Bayyanar mutum da hali. Manyan manya manya masu iko wadanda ke da gindi mai kyau. Tsuntsayen manya suna da fushin fuska “mara hankali”. Gefen yana da ƙarfi, tare da tabbataccen lanƙwasa murhun. Yana zaune a gefen koguna, tafkuna da fadama. Sau da yawa ana samun sa a birane da filayen ruwa. Tsayin Jikin 55-75 cm, fuka-fuki 138-150 cm, nauyi 717-1525 g.

Bayanin. A cikin tsuntsu mai balagaggu, kai da kasan jikinsa sunyi fari lokacin bazara, a cikin hunturu kai da wuya tare da launin toka ko launin ruwan kasa. Tufafin nan launin toka ne, mai kama da na launin toka. Kyakkyawan tsarin baƙar fata a ƙarshen fikaffi ya ƙare zuwa gashin fuka-fukan 5-6. Babban tsananin gashin tsuntsu (na goma) yawanci yana da cikakkiyar farin gaba, maƙwabta (tara) fatar fuka-fuka tare da isasshen manyan mayuka masu launin fata. A yawancin tsuntsayen, fararen “harsuna” a cikin webs na ciki na gashin tsuntsaye na waje wasu lokuta ana haɗasu tare da wani farin pre-peak akan azzakarin azzakari (tara). Yankin rabe mai baƙar fata a gashin tsuntsu na biyar yawanci shine gaba ɗaya ko kuma baya cikin ɓoye. Bakan gizo rawaya mai launin shuɗi. Ruwan buɗe ido ya yi launin rawaya, ruwan hoda, ko ja. Gefen rawaya mai launin shuɗi ne, tare da tabo mai ruwan lemo a ƙwanƙwarar ma'adanar kuma tare da farin haske. Kafafu suna ruwan hoda, rawaya ko launin toka-toka.

Tsuntsayen yara a cikin wata shimfidar sheka tare da rigar shudi mai launin shuɗi, ba tare da bambanci a fili ga launi na kai, kirji da ciki tare da ragowar jiki (baya, fuka-fuki). Fuka-fukan cikin alkyabbar launin shuɗi-launin ruwan kasa, tare da iyakokin haske. Manyan ɓoyayyen manyan fikafikai suna haɗuwa, launin ruwan kasa da launi tare da iyakokin "jagged". Abubuwan fuka-fuki masu launin duhu masu duhu suna hawa, tare da lambar daban mai haske. A kan gashin firam na farko akwai fili mai haske. Abubuwan da ke bayyane daga duhu shine duhu. Wutsiya da wutsiya suna da fari tare da baƙar fata mai yawa; akan wutsiya akwai madaidaiciya launin ruwan duhun launin shuɗi. Bakan gizo duhu ne. Gefen yana da duhu, mai mahimmin haske mai haske. Kafafu suna ruwan hoda. Tun daga watan Satumba, tsuntsayen kanana a hankali suke haskakawa (musamman kan kai), sabbin gashin fuka-fukin hunturu na farko da irin kama mai kama da juna suna fitowa a kan alkyabbar. A lokacin hunturu na farko, har lokacin bazara (Afrilu), gulls na azurfa suna riƙe da juzu'ikan juzu'i, sabanin dariya da gurneti na Rum. A cikin tsuntsaye a cikin riguna na farko na kaka, shugaban da ƙasa sunyi fari, ɓangaren duhu na kayan maye sun lalace. Gefen ya fara haske. A cikin wasu tsuntsaye, bakan gizo ya fara haske, amma a yawancin mutane wannan yana faruwa daga baya, daga lokacin sanyi na biyu.

A cikin kayan sanyi na biyu, sabbin fuka-fukan suna launin ruwan kasa masu duhu. Tufafin yana da launin toka-toka, tare da ƙari mai yawa ko darkasa da yawa duhu ma'anar yanayin. Shugaban da ƙasa suna fari, tare da yalwar launin ruwan hoda-launin ruwan kasa. Babban tsananin gashin tsuntsu (na goma) lokaci-lokaci yana da karamin, apical speck. Tushen wutsiya fari ne. Tail tare da baƙar fata apical. Gefen ya kasance mafi yawan lokuta haske ne (ruwan hoda ko shuɗi), mai duhu mai ɗaukar launuka daban-daban da sifofi, a cikin wasu mutane masu launin masu launin maɗaɗɗe. A cikin kayan hunturu na uku, tsuntsaye sun riga sun yi kama da manya, amma tare da ƙaramin adadin launin ruwan kasa a kan ragowar fuka-fukai da filin fati mafi girma a ƙarshen fikafikai (launin baƙar fata yana kama gashin tsuntsayen waje na gaba, amma kuma yana shimfidawa zuwa manyan kannun kaburbura da na sama. gashin tsuntsaye da fikafiki). Babban gashin fuka-fukai (na goma da na tara) tare da karamin farin tabo. Wani maɗaukacin ɗan gwal na azurfa ya banbanta da kambori, da ɓarawo da ƙugiya a cikin mayafin wuta, kuma daga burgomaster a gaban zane mai baƙar fata a reshe. Yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan sune dariya da gull Rum.

Ya bambanta da dariya ta hanyar gwargwado (mara ƙarancin kyauta, tare da fi guntu fika fika da kafafu, guntun wando da ƙarfin iko tare da alamar lanƙwasa madaidaiciya, wani "angular") da kuma babbar kururuwa. Tsarin reshe na baƙar fata a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan biyu sun yi kama sosai. Ba kamar dariya da gumin Bahar Maliya ba, azurfar sau da yawa ba ta da fararen fata a gashin tsuntsu ta biyar. A cikin hunturu, launin ruwan kasa da launin toka mai gudana akan kai da wuya a yawancin kwalliya na azurfa suna bambanta su da dariyar farin-akasarin fararen fata. Bakan gizo mai launin rawaya mara misalign yanayin dariya, wanda a kullun idanuwa sukan bayyana duhu. Launin ƙafafu ba alama ce ta cikakkiyar ganewar asali ba, amma don dariya, musamman a cikin hunturu, ƙafafun rawaya masu haske waɗanda wasu ƙananan kwalliya waɗanda ba su da halayyar. Gan farin gwal mai launin rawaya-sau da yawa suna kama da gulls na Rum. Don rarrabe su, yana da mahimmanci a kula da rabbai (ƙafafun gull na ƙwallan fuka-fukai sun fi guntu), tsarin fuka-fuki na baki (mafi yawa a cikin ruwan tekun Bahar Rum, ba tare da “harsuna” ba) a jikin webs ɗin fuka-fukai, kuma ruwan Rum na da baƙar fata a saman gashin tsuntsu na biyar. koyaushe ya fi girma), launin launin baki (mai haske a cikin Bahar Rum, tare da ja mai haske maimakon launin tabarau akan mandible, wanda galibi yakan canza zuwa beak).

Babban fasali na kayan kwalliya na azurfa a cikin farauta da kayan hunturu na farko shine kasancewar filin fitila mai haske a cikin firam ɗin firamare, wanda ba ya cikin whale da chalea kuma ƙarancin ci gaba a cikin dariya da ƙirin na Bahar Rum. Arfin kwalliyar azurfa sun fi duhu da dariya da nishi na Bahar Rum, wingarfin fuka-fukai ba sa juyawa har zuwa farkon bazara, sabanin yadda ake dariya da samarin andan Samari. Thearancin duhu mai duhu, mara ƙarancin wutsiya mai launin fari mai launin shuɗi ya bambanta da wutsiya mai ban mamaki da wutsiya mai launin fari tare da baƙar fata apical a cikin dariya da gull Rum. Abubuwan da ke bayyane daga sashin sun fi duhu fiye da na tekun Bahar Rum, kuma sun fi duhu fiye da na dariya. Fuka-fukafukan fikafikan su sau da yawa sun fi bambanci fiye da na dariya da gulls na Rum. Silveraya daga cikin ƙananan azamanin ya bambanta da ƙyalli mai ƙyalƙyali cikin ƙananan girma, mai duhu mai duhu na kai da ƙasa, ƙarancin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da ƙirar wutsiya (a cikin yanayin raƙuman ruwan teku shine mafi ƙyalli), launin ruwan kasa, maimakon sautin launin toka na alamun duhu akan rudi. Daga lokacin sanyi na biyu, idanun wani farin gumi na fara haske, wanda ba shi da ma'anar dariya. Abubuwan da ke tattare da silifa a wannan zamani sunyi duhu sosai, suna da karancin gashin fuka-fukai ba tare da tsarin launin ruwan kasa ba, sabanin dariya mai yawa. Lallai wutsiya ta fi duhu, ba ta bambanta da abin dariya. Yawancin tsuntsayen da ke cikin kayan hunturu na biyu basu da ɗan ƙaramin matsayi mai ban sha'awa a cikin tsananin tsananin tsuntsu (goma), wanda shine halayyar dariya na wannan zamanin (ba ya nan a cikin tekun Bahar Rum). Ra'ayoyi sun kasance muhimmin fasali don yanke hukunci game da manyan maganganu masu launin fari a wannan zamani da kuma daga baya.

