A da, matsanancin shimfidar wuri ya bazu sosai a cikin yankin steppe kuma wani yanki na yanki-steppe zone daga Hungary zuwa Irtysh, duk da haka, daga baya, ƙarƙashin rinjayar gonar budurwa, ta ɓace kusan ko'ina, tsira kawai a wuraren da ba a taɓa budurwa budurwa ba. A halin yanzu, kewayonsa sun hada da wuraren da aka keɓe da yawa a cikin tsarin tsage-tsage na yankunan Kharkov da Lugansk na Ukraine, Kudancin Rasha da Gabas ta Tsakiya, ƙananan kwari na Volga, da Kudancin Urals a Arewacin Kazakhstan. Baibak wani yanki ne na mahalli da ke zaune a fili. Game da yin huɗa dabarar, ba da daɗewa ba ya zuwa ƙasa budurwa mafi kusa ko, a cikin mawuyacin hali, zuwa “matsala”: adibas, rafin da ba a taɓa yin kwarin ba, kwarin gwaiwa, kwari, kan iyaka, wuraren kiwo, har ma a gefen hanyoyin ƙasa. Yankunan da suka dace da mazauna yanzu yankuna ne marasa ƙarancin ƙasa. Ba shi da matsala a gare shi, a irin wuraren da baibak yake zama ba tare da wani lokaci ba.
Abubuwa na dabam
Baibak Marmota bobak yana ɗaya daga cikin wakilai mafi girma na dangin squirrel: tsawon jikinta shine 50-70 cm, nauyin maza ya kai kilo 10. Jikin baibak yayi kauri, tare da gajeren wando, kafafu masu kauri dauke da manyan fuka, kuma kansa babba ne, mara nauyi, yana zaune a takaice. Ana iya rarrabe shi da sauƙi daga wasu marmots ta ɗan gajeren wutsiya (baifi 15 cm ba) da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi.
Habitat, salon rayuwa da halaye
Baybaks suna zama a cikin manyan yankuna na lardunan shekara, suna tsara burrows don mahalli na dalilai daban-daban da mawuyacin gidaje. Abubuwan burbushinsu na ɗan lokaci kaɗan ne, gajeru, tare da ƙofa ɗaya, ba tare da ɗakin shaƙatawa ba, a cikinsu marmots suna ɓoyewa daga haɗari, lokaci-lokaci suna kwana. Akwai irin waɗannan ramuka har guda 10 a cikin ƙasa a cikin yankin abinci. Madaidaitan burrows sun fi rikitarwa, suna hunturu da bazara. Lokacin bazara (brood) burrows suna wakiltar tsarin hadaddun tsarin motsawa, an haɗa su zuwa saman da yawa (har zuwa 6-15) kantuna. Daga babban rami na rami, ƙyalli da yawa ko kuma bakin mutu sun tashi, a cikin abin da marmots ke shirya ɗakunan wanka. A cikin zurfin 2-3 m, akwai wani ɗakin da ke da ɗakin girke tare da ƙarar har zuwa 0.5-0.8 m³, a cikin abin da farjin ƙasa yake jan ciyawa da tushen sa. Za'a iya shirya hujin hunturu (hunturu) mafi sauƙi, amma ɗakunan da ke cikin su suna da zurfi, a cikin huhun da ba su daskarewa na ƙasa - har zuwa 5-7 m daga farfajiya. Jimlar madaidaitan hanyoyin da madawwamin burgo ya kai 57-63 m. Musamman mawuyacin halin da ake ciki, akwai dakuna da dama masu girman girma, kuma hanyoyin suna da yawa da kuma benaye. Lokacin da aka kirkiro burrow na dindindin, to kimanin tozikan mitir mita na ƙasa ana jefa shi a farfajiya, zai zama babban tuddai. Yawancin lokaci, marmot ya fito fili sosai a kan tushen chernozem a cikin launi mai sauƙi, ƙasa tana bushewa, cike da sinadarin nitrogen da abubuwan ma'adinai daga zuriyar marmot. Tsawon tsaunin ya kai 40-100 cm tare da nisan mitoci na 3-10 m. A kan marmot kusa da rami da aka zauna akwai yankin da aka tattake daga inda marmots ke bincika mahallin. Ragowar ruwan marmot a hankali yana rufe da ciyayi, ya bambanta sosai da yanayin da ke kewaye da ita: tsutsa, alkama, da kermek suna girma a nan. A cikin cunkoson jama'a cike gurbi da marmots, har zuwa 10% na farfajiyar an rufe shi da marmots, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yanayin wuri ya sami halin da yake na musamman.
