Sunan Latin: | Phoenicurus ochruros |
Squad: | Passerines |
Iyali: | Blackbird |
Additionallyarin ƙari: | Bayanin jinsunan Turai |
Bayyanar mutum da hali. Jiki da girmansa yayi daidai da na Redstart na kowa. Weight 11-20 g, tsawon jikinsa game da cm 15. Blackheads yana da alaƙa da rawar wutsiya mai launin ja.
Bayanin. A kan yankin Turai ta Rasha, tsuntsaye biyu masu biyan kuɗi biyu suna haɗuwa da gida. Turai ta Blackstart Redstart (Ph. o. gibral-tariensis) Namiji mai launin shuɗi ne, kusan launin launi, mai launin "fuska" da kirji. Wararrun gashin fuka-fukan daga fari da sakandare na uku suna ƙirƙirar farin tabo a ɓangaren ɓangaren, duk da haka ana iya bayyanar da wannan tabo ta hanyoyi daban-daban, har zuwa cikakken rashi saboda gaskiyar cewa iyakar gashin fuka-fukan ƙira ta shuɗe. Mace yawanci duhu ne, launin shudi-mai-launin toka, ya bambanta da mace na mahimmin redstart in babu jan saututtukan kirji da ƙarancinsu akan ƙafar baya, na iya samun haske a kan gashin fuka-fukan gashin tsuntsaye, wanda kuma aka kirkira ta hanyar iyakokin haske waɗanda aka saƙa cikin sauƙi.
Yarinya tsuntsaye a cikin gashin tsuntsaye sunyi kama da mace, amma tare da tsarin sikeli mai ban mamaki game da kayan aikin kwano, sun banbanta da sauran samari masu launin fata a cikin manyan launinsu duhu da kuma rashin bayyanar haske daban. Wutsiyar duk tsuntsaye mai ja, kamar redstart na al'ada. Caucasian Blackstart Redstart (Ph. o. ochruros) Canza launi mai canzawa. Yawancin maza sun bambanta da na maza na Turai chernushka ta hanyar mafi girma ko ƙarami gaban jan fuka-fukan fata a ciki, amma wasu maza suna da kusan launi iri ɗaya kamar na maza na ƙasashen Turai. Wasu maza suna da farin madubi a reshe. 'Yan matan da kananan tsuntsayen ana fentin su iri ɗaya kamar na ƙasashen Turai. A cikin kaka, launin launukan tsuntsayen duka biyu yayi kama da na farkon bazara kuma ƙarancin kan iyaka yana kan gashin fuka-fukan. Namiji na chernushka ya bambanta da na maza na redstart na gama gari a cikin babban haɓaka sautin baƙar fata a kan kirji.
Kuri'a. Waƙar tana da inganci da daɗaɗɗe, ta ƙunshi mafi yawan kuloli masu zafi, galibi gami da taƙaitaccen jerin alamun maimaitawa. Kukan damuwa wani hade da bakin ciki "wuri"Kuma danna"fasaha". Suna kama da kukan wata karamar redstart, amma ƙaramin abu.
Matsayi na Rarraba. The redstart redstart reshen Turai yana zaune a kudu da Turai, zuwa gabas kusan zuwa Urals, ana sanancin ciyayi a gabashin Tatarstan, a kudu na yankin Perm, ana ɗauka a cikin wasu sassan Urals. Yankin arewa na iyaka yana canzawa zuwa arewa. Blackstart redstart redstart ya bazu ko'ina cikin tsaunukan Caucasus da kuma kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya; a tsakanin Rasha ta Turai, tana da iska a cikin Arewacin Caucasus. Masu cin nasara a kudanci Turai da arewacin Afirka.
Rayuwa. Fiye da mazaunan mazauna ƙauyuka sune ƙauyuka tare da gine-ginen dutse, musamman galibi an kafa su akan wuraren gini kusa da bayan gari. A cikin yanayin "daji" da suke zaune a cikin duwatsun, wannan ita ce babbar hanyar da ake bi da samun wakilcin kabilun Caucasian. Gida yana zaune a sarari ko rabin-bayyane - a cikin alkuki, akan mulice, leji da sauran wurare masu kama. Kamar yadda ake amfani da kayan girke-girke, ciyawa, gansakuka, asalinsu, gashinsa, ulu, da tawul, auduga, bera, takarda da sauransu. A cikin kama 4-7, yawanci 5 qwai, launinsu tsarkakakke ne. Sai kawai mace ta incubates kama don kwanaki 12 13, duka tsuntsaye girma girma da kajin. Chickks barin gida yana da shekaru 12-19 days. A tsakiyar latitude na Turai, 2 har ma 3 masonry sun zama gama gari lokacin kakar.