Daga lokacin hunturu na uku, kasancewar baƙar fatar baki a kan gashin tsuntsu na biyar yana nuni da ƙyalli na azurfa, kuma ba dariya da ƙyalli na Bahar Rum (kasancewar tsiri ba ya nufin komai). Kasancewar “harsuna” masu haske a cikin wasu tsuntsayen a cikin webs ɗin fuka-fuken waje na waje yana haɗasu da dariya da kuma bambanta su da ƙyalli na Rum. A matsayinka na mai mulki, sassan jikin da ba a suturta su ba a wannan zamani cikin gullu na azanci sunfi haske fiye da dariya. Kayan fure a saman shudi mai launin toka ne mai kauri, mara nauyi, manyan duhu duhu, masu haske a ƙasa, farin fari. Kai da makogwaro tare da duhu duhu masu yawa. Gefen baki ne mai launin shuɗi. Kafafu suna ruwan hoda.

Wata murya. Voicearfin murya mai ƙarfi na azurfa shine ɗayan halayyar jijiyar tashar jiragen ruwa. Abin da ake kira "dogon ihu" yana tare da halayyar halayensa: tsuntsu ya girgiza kai sannan kuma yana fitar da wani yanayi daban na "babbar kururuwa"qiau", Juya zuwa cikin" dariya "ta gaske. Lokacin da damuwa, yakan haifar da ɗan ƙara ihu "ha ha ha».

Matsayi na Rarraba. Yankin kiwo ya shafi arewa maso yammacin Turai, daga Iceland da Arewacin Norway zuwa tekun Atlantika na Faransa da tsakiyar yankin Turai ta Rasha. Sananniyar a arewacin Turai ta Rasha (yankin Murmansk, Jamhuriyar Karelia). A tsakiyar yankin, ƙarancin kiwo ne da nau'in ƙaura. Wasu tsuntsaye suna yin hunturu a sassan ƙanƙara-manyan manyan koguna. Masu cin nasara a bakin tekun Atlantika na Turai da kuma Tekun Baltic, da wuya, amma a kai a kai a tekun Bahar Maliya.

Rayuwa. Komawa zuwa wuraren farauta (a gabar tekun Murmansk) a watan Maris. Edsungiyoyi na musamman a cikin mazauna, wani lokacin akan rufin gine-gine. Mace da namiji suna gina gida daga ganshin itace, ganye, mai tushe ko eka biyu da suka samo kusa da gida. Kwai kwanciya fara a farkon kwanaki goma na Mayu. A cikin cikakken kama, 2-3, ƙasa da sau 1 ko 4 ƙwai, launi wanda yake mai dumbin yawa ne, launin ruwan kasa ko launin kore a launi mai duhu mai duhu. Dukansu iyayen suna sanya kama don kwanaki 26-332. Chickks fara tashi daga kwanaki 38-45.

Tana ciyar da kifi, kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye, kajin da qwai, mollusks, berries, nau'ikan sharar gida. Sau da yawa da yawa a cikin kayan ƙasa.

Azumin gull (Larus argentatus)

Haraji

Ba a fahimci yanayin juyin halitta da tsararren tsari na gull na azurfa ba kuma a halin yanzu shine batun muhawara a tsakanin masana kimiyyar kere-kere. Rarrabe abin da ake kira "rukunin gulls na azurfa" - taxa tare da sifofi iri iri na yau da kullun, kamar farar launi ta kai a cikin tsuntsayen manya da jan tabo akan lanƙwasa ma'anar. Littattafai daban-daban suna bayanin nau'ikan 2 zuwa 8 na wannan rukuni. Dangane da daya daga cikin ka'idojin da suka shahara sosai tun daga shekarun 1970, gull na azurfa mallakar wani abu ne da ake kira "zoben ringi" - kwayoyin da ke karya lagon gargajiya na hankali game da jinsin halitta. Dangane da wannan ka’idar, asalin magabatan tsuntsayen daga wannan rukunin ya taba zama a yankin Asiya ta Tsakiya, kuma a lokacin da ake cikin dumin yanayi ya fara yaduwa zuwa arewa, sannan kuma zuwa gabas, suna haifar da sababbin sabbin hanyoyi. Kowane sabon tsari ana san shi da rushewar jikin babban mutum, duk da haka, tsuntsaye daga kowane ɗayan mutanen da ke biyo baya suna iya wucewa tare da na baya. A ƙarshe, da'irar da ke kewaye da Arctic ta rufe, amma yawan ci gaba na gabashin, yanzu ana ɗauka azaman ƙyalli na azurfa, ba shi da wannan dangi tare da asalin yamma (klush), wato, ta ma'anar, nuna hali daban.

Wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan kan wannan batun, gami da wadanda aka danganta da binciken kwayoyin, suna iya haɗawa da aƙalla jinsuna 8 a cikin “gungun na gulls”, gami da gullar azaman kanta, klusha (Fuskar Murussai), gabashin klusha (Larus heuglini), Gabashin Siberian gull (Larus vegae), Rum gull (Larus michahellis), dariya (Manyan cachinnans), Amurka gull na farin (Larus smithsonianus) da Armenian gull (Larus armenicus).

Unionungiyar Internationalasa ta ofasasuwa ta Tsararraki ta bambanta azaman azaman talandaLarus ) kuma yana rarrabe abubuwa biyu.

• Larus argentatus argenteus Brehm, CL & Schilling, 1822 - Iceland, arewa maso yamma na Turai.
• Larus argentatus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 - Scandinavia zuwa Kola Peninsula.

Bayyanar Seagull

Tsawon jikin jikin wakilan jinsin ya bambanta tsakanin santimita 55-65. Mace sunkai karami fiye da dari-biyar.

Gulls na azurfa yakai nauyin 800-1300. Maza sunada nauyin gram 200 fiye da na mace akan matsakaita. Girman fuka-fukan ya bambanta daga santimita 130 zuwa 150.

Gull na azurfa ruwa ne mai karewa.

Amincewar mace da namiji iri daya ne. Kashi baya yana da launin toka, kuma wuyan, akwati da kan su farare ne. Fuka-fukan suna da launin toka mai haske. Hannun fikafikan fuka-fukai baƙaƙe ne, masu nishi tare da fararen aibobi. Za a matse baki a garesu, ƙarshensa kuma ya ƙage. Launin beak mai launin rawaya ne, a kan baki akwai wani fili mai kyau.

Matsayin Kariya

A cikin mafi yawan sararin samaniyarta, adadin kuɗin azurfa yana da girma kuma ya tabbata, kuma baya buƙatar kowane matakan kariya na musamman. Yawan jama'a na gull na azurfa shine kusan nau'i miliyan ɗaya. Koyaya, a wasu wuraren da yawaitar da rarraba nau'in ke iyakance saboda dalili ɗaya ko wani, wannan an yi amfani da wannan ƙirar a cikin Litattafai na yankin Red. Don haka a cikin yawancin ƙasashe na Turai, ana kare kariyar gwal na ƙasashen Turai, tunda adadinsu a can cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata ya ragu da kusan 50%. A cikin Rasha, alal misali, an jera shi a cikin littafin Red na yankin Nizhny Novgorod.

Duba kuma mutum

Dangantaka tsakanin dan adam da gulls ba lallai bane ta kasance ta “dabi’a” ce, saboda da yawa, dukkan nau'ikan gulma iri daya ne. Kuma tunda abubuwan gulls suna rayuwa kusan ko'ina, alaƙar mutum da tauhidi za a iya yin la’akari da amfani da misalinsu.

Seagulls amincin sahabbai ne na jirgin ruwa kuma alama ce ta tashi, 'yanci da rayuwa. Akwai imani da yawa, tatsuniyoyi da abubuwan jijiyoyi da ke hade da yanayin teku. Ga wasu daga cikinsu. Seagulls sune masu tsaron rayukan masunta da matukan jirgin da suka mutu a tekun, musamman a hadarin jirgin ruwa. Kiran kwakwalen rogo shine bukatar wadanda aka nutsar dasu don binne su a hanyar kirista a duniya. Tsoffin masunta sun juya zuwa cikin mayuka bayan mutuwa. Iskar teku alama ce ta macen da take neman miji da yara nutsar da su. Kashe bakin teku yanada illa ga duk wanda ya shiga cikin sa. Hannu ba ya tashi a kan teku a hannun matukin jirgin ruwa ba. Kuma a nan - tsinkayar yanayi akan halayen teku. Jirgin ruwa yana tafiya a kan yashi, matuƙin jirgin ruwa yana birge shi kuma har sai hadari ya shiga ruwa, guguwa ta jira yanayin. Seagulls a bakin gabar ya tayar da ƙwanƙwasa - zuwa mummunan yanayi. Idan bakin teku ya shiga cikin ruwa, jira sai yanayin yayi kyau.