Menene marmots marmots suke ci?
The steppe marmot cin abinci m da taushi abinci shuka, da kuma fi so tsire-tsire daji, ciyawa alkama, chicory, Clover da filin bindweed. A cikin yanayi daban-daban na shekara, sun fi son sassa daban daban na shuka. Don haka, a farkon yanayin bazara, ana cin abinci ƙasa ta hanyar overwintered rhizomes da kwararan fitila, a lokacin rani - matasa harbe na hatsi da ganye, da furanni. A cikin rabin rabin lokacin bazara, lokacin da ciyayi masu ƙonewa suke ƙonewa, masu baqin hausar suna can nesa da abubuwanda suke nema don neman busasshen ciyawa tare da ciyawar ciyawa. Fruitsya fruitsyan itãcen marmari da tsaba a cikin ciki ba su narkewa, suna watsuwa tare da keɓaɓɓe. A lokacin koto, baibak yana ci har kilogiram 1-1.5 na yawan tsire-tsire. Matakan da ke tattare da kwari kuma suna cin abincin dabbobi - ayau, farauta, matafirai, tururuwar pupae, yawanci suna cin su da ciyawa. Abun hunturu baya yin hannun jari a lokacin hunturu. Yawancin lokaci ba ya shan ruwa, abun ciki tare da danshi wanda ke cikin tsire-tsire, ko raɓa safe.
Harkokin hunturu na hunturu "yana bacci kamar shimfidar ƙasa"
A ƙarshen bazara, marmots suna tarawa har zuwa 800-1200 g na mai, wanda yakai 20-25% na nauyinsu. A ƙarshen watan Agusta - Satumba, dabbobi kan taru a cikin hunturu dabbobin cikin rukuni na 2-5 zuwa 20-24 mutane. Sun toshe dukkan hanyoyin shiga rami tare da cunkoson ababen hawa daga cakuda feces, qasa da duwatsun kuma suka fada cikin zurfin hijirar, wacce zata wuce watanni 6-8. Yanayin iska a cikin burrows na bajbaks baya faɗuwa ƙasa da 0 ° C koda a cikin tsananin sanyi. A lokacin ɓoyewa, yanayin rayuwar marmots ya kusan daskarewa: zazzabi jiki ya ragu daga 36-38 zuwa 4.6-7.6 ° C, numfashi yana sauka zuwa 2-3 numfashi a minti ɗaya maimakon na 20-24 na al'ada, da bugun zuciya zuwa 3-15 beats a minti daya maimakon 88-140. A cikin hunturu, marmots baya ciyar kuma kusan basa motsawa, data kasance saboda ajiyar kitsen mai. Koyaya, tunda yawan kuzarin lokacin hurawar ƙasa yayi ƙasa, a lokacin bazara, busharan katako yakan farkar da abinci mai kyau, tare da ajiyar 100-200 g na mai.
Mataki ƙasa game da yanayin cikin haɗari
Marmots suna fitowa daga ɓarkewar a ƙarshen Fabrairu - farkon Maris. Samun ɗan ƙoshin mai, sun fara gyara ko tono sababbin ramuka masu kariya, daga baya - don gyarawa da faɗaɗa ramuka na zama. Aikin su yana farawa ne daga fitowar rana, lokacin da dabbobin suka farka su je don ciyarwa. A saman farfajiyar kasa, suna kula da gani (hali a shafi) da sauti (kiran mirgine, siginar haɗari) sadarwa. Yawancin lokaci ƙasa biyu a cikin yanki suna ɗaukar nauyin aikawa yayin da wasu suke ciyarwa. Ji ƙarar ƙasa ba ta da ci gaba fiye da hangen nesa, saboda haka siginar haɗari ba ta da yawa kamar zuriya kamar jinsin congener da ke gudana zuwa rami. Ganin haka, sauran marmots ma sukanyi rige-rigen zuwa ramuka, koda kuwa babu ihu. Da tsakar rana, baibaks yakan huta ne a cikin mayuka, kuma da yamma ya sake fita don ciyarwa. A saman duniya suna yin awanni 12-16. A marmot motsa a cikin m datas, wani lokacin tsayawa da daskarewa a wurin. Da gudu daga bin sa, sai ya yi saurin gudu, yana kaiwa 12-15 km / h a sashin matakan, kuma yayi ƙoƙarin ɓoye a cikin rami mafi kusa.
