Increasearuwar yawan masu garkuwa da mutane ya taimaka wajen haɓakar amincin ɗan adam. Kyakkyawan bege ga Pallas shine masu kiyayewa, waɗanda, duk da lalacewar da lalata mazauninsu, suna son taimaka wa yawan mutanen da ke cat. Matakan kiyayewa ya haɗa da inganta aikin tabbatar da doka da haɓaka tsarin izinin farauta.

Habitat

Dabarar dabbobi masu shayarwa - mafi yawancin namun daji suna zaune ne a tsaunuka masu tarin yawa, gangarawar bishiyoyi da kwantena mai zurfi daga Iran da Kudancin Transcaucasia zuwa Transbaikalia, North-West China da Mongolia, a Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Asiya. Ana lura da lambobi mafi girma a cikin yankuna masu karancin dusar ƙanƙara.

A cikin Rasha, Pallas cat yana zaune a cikin yankin steppe na Chita, a cikin dajin-steppe Buryatia, a Tyva da Altai.

Abinci mai gina jiki

A cikin farauta na cat daji, launi kamara yana taimakawa, godiya ga wanda ya hade da wuri mai faɗi. Babban abincin da yake ci shine ƙwaƙwalwa, amma kuma yana iya kama gopher, zomo ko tsuntsu. A cikin yunwar, ba ta yin watsi da orthoptera da sauran kwari.

A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana farauta daga ganima ko a ƙarƙashin duwatsu. Manul daji baya iya gudu da sauri, idan akwai haɗarin da ya ɓoye daga abokan gaba a cikin duwatsun da tsakanin duwatsu.

Kiwo

Yarinya tana isa ga watan 10-11. Gasar tana gudana ne daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Maris sau daya a shekara.

Yawancin lokaci maza da yawa suna yin kamar wata mace. Wanda ya yi nasarar yaƙin ya sami 'yancin abokin aure. Bayan tafiya, namiji ya fita, mace kuma tana cikin sahun gaba a cikin zuriyarsu. A cat na ɗaukar zuriya na kimanin kwanaki 60 kuma a ƙarshen Afrilu - farkon Mayu, cat yana kawo kitso 2 zuwa 6. 'Ya'yan makanta masu makanta sunkai kimanin g 300. Bayan kwana 10, idanunsu a buɗe, kuma bayan watanni uku kyanwan suka fara farauta. Tsawon rayuwar cat na Pallas yana kan shekaru 10-12 ne.

A cikin zaman talala, Pallas yakan haifar da kyau, amma kittens galibi suna mutuwa daga cututtuka daban-daban. Babban abin da ke haifar da babbar mace shine toxoplasmosis. A Rasha, gidajen dabbobi uku ne kawai suka cimma wasu nasarori wajen kiwon wannan nau'in.

Dalilin bacewar Pallas da kariyar sa

Manul, cat daga Red Book wata dabba ce da ba kasada ba, mai haɗari. A wasu wuraren zama, lambarta tana ci gaba da raguwa, kuma dabbar tana kan gaba.

Babban musabbabin wannan nau'in halittar sune:

• poaching
• harin na mafarauta da karnuka,
• dogon kankara da dusar kankara, wanda ya haifar da karancin abinci,
• raguwa a cikin yawan ƙwayoyin (rashin wadatar abinci).
• cututtuka.

Saboda yanayin rayuwar Pallas cat, yana da wuya a ƙayyade takamaiman lambar a yanzu. Matsakaicin yawan nau'in halittu a wasu wuraren mazauninsu ana daukar su manyan dabbobi 2-3 daga cikin murabba'in kilomita 10.

Pallasov cat an jera su a cikin littafin Red na Tyva, Khakassia da Russia, a cikin jerin IUCN, kuma a 1995 a cikin CITES Shafi na 2 na Yarjejeniyar. Tun da Manul cat ne daga littafin Red, an haramta farauta a ko'ina.

Tebur: rarrabuwa na pallas na daji Pallas

Hali da halaye na Pallas

Halayen halaye na musamman:

• sutudiyyar rayuwa
• taka tsantsan da sirrin sirri,
• duƙuwar dare da kasancewar dare
• jinkirin da jinkiri,
• bazuwar (Kadaitaccen abu) rayuwa,
• riƙewa.

Halin Pallas yana da sirri sosai har masana kimiyya waɗanda ke kula da rayuwar cat tare da kunnuwa marasa daidaituwa sun kira shi fatalwa. Rashin zaman lafiya shine tushen rayuwar cat na daji. Masana sun yi iƙirarin cewa cat Pallas na ɗaya daga cikin dabbobi masu hankali waɗanda ba za su taɓa hawa kan dusar ƙanƙara ba da daɗewa ba, ƙarancin barin gado a cikin ƙasa mai yalwa. Don kada a lissafta hanyar dabbar ba da jimawa ba, zai jira na kwanaki har sai wasu mazauna wannan yanki su yiwa budurwar budurwa a gabansa. Mafi sau da yawa, manul yana tafiya a cikin sawun capricorns da antelopes na arewacin, waɗanda ke gudana a cikin garken kuma suna bar kwafin sarari.

Manul babban masanin rikicewa ne kuma dabba mai kulawa mai mahimmanci tare da salon rayuwa daban.

Ina so in san komai

Fara jerin rubuce-rubuce game da WATAN CATS. Ya zama abin gano min cewa akwai da yawa daga cikinsu. Na yanke shawarar kada in "niƙa" a cikin post ɗaya, amma don nuna muku daki-daki.