Suna ciyarwa da ciyar da kajin tare da kwari da sauran ƙananan kwari, ku ci berries.
Blackstart Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros)
Bayyanannan cikin tsarin redstart
Blackstart redstart yayi kama da gidan da yake da girma. Tsarin Jikin 11 - 20 g, fuka-fuki 23 - 26 cm, tsayin jiki 13 - 14.5 cm.
Daidaita gajerun kafafu baƙi ne. Gindi mai fadi a gindi mai launin baki-kasa ne mai launi. An sa wutsiya mai launin shuɗi tare da ratsin duhu a tsakiya, kuma nadhvost mai haske ja. Godiya ga wannan launi, tsuntsu ya sami suna "Redstart". Sauran launuka na jikin mace da na maza suna daban daban. Abubuwan launuka masu duhu suna mamaye launi na kirji da babba na maza. Fushinsu mai launin shuɗi ne, kuma saman kawukansu kamar launin toka ne. Wakilan jama'ar Asiya suna da jan ciki, da kuma launin toka a cikin tsuntsayen da ke zaune a Turai.
Hakanan, maza na Turai suna da farin fili a kan reshe. Matan na nigella suna da kama da na mata na redstart na kowa, duk da haka, basu da launin shuɗi a tarnaƙi da kirji. Jikin mace mai launin ruwan kasa-mai launin shuɗi da launin baki fiye da maza. Matasa mutane a bayyanar suna kama sosai da mace. A cikin mata, kamar a cikin maza, iris na ido a canza launin a launin ruwan kasa duhu.
Blackstart Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros).
Native Redstart Habitat
A yanayin dabi'a, nests na nigella suna cikin tsaunukan arewa maso yammacin Afirka da Eurasia.
Iyakokin gabas na kewayon shine 111 ° C. a. Tsakanin China da ke arewacin yankin tsibirin kogin Ordos. Manya waɗanda ke kusa da yamma da arewacin wannan yankin ana ɗaure su da yawa zuwa tsarin tsauni na Kudancin Siberiya, kudu maso Kazakhstan da Mongolia. Waɗannan layin ƙasa kamar Khangai, Altai, Tien Shan, Sayan yamma, Ulytau da Dzhungarsky Alatau.
A kwarin Irtysh, blackstart redstart nests har zuwa matakin 51 ° C. sh., kan Yenisei zuwa matakin 52 ° c. w. Yankin kudu maso gabas ya ratsa Hindu Kush, gangaren kudu na Himalayas, kudu maso gabashin Tibet da tsaunin Sino-Tibet. A cikin steppe, lowland da kuma hamada na Turkmenistan da Uzbekistan, chernushka ba ya rayuwa, duk da haka, a yammacin waɗannan yankuna ya sake bayyana a kan tsaunin Elbrus, Kopetdag da kuma cikin tsaunukan Manyan Tsarin. A Kudancin Iran, ana rubuta ƙaramin yawan waɗannan tsuntsayen a cikin tsaunukan Zagros.
Blackstart redstart ya sami damar rataye shi a cikin ɗan lokaci, kamar hummingbird.
A cikin Turai, blackstart redstart ya bazu nesa da tsaunin tsauni. Yanzu yana zaune a kudu na Sweden, a Latvia, a kudancin Ingila, a kudu maso yammacin Finland. An yi rikodin tsuntsayen tsuntsaye a cikin yankin Poltava a bangon hagu na Kogin Dnieper. Duk da wannan rarrabuwa, yawan adadin tsaunuka ya fi karkara.
Nests na Blackstart Redstart
Gidajen wannan nau'in tsuntsaye iri-iri ne. Tsakanin Yankin Yammacin Turai, blackstart shine kadai jinsin da aka samo a duk bangarorin yankin, daga makiyaya har zuwa matakin teku. Wannan tsuntsu ba ya rayuwa sama da layin dusar ƙanƙara. Chernushka yana jin girma duka a ƙauyuka da kuma wuraren tsaunuka tare da yanayin laima da bushe.