Kiwo
A watan Maris - Afrilu, lokacin canjin ya fara. Ciki yakan kai kwanaki 30-35, yawanci yakaiyu 3-6 a cikin kahon. Marmots jariri tsirara ne da makafi, 9-1 cm tsawo da 30-40 g a nauyi (wannan kusan 1% na nauyin mahaifiyar). Idanun su bude kawai a ranar 23rd. Yayin cikin ciki da shayarwa, namiji ya motsa zuwa wani rami. Matar tana ciyar da madara har zuwa kwanaki 50, kodayake yana da kwanaki 40, a ƙarshen Mayu da farkon watan Yuni, marmots sun riga sun fara ciyar da ciyawa. A baya can, an yi imani da cewa marmot iyalai kunshi iyaye da broods biyu na pups yanayi. Amma lura da dabbobi masu laushi sun nuna cewa wani ɓangare na shekarun shekara suna barin danginsu kuma suna zama a cikin wasu iyalai a matsayin yara masu reno, kuma iyayensu, a biyun, suna karɓar cuban baƙi. Ma'aurata suna zama tare da iyayensu har zuwa lokacin bazara mai zuwa, bayan haka sukan gina nasu burukan. Amma suna yin hutu na biyu tare da iyayensu. Matasan marmots sun isa balaga ne kawai na shekaru 3 na rayuwa.
Ina yake zama
An sami babban adadin a yankuna da aka ambata, amma nadin sabbin filaye, neman farauta koyaushe ya sa baibak dinmu ya rage adadin.
Yanzu an samo shi a arewacin yankin Kazakhstan, yana zaune a kan ƙawance wurare daga Urals zuwa sanannen Irtysh, ya dade ya mallaki ƙasar a bankunan Don.
Yaya baibak take rayuwa?
Yana bacci sama da rabin shekara, sauran lokacin da zai shirya don isowar shaƙatawa mai zuwa. Me yake yi? Groupungiyar dabbobi tana createsirƙirarin tsarin tsarin burrows. Abin da dabba mai ban mamaki mai ban mamaki ke ƙirƙirar gida don hunturu da wani daban na bazara.
Suna aiki tsawon shekaru, ƙirƙirar gida, tsawonsu wanda zai iya kaiwa fiye da mitin dozin, yana fitar da ƙasa mai yawa. Ana yin wani nau'in duba na ruwa kusa da rami don dubawa kan ƙasa mai kusa da ita.
Lokacin da burrows ke shirye, baibak ya fara shirya jikin don tsawan yanayin zaman kansa, don cin abinci mai ƙarfi don tafiya sama lokacin farin ciki mai kauri.
Me zai faru idan baibak tayi bacci? Dukkanin matakai na jiki suna tsayawa. Yawan numfashi na dabbar, bugun bugun zuciya, da yawan zafin jiki ya sanya baibak ya sami damar kula da rayuwa saboda kitse na jikin mutum.
Lokacin mating yana farawa ne a lokacin bazara. Dabbobin da ke ɗan mutuwa suna zama ƙauna. Cubs suna bayyana da sauri. Mace tana da wata ɗaya kawai don ta haɗu da gram arba'in na rashin taimako da makafi baybachat.
Tsawon kwanaki arba'in, 'Ya'yan suna shan madarar uwa, kawai sai su fara shan ganyaye su shirya don rayuwa mai' yanci.
Janar bayanin
Marmot ne mafi girma rodent. Ya kai 60 cm tsayi. Yawan nauyin maza mafi girma kafin hunturu na iya isa 8 kg. Marmots suna kashe mafi yawan rayukansu a cikin ɓarna.
Marmot burrows ana samun galibi a gangaren gangaren kwari. Kuma suna yawanci bayyane daga nesa zuwa ƙarƙashin mounds na ƙasa - marmots. Burrows daga mita 2 zuwa 4 zurfi, tare da fewan knoan.
Kafin hunturu, marmots ya tara kilogram na mai. Kuma sannu a hankali shirya don rashin himma. Sun layi bushe ciyawa tare da ɗakin hunturu a cikin rami. Rufe dukkan hanyoyin fita daga ramin kuma gaba ɗayan sun shiga cikin rashin hankali.