Shin zaka taɓa sha'awar yin balaguro don abin da dabbobi suka yi kama da miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata? Dangane da kuliyoyi, wannan ba ya bukatar a yi shi, tunda akwai Manul - kimanin shekaru miliyan 12 da suka shude, yana ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan farko na waɗancan kuliyoyi waɗanda daga sautunan zamani suka samo asali. A cewar masana kimiyya, Pallas bai canza da yawa ba tun daga wannan lokacin. Akwai wani nau'in - cat cat Martelli, amma gaba daya ya ɓace. Manul - dabbar dabba ce da ke buɗe taga a cikin tsoffin kuliyoyin zamani

Manul ita ce kawai dabbar daji da ta yi daidai da girman kyan gida. Zai iya ɗauka kamar ɗan ƙaramin abu ne kawai saboda tsananin furcinsa. Duk da cewa ya dan yi kama da baya, amma shi mai yawan kyauta ne, mai zafin jiki ne da sauri. Yana da dukkan sifofi a cikin gidan cat, yana tsira da kyau a cikin halaye na zahiri kuma zai iya ba da kansa don yaƙin sauran masu farauta

Babban dalilin rayuwar manil na miliyoyin shekaru shine warewar sa. Yana zaune a cikin daji na Asiya steppes, a tsawan kilogram 4. Manul yana zaune a Indiya, Pakistan, yammacin China da Mongolia, haka kuma a Afghanistan da Turkmenistan. Kwanan nan, an gano wannan cat a cikin dajin Sayan Siberiya. A cikin wadannan wurare ya fi son wuraren da ke da dutse. Semi-hamada da tsaunukan tuddai. A takaice dai, wadannan wurare ne da akwai karancin damar haduwa da makiyinka. Ina ji sauki gare ku idan kun iya cewa a wannan matakin babban abokin gabarsa mutum ne

A halin yanzu, sanannu ne na Pallas guda uku sanannu ne: maras muhimmanci, ko Siberian, wanda ke zaune a arewacin yankin kuma ana amfani da shi da launi mai launin toka, Asiya ta Tsakiya, wanda aka san shi da jan jan (misalin na Turkmenistan, Afghanistan da kuma rauni na Arewa), Tibetan, wanda ke da launi mai duhu na Jawo tare da kasancewar raunin fata a jiki da wutsiya da kuma fitila mai haske a kan kai (yana zaune a arewacin Pakistan, Arewacin India, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan).

Manul, gabaɗaya, ƙaramin cat ne mai nauyin kilogram 2 zuwa 5 da tsayin jikin mutum har zuwa 65 cm - kusan kamar gida, babban fadi mai laushi yana da tsawon kawai 23-30 cm. Gabaɗaya, ya yi kama da cat na talakawa, amma tare da jiki mai yawa akan ɗan gajeren lokacin farin ciki da ƙaƙƙarfan haske mai launin toka. Manul shine mafi yawan magana a tsakanin dukkanin wakilan cat's - har zuwa 9000 hairs suna a cikin 1 cm na bayansa. Kowane gashi yana da farin tip, yana sa fur ɗin ya zama kamar ana watsa shi da dusar ƙanƙara. Tsawon gashin gashin fur ya isa 7cm. Madadin launuka mai launin launin toka tare da sautunan launin toka-mai launin ja, launin ratsin launin bakin ciki suna kan wutsiya, a baya na jiki da kan gami. A goshin manula - salan launuka masu duhu, kuma bakin wutsiyar mutumin kyakkyawa an fentin baki.
Manula yana da manyan idanu masu rawaya - sauri, motsi, rayuwa. Ba kamar kuliyoyi na gida ba, ɗaliban suna zagaye maimakon a tsaye, kamar, misali, ɗalibai masu walƙatar hankali. Manul yana da kyakkyawar gani na ji da ji, amma hankalin sa bai ƙare ba.

Manul da kansa shine mafi saurin jinkirin da dukkan kuliyoyin daji, bai san yadda ake gudu da sauri ba. Manul yana jagorantar yanayin zaman rayuwa da talauci. Kowace dabba tana zaune a cikin kebance daban, takamaiman yanki, wanda daga nan take ya kori maƙwabcinsa da gangan ya ɓace a wurin. Yana zuwa farauta da sassafe da dare, a cikin ranar ɓoye kuma yana barci cikin ɓoyewa ko murɗa wuta. Babban abincinsa shine beraye, amma yana iya kama kurege ko karamin go go, tsuntsu.A lokacin rani yakan kama kwari.Jincin Pallas yana kawo sau ɗaya a shekara, a cikin zuriyar dabbobi akwai saya biyu zuwa shida. Lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin ya faɗi, kamar yadda ya cancanci cat, a watan Fabrairu - Maris. "Cats ɗin Maris" suna shirya gwagwarmaya don kuliyoyi, amma uba ba ya sa hannu wajen tara katun. Mama Manul a hankali tana kulawa da yaran, ledoji, heat da abinci tare da madara. Amma idan inna tayi fushi, to tana cizon kitso. Lokacin yana da watanni 3, manulata ya fara farauta. Manul yana zaune a cikin daji tsawon shekaru 10-12.

A ko'ina, baya ga wuraren da aka kiyaye, manul yana da wuya ko kuma mai saukin yanayi ne, a wasu wuraren yana kan ƙarewa. Adadin wannan dabbar yana da wahala a kafa saboda halayen sirrin Pallas da mosaic ɗin rarraba shi. Pallas ya sami nasarar haifar da zaman lafiya, kodayake dabbobi suna fuskantar matsalar babbar mace-mace tsakanin matasa daga toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis manus a cikin daji ba shi da lafiya, suna kamuwa da cutar daga kuliyoyi a cikin bauta.