A dabi'a, tsuntsu ya fi son bude wurare ba tare da ciyayi mai yawa ba. A filin ƙasa yawanci akwai wuraren ɓoye abubuwa na dutse, ko bulo ko ginin dutse wanda yake maye gurbinsu.
Redstart yana cin ƙananan invertebrates wanda yake kamawa a ƙasa da kan tashi, har da su larvae da berries.
A kan duwatsu da gine-gine, tsuntsun yana shirya gida da kuma shinge. Tsuntsayen suna yin fa'ida ga wannan wuraren don galibin shekara. A rabin rabin shekara, tsuntsayen da ke zaune a ma'auratan birni sun fara ziyarar ƙasar noma wanda ke kusa. Musamman suna son filayen masara da ƙasa "ƙarƙashin tururi." Mummunan baƙi na fata suna hana shi ta hanyar chernushki, duk da yawan kwari da sauran abinci a waɗannan wurare.
Cin Redstart
Abincin ya dogara ne da wasu kwari da sauran ƙananan matsakaitan inshora. A cikin kaka da bazara, ana ƙara abinci na shuka, musamman berries, a wannan menu. Kwaro daga iyalai sama da 50 sun zama ganima ga nigella. Waɗannan su ne ire-iren arthropods, katantanwa, arachnids da sauran dabbobin da ke zaune a saman duniya. Redstart ganima yawanci yana da girman jiki na 2 zuwa 8 millimeters. Koyaya, wasu lokuta tsuntsaye suna cin ciyawar daji da matafiyoyi, wanda tsawon jikinta zai iya kai 7 cm. Kafin cin irin wannan babban ganima, cvarushka tana zubar dashi cikin ƙananan ƙananan.
Mafi kyawun alamar ma'ana, saboda wanda tsuntsu ke da irin wannan suna - mai haske ja tart da wutsiya wanda kullun yana juyawa.
Lokacin farauta a saman ƙasa, maɓallin redstart yana jira wanda aka azabtar akan kowane tsauni na shimfidar wuri: dutsen, dutsen, dutse, reshe. Da zarar an gano abin da ake zarginsa, sai tsuntsun yayi sauri ya mutu, ya kama ganima ya ci gaba, da sauri yana tafiya da sauri. Baya ga wannan hanyar, chernushka sau da yawa yakan fara farauta a kan gardama. Ya kamata a lura cewa hanyoyin farauta, da abincin Redstart, sune suka fi yawa. A wannan al'amari, tsuntsu yana da cikakken iyawa kuma yana iya daidaitawa har zuwa canje-canje mai ƙarfi a cikin wadatar abinci.
Kiwo Redstart Redstart
Balaga ta jima'i ga tsuntsaye ta zo da ƙarshen shekarar farko ta rayuwa. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, nigella suna da mace daya, amma wani lokacin namiji zai iya samun mace biyu. Maza sun fara tashi zuwa wuraren farauta, kuma mace ta shigo lokacin daga fewan kwanaki zuwa makonni biyu bayansu. A lokacin da mata sukazo, kowane ɗayan maza sun sami nasa wurin zama masu tsaro.
Namiji ya nuna yankin ƙasar gaba, yana zaune akan tebur da ɗaukar waƙa. Girman wurin da ake yin fure yana iya zama daga 0.35 zuwa 7 ha. Idan ɗan kishiya ya bayyana a inda yake, to tsuntsun yakan fito da wata kara mai sokin, yana tashi kusa da abokan gaba kuma wani lokacin ma harda kai mata hari.
A cikin kwanaki goma na farko, kajin suna karuwa cikin nauyi fiye da sau 10, kuma kwanaki 11 bayan haihuwar suna da jijiyoyi.
Gashi yawanci rabin buɗe ne ko ɓoye. A tsakanin ƙauyukan, an gina gidan a kan gine-ginen da yawa. A cikin tsaunika, gida yana zaune cikin fashe, tsakanin filayen dutse, a cikin mashahurin dutse ko a cikin alkama. Gida na cstatinushka redstart babban tsari ne mai girman sikelin. Abubuwan gini a gare shi shine mafi yawan dogayen ciyawar bara.
A ciki na gida ya ƙunshi tushen, gansakuka, lashen, auduga, takarda da tawul. Isarshen yana tare da fuka-fukai da ulu. A cikin gina mazaunin maza da mata ku ɗauki kashi daidai. Wani lokacin, ana amfani da gida don shirya shekarar bara don gidaje.
