Pheran ƙaramin golf mai ɗan gajeren zanen, wanda ɗan ƙaramin girma ya fi girma fiye da murabba'in ƙasa: tsawon jikin - 16.5-22.5 cm, wutsiya - 4.6-7.4 cm launi na baya yana da launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi, sau da yawa tare da sheki mai launin shuɗi-fari ko fiska. . Gabobin suna da shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi, ciki gwargwadon launin shuɗi ne. A kewaye da idanu suna zoben haske. Wutsiya a ƙarshen yawanci yana da duhu baki. Alamar kunci ne kanana.
Yaɗa
Yankin ƙasashen Turai yana rarraba a kudu maso gabas na Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai: kudu maso gabashin Jamus, Poland (Silesian Upland), Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, daga nan zuwa kudu maso gabas - zuwa ɓangaren Turai na Turkiya, Moldova. An samo shi a cikin Ukraine a cikin yankuna na yamma (Vinnitsa, Chernivtsi, yankuna Transcarpathian). A Turai, yanzu ya zama da wuya.
Rayuwa & Abinci
Ana samun tudun tudun ƙasa a cikin fili da kuma tsaunukan tuddai na gandun daji-steppe da kuma yankuna na gaba. Yana daidaita kan makiyaya, budurwa, fallow da rashin dacewa don narkar da filaye (alal misali, matattara sosai), a gefen bangon ƙasa, gefuna, a cikin lambunan da aka watsar, tare da hanyoyin. Yana guje wa yankuna mara kyau, gabar rami, wuraren da ke da tsananin ciyawa da ciyayi. A kan tudu mai tsiro, ya bambanta da tudun ƙasa mai wuya, kawai an lalata burrows na ɗan lokaci, waɗanda ke lalacewa ta hanyar noma. Yana zaune a cikin ƙananan yankuna da keɓe, tare da yawan jama'a yawanci ba su fi 7-10 ap./ha ba.
Dawwama burrows na Turai tudu yana da mafita 1-2. A cikin rabin dabbobi, motsi a cikin ramin suna kawai a tsaye, a cikin kwata - kaɗaita kawai, a cikin ragowar - ɗayan ra'ayi daya kuma a tsaye. A ciki akwai 1-2 ɗakunan kwanciya waɗanda aka liƙe tare da bushe ciyawa, ƙasa da sau 3-5. Gidajen da ke zaune a kusa suna da zurfin kusan 65-100 cm kawai .. Irin wannan zurfin wuri na ɗakunan ya dace da lokacin hunturu, tunda ƙasa ba ta da zurfi fiye da 20 - 35 cm akan mazaunin tudu na turai. A ƙarshen, dabbobi suna amfani da su azaman mafaka a cikin haɗari ko don hutawa a lokacin zafi na rana ko lokacin da ruwan sama yake. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, dabbobi suna tono su a kan hanyoyin da suke bi don ciyarwa.
Babban abinci na kurar Turai shine kayan lambu, amma kwari da ƙwai na tsuntsu suma suna nan a cikin abincinsa. Bayan fita daga rashin sani, abincin da akafi so da gopher shine kwararan fitila na bazarar ephemera. A cikin rabin rabin Mayu, abincinsa ya ƙunshi kusan keɓantar da ƙwayar ganyayyaki ta ganyayyaki, kuma a ƙarshen watan Yuni, 'ya'yan itãcen geraniums da sauran nau'ikan ƙawancen steppe da makiyaya. Masoyan sun yi niyya su ci baƙi. A lokacin noman hatsi, magudanan ƙasa suna mamaye filayen kuma suna cin tsaba. ,Arami, matsatsun filaye (mitar 10-15 m) sun sami damar komai kusan komai.