Babbar barazanar da aka yiwa Pallas ita ce lalata wuraren zama, gami da sakamakon kiwo da hakar ma'adanai, mafarauta, makiyaya da karnukan daji. Duk da haramcin, kasuwancin da bai cancanta ba a cikin mittens har ma da suttattun mayaka daga wannan dabbar dabbar da ke ci gaba.

An jera littafin manul a cikin Littafin Ruhi na Federationungiyar Rashanci, a cikin Jerin Rukunin IUCN da Shafi na II na yarjejeniyar CITES (1995). A cikin Jerin Kasuwanci na IUCN (wanda yake maye gurbin Littafin IUCN Red Book na duniya), an tsara matsayin Pallasa a matsayin "kusa da barazana

A cikin 2010, a taron ƙungiyar Yankin Yankin Yankin Yankin Zoos da Aquariums (EARAZA), an yi nazari da amincewa da tsarin binciken ƙasa da samarwa "Nazari, Adanawa da Haɓaka Pallas".

An tsara wannan shirin ne na shekaru 10. A lokacin shirin, masu bincike suna shirin haɓaka fasaha don kiyayewa da kuma sarrafa kiwo a cikin yanayin da aka samar da su, don ƙirƙirar kyakkyawan yanayin kiwo da kuma cikakkiyar sifa mai zurfi na manul a cikin yanayin halitta, don samun cikakkiyar bayani game da ilimin halittar wannan nau'in duka a zaman bauta da kuma yanayin yanayi, don taimakawa kiyaye adana manula a yanayi.
Baya ga manyan masu aiwatar da shirin - gidan zoo na Moscow da kuma wasu wuraren kiwon dabbobi da ke da tarnaki a tarin su kuma wadanda ke son shiga cikin shirin - masu hada-hadar shirin sune Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Siberian MBOO (Shirin Nazari da Adana Manul), Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Protozoal cututtuka na Cibiyar Bincike ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayar cuta da Kwayar cuta. N.F. Gama Gamalei RAMS da GPBZ "Daursky Reserve" (Ter-Baikal Territory).

Manul, kamar sauran kuliyoyi, ya fi son zaman kansa. Mace da namiji suna saduwa da ɗan lokaci yayin lokacin tsere. Mace kawai suke aiki tare da renon yaran da aka haifa. Ba a fayyace girman shafin yanar gizon ba, bayanan akan wannan ba kawai bane kai tsaye da kuma rarrabuwar kawuna. Misali, an lura cewa yayin farauta, Pallas na iya barin layinsu a cikin duwatsun 0.1-1 kilomita, yana ziyartar sassan mafi kusa da matakin, har ma da filaye, adibas da duwatsu. A lokacin kiwo, maza da yawa suna bin mace cikin zafin rana, wanda yaƙe-yaƙe ba mai sabawa bane.

Manul yana ciyar da musamman akan kwari da ƙwayoyin cuta: gerbils, voles, squirrels, hamsters, gami da juji. Wani lokacin yakan kama kananan yara, koran tsuntsu, da kuma kananan tsuntsayen da ke farawa ko ciyar da ƙasa. Yana kama ganima ta hanyar sata ko tsare shi daga duwatsu da ɓoyewa. Daga m ramuka iya samun rodents dungu. Muhimmin yanki a cikin abincin abincin manula shine kwari.

A cikin wuraren binciken dabbobi na duniya, Pallas baƙi ne. Duk da sauƙin tabbatarwa da kulawarsu, babu gidan zu ɗaya da ya iya samun ingantaccen tsarin kiwo a kai a kai.

A karo na farko a Zoo na Moscow, Pallas ya bayyana a 1957, kuma tun 1987 hoton Pallas ya zama alamarsa, amma yana da matukar wahala a gan shi a fallasa: wannan cat na sirri yana tafiya ne kawai a lokacin da baƙi suka bar gidan. Avan ƙaramin aviary na manula yana tsakanin aviaries na lynx da damisa ta gabas. A halin yanzu, manul ba a nuna shi ba - aviary yana ƙarƙashin sake gini. Masu mallakar dusar ƙanƙara da lokacin farin ruwa mara nauyi, dabbobi suna jin daɗin rayuwa, suna rayuwa duk shekara zagaye a titi. An shigar da akwatunan itace a cikin gidajen, da kuma manules, wanda a cikin yanayin suke motsawa kawai a ƙasa, bisa yarda da hawa kan su har ma hawa dutsen zuwa rufin tantanin halitta, kamar birai. A matsayin kogo a gare su suna sanya gidaje na katako, inda a cikin hunturu ake sanya zuriyar dabbobi na hay. A wuraren kiwon dabbobi, pallas kuma suna cin nama, amma mafi kyawun abincin shine duka gawawwakin jikoki da kwalliya, waɗanda an yanko musamman don wannan dalili. Pallas suna da fasali mai ban sha'awa: a cikin kaka, a cikin Oktoba - Nuwamba, abincinsu yana ƙaruwa. Dabbobi suna cin abinci sau ɗaya da rabi fiye da yadda aka saba da sauri suna ƙaruwa nauyi - yawan adadin mazan a wannan lokacin na iya kaiwa kilo 10. Amma a cikin Disamba - Janairu, ci abinci yana ƙaruwa, wani lokacin ma manul yakan ci kowace rana.

Lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin ta hanyar garkuwa da mutane ya faru, kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayi, a watan Fabrairu - Maris. Cubs yana da shekara wata daya fara barin gida, yi ƙoƙarin cin abincin manya. Bayan watanni shida da suka kai girman dabbobin da suka girma, yana da shekara ɗaya, mata sun riga sun fara haihuwa.