Saurari muryar blackstart redstart
A Tsakiyar Turai, tsuntsaye suna yin kama daga 2 zuwa 3 a kowace kakar. Kamawar farko yawanci mafi girma ne kuma ya ƙunshi daga ƙwai 4 zuwa 7 (matsakaita na 5). A cikin maimaita kwanciya, yawan ƙwai, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba ya ƙare 4. shellaƙar kwai ana fenti sau da yawa a cikin launi mai dusar ƙanƙara, wani lokacin tare da ƙyalli mai haske. Matar ta fara yin kwanciya bayan kwanciya da kwan farko. Lokacin shiryawa ya kai kwanaki 12 zuwa 17. A wannan lokacin, namiji yana tashi daga gida kuma bai bayyana a ciki ba.
Kayan kacal suna fitowa daga ƙwai cikin tsaran sa'o'i kaɗan kawai. Yayin aiwatar da ladabi da ciyar da kajin, duka iyayen sun dauki bangare. A cikin kwanakin 10 na farko na rayuwa, nauyin kajin yana ƙaruwa sau 10. Lokacin yana da kwanaki 10, gashinsa na farko ya fara watsewa cikin kajin. Bayan kwanaki 13 - 19, kajin sun riga sun san yadda za su yi ta tashi cikin haƙuri, amma suna rayuwa a cikin turmi na tsawon makwanni 2, bayan haka sai su tashi daga ciki kuma ba sa komawa, suna fara rayuwa mai zaman kanta.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Bayanin
Tsayin tsawon 140 mm, fuka-fukai 80-90, wutsiya 60-65 mm, baki 13.5-15 mm. Launin launuka na maza manya ne mai duhu launin toka a saman, tare da ƙarin ko noticeasawa marassa tushe gami da gashin gashin baya, wutsiya da wutsiyoyi masu launin-ja a launi, tsakiyar wutsiya mai duhu launin ruwan hoda tare da m gefuna, feathery duhu launin ruwan kasa, matattaran webs na bango baya na mirrored farin kamannin , kunkuntar rami sama da baki, murfin kunnuwa, baki da makogwaro baki ne, goiter da kirji suna da baki tare da gashin baki, gefuna, ciki da gindin zama mai launin toka, farin ciki yana da launin toka-ja, tsakiyar ciki ya yi fari, farin gumi na gashin tsuntsaye ya karye s mahaɗa da nono suna ɓace. Beak, kafafu - baƙi, baƙi mai duhu.
Girma na jima'i yana haɓaka. Mata suna da launin toka-shuɗi launin ruwan launi a sama da ƙasa, wutsiya da ƙarƙashin wutsiya suna kama da maza. Matasa ba tare da tufka ba, kawai tare da gefuna fuka-fukan gashin tsuntsaye na saman, gaba ɗaya kamar mata. Na biyu flyworm ya fi gajere fiye da na shida ko daidai yake da na bakwai, fan na waje yana da kankama akan na ukun, na huxu, na biyar da na shida.
Carnivore Charnushka (a da - Carnivore Charnushka)
Dukan yankin Belarus
Iyalin Drozdovye - Turdidae.
A cikin Belarus - Ph. o. gibraltariensis.
Harshen kiwo na yau da kullun, ƙaura da tsuntsu mai ƙaura. Wani nau'in asalin Rum na Rum, ya mamaye yankin Belarus a karni na ashirin. A cikin Belarus, an fara gano shi a cikin 1956 a cikin gundumar Stolin, inda ya shiga lokacin sake farawa zuwa arewa da arewa maso gabas daga yankunan Carpathians, Zhytomyr da Kiev. Tuni a cikin 1961, ya isa can nesa na Minsk, kuma a halin yanzu ana rarraba shi ko'ina cikin ƙasarmu.