Tsarin rayuwa
Daga ɓarkewar hunturu, makiyayin Turai yakan farka a cikin shekaru goma na uku na Maris - farkon Afrilu, amma a cikin shekaru tare da farkon maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ya bayyana a farfajiya a farkon Maris. Na farko, kamar sauran dabbobin ƙasa, mazan da suka farka, na ƙarshe - dabbobi na bara. Bayan farkawa daga mace, wata farawa ce, wacce ke tare da gwagwarmaya tsakanin maza. Cutar ciki yana wuce kwanaki 25-28, 'Ya'yan farkon suna bayyana a ƙarshen Afrilu. Akwai 2-9 a cikin tsintsiya, matsakaicin nauyin jarirai shine 4.5 g tare da tsawon tsayi na 3.5 -4. Ranar 8-9, ranar haihuwar jarirai sun fara gani, a ranar 15-16 ga su an rufe su da gashi. Sun fara fitowa daga ramuka a ƙarshen Mayu. Mazauna kananan dabbobi suna farawa ne a tsakiyar watan Yuni, lokacin da adadinsu ya kai 50-60 g .. Mace yawanci sukan tono burus na wani lokaci kusa da albarkatun gona, kuma yaran suna zama.
Matasa masu koyar da yara suna aiki ne daga awanni 9 zuwa 15 zuwa 15 zuwa 16, manyan majiyoyi suna barin bargo sau biyu a rana - awa 1-2 bayan fitowar rana zuwa faɗuwar rana kuma daga sa'o'i 14-15 kafin faɗuwar rana. Kafin farawar farawa, daɗaɗɗen ƙasa kan ɓoye cikin ramuka ba sau da yawa, wani lokacin har tsawon kwanaki 2-3 ba tare da ya bayyana a farfajiya ba. Maza manya da mata da ba a haifa ba suna sa hibernate a farkon watan Yuli, mata sun ciyar a farkon watan Agusta, kuma matasa suna aiki har zuwa farkon Satumba.
Matsayin rawar da ke tsakanin filayen Turai a cikin tsaran yanayi ya ragu sosai saboda raguwa da lambarta da bacewar wasu masarautu. A cikin kwanannan da suka gabata, ta kasance babban abincin dabbobi masu shayarwa (masu shayar da tsintsiya) da kuma tsuntsaye (gaggafa, looney, da sauransu).
Bayyanar
Pheran ƙaramin golf mai ɗan gajeren zanen, wanda ɗan ƙaramin girma ya fi girma fiye da murabba'in ƙasa: tsawon jikin - 16.5-22.5 cm, wutsiya - 4.6-7.4 cm launi na baya yana da launin toka-mai-haske, sau da yawa ana iya bayyana launin shuɗi-fari ko tsiro . Gabobin suna da shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi, ciki gwargwadon launin shuɗi ne. A kewaye da idanu suna zoben haske. Wutsiya a ƙarshen yawanci yana da duhu baki. Alamar kunci ne kanana.
Matsayin Kariya
A halin yanzu, kewayon tuddai na Turai yana kunshe da "tsibiran" wanda ya zama ruwan dare, kama daga raka'a zuwa kadada da yawa. An haɗa shi a cikin Shafi na II na Yarjejeniyar Berne (1992), Red Book of Moldova da kuma Red Book of Ukraine. Hakanan ana kiyaye shi a cikin Czech Republic, Hungary da Poland.
Goitors massage cikin ƙarni XIX-XX. Misali, tun daga shekarar 1870, duk wani makiyaya a yankin Kherson ya zama tilas a kashe masu hoto guda biyar daga zakkar kasar. A cikin 1885, miliyan 7 daga cikinsu sun hallaka a lardin Kherson, kuma daga 1896 aka yi amfani da alkama mai guba a kansu. A cikin 1930s a cikin Ukraine, gwagwarmayar da dabarun ƙasa ya sake haifar da sake, kawai a cikin 1929, schoolan makarantar Ukraine, a kiran Komsomol da makarantar, sun kashe miliyan biyu na waɗannan dabbobi. Yunnat na makarantar Ulyanovsk na shekaru bakwai na gundumar Shiryaevsky na yankin Odessa Lenya Mikolaenko da kanka sun lalata masu hoto 4,200 a cikin 1950.