Pallas dabbobi masu tsafta ne, i.e. zaune kawai a wurare tare da takamaiman wuri mai faɗi da kuma sauyin yanayi. Kasancewar sun tsage daga mahallinsu na al'ada yana raunana rigakafi, kuma cututtukan da suka shafi mana kuma ba a fahimta sosai. Ba abu mai sauki ba a samar da karancin kayan marmari a cikin gidan, ko da mahaifiyar tana kulawa da su sosai. Kittens sau da yawa suna rashin lafiya kuma suna mutu. Don kare su, daga makonni shida na haihuwa zuwa watanni uku a kowane mako biyu ana ba su alurar rigakafin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan fata, sannan a yi musu rigakafin kowace shekara a rayuwarsu. Mata suna da matukar damuwa da uwayen da ba za su iya yin natsuwa ba, idan sun yi tunanin cewa yaran suna cikin haɗari, sukan yi ƙoƙarin motsawa da ɓoye karnukan. Binciken mafaka mafi kyau, zasu iya tsere na dogon lokaci tare da ɗan rago a hakoransu kuma ba da gangan ba zasu iya hallaka shi.

Manuls na manya kuma ba sauki marasa lafiya bane ga likitan dabbobi. Suna yin rashin lafiya sosai a asirce, ba tare da nuna alamun cutar ba har sai da ta yi latti. Sau da yawa, lafiyar dabba dole ne ta yanke hukunci ta hanyar bayyana idanun da yanayin dabi'a. Abu ne mai sauki mu lura da manuli ko dai; don al'amuran dabbobi dole ne a kama su da tarko na musamman da kafaffun kafaɗunsu. Waɗannan ƙananan kuliyoyin suna da tsananin ƙarfi ta kare su daga haƙoransu da haƙoran haƙora na yau da kullun waɗanda zasu haifar da mummunan rauni. Amma akwai wasu banbance tsakanin Pallas, Muna zaune a gidan zu Pallas mai suna Sultan. An kama shi a matashin saurayi kuma ya zauna a cikin zango na wani dogon lokaci. Riga ya tsufa, ya ji rauni a wuyansa, rauni kuma bai yi rauni ba na dogon lokaci. Lokacin da suka je wurinsa don neman magani, sai ya ɗaga kansa da ƙafafunsa biyu, ya jingina da gefen ƙasan gidan da goshinsa ya saita wuyansa don kula da rauni.

Yana da matukar wahala girma manuli, saboda wasu dalilai ya ragu ba tare da uwa ba. Wata rana, daya daga cikin matan Pallas wacce aka ajiye a cikin gidanmu dole ta sami sashin cesarean. Bayan aikin, matar ba ta iya kula da yaran da kanta ba, kuma muna da wasu kananan yara tamanin tamanin a hannunmu. Ba da daɗewa ba duk sananne da masaniyar da suka san sun fara neman cat a cikin gida kwanan nan. An samo cat, da masu mallakarta, duk da cewa suna da matukar damuwa, sun yarda su ba da dabbobi su tare da kyankyaso shida na ɗan lokaci. Karewar Siamese ta zama babbar uwa kuma ta haɓaka manul tare da kittens, ba tare da yin wani bambanci tsakanin su ba. Amma manuli, duk da cewa galibi ana karbarsu da nauyinsu a kowace rana, ya kasance mai savo ne. Yayin da 'yan uwansu' yan'uwa maza da mata suka gudu zuwa wurin mutumin da son rai suna wasa, sai manuli ya nemi ɓoyewa, yana ɓoye cikin murfin. Lokacin da lokaci ya yi da za a koyar da yadda ake tonon nama, abu na farko da karamin zalunci ya yi shi ne jin kamshin - ya kama kananan yatsunsu a yatsan wanda a ciki akwai mincemeat ya cije shi da jini.

Ba a daɗaɗa pallas kuma, koda bayan zama na shekaru da yawa a gidan zu, kada ku yi hulɗa da mutane. Amma sau ɗaya, an kawo wata yarinya yarinya Pallas zuwa gidan zu mu, wanda aka kama yana da ƙaramin yawa kuma ya tashi a cikin gidan Moscow. Bai kamata ma'abotan su ji daɗin dutsen da ke da kyau na dogon lokaci ba, da sauri ya zama ba a iya sarrafa shi, ya kai hari ga dangin, kuma dole ne su ba shi gidan. Karamin mai cin naman, wanda ya rage a matsayin mai cin amana, ya rasa tsoron mutane. Ta lura da duk wani bayyanar ministar a cikin keji a matsayin wani yunƙuri a ƙasarta kuma ta kai hari, tana ƙoƙarin fuskantar fuskar mutumin da ya shiga, don haka dole ne ta yi wa wannan cat ɗin kilo huɗu tare. Droveaya daga cikinsu ya kori mai tsokanar zalunci a cikin wani kusurwa ya murƙushe shi da wani abu, na biyu kuma da sauri ya tsabtace keji ya sanya abinci. Kuma kodayake irin wannan ɗabi'un tashin hankali ba sabon abu bane ga Pallas, waɗannan kyawawan kuliyoyin da ba kasafai ba su dace da zama dabbobin gida.