Da kadan ya fi girma fiye da na kowa. Gashin gaban maza, cheeks, makogwaro da kirji baƙi ne, saman kai, baya da fuka-fuki masu launin shuɗi-baki, ɓangaren ƙananan kwari masu fari. Wutsiya, kamar ta sauran redstart, mai launin ja - ja wutsiya mai haske ja, madaidaicinsu na baki ne. Lissafin baƙi ne, ƙafafu suna launin ruwan kasa. A launi na mace ne bayyananne launin ruwan kasa launin ruwan kasa, wutsiya mai haske ja. Tsuntsayen yara suna kama da mace, amma tare da nunannun wurare a gefe da kirji. A cikin yanayi, chernushka alama mai launin toka ne, har ma da baki a gaban. Yawan nauyin namiji shine 14-21 g, mace ita ce 12-19 g .. Tsawon jiki (dukkan jinsi) shine 15 cm, ginin fikafi shine 24-28 cm.
Ya iso a cikin bazara a farkon rabin - tsakiyar watan Afrilu. Ya bayyana a kudu na jamhuriyya a ƙarshen Maris. Spring iigratsiya Chernushki faruwa a kan kara tsawon lokacin hasken rana daga 12 zuwa 16 hours a tamanin da matsakaita shekaru zazzabi a cikin kewayon 2.3. + 10.3 ° C. Idan matsakaita ranakun kwana goma na iska ya ɓace daga lokacin kwana goma da ya gabata ta 5 ° C ko sama da haka a al'ada, lokacin isowa shine kwanaki 5-7.
Waƙar namiji tana da natsuwa, tana nishi, tare da saka kwatancen muryoyin sauran tsuntsayen da kuma halin tsinkewar mara hankali.
Tana zaune wuri mai faɗi na musamman. Yankuna a cikin birane (gami da manyan masana'antu), a cikin ƙauyuka na birni, ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka tsakanin sabbin gine-gine, a kan wuraren gine-gine, a yankuna na masana'antu, masana'antu. Abubuwan da aka fi so a cikin garuruwa sune manyan gidaje da yawa a ƙarƙashin ginin, amma mafi yawan lokuta tsoffin watsi ko gine-ginen da ba na mazauna ba, a cikin ƙauyuka - gonaki. Gabaɗaya, corynus redstart fi son wuraren da aka cika tare da dunƙun ƙasa, tarin duwatsun, kayan gini, i.e., wuraren da suka fi kama da bayyanar asalin mazauninta - wani yanki mai dutse mai dutse.
Jim kadan bayan isowa, tsuntsaye suka mamaye wuraren farauta inda suka fara gina gida. Bishiyoyi daban-daban. Ana sanya filayen kwalliya a cikin wasu matattarar abinci, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, recesses da fasa a cikin ginin gidaje, a cikin ɗakunan faranti, a ƙarƙashin leɓuna, a bayan platband, a cikin ɗakuna na ciki, wani lokacin a tarin tsibirai ko tubalin. Hakanan yana iya daidaitawa a cikin buɗaɗɗun buɗaɗɗun gidauniyar da ke kusa da wuraren da ba a rufe ba, wani lokacin yakan mamaye tsoffin ciyawar buƙatun.
A gida ne ma ya fi sako-sako da kuma m fiye da na talakawa redstart, ƙunshi babban adadin Tushen, mai tushe na herbaceous shuke-shuke, da bambaro. Cikakken rufin ta haɗa da gashi, ulu, gashinsa. A cikin gidaje da aka gina a cikin birane, ana jin babban kayan gini, tawul, zaren wando da sauran abubuwa makamantansu. Mace ta gina gida. Girman matsakaici: nest diamita 5.0-6.8 cm (6.0 matsakaita), madaidaicin gida 5.0-6.8 cm (6.0 matsakaita), tebur diamita 5.1-7.2 cm ( matsakaita 6.6), zurfin tray 4.0-5.0 cm (matsakaici 4.6).
A cikin cikakken kama 5, ƙasa da sau 4 ko 6 ƙwai (matsakaici ƙwai 4.9). Harshen mai dan kadan m, m fararen tare da kawai m bluish tint, m sau da yawa tare da m-kasa-kasa-dige. Tsarin kwai 2.2 g, tsawon 18-20 mm, diamita 14-15 mm.
A matsayinka na mai mulki, mai sake dawowa daga blackstart yawanci yana da rikice-rikice guda biyu: na farko ya bayyana a ƙarshen Afrilu - a watan Mayu, na biyu a watan Yuni - Yuli. Matar tana sanya tsawon kwanaki 12-14.A kudu maso yammacin Belarus, yawan kajin a cikin gida ya kasance daga 3 zuwa 6, matsakaita na 4.4, yawan matasa a cikin tsintsiya ya kasance daga 1 zuwa 5, kuma matsakaita na 3.2.