Da kuma wata alama: inda akwai ciyayin teku, akwai kifi, idan kifayen teku suka bayyana a tekun, gaci yana kusa.

Wannan wani nau'in "ingantacce" ne na dangantakar, amma akwai kuma "mara kyau". Ta hanyar impudence, tashin hankali, sata na gulls, wanda zai iya kwatanta, watakila, kawai tare da hankaka. Ba su tsoron mutane gaba daya, kuma akwai lokuta da yawa inda, a cikin kasuwannin kifi, suna jan kifaye kai tsaye daga shelves daga ƙarƙashin masu siyarwa. Kare kajin, tsuntsayen teku sukan farma mutane da karnuka, suna ruwa kusan kawunansu. A gefe guda kuma, wasan kwaikwayon sakamakon cin naman mutane a cikin mawuyacin hali, lokacin da aka kashe kajin na jini a ko'ina da maƙwabta suka kashe (wani lokacin kuma iyaye) ba don rauni ga zuciya bane. A cikin biranen bakin teku, gulls (gami da gulls na azurfa) ana siyar da su cikin kwandunan shara, babu abinda yafi muni fiye da hankaka. Duk wanda, alal misali, a cikin St. Petersburg, zai iya yarda da wannan, akwai ma fi girma da yawa a cikin datti fiye da hankaka, kuma suna nuna halayyar kasuwanci irin ta kasuwanci. Baƙin shayi a kan gine-ginen kuma da wuya a danganta shi da ƙawarar gine-ginen birane.

Irin waɗannan abubuwan lura da teku, galibi suna haifar da tunani mai rikitarwa cewa matuƙan jirgin ruwan, waɗanda rayukansu suka koma teku, ba komai bane face 'yan fashin teku da masu fashi a teku.

Dangane da rawar da azurfa ke da shi a cikin tattalin arziƙin ɗan adam, ra'ayoyi ma biyu ne. A bangare guda, suna iya haifar da wata illa ga kamun kifi da kuma kamun kifaye tare da lalata gida na sauran tsuntsayen, a gefe guda kuma, farautar seagulls a cikin sahun gaba tana lalata dumbin dabbobi masu cutarwa da kwari.

Tare da duk waɗannan wadatar da ire-irensu - magudanun ruwa da ke haɓaka saman teku - alama ce da kyau!

04.07.2019

Gull na azurfa (lat. Larus argentatus) nasa ne a cikin iyalin gull (Laridae). Ita ce wakilin da ya fi kowa wakilci a arewacin hemisphere. Yawan jama'arta ya wuce mutum miliyan 1. Tsuntsu ba ya tsoron mutane kuma yana jin daɗi ko da a cikin manyan biranen. Tare da rashin mutuncin sa da tsananin sa, ya zarce hankaka, da cin amana daga sauran nau'in tsuntsayen marine kuma yana lalata mazaunin su. Sau da yawa, har ta kan kwace abinci kai tsaye daga hannun masu wucewa, idan ba su amsa roƙonta ba.

A lokacin kiwo, gulls na azurfa ya zama mai matukar tayar da hankali. Zasu iya kai hari ga mutane ta hanyar buge su da fika-fukai, kusoshi da firam. Tsuntsaye sun kawo ƙarshen harin ta hanyar fesa ruwa da feza. Mafi sau da yawa, dabbobin gida da marasa laifi na gidaje suna wahala, a kan rufin waɗanda tsuntsaye masu fushi suka yanke shawarar yin sheƙarsu.

Yawancin mutanen Turai sun yi imanin cewa rayukan matuƙan jirgin ruwa da masunta sun zama abubuwa marasa ƙarfi, don haka ba za ku iya yin fushi da dabarunsu. Kashe tarnaki babban zunubi ne kuma yana alƙawarin babban matsala.

An fara bayyana jinsunan a cikin 1763 da Bishop Bishop na Danish Eric Potnoppidan, wadanda suka yi karatun fure da fauna na Norway.

Rarraba

Gidajen yana cikin yankin yankin subarctic da yanayin yanayi na Palearctic. Gida mai launin zinare a Tsakiyar da Arewacin Turai, Asiya da Arewacin Amurka. Gidajen su galibi suna kan bakin teku kuma galibi basu cikin ƙasa.

Akwai ƙananan biyan kuɗi guda 6.An rarraba kudaden tallafin ne daga Denmark da kuma Scandinavian Peninsula a yamma zuwa Kola Peninsula a gabas. Ana yin farin ciki musamman a Yammacin Turai.

Pearin kuɗaɗen tallafin da ake kira Larus argentatus smithsonianus mazaunin kudanci a arewacin Amurka da Kanada, kuma ta tashi zuwa tsakiyar Amurka don hunturu.

Halayyar

Garfin gwal a cikin mafi yawan kewayon yana jagorantar rayuwar yau da kullun. A cikin manyan wurare masu ƙarfi, yana da ikon nuna ayyukan kusan-agogo a lokacin rana. Mafi yawan alumma suna zaune ne a gida. A arewacin kewayon, tsuntsaye suna yin ƙaura na lokaci zuwa kudu.

Tsuntsaye suna zaune tare da bakin tekun, a gefen teku, tsibiran da manyan tafkuna. Suna jan hankalin wuraren rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da dutsen. Wani lokaci, ana samun su a bakin teku tare da ciyayi mai yawa.

Yayin ciyarwa, maza sukan mamaye mace da samari, suna binsu ko kwashe shaye. Mace suna taka rawa sosai wajen zabin wuraren girke-girke.

Tsuntsayen suna magana da juna ta amfani da siginar sauti mai kyau. Muhimmin hanyar watsa bayanai suma wurare ne daban-daban na jiki, kai, fuka-fuki, da wutsiya.

Gargadi da kajin game da haɗari yana kama da hawan karamin kare. A lokacin da suka kai masa hari, dukkan mazan da ke kusa da shi ana hanzari su kubuta.

Gulls na azurfa ba sa son zama ɗaya, amma koyaushe ƙoƙarin nisanta kansu da tribesan uwan ​​su. Idan sun sami isasshen abinci, to, sai su kira sauran tsuntsaye zuwa idi. A wasu halayen, sun shimfida fikafikansu a kan abincin da suka samo kuma suna ci da sauri, ba tare da sanar da dangi game da binciken ba.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Wakilan wannan nau'in halittu ne na omnivores. Abincin yana mamaye abincin asalin dabba. Seagulls suna cin kifi, ƙananan dabbobi masu rarrafe da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Suna cin ƙwai da kaji na wasu nau'in tsuntsayen.

A cikin wasu mutane, sha'awar tana da girma sosai har ba za su iya yin tsayayya da jarabawar cin abinci a kan ƙungiyar maƙwabta da ke kusa da su ba. Wasu lokuta sukan ci zuriyarsu.

Tsuntsaye da kansu suna cin abinci a kowane sharar gida da abinci. A cikin hunturu, suna yawo a gonakin gona, suna neman tsutsotsi, tarkoki da katantanwa. Tsuntsayen har ila yau suna gamsar da yunwar tare da 'ya'yan itace,' ya'yan itatuwa, algae da kwari.

Gulls na silvery yana tashi sama da ruwa tsawon lokaci a tsawan kusan 5 m, don neman wanda abin ya shafa. Zasu iya yawo cikin ruwa mai zurfi kuma zasu sami mollusks. Suna cirewa da kuwwa da aka kama a bakinsu sai suka jefa shi a kan dutse domin su fasa harsashi mai kauri.

A cikin yankuna da yawa a lokacin rani, shrimp ya mamaye har zuwa 90% na menu na yau da kullun. A cikin hunturu, mussel (Mytilus) da kuma nau'ikan zuciya (Cerastoderma) galibi suna fifita. A lokacin rana, tsuntsu yaci abinci daga 400 zuwa 500 g na abinci.

Kiwo

Balagagge yakan faru ne yana da shekaru 4-5. Lokacin kiwo yana daga watan Afrilu zuwa Yuni. Gilashin silvery suna haifar da iyalai masu tarin yawa. Suna zaune a cikin lardunan ƙasa, a kan tsaunuka, da tuddai, wani lokacin akan rufin gine-gine. A daular akwai daga dubun dubatan zuwa dubunnan ma'aurata. Yawancin tsuntsayen da suke tare, da yawa ana yawan lura da cututtukan dabbobi.

Gurin gull an gina shi ne daga gutsuren tsirrai masu laushi.

Matar tana sanya qwai 2-3 tsawon tsayi tsawon cm 7. Duk ma'auratan suna sanya maɗaurin abubuwa. Shiryawa yana kwana 28-30. Iyaye sun ƙi kajin suna sanya zafin jikinsu tsawon kwanaki 3-4. Suna ciyar da su da abinci mai narkewa-wanda ke birkicewa.

Chickks sun zama fuka-fuki yayin da ya kai kimanin kwanaki 45. A wannan lokacin an rufe su da launin toka-mai launin toka-shuɗi. Kayan Adult ya bayyana a cikin tsuntsayen da suka manyanta.