Kwanan nan, sha'awar littattafan zoos sun karu, sabon bincike da hanyoyin lura sun bayyana. Ana kulawa da yawa ga nazarin cututtukan su. Wataƙila nan da sannu zamu koyi abubuwa da yawa game da rayuwar waɗannan dabbobin da ke ɓoye, kuma adana su da kuma kiwon su a wuraren kiwon dabbobi ba za su ƙara zama matsala ba. Sabbin ilimin zasu taimaka kare karko a cikin mahallansu, kuma ƙirƙirar ɗumbin kiwo mai saurin garkuwa da mutane zai rage ƙaurarsu daga yanayin.

Tarihin gano nau'in halittar Manul

Bisharar gandun daji Manul ta samo asali ne ga masanin kimiyyar ɗabi'ar Jamus Peter Pallas, kuma ya karɓi sunan sa ta kimiyya. Masanin kimiyyar ya gano kuma ya bayyana nau'in a shekara ta 1776 yayin nazarin matakan kasusuwa.

Wannan magabacin dangi na cat na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin dabbobi a duniyar nan, wanda canje-canjen juyin halitta kusan basu taɓa ba.

Masana kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa pallas cat yayi kama da wanda yayi shekaru miliyoyi da suka gabata. Animalan dabban ya fi sa'a, misali, sabar-toothed damisa.

Kalmar "Manul" Turkic ce kuma ainihin ma'anarta, masana kimiyya ba su sani ba. Mafi m, ana nufin "cat". Kodayake indan asalin yankin na yankin Tekun Caspian da wasu kabilun Mongol da ke makwabtaka sun bi da wannan dabbar ba kawai da girmamawa ba, har ma da girmamawa sosai, a zahiri sun ƙazantar da dabbar.

A cikin duniyar kimiyya, an dade ana alakanta Manula ga kuliyoyin daji, amma sakamakon bincike mai zurfi game da halayen jinsin, masana kimiyya sun ware dabba a cikin aji daban da sunan Otocolobus manul ko Felis manul.

Mr. Cat ya ba da shawarar: halaye, kewayon

Kalmar "Otocolobus" daga tsohuwar Hellenanci tana nufin "dwarf ear". Dabbobin suna da ƙananan kunnuwa; a kan asalin lokacin farin ciki mai kauri, suna rasawa ne kawai.

Wannan karamar dabba ce, da kyar ta wuce girman cat na gida na gida. Tsawon jikin mutum ya kasance daga 50 zuwa 65 cm, wutsiyar tana da tsawo, kusan 20 - 20 cm.Tsarin maharbin shine kilo biyu zuwa biyar. A kan wannan kama da dabbobi ƙare. Jikin Manul mai laushi ne, mai ƙarfi, tsoka, yawancin lokaci yana rufe da gashi (har zuwa 7 cm). Sama da hairs dubu tara a kowace santimita na fata.

Shugaban idan aka kwatanta shi da jikin mara lafiyan da alama ƙananan, kuma idanu masu rawaya mai haske suna da ɗalibin da ba a saba gani ba - koyaushe ya kasance zagaye, ba ɗauka a tsaye a tsaye ba, kamar kowane ɗan itacen tsintsiya. A kan kuncin dabbar har ma da gashi mai tsayi - lokacin farin ciki '' wasos ''.

Halaye daban-daban na Manula sune kamar haka:

• jiki mai ƙarfi, mai matse jiki,
• gajerun kafafu masu karfi
• dogo mai kauri tare da dogon bakin,
• kananan convex zinariya idanu tare da dalibi zagaye,
• dogon farin gashi
• mafi girman, babban asalin shi ne launin toka da fari,
• Cocin launuka masu launin launi a jiki da wutsiya,
• layi biyu na baƙi a ƙyalli,
• fari wuraren gashi a tukwicin kunnuwa,
• kunnuwa kansu kanana, manya-manya da girma dabam a bangarorin kai,
• kai karami ne tare da tankuna masu kauri a bangarorin.

Lallai mayafin Jawo Manula babu shakka shine mafi ƙanƙanta da furry a cikin dukkan kuliyoyi, wanda ke nuna cewa, tare da irin wannan mayafin, Bahaushe suna da alaƙa da wannan baƙar fata da ban sha'awa. Dabbobi ma suna kama da irin sifar jikinsu da sabon tsarin tsarin kwanyar.

Launi na Pallas cat ana mamaye shi da sautunan ocher-fawn da launin toka-toshiya, amma saboda rawar jiki, duk rigar tana bayyana da ƙura mai dusar ƙanƙara. A kirji, ciki da kuma na ciki na paws, launi Jawo yafi launin ruwan kasa da ƙura mai dusar ƙanƙara guda.

Waɗannan dabbobin sun gwammace su zauna a yankuna masu sauƙin yanayi.

A lokacin farin ciki gashi mai ƙarfi da ke da ƙarfi ya sa ya sauƙaƙa jure wa canje-canje mai zafi. A lokaci guda, gajeren paws yana sa wahalar motsawa gaba ɗayan murfin dusar ƙanƙara.

Ya fi son bangarorin tsaunukan hamada, kananan tuddai, kwari a ciki tare da dazuka dutse, da sararin samaniyar dutse da kankara a cikin duwatsun. Zai iya wanzu a cikin tsaunuka, yana tashi zuwa tsayin mita 3-4 dubu sama da matakin teku.

Da wuya a cikin gandun daji da ƙananan wurare. Mafi sau da yawa, ana iya samun cat na Pallasov a Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Asiya, inda suke zaune a cikin yankuna masu yankuna tare da yankuna masu dusar ƙanƙara, har ma a tsaunuka da ƙafafun Tibet da Nepal. Hakanan ana samun ƙananan ƙananan mutanen Manula a Mongolia, China, Transbaikalia, Kashmir da ƙananan ƙasashe na Caspian.