Duk iyayen sun ciyar da kajin. Kajin suna barin gida yana da shekaru 12 zuwa 16, har yanzu ba a san yadda za su tashi ba, bayan haka mace nan da nan ta gina sabon gida, kuma ma'aurata sun fara zuwa zagayen kiwo na biyu. Iyaye suna ciyar da yara a cikin gida na kusan mako guda.
An samo asalin yawan ciyar da jama'a na Redstart a kudu maso yammacin Belarus. Iyaye suna kawo abinci ga kajin sau 6-30 a cikin awa ɗaya. Akwai kololuwan ciyarwa 2: safiya - tsakanin 6: 00-9: 00 da maraice - 18: 00-20: 00.
Yanayin yanayin yana shafar lokacin ciyarwa: a cikin iska da ruwan sama, ana rage yawan ciyar. Yankin farauta na farawa ta sakewa a cikin yankin horo na Orkhovo (gundumar Brest) a cikin lokacin kiwo shine 6-3 dubu m².
Broaurawar Jirgin sama, tare da tsuntsaye manya, suna kasancewa a cikin wuraren zama na dogon lokaci.
Yawan adadin lokacin bazara na sake dawowa daga aikin sake fasalin launin fata a wurare da yawa na ilmin yanayi wanda aka yi karatu a kudu maso yamma na Belarus daga 2.7 ac / km² a cikin bariki mai tsayi na Brest zuwa 30.5 ap./km² a cikin tsakiyar ƙauyukan gundumar Brest. A shekarun 1980 a cikin ƙauyukan Belovezhskaya Pushcha, an ƙidaya 8.5 os / km², daga 1 zuwa 5 nau'i-nau'i na nigella a cikin kusan ƙauyen. Yawancin Redstarted Redstart a cikin 1982-2014 sun bambanta a ƙauyen Tomashovka tsakanin 12-44 ind./km², a kan iyakar ƙauyen Lesnianka - tsakanin 8-32 ind./km².
Abinci - kamar redstart na talakawa. Ana tattara abinci a ƙasa da rassan itace, an kama manyan kwari a kan tashi. Tushen abincin shine ƙananan kwari da arachnids. A cikin tsuntsayen tsuntsaye a Belovezhskaya Pushcha, an samo ragowar ƙwayoyin ganye, gwoza ƙasa da tururuwa.
Tashi da wucewa - daga Agusta zuwa ƙarshen Satumba; wasu mutane ana samunsu a watan Oktoba. Hijira ta kaka tana faruwa tare da raguwar ci gaba a cikin tsawon sa'o'in hasken rana daga 14 zuwa 10 hours akan asalin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na +16.7. + 7.6 ° C.
Yawan cstushkaushka redstart a Belarus an kiyasta dubu 20 zuwa 35, adadin yana karuwa.
Matsakaicin shekarun da aka yiwa rajista a Turai shine shekaru 10 2 watanni.
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5. Abramova IV, Gaiduk V. Ee. "Lafiyayyen halittu na blackstart Phoenicurus ochruros (Turdidae, Passeriformes) a kudu maso yammacin Belarus" / Baikal Zoological Journal. A'a 1 (18) 2016. Irkutsk, 2016. S.7-10
6. Fransson, T., Jansson, L., Kolehmainen, T., Kroon, C. & Wenninger, T. (2017) LITTAFIN jerin bayanan tarihin rayuwar tsuntsayen Turai.
Kuri'a
Waƙar tana da kyau sosai kuma galibi tana ƙunshe da ɓangarori uku, yana daɗewa daga 2.5 zuwa 4 seconds. A farko, tsuntsu yakan fito da gajeruwar jaka, daga jikin "jir tititi," wanda a hankali yake girma. Bayan dakatarwa ta biyu, sai an bi dogon tsaka mai wuya, a rabi na biyu ya juye ya zama juzu'i na uku, wani abu kamar "chier-cher-cher-cher-cherr". Za'a iya maimaita karin waƙoƙi sau da yawa a jere, jerin sassan yakan saba juyawa. Mataki na ƙarshe na iya samun zaɓuɓɓuka iri-iri, duka a cikin yankunan da keɓaɓɓun ƙasa da daidaikun mutane. Misali, a cikin Tsuntsaye daga Asiya ta Tsakiya, mawaƙa ya fi dacewa - ɓangarorin farko da na ƙarshe sun ƙunshi sauti iri ɗaya.