Hakanan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka masu sauƙaƙa don burrows, na ɗan lokaci, tare da shigar guda ɗaya. A cikinsu za su tsere daga hatsari. Hoton yana nuna ɗayan waɗannan ramuka.
Ba zan taɓa tunanin shi rami ba ne, idan ban taɓa ganin rukunoni uku da ke ɓoye a ciki ba.
A cikin Turai ta Rasha, tsalle-tsalle, tsalle-tsalle na Turai, yana rayuwa. Mazaunin mazaunin yanki ne da kuma gandun daji-steppe.
Marmots suna aiki sosai a cikin lokutan hasken rana. Lokacin fitowar rana, suna hawa zuwa saman. Suna ciyarwa, gyara da tono sabon burrows. Yayin ayyukan rana, ɗaya ko sama na ƙasa daga ikon mallaka bincika wuraren. Kuma idan akwai haɗari, za su fitar da wata alama ta gudu da gudu cikin rami. Ganin wata tarko, sauran mutane kuma suna samun mafaka a cikin ramuka.
Suna farautar marmots - baibaks, sai dai mutane, dawakai da dawakai karnuka.
Marmots suna ciyar da abinci na shuka. A cikin bazara, kwararan fitila da rhizomes na tsire-tsire suna zuwa abinci. Yayin da ciyawa ke girma, ana cin ciyawa da ciyawa masu ciyawa. Suna son Clover, hatsi. A lokacin rana, dabba guda zata iya cinye kilogiram 1.5 na abinci iri-iri. Ba sa ƙirƙirar hannun jari don hunturu.
Marmots suna rayuwa a cikin yankuna. Iyalai sun hada da dangi. Iyalin galibi suna da mahaifa da matasa, a shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Kowane iyali suna da nasu tsarin da za su yi kiwo kuma ba sa barin waje. Lokacin shekara uku, marmots ya isa ga balaga ya bar ramin haihuwa.
A cikin bazara, lokacin mating yana farawa. A watan Mayu, ƙananan marmots 4-6 sun bayyana. Kimanin kwanaki 40 ke ciyar da madara nono kawai. Saurayi suna girma cikin sauri. Bayan wata daya suna iya bayyana a farfajiya.
Farauta ta Groundhog
Marmot yana da fur mai kyau, nama mai cin abinci, har ma mai kima mai mahimmanci. Saboda haka, shi mai son isasshen kofin farauta ne a cikin harka.
Yawancin lokaci, ana ba da izinin haƙar ma'adinan ƙasa na watan Yuli-Agusta.
Marmots talauci jure wa zafi, kuma a cikin mummunan yanayi ba su bar rami kwata-kwata. Saboda haka, sukan farauta su tun da sassafe ko kuma da yamma.
Kusa da marmots kana buƙatar neman mafaka. Da sassafe, kafin fitowar rana, kuna buƙatar ɗaukar hoto da kallo. Wajibi ne a jira har sai baibak ta fashe daga ramin. Kuna buƙatar harba kawai lokacin da ya motsa daga rami. Dabba da aka kashe na iya fada cikin rami, amma ba za a iya fitar da shi daga wani rami.
Makamai don farauta ya fi dacewa da bindiga, har ma da mafi kyawun gani. Zaka iya amfani da karamar bindiga mai fasali. Kuna buƙatar harba tabbas. Dabba mai rauni za ta shiga rami ta mutu.
Amma tare da makamai masu santsi, farauta yafi wahala. A wannan yanayin, ya zama dole ne a sake nisan da nisa zuwa 50 mita daga marmot. Ko kuma kusanci da dabbobin kiwo. Dole ne a zaɓi katakan katako tare da ƙunshiya daga 00 zuwa 0000.
Me kama da wani bakak?
A waje, baibak tana da girma babba - wani babban akwati ne ya ke bambance shi da gajerun ƙafafu da yatsunsa. A wasu halaye, nauyin ƙasa ya kai kilo 10.
Tsawon sashin jiki na tsawon sanda 55-70 cm ne, wutsiyar kuwa ita ce cm 12-15. Shugaban da yake da kwalliya yana da girma babba dangane da jikin.