Jinsunan Manula

Pallas cat yana da ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa uku:

• Otocolobus manul manul ko man Siberian Manul - ana samunsa ko'ina a yawancin wurare na halitta, amma mafi yawan halayen Mongolia ne, China, Siberiya ta Rasha. Dabba tana da launin toka, maimakon haske.

• Otocolobus manul ferruginea an san shi da Tsakiyar Asiya ta Manul. Wannan dabbar tana da launin duhu mai launin shuɗi-mai haske tare da alamomin launin ruwan kasa a nau'ikan ratsi a jiki, wutsiya da wulakanci. Tana zaune ne musamman a cikin yankin ƙafafun Iraki, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, da Pakistan.

• Otocolobus manul nigripecta ko Tibetan Manul ana nuna shi da launi mafi duhu, wanda sautikan ocher da launin toka suke rinjaye. A cikin hunturu, Jawo yana da sheki na silvery. Babban wuraren zama na asali sune Kashmir, Nepal da Tibet.

A cikin ƙasarmu, yanki na rarraba cat na Pallasov yana iyakance ga yankuna uku - gabas, Transbaikal da Tuva-Altai.

A gabas, Manul yana zaune a cikin tsaunukan yankin Chita, cikin Yankin Trans-Baikal, kuma ana samun shi a cikin lardin Buryat-steppe da steppe. A cikin Altai da Jamhuriyar Tuva, dabbobin sun kusan ƙarewa, ana lura da ƙaramin yanki ne kawai a yankuna na kudu maso gabas.

Yanzu ana fasa Manul a cikin Azerbaijan a Zangezur National Park.

Siffofin halayyar Manula

Pallas cat yana jagorantar rayuwa mai kaɗaici kuma ba shi da haɗari don yin tafiya mai nisa. Mazauna matsuguni Manul suna shirya mafaka a cikin duwatsu, kogon dutse, kankantaccen tsari, haka kuma sun mamaye shingen da wasu dabbobin suka bari - badgers, marmots, foxes. A rayuwar yau da kullun, wannan maƙiyin ya nuna hali a hankali, da alama har ma da m da kuma m.

A lokacin rana, yawanci yakan yi barci a cikin kogo, kuma a faɗuwar rana yakan yi farauta. Launi yana taimakawa dabba don haɗu tare da mahallin kuma ya zama ba a ganuwa. Dukansu a farauta da kare kai, Manul ya fi son kwanciya ya jira, ba zai iya gudu da sauri ba kuma baya son motsi da sauri.

Zai iya yin hawan dutse a kan dutse da hawa zuwa cikin kunkuntar, inda babban maharbi ba zai isa ba. Amma Manul kusan bai san yadda ake hawa bishiyoyi ba.

Idan cat na firgita, yakan haifar da tashin hankali na halayyar jijiyoyi ko jita-jita.

Irin wannan babban matakin taka tsantsan na Pallas cat an bayyana shi ta hanyar yawan abokan halitta - karnukan karnuka, karnukan daji da feral, gaggafa, mujiyoyin gaggafa, bears.

Manul na iya kallon abin da zai sa a gaba na ɗan sa-sawu na sa'o'i, sau da yawa ana bibiyarsa daga ɓoye, amma jefa wanda aka azabtar na iya zama mai sauri da kuma wanda ba a sani ba.

Manul kamar baƙi ne da rashin tausayi. Lallai wannan dabbar ba ta yarda da gaske har ma da danginta.

Pallas cat an daidaita shi sosai ga rayuwa a cikin yanayin matakan. Dry, iska mai ƙarfi ba ta da mummunan kyau ga dabba. An kare jikin ta da dogon gashi tare da ƙaramin ƙarfi, kuma idanun suna da membranes na musamman waɗanda, saboda yawan ƙwayar ido, suna kare cornea daga bushewa.

Duk da rashin saurin sa, Manul zai iya shawo kan ɗan gajeren saurin da sauri, amma sai ya buƙaci dogon bacci. Wannan shi ne saboda ƙaramin girman jakar zuciya, saboda wannan, tsarin jijiyoyin jiki ba ya jure da ɗaukar nauyin.

Dabbar tana da kyakkyawar ji, gani da wari, don haka matakin shine gidansa a gare shi. Daga nesa zai iya jin warin haɗari kuma ya faɗi ƙasa, yayi rarrafe a cikin kunkuntar, kuma idan ya cancanta zai iya kare kansa, yana ƙara girma da nuna bera mai kaifi.

Abincin abinci

A dare, maharbin ya fara farauta, a hankali yana tafiya a cikin ciyawa mai tsayi ko ɗan saƙar da ke da wuya. Sautin cat na da wuya.

Manul ya gwammace kada ya yi nisa da titinsa, don haka kusan ba daidai bane a gan shi kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam. Ba za a taɓa yin cat ba tare da Pallas ganima, zane-zanen farauta yana da babban matsayi.

Babban wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasance ƙananan ƙwayoyin wuta. Baya ga beraye, dabbobin ƙasa, pika, ba za su ƙi kama zomo ba, ko tsalle-tsalle ko ma ƙaramin tsuntsu. Koyaya, a cikin yunwar, dabba ba ta raina ko da kwari ba.

Dietimar abincin Transbaikal Manul a cikin yanayi na halitta sama da rabin ya ƙunshi kwatancen Daurian, 1/5 na yawan yau da kullun yana cin kwaro, kuma kusan 10% na samarwa sune pigeons, swifts, partridges, bluetail, quail. Sauran ya faɗi akan masu hoto, jerboas, hamsters, voles, berries da tsire-tsire.