Bayanin

Tsawon jiki 55-68 cm Wingspan 130-150 cm. Weight 600-1500 g .. Akwai ayukkan da ke da dangantaka da shekaru.

A cikin manya, a lokacin lokacin mating, baya da fikafikan suna da launin toka, iyakar fikafikan sun baki tare da fararen fata. Ragowar gashin fuka-fukan farin ne tare da nasihun shuɗi. Gefen yana da ƙarfi, launin rawaya, tare da jan tabo a lanƙwasar ma'adanar. Iris mai rawaya ne.

Tsuntsayen matasa suna da fararen launi mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi a saman jikinsu. Gefen launin ruwan kasa ne. Tsarin launin ruwan kasa ya bace yayin da yake tsufa. Kafin balaga, tsuntsaye sun canza kaya kamar sau 10.

Rayuwa ta gullum a cikin daji shine kimanin shekaru 15. A cikin bauta, tana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20.

Yankunan rarraba

Azamanin gull na azurfa ya mamaye yankuna masu sanyi. Ya mamaye arewacin hemisphere. A cikin watanni na hunturu, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun ƙaura zuwa Florida, kudancin China, Japan da kuma gabar Tekun Mexico. Don fara'a, sun zabi Burtaniya, Scandinavia da Iceland. Hakanan ana iya ganin su a tsibiran Arctic Ocean, a Kanada, Alaska da kuma gabashin gabashin Amurka.

Tun da gull na azurfa ya dogara da abinci mai ruwa, yana daidaitawa a yankunan bakin teku. Tana zaune a cikin tsaunuka, dutse, kan dutse, wani lokacin kuma a yankuna masu lalacewa. Wannan tsuntsu ya saba da zama tare da mutane, saboda haka yakan zauna akan rufin gidaje.

Short Short

Garfin gwal shine babban tsuntsu. Yawan taro na mutum na iya isa kilogram ɗaya da rabi. Matsakaicin matsakaicin tsayin jikin mutum kimanin santimita 55-65 ne. Shugaban, wuya da jikin tsuntsun an rufe su da farin rutsi. Fuka-fuki da baya sune launin toka mai launi. A kan bakin tekun kuma akwai bakin ciki wanda aka tatsa a gefunan kuma an tanƙare a ƙarshen. Rawaya ne da kanta, amma tabo ja yana bayyane a sarari a ƙarƙashin ta.

A kewayen idanun, iris wanda aka fentin cikin inuwa mai launin toka, akwai kunkuntar zoben launin fata. Abin ban sha'awa, gull na azurfa yana samun haske mai sauƙi kawai a cikin shekara ta huɗu na rayuwa. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, ci gaban saurayi yana da launi mara motsi, wanda sautunan launin ruwan kasa da launin toka suka mamaye. Gashinsa, gashin tsuntsu ya fara haske bayan tsuntsu ya kai shekara biyu. Shugaban da iris na matasa matasa masu launin ruwan kasa.

Fasali na haihuwa da kuma tsammanin rayuwa

A cikin daji, gull na Turai yana zaune a matsakaicin shekaru 50. An dauki ta da tsararren tsuntsu. Cikakkiyar dangantaka tsakanin wakilan wannan nau'in sun samo asali ne daga wani nau'in matsayi. Mazaje sun mamaye matsayin maza. Rashin jima'i mai rauni yana rinjaye ne kawai a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi zaɓin wani wuri don shirya gidan nan gaba.

Waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da yawan aure. Ban da a lokuta mafi ƙaranci, sun ƙirƙiri wasu lokuta biyu da rayuwa. Mutane da suka kai shekaru biyar ana daukar su balaga. Sun fara tashi zuwa wurin da ake farautarsu a watan Afrilu-Mayu, nan da nan bayan ruwan bai da kankara.

Don lokacin fara halittar, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna ƙirƙirar ɗaukacin mazauna. Gull mai launin gwal (larus argentatus) yana shirya filayen da aka yi shinge tare da fuka-fukai ko ulu a kan tsaunukan dutse, gefen dutse da tsafin ciyayi. Dukansu mata da maza suna shiga aikin ginin. A lokaci guda, suna amfani da ciyawa, rassan itace, gansakuka da bushewar ƙasa a matsayin kayan gini. Nisa tsakanin nitocin dake kusa da nisan nisan mita biyar ne.

A matsayinka na mai mulkin, mace ta sanya ƙwai biyu na 2-4 koren launin shuɗi ko ruwan zaitun tare da manyan duhu, wanda mahaifan biyu suke ciki. Haka kuma, yayin canzawar abokan zama da ke zaune a gida, tsuntsayen suna da hankali sosai kuma suna sa kwai a hankali.

A karshen lokacin makonni hudu na shiryawa, an haifi kajin. Kayan jikinsu an rufe su da launin toka tare da duhu sosai. Bayan kwana biyu, yaran sun riga sun iya tashi kansu. Bayan wasu 'yan kwanaki, sai su fara barin gidan iyayen, ba tare da barin nesa ba. Idan kuma aka sami wata fargaba, kajin sai suka ɓoye, sun zama babu bambanci daga asalin wurin. Sun fara tashi da wuri fiye da shekara ɗaya da rabi. Iyaye suna ciyar da 'yayansu ta hanyar ciyar da abinci. Tushen abincin yara masu tasowa shine kifi.

Me waɗannan tsuntsayen suke ci?

Ya kamata a lura cewa gull na azurfa yana da iko duka. Ana iya ganin sa sau da yawa a kusa da jiragen ruwa da kayan saukar ruwa. Wani lokacin ma yakan sata ƙwai da ƙwai na wasu tsuntsayen.

Wakilan wannan nau'in sun kama larvae, kwari, lizards da ƙananan ƙwayoyi. Hakanan zasu iya cin berries, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, kwayoyi, ƙwaya da hatsi. Kada ku raina ƙwace daga ƙaramin ɗangi da mara ƙarfi. Suna kuma kama tsutsotsi na teku, ɓawon burodi da kifi.

Siffofin tare da mutane

Kawai lura cewa ba a amfani da gull na azurfa don tsayawa kan bikin tare da mutane ba. Wannan tsuntsu yana daɗaɗɗun ci gaba na zamani kuma yana wadatar da kujeru a kan benayen ɗakuna da dama. Sau da yawa yakan kaiwa waɗanda suke ƙoƙarin cutar da zuriyar su. Hakanan, akwai lokuta da yawa lokacin da tsuntsaye masu girman kai a kan titi suka ɗauki abinci daga hannun waɗanda ke wucewa ta hanyar.

Koyaya, a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata akwai dabi'ar rage yawan wakilan wannan nau'in. A cikin Turai, yawan gull sun ragu da kusan rabi. Masana kimiyya sun bayyana wannan ta hanyar tasirin abubuwan muhalli da kuma raguwar kifayen kifayen a yankuna na gabar teku.

Aiki, halayyar zamantakewa da kuma sautin magana

Duk da wannan, kayan kwalliya na azurfa suna yin rayuwa ta yau da kullun, a wasu yanayi suna nuna ayyukan yau da kullun. Gaskiya ne ainihin ga tsuntsayen da ke zaune a cikin manyan wurare a cikin yanayin rana.

Wakilan wannan nau'in sun sami damar haifar da launuka iri-iri na halaye. Za su iya tafa, leƙa, yin kuka har ma da hakan. Koyaya, galibi daga gare su zaka iya jin kukan dariya.

Seagulls sune tsuntsayen mulkin mallaka. Yankunan su na iya haɗawa da nau'ikan nau'ikan fiye da ɗari. Wasu lokuta akan sami ƙananan yankuna ko gauraya. Kowane ma'aurata suna da nasu yankin da aka kiyaye shi da kyau. Idan daya daga cikinsu abokan gaba ne suka kai hari, to daukacin masarautar za ta hada kai domin kare dangin ta. Koyaya, a cikin kwanciyar hankali, ma'auratan maƙwabta na iya rikici da juna har ma suna kaiwa juna hari.

Dangantaka tsakanin ma'auratan ba abu bane mai sauki. Musamman yayin lokacin kiwo. A wannan lokacin, namiji yakan yi hidimar ciyar da abokin zama shi. Kuma mace zaune a kusa da gida da fara cizon bakin ciki, neman abinci daga namiji. Bayan kwanciya qwai, sai a hankali ake kwanciyar hankali game da halayen da suka dace da juna, kuma nan da nan ya gushe gaba daya.

Abubuwan ban sha'awa

Gaukin gwal, ko yanki na arewaci, yana aiki da ingantaccen tsarin aiki. Namiji koyaushe shine shugaba, kuma shi ne ya zabi zabi ga mace, wanda ya mamaye duk abin da ya shafi aikin gidan. Kusan duk membobin wannan dangi basa son cin abincin nasu, sun gwammace su ɗauke shi daga wasu.