S. Belchenko, mataimakin shugaban KGB na USSR a karkashin Khrushchev, yayin da ya tuno da rashin takalminsa na kafafu, ya kasance mai gaskiya da gaske lokacin da ya tuna da lalacewar masana masu fasaha: "... ya hau wannan wajen ya zuba ruwa a rami, har sai kwaro ya fice daga ciki. Akwai wani ɗan gogu na musamman a nan - don ɗaukar go go ta wuya sai ya buga ƙasa. Ina da almakashi, Dole in datse ƙafafunsa, in sa allura da zare a ciki, wanda hakan ya zama hujja na halakar da ƙyalli. "
A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, an kirkiri wani abu na musamman na jirgin sama samfurin AN-2 kuma aka sanya shi cikin samarwa da tsaunukan kasa, wanda ake kira "Filin jirgin saman squirrel Fighting". A watan Afrilun 1947, Majalisar Ministocin Ukraine ta ba da wata doka "A kan matakan yakar masu bokaye," ta tilasta wa makarantu shiga cikin rushewarsu. An ce wani gopher yana cin kilo 4 na hatsi a kowace shekara. Amma saboda wasu dalilai babu wanda ya ce ya fadi hatsin.
15.02.2018
Squirrel na Turai (lat. Spermophilus citellus) ɗan ƙaramin dabbobi ne daga dangin squirrel (Sciuridae). Sunan ilimin kimiyya na wannan kyakkyawan ƙarancin ya fito ne daga kalmomin Helenanci spermatos (hatsi) da phileo (ƙauna), tare da nuna ƙaunarsa mai daɗin amfani da amfanin gona. A cikin tsohuwar zamanin, an dauke ta da kwaro mai saurin noma kuma ba tausayi.
Yanzu, saboda ƙanƙanenta yawanta, gopher ba ya haifar da wata barazana ga aikin gona. A lokacin da yake a Turai, an dauke shi dabbar da ke da furfura mai mahimmanci. A shekarun 60-70s na karni na 20, samfurori daga furcinsa a ƙarshe sun fita daga salon. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Unionungiyar Tarayyar Turai, dabbar tana ƙarƙashin kariyar hukuma; ana yunƙurin yin ƙoƙari don dawo da girmanta.
Halayyar
Malaman Turai sun jagoranci garken rayuwar yau da kullun. Sun kirkiro yankuna daga iyalai da yawa wanda za'a iya samun dabbobi daga 20 zuwa 200. A baya can, adadin waɗannan masarautuwan sun wuce mutum dubu 2-3.
A cikin zuriyar dabbobi ɗaya akwai matsakaita na cubs 3. Kowane sabon zuriyar dabbobi ya ninka ko ninki uku na girman mallaka. Matasa ƙasa zasu mamaye tsoffin ɓoye ko tono sababbi 300-500 m daga mazaunin iyayen. A wannan lokacin, yawanci suna zama ganima ko wadanda ke fama da canje-canjen yanayi a yayin ambaliyar ko lokacin sanyi.
A cikin bazara da bazara, dabbobi suna yin awoyi 11 a kowace rana don neman abinci, kuma a cikin kaka ba sa wuce awa 7.
Tare da sanyin kaka na farko, sun fara shirya don hunturu. Abubuwan shiga zuwa karkashin kasa suna dauke da hay da ƙasa. Hibernation yana daga Oktoba zuwa Maris.
Golf na Turai na winters a cikin warewa mai kyau, kowannensu a cikin mafaka daban. A lokacin rashin himma, zazzabin jikinsa na iya sauka daga 37 ° -38 ° C zuwa 1.8 ° -2 ° C, kuma zuciyarsa ba ta wuce bugun kadan a minti daya ba. Gudun jini yana raguwa kusan sau saba'in.
Don watanni da yawa, jikin yana rayuwa saboda kitsen da aka adana a lokacin bazara-kaka. Tare da adadin kwanakin 3 zuwa 20, dabba tana farkawa zuwa wani ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma a cikin waɗannan gajeren farkawa zata yi amfani da kusan 90% na duk kitse a cikin jiki. Mace na haila fiye da maza, kuma ta farka daga baya.
A ranakun da dumama, masu zane-zane suna yin sha'awar shiga rana, cikin hikima ba sa barin gidajensu. Yawancin lokaci suna daskarewa, suna tsaye a kan kafafunsu na kafaɗa kuma suna shimfiɗa zuwa cikakken tsayi. Don haka sun fi saukin lura da hatsarin da ke gabatowa. Tare da ɗan gajeren sanyin sanyi, rodents sun yi barci na kwanaki da yawa kuma suna fuskantar yanayin yanayi mara kyau a cikin barcinsu.
Dabbobi suna magana da juna tare da taimakon tsarkakewa da rawar murya.