Balaga da haihuwa

Duk da irin halin sa da kuma halin da bai dace da shi ba, lokacin aure ne, aka canza Manul. Abubuwan lura da kananan dabbobi na dabbobi sun bayyana cewa cat na da matukar tausayi tare da budurwar ta.

Da farko, dole ne a ci nasara a cikin yaƙi tare da abokan hamayya, saboda mace tana gudana kwanaki 2 kawai daga 365 kuma kuna buƙatar sauri.

Lokacin damuna yana faruwa sau ɗaya a shekara kuma galibi yakan faɗi ne a kan Fabrairu-Maris. Matar tana ɗaukar 'ya'yan har tsawon watanni biyu, a matsakaita tsawon kwanaki 60.

A tsakiyar bazara, makabarta biyu zuwa shida, manyan kananun (har zuwa gram 200 wanda nauyinsu yakai 12 cm) tsutsotsu na bayyana a cikin ramin. Labarun jarirai sun fi na iyayensu duhu kuma ba su da taimako.

Cubs suna girma da sauri, a watan da suka fara rarrafe daga ramin kuma suna ƙoƙarin abinci mai ƙarfi, kuma ta huɗu ko biyar sun riga sun san yadda za su yi farauta da kansu. Mahaifiyarsu ce kawai suka haife su, maza bayan sun balaga sun bar mace daya.

Matasa sun isa balaga har zuwa watanni 10-11 zuwa ka fara rayuwa da kansu, amma ana iya ɗaukar cikakkiyar balaguro daga watanni 15-18.

A cikin yanayin daji, kuliyoyin daji na rayuwa tsawon shekaru 12-13, a cikin fursuna mafi tsawo - har zuwa 20-23.

Bayyanar m da ƙananan girman, commensurate tare da haɓaka da tsayin dabbar, sau da yawa suna ɓatar da mutane. Samun gidan dabbobi daga Manula kusan abu ne mai wuya, koda kuwa kun sami yar kyanwa.

Ga dukkanin rikitarwa na haɗin jama'a, an kara matsalolin lafiya. Kamar yadda al'adar ta nuna, a cikin zaman talala, kusan 90% na Manul suna kamuwa da toxoplasmosis. Karanta game da wannan cuta a cikin kuliyoyi da mutane. A cikin steppe tare da rana mai haske da iska mai sanyi, kuliyoyi ba sa yin rashin lafiya, kuma tare da ƙarami karkatacciyar hanya daga yanayin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta suna aiki, kuma kamuwa da cuta ya kama dabba.

Ko da a cikin gidan dabbobi, inda mafi kyawun likitan dabbobi suke kula da Manulas, kuma yanayin rayuwa yana da kusanci da yanayin halitta kamar yadda zai yiwu, ba duk dabbobi ne ke iya fita ba. Wannan shine wani dalilin don barin kulawar Manula a cikin gida ko gida mai zaman kansa.

Akwai wasu dalilan da yasa baza kuyi ƙoƙarin juya Pallas cat a cikin dabbobi ba.

Wannan dabba tana da yanayin rayuwa, marasa rai. Koda ƙananan kittens, waɗanda aka daɗe daga mahaifiyarsu, sun zama marasa kulawa yayin balaga.

A cikin watanni uku ko hudu, duk mafarautan farauta suna farkawa a cikin ƙaramin Manuls, to ba kayan gida da bango kaɗai ba, har ma mutum zai iya fama da matsanancin haƙoran haƙora da hakora. Duk da cewa dabba data fara amsawa a hankali cikin nutsuwa ga mutane, hakan bai nuna alamun nuna juyayi ba. Bugu da ƙari, cat zai yi ƙoƙari koyaushe don ɓoyewa da kuma guje wa duk wani hulɗa da mai shi da gidan.

Dogon, mayafin ma zai haifar da matsala da yawa. A karkashin yanayin damuwa na dindindin, dabbar za ta yi motsi duk shekara, ta bar gashi a ko'ina.

Halin da ke tattare da nau'in halitta da kariya

Duk inda, baya ga yankuna masu kariya, manul yana da ɗanɗuwa ko kuma yana da ɗanɗano kuma lambarta tana ci gaba da raguwa. A wasu wuraren yana kan hanyar halaka. Ba a san ainihin adadin nau'in halittar ba saboda yanayin sirrin Pallas da mosaic ɗin rarraba shi. A cewar masana, an kiyasta yawan manul a cikin 1989 da 1991: a cikin Altai Territory, mutane 200-300, a cikin Buryatia, mutane 50-70, da kuma a Yankin Chita, mutane 2000 zuwa 2400. Matsakaicin yawan dabbobi a cikin ɗakuna na mutum shine 2.5-3 manya a 10 km². A farkon shekarun 2000, kwararru na manul a Rasha sun kiyasta cewa mutane 3,000-3,650 ne.

Halin mazaunin Pallas (tsaunukan dutse, masu fitar da kaya) ba su da ɗanɗanar bayyanar ɗan adam, yin farauta saboda Jawo, gidaje marasa kyau don karnuka, da kuma yawan amfani da madaukai da tarko don kama hares da dawakai suna da babban tasiri ga lambobin sa. Tare da tasirin abubuwan anthropogenic, ana lura da lalacewa a cikin kayan abinci saboda raguwar adadin marmots da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta. Dabbobi da yawa, musamman matasa, da kyarkeci da mujiyoyi sun lalace, yayin da suke da ƙuruciya, mace-mace daga cututtukan da ke kamawa suna da yawa. Lokacin rani mai dusar ƙanƙara da yanayin kankara shima babban yanki ne mai iyakance shi.