Tsarin da girma

Miƙa

Shedding a farkon fitowar ta hunturu bangare ne, a yawancin samfurori yana rufe da adadin gashin fuka-fukan a cikin yankin interscapular, tsakanin ƙananan farare da wuya. A wasu mutane, ban da haka, wasu daga cikin magudanun tarko tare da duka bayan da ƙananan gefen akwatin gawa. Wannan molt yana farawa a ƙarshen Yuli a cikin yankin interscapular, sannan ya wuce zuwa wuyansa, kafada da baya, kuma ya ƙare a watan Oktoba. Moaura a farkon kayan bazara kuma wani ɓangare ne, yana rinjayar ɗaukar juzu'i na yankin interscapular, kirji da ƙananan gashin fuka-fukan. Haka kuma, a wasu mutane kawai an maye gurbin gashin fuka-fukai ne, a wasu - fuka-fukain fuka-fukan a cikin yankunan da lalacewarsu ke gudana. Wannan molt yana faruwa ne a watan Afrilu-Mayu.

Shedding a cikin kayan hunturu na biyu ya cika, yana farawa a cikin rabin na biyu na Yuni, yawanci tare da canji a cikin mafi mahimmancin yanayi. Whearamin flywheels sun fara motsi daga gashin tsuntsu a lokacin canji na VII - VI primary. A lokacin canji na IV - III fifiko, na sakandare ana iya sabunta su gaba daya. Mataimakan sun fara motsi daga na tsakiya a lokacin canjin VIII - VI na farko da kawo karshen shi ta hanyar maye gurbin matakan gashin tsuntsaye yayin motsin VII - VI na farko. Shedding na kwanon kwane na jiki a cikin yawancin mutane yana farawa kuma yana ƙare yayin motsi na firamare. Amma a cikin wasu tsuntsaye, farkonsa yana gabatowa ko makoma dangane da farkon motsi na farkon tashi. Wannan molt ya ƙare a watan Agusta da farkon Satumba. Shedding a cikin kayan bazara na biyu bangare ne, yana rufe smallannun gashin fuka-fukan a bangon da kuma tsakanin karamar jana'izar. Yana gudana a watan Fabrairu da Mayu.

Shedding a cikin kayan hunturu na uku ya cika. Hanyar canza tubalin daidai yake da lokacin molting a cikin hunturu na biyu. Sakandare na nesa suna girma yayin canjin VI - V na farko, kuma wani lokacin yayin girma na VII primary, duk sakandare sun riga sun zama sabo. Har ila yau, helms ɗin sun fara canzawa daga ɓangaren tsakiya, a wasu mutane yayin motsi na VII - V mafi mahimmanci, a cikin wasu daga baya, yayin haɓaka IV - III mafi mahimmanci. Farkon molt na wutsiyar sutturar jiki a cikin mutane daban-daban na iya haɗuwa da farkon motsi na farko, kasance a gabanshi, ko makoma sosai. Wannan molt yana farawa a watan Yuni kuma ya ƙare a rabin na biyu na watan Agusta. Shedding a cikin kayan bazara na uku bangare ne, hanya da lokaci bai bayyana ba saboda karancin kayan. Shedding a cikin hunturu na huɗu ya cika, yana farawa a watan Yuli (XI da X suna da mahimmanci, a cikin wasu mutane sun riga sun kasance sabo a wancan lokacin). Wannan molt ya ƙare a watan Oktoba (Abune mafi mahimmanci na II).

Shedding a cikin kayan bazara na hudu bangare ne, lokaci bai fito fili ba saboda karancin kayan. Shedding daga lokacin rani na huɗu zuwa na biyar (ƙarshe) kayan hunturu ya cika, yana farawa a watan Yuli-Agusta (XI da IX suna da mahimmanci). Ba a kama kwanakin ƙarshen wannan jelar abubuwanmu ba, a sarari yake cewa sun bambanta sosai da juna. Ana iya yin hukunci da wannan ta hanyar yin molting a cikin Yuli da Agusta mutane. Shedding daga hunturu (na karshe) zuwa na biyar (karshe) na bazara ya kasance bangare, yana gudana a watan Maris-Afrilu. Shedding daga rani na biyar (na ƙarshe) zuwa na ƙarshe na ƙarshe hunturu ya ƙare, wakilcin jerin 136 kwafi. Matakansa na farko (canjin X - XI) a arewacin iyaka daga Murmansk Coast zuwa Yankin Anadyr yana gudana daga 18.VI zuwa 31.VII. A kudu na kewayon, wannan yana faruwa daga 1.VI zuwa 27.VII. Ofarshen wannan molt yana gudana daga 1.XI zuwa 13.XII. Don haka, saurin kaka a cikin manya ya ɗauki watanni 6 daga Yuni zuwa Disamba.

Kudin shiga haraji

Ba a tsara yadda ya isa ba. A cikin faɗin duniya, masu bincike daban-daban sun san daga 4 zuwa 18 subspecies1 (Hartert, 1912-1921, Dwight, 1925, Peters. 1934, Stegmann, 1934, Vaurie, 1965, Stepanyan, 1975, Cramp, Simmons, 1983), wanda ya bambanta musamman a launi babba da kafafu. Dangane da marubutan daban-daban, daga 6 zuwa 11 masu tallafin suna zaune a cikin USSR (Timofeev-Resovsky, Shtrezeman, 1959, Dolgushin, 1962, Vaurie, 1965, Stepanyan, 1975). 6aya daga cikin 6 ne ana iya ɗaukar su rarrabe a kansu (ƙananan kwatancen da bayyanar cututtuka game da mafi yawan waɗanda aka ba su sune: Stepanyan, 1975):

1. Larus argentatus argentatus

Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763, Danske Atlas, 1, c. 622, Denmark.

Kashi baya mai launin shuɗi, launin toka-toka, mai wuta fiye da sauran jinsi, kuma yayi kama da na na cachinnans. Kafafu suna da ruwan hoda ja. 2. Larus argentatus maganin ƙwayar cuta

Larus fuscus antelius Iredale, 1913, B.B.O.C., 31, p. 69, reachesarfin kwatancen Ob.

A baya duhu, Slate-m. Kafafu suna rawaya.

3. Larus argentatus plantyrensis

Larus affinis plantyrensis Buturlin, 1911, Ornithol. Vestn., 2, p. 149, p. Zurfin teku, gabashin gabashin Tekun Yenisei.

Kashi na baya duhu launin toka, ya fi haske da maganin feshi da duhu fiye da vegae. Launin ƙafafu ya sha bamban daga rawaya zuwa ruwan hoda mai haske.

4. Latus argentatus vegae

Larus argentatus Brunn. var. vegae Palmen, 1887, Vega-Exped. Vetensk. Iakttag, 5, c. 370. Pitlekai, Chukotka Peninsula.

Kashi na baya yana da launin toka-toka, ya fi sauki fiye da na baya, amma ya fi duhu. Launin ƙafafu ya sha bamban daga launin ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda zuwa launin rawaya mai haske.

5. Larry argentatus cachinnans

Larus cachinnans Pallas, 1811, Zoographia Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 318, Tekun Caspian.

A baya ne kodadde, kamar na musamman subspeins, amma ƙasa da launin toka. Kafafu suna rawaya.

6. Larus argentatus mongolicus

Larus argentatus mongloicus Suschkin, 1925. Jerin da rarraba tsuntsaye na Altai na Rasha, p. 63, oz. Urygnor, arewa maso yammacin Mongolia.

Koma baya yana da launin toka-toka, kamar vegae, duhu fiye da cachinnans. A cikin hunturu, ya bambanta da vegae a cikin ƙananan rafuffuka mara duhu da ke kan kai. Launin ƙafafu ya sha bamban daga launin toka mai launin toka zuwa rawaya.

Abubuwa biyar da aka yi bayaninsu a baya (L. a. Obeyus, L. a. Birulae, L. a. Ponticus, L. a. Armenicus, L. a.)barabiensis) ko dai sun saba da juna, ko ba a rarrabewa sosai ko aka bayyana su akan wannan ƙaramin abu wanda ainihin gaskiyar su tana cikin shakka.

Saurari muryar maƙoƙin gwal

Babu gashin fuka-fukai a kusa da idanu, fatar a cikin wadannan wurare rawaya ce. Iris ya yi launin toka. Kafafu suna ruwan hoda, tsawon lokaci launinsu ba ya canzawa. Gashin gashin tsuntsaye da ke zaune a Scandinavia suna da kafafu masu launin rawaya. A cikin lokacin hunturu, gulls na azurfa suna bayyana rafi mai duhu akan wuya da wuyansa.

Matasa suna samun walƙiyar haske ne kawai a shekara ta 4 na rayuwa. Kafin wannan, kayan aikinsu mai launi ne, launuka masu launin shuɗi da launin toka sun mamaye shi. A cikin shekara ta 2 na rayuwa, gashin fuka-fukan yana da haske sosai, ta hanyar shekara ta 3 saman jikin kuma ya juya fararen fata. A cikin kananan dabbobi, beak da iris na idanu masu launin ruwan kasa, idanu masu launin toka suna kan shekara ta 4 ta rayuwa.