Lokacin da barazanar ta faru, ana ba da nau'ikan alamun gargaɗi biyu. Makesaya yana sa duk membobin garken gargadi, na biyu kuma ya yi kira da a tashi jirgin zuwa gaggawa don tseratar da jirgin.
Kowane dabba yana haƙa ramin kansa, hanyar da zai isa 8 m kuma m 2-2.5 m ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Yawancin fitowar gaggawa suna tashi daga harabar ta hanyoyi daban-daban (galibi kusan biyar). Ana dogayen ƙofar shiga a kwana zuwa ciki. Fitocin gaggawa na guntu kuma kusan a tsaye. A cikin mata, ɗakunan kwanciya suna da zurfi fiye da na maza kuma suna yalwataccen ciyawa. Girman zurfin yana samar musu da mafi kyawun rufin zafi da ƙarancin kuzarin kuzari yayin rashin himma.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Abincin da aka shuka ya mamaye abinci ne. Go Gorarran itace suna cin sassan sassan tsirrai, tushen, iri, kwayoyi, furanni da kwararan fitila. Lokaci-lokaci, zuwa kadan, menu yana haɓaka menu ta hanyar arthropods (Arthropoda), beetles (Coleoptera) da masaniyar malam buɗe ido (Lepidoptera). Wani lokaci akan sami tsuntsayen da ƙananan shinge (Vertebrata), gami da kaji na tsuntsayen da ke ƙasa a ƙasa.
A ƙarshen bazara, waɗannan ƙwayoyin, sabanin sauran nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa, ba sa wadatar abinci, amma kawai suna ƙara ciyar da su. Tsarin aikin su yana canzawa, wanda zai ba ka damar tara babban fataccen mai har zuwa 5 mm lokacin farin ciki. Idan matsakaicin nauyin dabba a cikin bazara ya kusan 190 g, to, a cikin fall ya riga ya tashi zuwa 490 g.
Magabtan halitta na kwari na Turai sune ferrets (Mustela), foxes (Vulpes), kuliyoyi na gida da tsuntsaye da yawa masu farauta.
Kiwo
Balaga ta zama ta gaba shekara a bazara bayan ta farka daga baccin fata. Wannan yawanci yana dacewa da kimanin shekaru 300-310. Wakilan wannan nau'in suna da alaƙa da alaƙar iyali da yawa. Dukkanin kulawa da renon yara sun ta'allaka ne kan kafada na uwa.
Lokacin mating yana faruwa a yawancin yankuna a watan Afrilu. Maza suna tashi sama da sati 1-2 a sama fiye da mace. Bayan sun ɗan sami ƙarfi tare da ƙuruciya matasa, suna zuwa neman abokan hulɗa waɗanda gonakin gidansu galibi suna kusa. Bayan an daidaita, 'yan matan suna zuwa neman sabuwar budurwa.
Mace ta gina a cikin ɗakin mazaunin gida inda take da ganyayyaki da sauran gutsuttsuran tsire-tsire masu laushi. Ciki yakan kai kwanaki 25 zuwa 25. A cikin zuriyar dabbobi ɗaya akwai ƙwatan 2 zuwa 10. Mazaunan an haife su makaho ne tsirara. Ciyar da madara takan kusan wata guda. A ƙarshensa, zuriyarsu sunci gaba da rayuwa mai 'yanci.
Bayanin
Tsawon jikin tare da kai shine 20-23 cm, matsakaicin nauyi shine 240-340 g .. Tsawon gajeren wutsiya mai yatsu yakai cm 6 cm, gajeriyar furfura a bayansa ana fentin launin shuɗi, a wuyansa da kirji ya fi sauƙi. Abun ciki mai launin shuɗi-ja. Launin halayyar yana faruwa ne sakamakon tsananin bugun da yake akwai mai duhu. Akwai wuri mai duhu a saman wutsiya. A lokacin rani, Jawo ya yi duhu.
In mun gwada da manyan idanu an aza masu kan kai. A kewaye da idanu suna zoben haske. Kunnuwa suna kanana kuma an rufe su da Jawo. Legsafafun ƙafafun suna dauke da manyan lebur mai faɗi, an daidaita don ramuka. Akwai pouches kunci a bayan cheeks. Maza manya sun fi girma fiye da na mace.
Tsawon rayuwar mai bautar Turai ba ya wuce shekaru 5.