An lissafa manul ɗin a cikin littafin Red na Federationungiyar Tarayyar Rasha, a cikin Jerin Kasuwancin IUCN tare da matsayin "kusa da barazanar" kuma a cikin Shafi na II na CITES (1995). An haramta farauta don manul a ko'ina.

A cikin 2013, Geungiyar Geographical ta Rasha ta goyi bayan shirin "Adana Manula a Transbaikalia", kasancewar sun ba da gudummawa don wannan aikin ga Cibiyar Halittu ta halitta ta Daursky. Manufar aikin shine don samun sabon bayani game da mazauna, motsawar manul, don tantance ƙimar cikunan yara da kuliyoyi.

Pallas ya sami nasarar haifar da zaman lafiya, kodayake dabbobi suna fuskantar matsalar babbar mace-mace tsakanin matasa daga toxoplasmosis. Ya zuwa Janairu 1, 1988, 35 aka adana a cikin tarin 13 na wuraren binciken dabbobi na duniya. Yana ba mai daraja. Saboda ƙarancin ilimin muhalli na Pallas, matakan ci gaba don kiyaye wannan nau'in ana haɓaka su.

Samun yar yar karamar yarinya

Kusan ba zai yiwu ba a siya doka ta siyar da yar yar karamar yarinya. Wannan dabba yanzu tana gab da hallakaswa, an jera ta a cikin Littafin Manya ta Duniya kuma jihohin kasashe da dama suna kiyaye shi.

Koyaya, lokaci-lokaci suna ba da siyar da dabbar dabbar da har yanzu suna kan yanar gizo tare da farashin dala dubu biyar ko fiye.

Ya kamata a tuna cewa sayi Manul mai sata ba bisa doka ba ne kuma an hukunta shi sosai. Kuma menene manufar samun yar yar yar alawa wacce baza ta zama mai ma'ana ba, komai girmanta kuma suna ciyar da ita.

Ko da jariri ya girma kusa da kyanyan talakawa daga cat na gida, ba da dadewa ba ko namomin daji za su yi illa. Ba wai kawai kewaye gidan ba ne zai iya fama da lalacewa, kuma ana yiwa lafiyar mutane barazana.

Pallasov cat yanzu ya zama da wuya a wuraren rarraba abubuwa na halitta. Dangane da ƙididdigar marasa galihu na masana kimiyya, sama da kuliyoyi biyu ko uku da ke rayuwa a cikin murabba'in kilomita goma a cikin asalin ƙasarsu.

An yi imani da cewa jimlar adadin Manuls da ke zaune a yankin na Tarayyar Rasha bai wuce mutum 3500-3700 ba. Har yanzu dai ana farautar wannan dabbar dansandan da niyyar fitar da fatar danshin fata da kuma kamawa da zubba.

Hakanan yawan jama'a suna raguwa saboda dalilai na halitta - an rage wadatar abinci a kowace shekara saboda lalacewar ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi, yara da yawa suna mutuwa daga manyan masu farauta da cututtukan da ke yaduwa, da kuma winters masu yawa na dusar ƙanƙara da ruwan sama da ke da mummunar tasiri a yawan kuliyoyi.

Tun daga 2013, a cikin ƙasarmu, ana cikin shirin don adana adadin Manula a cikin Gundumar Trans-Baikal. Suna ƙoƙari su fara kiwon dabbobi a cikin ɗakunan yanayi na Daursky.

A karshen karni na karshe, dabbobi suna cikin dabbobi 15 kawai a duniya, kuma adadinsu na yanayin wucin gadi basu wuce raka'a 40 ba. Yanzu wannan adadi ya ɗan fi kaɗan; a cikin zaman talala, mafarautan suna haihuwar su sosai, amma yawan mace-mace tsakanin zuriya saboda toxoplasmosis ya ci gaba.

Manul a cikin al'ada

An gabatar da jerin lambobi 12 na Tajikistan na wasika 12, wadanda aka buga a shekarar 1996 karkashin alamar Asusun Tallafi na Duniya, da kuma wasu tamburran da yawa na takaddama na Tajik wadanda aka sadaukar dasu ga Manulas. Sauran jihohi, a kan yankin da manus ɗin ke rayuwa - Azerbaijan, Mongolia, da Kyrgyzstan, sun ba da tamburran manulas.

Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da Manul

Manul na ɗaya daga cikin dabbobin da suka shahara a duniya, waɗanda suka sami nasarar canzawa shekaru miliyoyi masu yawa.

Wannan shi ne ɗayan shahararrun kuliyoyin da ke rayuwa a cikin ɗakunan dabbobi da wuraren kiwon dabbobi da yawa na duniya.

Sakamakon yanayin nauyi, mara-rai, ana kiran Manula jarumi steppe lone.

Duk da irin rayuwar da ba ta dace ba, a lokacin bazara da damina Pallasov cat na son ci da rana kuma ta fita daga rami a lokacin.

Manul bai san yadda ake yin sa da purr ba. Ko da kananan kittens kawai hiss da snort, kuma sadarwa da juna tare da taimakon gruff, m sauti, fiye da wow maimakon meow.

Manul ne wanda lokacin da ya yi zaben ta yanar gizo don taken sunan dan takarar alama ce ta Zoo ta Moscow, ya lashe mafi yawan kuri'un kuma ya zama talisman.

Halin ban sha'awa na dabba ya sanya hotonta ya shahara sosai - tambura masu yawa na Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan har ma da UN da Benin an ba su.

Ana bayar da tsabar kuɗi na azurfa tare da hoton wannan dabbar a ƙasashe da yawa.