Seagulls suna shan ruwa.

Bambanci daga nau'ikan jinsin

Ya bambanta da tsuntsayen da ba su kai ga balaga ba, manyan mutane suna da saukin rarrabe su da sauran ɓarna. Kwatanta tare da sauran nau'ikan halittu, gwal mai tsayi suna kama da girma, kuma suna da halaye na musamman. Ganyen Bahar Rum yana da ƙafafu masu haske mai haske, yayin da ɗayan azurfa mai ruwan hoda mai ruwan hoda. Oduen Shankar (Larus audouinii) yayi kyau sosai, kuma yana da duhu baki mai duhu da kafafu mai launin toka. Ruwan teku mai walƙiya da walleye sun fi duhu duhu - jagoran launin toka ko baƙi - umarfin saman. Armeniyan gull (Larus armenicus) ana rarrabe ta da baki mai duhu a kusa da baki. A baki-kai dariya dariya (Larus ichthyaetus) kai mai duhu ne, ba haske, kamar gwal na azurfa. Grey mai fiɗaLarus glaucescens) da kuma burgomaster (Tabarbawar Larus) reshen fika suna da wuta, ba baki ba.

Wata murya

Sauti yana kama da sauran ɓarna-ƙaƙƙarfan ƙawancen - waɗannan muryoyin kuka ne na "gag-ag-ag", wanda idan akwai haɗari ana maimaita shi sau da yawa, wanda ke sa su yi kama da dariya. A cikin tsawa mai ban dariya, sau da yawa sukan jefa kawunansu baya. Bugu da kari, suna buga monosyllabic “kya-au”, mai kama da meow. Muryar ta fi ta Klosh girma, amma tana kasa da na burgomaster.

Motsawa

Jirgin yana yawanci laushi, tashin hankali, tare da fuka fuka-fuki mai wuya. Zai iya kasancewa cikin iska na dogon lokaci, yana jan hawa zuwa sama. Lokacin da aka farauto ganima, tana iya tashi da sauri da sauri kuma tana iya motsawa. Yana wanzuwa da ruwa, amma da wuya ya mutu gabaɗaya, galibi idan akwai haɗari. Lokacin fitar da abinci, yana saukar da kai ko wani sashin jiki a karkashin ruwa. Matsayi a ƙasa, wani lokacin yin gajeren zango.

Yankin

Gaukin gwal yana tartsatsi a arewacin hemisphere, yana faruwa duka a cikin manyan filayen arctic da kuma canjin yanayin zafi. Iyakar arewa na iyakar kiwo tsakanin 70 da 80 ° arewa maso gabas - a Turai waɗannan sune iyakar iyakokin Arewacin Scandinavia, a cikin Asiya - tekun da tsibirin Tekun Arctic gabashin gabashin Taimyr, a Amurka - Tsibirin Baffin da kuma yankunan polar na Kanada da Alaska. A kudu, tsuntsayen gida har zuwa 30 ° -40 ° arewa latitude - a Turai zuwa tekun Atlantika na Faransa, a cikin Amurka a cikin yankunan kudu da Manyan Tabkuna. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ana samun keɓantattun al'amuran da ke tsakanin wadannan tsuntsayen a waje da na halitta - alal misali, a cikin Ukraine, Belarus da yankin Volga a kan tafkin rafin Rybinsk.

Hijira

Yawan arean Arewa suna ƙaura ne, a lokacin hunturu ƙaura kudu sun ci gaba da zama ko kuma tsuntsayen birni. A Western Palaearctic, ba sa motsawa zuwa Kudancin Iberian Peninsula, amma a Sabuwar Duniya sun isa Tsakiyar Amurka da Yankin Yammacin Yamma. A Yammacin Turai, yawancin tsuntsaye suna kasancewa hunturu a cikin kewayon kiwo. Tsuntsaye na cikin Scandinavia, Finland, da kuma yankuna na arewa maso yamma na Rasha, a matsayin mai mulkin, tafiya mai nisa zuwa ga gabar teku na Baltic ko Tekun Arewa. Daga Siberiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, tsuntsaye suna yin ƙaura zuwa Japan, Taiwan da gabar Tekun Kudancin China.

Habitat

Halaye suna da alaƙa da wasu nau'ikan ruwa - na ciki da na ciki. M maɓuɓɓugan tekuna da manyan tafkuna, ƙananan rafuffukan koguna, tafkuna, da rafuffuka suna zaune a ciki. An ba da fifiko ga tsibiran inda ake samun kariya daga masu mallakar filaye. Tun ƙarshen karni na 20, suna ci gaba da manyan biranen, suna gina wuraren zamansu a rufin gine-gine. A cikin hunturu, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna zama a bakin teku.

Bayanin haraji

A halin yanzu, ba kawai ƙungiyar yawan gulls na azurfa ba ta kasance cikakke ba, har ma da ra'ayoyi game da tarihin asalin da alaƙar dangi a ciki. A cikin wallafe-wallafen, an ambaci wannan rukunin kungiyar azaman misalin kewayon zobe wanda ke nuna kwarewar yankin. A cikin ɗayan sabbin ayyukan, Mayr (1968), nazarin da taƙaita nazarin shekarun da suka gabata game da wannan rukuni na tsuntsaye (Voous, 1960, Timofeev-Resovsky, Stresemann, 1959, Goethe, 1960, Smith, 1960, Macpherson, 1961), an tilasta shi shigar da shi cewa ainihin halin da ake ciki a cikin wannan zobe ya zama mafi rikitarwa fiye da yadda muke tsammani. La'akari da tarihin kungiyar, shi, bin wasu daga cikin wadannan marubutan, ya ba da shawarar cewa a cikin Pleistocene an rarraba kewayon gull na azurfa da yawa a cikin Palaearctic da kuma kusa da kusa.

Cungiyar cachinnans masu launin rawaya sun samo asali ne a yankin Aral-Caspian kuma daga baya sun sami karɓuwa ga rukunin rukuni na Atlantic. Rukunin vegae da nau'ikan launuka masu launin ruwan hoda sun bunkasa a gabar tekun Pasifik na Asiya kuma ya ba da damar yin amfani da nau'ikan smithsonianus a Arewacin Amurka, wanda kwanan nan ya shiga Yammacin Turai, inda ya samar da nau'i na mara kyau na argentatus. Inda aka samo argentatus ko vegae a cikin siffofin launin rawaya, musayar takaddun yana faruwa a wasu yanayi tsakanin su. A gefe guda, a bakin tekun Turai, inda argentatus da fuscus suke zama tare, suna nuna halaye masu kyau, kusan ba su da kamfani. Isolates a Arewacin Amurka sun ba da nau'ikan thayeri da glaucoides.

Hijira

A kudu na kewayon a cikin Black Sea Reserve, a kan Sivash, haka kuma a kudu maso yammacin tekun Caspian a cikin yankin Kirov Bay, gulls ta farko ta bayyana a watan Fabrairu (Dunin, 1948, Kiselev, 1951, Borodulina, 1949, Ardamak, 1977c), a tsibiran Swan na ƙarshe Shekaru 10, tsuntsaye sun bayyana a yankin a tsakiyar Janairu (Kostin, 1983). Sun isa bakin tekun arewa na Tekun Azov kuma a gabashin Ciscaucasia a farkon rabin Maris (Filonov et al., 1974, Kazakov, Yazykova, 1982). A gefen tekun arewa na Bahar Maliya a cikin yankin Tiligulsky estuary, ana lura da mafi yawan motsi a cikin watan Afrilu - Mayu (Chernichko, sadarwa ta baki). A kudu maso yammacin tekun Caspian a cikin Kirov Bay, jirgin sama yana ƙaruwa a ƙarshen Fabrairu - farkon Maris, a ƙarshen wannan watan yana da rauni yana ƙarewa kuma ya ƙare a farkon rabin Afrilu (Zablotky, Zablotskaya, 1963).

A kan iyakar ƙasar Kazakhstan (Dolgushin, 1962), fara kwanakin ƙaura na bazara ya fara ne daga farkon Maris a kan tekun Mangyshlak a Tekun Caspian zuwa farkon Yuni a Kogin Irtysh, a cikin kwarin Irgiza, jirgin yana ƙare a ƙarshen Afrilu - tsakiyar Mayu. A cikin tabkuna na Baraba Lowland, an rubuta farkon abin da ya faru a kan 4.IV 1973, an lura da ƙaura mai kyau a cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na Afrilu - farkon Mayu, sun ƙare a nan a ƙarshen shekaru goma na biyu na Mayu, wani lokacin har ma a farkon Yuni (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977, Khodkov, 1977). Seagulls tashi zuwa kudu maso gabashin Altai a kan 14-20.IV, a kudancin Baikal - a ranar 28.III - 12.IV, a arewacin Baikal - a ranar 12-22.IV (Kuchin, 1976, Skryabin, 19776). A kan Baikal, an yi rikodin yawan ƙaura daga ƙaura a cikin kwarin Selenga daga 15 zuwa 22.IV kuma a cikin yankin Oke Angara daga 22.IV zuwa 7.V, jirgin a cikin waɗannan yankuna ya ƙare a ƙarshen Afrilu - shekaru goma na farko na Mayu (Skryabin da Sharoglazov, 1974). Jirgin ruwa na farko ya isa yankin Khanka low a rabin rabin Maris (Glushchenko, 1981), kuma an yi rikodin tsuntsayen ƙaura a kudancin Primorye a farkon rabin Afrilu - farkon Mayu (Chersky, 1915, Panov, 1973). A Sakhalin, motsi zuwa arewa yana farawa a cikin kwanakin farko na farkon Afrilu (Gizenko, 1955).