Baya ga waƙar ƙasa, sau da yawa yana wallafa gajeren wando "fiat" da danna "fasaha", sau da yawa hada su cikin bambancin daban-daban. Ana amfani da waɗannan sautikan yayin sadarwa tsakanin tsuntsaye, lokacin tashin hankali, ko azaman kararrawa. Bugun sauti da kaifi na fasahar zamani sau da yawa yana nuna kusancin mai ƙasar ne.
A Tsakiyar Turai, ana iya jin waƙar tsuntsaye mai laushi da sassafe a cikin Maris ko Yuni, yawanci yakan fara awa daya, wani lokacin biyu kafin fitowar rana. Don haka, corynus redstart yana farkawa lokaci guda tare da blackbirds, kuma a cikin Alps kawai ana rera wakar mai hita na yau da kullun. Tare da ɗan gajeren hutu, waƙar yana ci gaba har zuwa maraice maraice, wanda shine halayyar farkon farkon kiwo. A cikin yanayi mai kyau, tsuntsu yakan kwashe kimanin awanni 6 a kowace rana yana waƙa, yayin da yake maimaita waccan aya tare da bambancin har sau 5,000. Wani lokaci, ana jin waka da dare.
Halayyar
Socialungiyar jinƙan jama'a ta redstarted redstart kamar ba a bayyana ba, kuma har ma a wajen lokacin kiwo, kusan kullum suna samun abincin kansu kuma ana samun su kaɗai. Sai kawai a yanayin lalacewa mai zurfi ko lokacin taro na taro a wuri guda, kamar a bankunan kogi, ana iya lura da ƙananan gunbin tsuntsaye. Koyaya, koda a wannan yanayin, ɗaiɗaikun mutane ba su da wata alaƙa da juna kuma sun kasance nesa nesa da juna.
A cikin rana, chernushka sau da yawa yakan faɗo, a zaune a wani wuri a buɗe, musamman a lokacin molting yanayi. Da wuya ya dauki matakan ruwa, kuma a lokuta ne kawai zaka iya ganin tsuntsu yana iyo a cikin turbaya.
Hijira
Yawancin tsuntsaye daga Arewacin da Tsakiyar Turai suna motsawa ne kawai don ɗan gajeren nesa da kuma hunturu a cikin yankin da ke kusa da Tekun Bahar Rum, arewacin hamadar Sahara da Sifen Sifen. Yankin arewa na lokacin hunturu ya zo daidai da layin Watan Janairu + 7.5 ... + 10 ° C. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsuntsayen kwari, chernushka ya bar makwanninsa sosai ya makara ya dawo da wuri: alal misali, a tsakiyar Turai, maza na farko sun bayyana a farkon shekarun Maris, kuma tashiwar taro yana faruwa ne a rabin na biyu na Oktoba, a cikin Carpathians, tsuntsaye sun isa ƙarshen Maris da farkon Afrilu kuma sun tashi zuwa farkon Oktoba.
Yawan jama'ar Yammacin Yammacin Turai da Kudancin Turai, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna jagorantar yanayin rayuwa ko yin ƙaura a tsaye, suna gangarowa daga yankin Alpine zuwa kwari kusa da sanyi a cikin lokacin sanyi. A Tsakiyar Asiya da kuma yammacin tudun Himalayas, nigella yawanci tsuntsaye ne masu ƙaura, sansaninsu na hunturu suna cikin ƙasan arewa maso yammacin Indiya, Pakistan, kudancin Iran, Larabawa, da kuma filayen a cikin Habasha da Somaliya. Daga yankin gabas na Himalayas, Tibet da yammacin Sin, za a sake komawa arewacin Myanmar da kuma kudu ta Indiya.
Haraji
Masanin kimiyyar dabi’ar halitta dan kasar Jamus Samuel Gmelin ne ya fara bayyana wannan alamar ta farko a cikin 1774. Sunaye Phoenicurus ya fito ne daga kalmomin Girka guda biyu: φοῖνιξ ("Phoenix" - launin shuɗi ko launi carmine) da οὐρά ("oura" - wutsiya). Don haka, marubucin ya jaddada wutsiyar tsuntsayen da ba a saba gani ba - fasali ne wanda aka lura da shi a cikin yaruka da yawa na Turai, gami da Rashanci. Duba suna ochruros Hakanan an samo shi daga ƙyalli na Girkanci ὠχρός (ок okros '- pale), wanda ke ƙarfafa bambanci tare da wani nau'in Turai - na yau da kullun, wanda ke da wutsiya mai haske.