A arewacin kewayon, da farko (a cikin shekaru daban-daban daga 22 zuwa 26.III) gulls na azurfa suna tashi zuwa tekun da ba su da kankara na Tekun Barents (Modestov, 1967), daga baya (daga 26.V zuwa 13.VI) - zuwa gaɓar tekun Siberiya da Taimyr zuwa Indigirka (Birulya, 1907; Pleske, 1928; Uspensky et al., 1962; Matyushenkov, 1979).

Dangane da bayanan lokaci mai tsawo, mutanen farko sun isa Estonia a matsakaita na 3.IV (Root-smae, Rootsmae, 1976). An lura da ƙaura cikin matsanancin ƙaura a cikin jihohin Baltic daga 16 zuwa 30.V (Lein, Kasparson, 1961), a cikin Tekun Fasha - daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa 9.V (Bianchi, 1959. 1967, Kokhanov, Skokova, 1960). A cikin Barents Sea, ana lura da jirgin har zuwa farkon rabin Mayu (Pleske, 1928, Kurochkin, Skokova, 1960, Skalinov, 1960, Kokhanov. 1965), kuma yana gudana sosai a cikin Maris - Afrilu. A tsakiyar hanya ta Ob kusa da ƙauyen Narym kuma a tsakiyar Tym, an yi rubutun tsuntsaye na farko akan 2-14.V (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977). A tsakiyar Yenisei a yankin ƙauyen. Assalamu alaikum barkanmu da rafi. An yi ƙawancen ƙaura na ƙawancen cikin shekaru goma na uku na Mayu (Larionov, Sedalishchev, 1978, Rogacheva et al. 1978). A Vilyue, B.N. Andreev (1974) ya lura da ingantaccen nassi daga 5 zuwa 7.V. A kudu maso gabashin bakin tekun Kamchatka, a cewar E.G. Lobkov (1980), ana lura da ƙaura daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa ƙarshen Mayu. A arewacin wannan sashin ƙasa mai bakin teku ne a bakin kogin. Apuki na yau da kullum jirgin yayi rajista a shekarar 1960 da 1961. daga 4 zuwa 26.V (Kishchinsky, 1980), da kuma kan Anadyr a yankin ƙauyen. Markovo - daga 11 zuwa 22.V (Portenko, 1939).

A cikin gungun masu ƙaura, matasa za su iya yin girma daga 20 zuwa 80% na adadin manya, kuma a ƙarshen jirgin su adadinsu yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke nuna cewa manya manya sun fara da ƙare ƙaura tun farkon matasa (Sushkin, 1908, Kurochkin, Gerasimova, 1960, Khodkov , 19776, 1981a, Kretschmar et al., 1978, Kishchinsky, 1980). A cikin wuraren da ke gabar teku da manyan koguna, gulls yakan tashi tare da su, amma kuma yana iya ƙetare manyan yankuna ƙasa da nisa daga gaɓar teku. A cikin Tekun Bahar Maliya, yayin ƙaura sau da yawa suna kasancewa kusa da sansanoni ko a cikin teku, a cikin wuraren farauta hatimi (Kurochkin, Gerasimova, 1960, Skalinov, 1960).

Hijira lokacin kaka shine yawanci wani lokacin yawo, wanda yakan kasance a yankuna daban-daban daga ranakun 7-10 zuwa watanni 2.5 sannan kuma ana bambance wurare da yawa (Modestov, 1967, Bianchi, Boyko, 1972, 1975, Kurochkin, Skokova, 1960, Vinokurov, 1965, Khodkov, 1967). Daga baya, ƙaura a hankali ya juya zuwa cikin jirgin gaske. A cikin Barents Sea, yana farawa a tsakiyar watan Agusta - farkon zangon Satumba kuma ya ƙare a tsakiyar Satumba (Kokhanov, Skokova, 1960, Modestov, 1967). Yankin Bahar Rum ya ƙare daga ƙarshen Yuli zuwa ƙarshen Oktoba (Blagosklonov, 1960, Skokova, 1960, Flerov, Skalinov, 1960), ƙaura yawan jama'a a cikin Kandalaksha Gulf a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 an lura da su a cikin shekaru goma na biyu na Satumba (Bianki, Boyko, 1972, 1975), wanda yake shi ne kwanaki 10-15 da suka gabata a shekarun 1950s. Furtherarin gabashin gabas a kan Tsibirin Kanin kusa da bakin Kuloy B. Zhitkov (1904) ya lura da garken farko na jirgin 18.VII. A cikin Novaya Zemlya, an lura da ƙaura da ƙaura a cikin shekaru daban-daban daga 6.VIII zuwa 19.IX (Gorbunov, 1929). A sauran sassan arewacin yankin, ana lura da ƙaura daga kusan tsakiyar watan Agusta zuwa Oktoba. A kudu maso gabashin tekun Kamchatka, wani rauni mara karfi ya wuce daga tsakiyar Satumba zuwa farkon kwanakin Nuwamba (Lobkov, 1980).

A cikin kasashen Baltic, ana lura da ƙaura daga watan Agusta zuwa Nuwamba; suna faruwa musamman a cikin tsakiyar Satumba zuwa tsakiyar Oktoba. A kan iyakar Volga-Kama interfluve, jirgin yana tashi daga ƙarshen Satumba zuwa farkon Nuwamba (Vodolazhskaya, Zaletaev, 1977), a Tekun Bahar Maliya a bakin Danube - daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba (Andone et al., 1965), a kan Tiligulsky estuary (kewayen Odessa) haɓaka yawan adadin tsuntsaye masu ƙaura an riga an lura da su a Yuli (Chernichko, sadarwa ta baki). Hijira mai tsananin gaske ta faru ne a gabar gabashin Tekun Azov a watan Oktoba (Vinokurov, 1965), da kuma Tekun Caspian a cikin yankin Hasan-Kuli, daga Oktoba zuwa rabin na biyu na Nuwamba (Isakov, Vorobyov, 1940). An yi rikodin ƙaura mai aiki a kan tafkin Baraba a rabin rabin Satumba - Oktoba (Khodkov, 19776, 1983). A cikin kudu maso yammacin Transbaikalia, hanyar ta gudana daga shekaru goma na biyu na Satumba har zuwa karshen wannan watan (Izmailov, 1967).

Tsuntsayen da ke farawa a yankin Turai na USSR, Kazakhstan da kuma a kudu maso yammacin Siberiya, suna ƙaura a yamma da kudu maso yamma a cikin kwarin Tekun Atlantika da Bahar Rum. Seagulls kiwo gabashin gabas Taimyr yana motsa kudu maso gabas zuwa cikin kwari na tekun Pacific. Kamar yadda a cikin bazara, tsuntsaye suna manne da gabar kogi ko kwarin manyan koguna, amma kuma suna iya haye manyan filayen ƙasa da manyan jikkunan ruwa (Lugovoi, 1958, Jõgi et al., 1961, Vaitkevicius, 1968). A cikin Tekun Bahar Maliya, Gydan Peninsula, a Yammacin Siberiya, matasa sun bar wuraren kiwo a baya fiye da manya (Naumov, 1931, Kurochkin, Skokova, 1960), a cikin wasu (Vilyuy, Baikal, Yankin Magadan), akasin haka, manya sun bar farkon matasa (Andreev, 1974, Kretschmar et al., 1978, Shkatulova, 1981). Hanya daya, wani binciken, wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa yawancin manya da manyan mutane sun rabu cikin lokaci yayin hijira.

Habitat

Ya bambanta sosai, musamman lokacin rani. A lokacin yaduwa, a cikin dukkanin bangarorin yanki-yanki daga tundra zuwa Semi-hamada, suna daidaita duka biyu a kan iyakar teku (m ko maras kyau), kuma a cikin ɓangaren ƙasa, suna fifita tsibiri ko'ina: teku, a kan manyan koguna da tabkuna, nau'ikan fadama da manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwa. Tun daga ƙarshen karni na ƙarshe, an sami ra'ayi game da ci gaban ilimin halittar halittar halittar dabbobi, wanda ya haifar da karbuwa ga rukunin gidaje na ɗakunan gine-gine iri daban-daban a Bulgaria, Italiyanci ta Biritaniya, Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Jamus da Jamus, Finland da Amurka (Reiser, 1894, Paynter, 1963, Cramp, 1971 : Kosonen, Makinen, 1978).