Har zuwa kwanan nan, al'adar sakewa ta al'ada ta kasance ne ga dangin gogaggen. Bayan haka, binciken da aka yiwa wasu kwayoyin halitta masu zaman kansu guda biyu 'yan shekarun baya-bayan nan - binciken DNA da kwayar cutar cytochrome mitochondrial jerin kwayoyin halittar DNA b - ya yanke hukuncin cewa asalin halittar Phoenicurus kusanci kusa da fulawa (Muscicapidae) fiye da tare da blackbirds. Abokin dangi mafi kusa na chernushka ana ganin ya zama filin sake buɗe ido da ke zaune a Tibet (Phoenicurus hodgsoni) Sauran nau'ikan masu alaƙa sun haɗa su a cikin taska ɗaya tare da chernushka - Siberian (Phoenicurus auroreus), jan-kararrawa (Phoenicurus erythrogastrus) da yiwu Alashan (Phoenicurus alaschanicus) Redstart. Starin sakewa na yau da kullun, duk da kamanceceniyar halittar jiki, baya kusa da ita kamar na jinsin da ke sama. Dukkan nau'ikan sun bambanta a cikin ilimin dabbobi da halayyar mutum. Kodayake an san yanayin maganganu na rashin haihuwa, ana tsammanin halittar jinsunan biyu ba su da haihuwa.
Dangane da ayyukan Ertan, rarraba tsarin sake fasalin cikin nau'ikan zamani ya fara ne a Late Pleistocene kimanin shekaru miliyan 3 da suka gabata, kuma mazauna duk Eurasia a farkon Miocene kimanin miliyan 1.5 da suka gabata.
Akwai da yawa reshe na bakar fata, wanda yafi bambanta a canza launin rukunin babba na maza. Dangane da sifofin halittar mutum, biogeography, da kuma cytochrome gene nucleotide data b Mitochondrial DNA duk rabe-raben za'a iya raba shi zuwa manyan kungiyoyi 3:
- Kungiya Phoenicuroides Ya haɗu da siffofin asali daga Tsakiya da Gabas ta Asiya, waɗanda suka rabu da magabata kuma suka fara yaduwa zuwa yamma (3 - 1.5 miliyan da suka gabata). Mace da kananan tsuntsaye masu haske ne a launi.
- P. o. Phoenicuroides (F. Moore, 1854)
- P. o. murinus Fedorenko
- P. o. rufiventris (Vieillot, 1818)
- P. o. xerophilus (Stegmann, 1928)
- Kungiya ochruros ya haɗu da siffofi daga Yammacin Asiya da Turai waɗanda suka rabu da rukuni gibraltariensis kimanin miliyan 1.5-0.5 da suka gabata. Gudanar da mata da tsuntsayen samari matsakaici ne dangane da na ƙungiyoyin masu tallafin Phoenicuroides da 'gibraltariensis.
- P. o. ochruros (S. G. Gmelin, 1774)
- P. o. semirufus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
- Kungiya gibraltariensis hada kan al Europeanummomin Turai da na Afirka waɗanda suka kafa asara a lokacin dusar kankara ta ƙarshe. Mata da kananan tsuntsaye suna bambanta da launi mai duhu.
- P. o. gibraltariensis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)
- P. o. aterrimus (von Jordanans, 1923)
Miƙa
Matasa tsuntsu suna motsawa daga gashin tsuntsu a cikin watan Agusta - Satumba, m molt - rushewar jikin, ƙaramin fika da matsakaici, da kuma 3-4 na manyan fikafikan murfi canza. A cikin manyan tsuntsaye, cikakken molt yana faruwa a watan Agusta - Satumba.
Ana samun kayan bazara ba tare da zubar da su ba, sakamakon bayyanar hasken ƙarshen gashinsa. Wasu lokuta yara maza a farkon lokacin bazara na rayuwa sun kasance suna kama da mace (kuma irin su a cikin wannan rigar), a wasu halaye, bayan molt na farko, sun zama kama da maza manya, amma sun bambanta da su ta hanyar kwari da rudders da aka kiyaye daga farauta.