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, wannan yanayin ya ci gaba (Kumerloeve, 1957. Goethe, 1960, Mountfort, Ferguson, 1961, O'Meara, 1975: Monaghan, Coulson, 1977, Fisk, 1978, Hoyer, Hoyer, 1978, Monaghan, 1982, Nanking, 1981, 1982). A cikin USSR, an yi rajista a kan gine-gine a cikin Riga tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1970s (Strazdins et al., 1987). A cikin hunturu, kayan kwalliya na azurfa suna zama a yankunan bakin teku na teku da kuma kan iyakar kusa da wuraren abinci.

Lambar

Adadin yawan tsuntsayen da ke rayuwa an gano su ne kawai ga wasu yankuna na ƙasar. Don haka, a bakin tekun Murmansk, bisa ga ƙididdigar T. D. Gerasimova (1962) da I. P. Tatarinkova (1970, 1975), nau'ikan 6-7 dubu biyu, a cikin wani yanki wanda aka keɓe na Kandalaksha Bay - aƙalla 1.3 dubu nau'i biyu (Bianchi, 1967), a bakin gabar yamma ta Estonia (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970) da kuma gabar kudu ta gabar tekun Finland (Renno, 1972) - nau'i biyu 640 da 658, bi da bi. A tsibirin Swan a cikin Tekun Baƙin Gini a 1979, nau'i-nau'i na 9417 (Kostin, Tarina, 1981), a kan ƙungiyar Abincin na Tekun Azov a 1975-1979. daga nau'ikan 481 zuwa 630 an yi la'akari da su (Siohin, 1981), a bakin Danube a 1976-1979. Kimanin nau'ikan 500 aka rubuta (Petrovich, 1981), a gabashin Ciscaucasia a 1968-1980. daga 240 zuwa 3270 nau'i-nau'i na kiwo cikin la'akari (Krivenko, Lyubaev, 1975, 1977, 1981, Yazykova, 1975, Kazakov et al., 1981, Kazakov, Yazykova, 1982).

A cikin Tekun Caspian a yankin Baku tarin tsibiri a shekarar 1961-1967 an yi tallafi daga 2,750 zuwa 3,500 nau'i (Tuaev et al., 1972). An rubuta nau'ikan 270 akan tafkin Baikal a cikin Manyan Oke Angara da Kichera (Popov, 1979, Popov, Sadkov, 1981), 560, 90, da nau'i-nau'i 320, bi da bi, sun ninka a yankin Seaan ƙaramin teku, bakin Angara, da tsibiran Chivyrkuy Bay. Daga baya, har zuwa 870 an kirga su a cikin Seaaramar Tekun, kuma har zuwa nau'i-nau'i 1,200 a cikin Angara Delta (Litvinov et al., 1977, Scriabin et al., 1977). A cikin tabkuna na Torey a 1976, nau'i-nau'i sun kasance 3,7 dubu (Zubakin, 1981a).

A cikin yankuna da yawa na USSR, lambar tana ƙaruwa koyaushe, alal misali, a cikin Barents Sea, a gabashin Baltic, Black Sea da Sivash, Rybinsk Reservoir, a gabashin Ciscaucasia da Lake Baikal (Aumees, 1972, Renno, 1972, Kostin, 1975, Krivenko, Lyubaev, 1975, 1977, 1981, Nemtsev, 1980, Kostin, Tarina, 1981, Krivenko, 1981, Scriabin et al., 1977, Tatarinkova, 1975, 1981, Kumari, 1978, Popov, 1979, Popov, Sadkov, 1981, Siohin, 1981a), a wasu (manyan tuddai na ƙasashen Baltic, tsibiran kowane yanki na Vaikai reserve off Coast Estonia, Pearl Island a gefen arewacin tekun Bahar Rum) - ya faɗi (Aumees, 196 7, Kumari, 1978, Baumanis, 1980, Gavrilov, Krivonosov, 1981, Petrins, 1982). A waje da USSR, musamman a Yammacin Turai da kuma gabar Tekun Atlantika na Amurka, kuna yin hukunci da wallafe-wallafen, akwai karuwar lambobi masu yawa. Abubuwan da ke haifar da irin wannan girma da saurin girma a cikin lambobi a cikin shekaru 40-50 da suka gabata, masu bincike da yawa suna gani a cikin karbuwa ga abinci na asalin rashin lafiyar dabbobi. Sharpara yawan lambobi na iya haifar da canji daga ƙaura zuwa gidan farautar mulkin mallaka (Bergmann, 1982).

Dangantaka da mutum

Gulls na azurfa ba sa tsoron mutane. Sun zauna a cikin megacities a cikin rufin gidaje. Idan bakin teku ya yarda cewa mutum yana son cutar da zuriya, to sai ya buge shi. Wani lokacin waɗannan tsuntsaye masu girman kai suna kwace abinci daga mutane akan titi, daga hannunsu.

A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, akwai dabi'ar rage adadin gullar azaman. A Turai, adadin waɗannan tsuntsayen ya ragu da 50%. Babban dalilin wannan yanayin shine abubuwan muhalli da rage adadin kifayen a yankunan gabar teku. Dangane da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, gulls na azurfa na Turai suna cikin Red Book. Duk da cewa kayan kwalliya na azurfa suna da matsayin kiyayewa, ba a san ko wannan zai taimaka wajen kiyaye adadin nau'in halitta ba.

Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.

Vocalization

Gulls na silvery yana da sautuka masu dumin yawa da aka sanya: croaking, dariya, hawaye, meowing da croaking. Mafi kyawun halayyar dariya irin ta ɓarɓarewar teku ce ke fitowa, zaune a ƙasa yana sake ɗora kansa. Don wannan kukan, a cikin yankuna da yawa ana kiran su "dariya" (kada a rikita su da dariya mai baƙar fata).

Halin zamantakewa

Garfin gwal shine tsuntsu mai mulkin mallaka. Turawan mulkin mallaka na iya zama da yawa (ɗaruruwan ɗari nau'i kowane), na iya zama ƙarami, na iya zama nau'in halittu, i.e. kawai gulls na azurfa suna zaune a cikinsu, amma ana iya gauraye i.e. tare da wasu nau'ikan gulls. A cikin mazaunin, kowane ma'aurata yana da nasa yanki, wanda yake taka tsantsan. Idan dangane da abokin gaba na waje duk mugayen dake mulkin mallaka suna nuna halin kauna, a hade suke yin nuni da kai harin, to, nau'ikan makwabta sukanyi sabani a tsakaninsu, ko kuma kawai a karo da juna.

A cikin ma'auratan, halayen seagulls suna da matukar rikitarwa, musamman a lokacin lokacin canjin. Akwai sharadin zama a ƙasa, kuma ciyarwar mace ta mace, da halayyar '' kursi '' na mace (suna zaune kusa da gida, macen tayi magana cikin sanyin murya da rokon abinci daga hannun namiji). Bayan kwanciya qwai, wannan halayen na dabbar ta hanyar da ta fara sauka a hankali sai ya daina gaba daya.

Rayuwar zoo

A Zoo na Moscow, gulls na azurfa suna zaune a ciki tare da wurin waha a cikin Gidan Bird. Abincin nasu daidai yake da na dariya mai baƙi kuma ya ƙunshi cakuda abinci da kayan lambu.

Amma a cikin gidan zu akwai kuma wadatattun kayan kwalliya na azurfa waɗanda suka zauna akan Babban tafki na Tsohon Territory. Sun fara bayyana a nan a cikin 2011, da alama suna ƙaura zuwa gare mu daga Kogin Moskva. Bayan haka ya zama guda 1 kacal, duk da haka, a kowace shekara mazaunin ya ƙaru kuma aƙalla akalla nau'i-nau'i 7, kuma akwai wasu tsuntsayen guda ɗaya. Hatta lokacin sake gina babbar tafkin, lokacin da aka zana ruwan daga gareta, jigilar ruwa ba ta bar yankin da suke so ba, kasancewar sun gamsu da kananan raguna. Sukan yi kiwo akai-akai, suna kiwon kaji da yawa a kowace shekara. Seagulls suna ciyar da su a kan tafkin, a lokacin rani waɗannan sune kifayen - kifayen da ke rayuwa a cikin tafkunan, da kajin ruwan ruwa (mallards, gogol da wasu mutane), kuma a cikin hunturu - tattabarai waɗanda suka kama a bakin gaci. Ruwan teku kamar yadda aka saba da kandami kuma suna yin halayya ta hankali kuma hankali har ma mahaukata basa iya gasa dasu tare da samun abinci. Tare da gulls, terns na kowa (Sterna hirundo), ƙananan wakilai na dangin gull, suna zaune a wannan lardin. Af, su ne suka kafa wannan lardin na 'yanci a kan Babban tafkin, suna wanzuwa a cikin 2010. Sun ci gaba da yin gida har yanzu, duk da irin wannan maƙwabta na azabtarwa kamar gwal mai tsayi.