Kanta mai laushi da gajeren wando mai launin shuɗi-ja da yashi. Koyaya, ƙarshen ragowar gashi sunyi duhu, wanda yake sanya murfin ƙasa ya bayyana da rufe baki ko launin shuɗi mai duhu. Haske-ja a cikin sashin ƙarfe kawai ƙananan ɓangare na mucks. Idanun duhu suna rufe idanun duhu, kusa da bakin mottles na baki. Guda iri ɗaya da fur ɗin a saman kan dabbar.
A ƙarshen lokacin rani, baibaks sun zama sananniya da kiba.
A saman, jikin baibak ya fi sauƙi sama da ƙananan sashin, kuma ƙarshen wutsiya mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. A lokacin rani, da m molts.
Baibak rayuwar
Matattarar marmots suna rayuwa cikin ɓoye ɓoyayye na ƙasa a cikin mazauna. Gabobin su ana kwatanta su da yawa masu ficewa da kuma tsattsauran tsarin motsi, adadin su wanda wasu lokuta yakan kai dubun mita. Isarshen ɗakin da ke zaune yana liyi tare da ciyawa mai bushe kuma an yi shi a zurfin akalla mita 2. Saboda ƙasan ƙasa, an kafa tudu mai tsayi na 0.5 - 1 mita a saman ramin - dabbobi kanyi amfani da su azaman “wuraren lura”.
Harkokin hunturu na marmots yana farawa a watan Satumba kuma zai ɗauki watanni 6-8. Kafin fadawa ciki, marmots suna sabunta zuriyar ciyawa tare da rufe hanyoyin ruwa tare da duniya da duwatsun. A wannan lokacin, mutane da yawa sun rigaya suna zagaye kilogram na mai. A cikin hunturu, gida bai taɓa yin sanyi sama da 0 digiri Celsius ba. Hibernation yana kasancewa har zuwa Maris.
Idan kuma akwai hatsari, dabbar ta fara yin ihu da ƙarfi.
Bayan sun tashi, dabbobin suna ciyar da kansu kuma sun fara tono sabon burrows. Ciyarwa mai mahimmanci yana da ban sha'awa sosai don kallo. Yayin da danginsu ke ci, ƙasa ɗaya ko biyu na lura da kewayen, suna tsaye a ƙafafunsu na baya. Sa’ad da hadari ya taso, suna gargaɗin ’yan’uwan kuma suka ɓoye cikin rami. Baibaki ya kai kimanin kilo mita 15 a lokacin da yake motsawa.
Abin da ke cin abinci baibak
Baibak yana ciyar da tsirrai. Abincinsa ya haɗa da oats na daji, Clover, harbe harbe, hatsi da ganye. Amma ba a haɗa amfanin gona a cikin wannan jeri ba, saboda haka ƙarancin ba shi da haɗari ga ɗan adam.
Baibak dabba ce mai kiba.
A ranar, dabbar za ta iya cin abinci har kilo 1 na abinci. A lokaci guda, ya kusan ba ya cinye ruwa, yana wadatuwa da danshi mai dauke da tsire-tsire. Wani lokacin baibaki ci kwari tare da ciyawa. Ba ya zama ruwan dare ba ga waɗannan toan baƙin da ke tara don hunturu.
Abokan gaba
Babban maqiyan baibak su ne tsuntsayen da suka farauto, Korsaks da Wolves. Saboda dusar daɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗa muni, kuma mutum ya kan yi nasara a kansu.
A Mongolia, dabbobi da suke da nama mai kalori iri-iri ana ci gaba ɗaya, kuma maganin gargajiya yana amfani da kitsensu azaman magani. Baibaka mai zai iya warkarda cututtukan cututtukan koda da magungunan ba zasu iya magance su ba.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Bayani da salon rayuwa
Buildira da matattarar ƙasa mai tsananin ƙarfi ne. Yana da jiki mai kauri a gajerun kafafu mai karfi tare da manyan firam. Hakanan shugaban yana da girma, yana kwance a siffa. Marmot ya bambanta da sauran marmots ta ɗan gajeren wutsiya - tsayin 13-18 cm da launi mai ruwan hoda na fure. A bayansa, yana da faci duhu masu kauri a kansa. Kunnuwa 'yan duhu ne.
Shedding yana faruwa a baibacs sau ɗaya a shekara. Yana farawa a cikin watan Mayu kuma a cikin tsoffin dabbobi na iya jawowa har zuwa watan Agusta ko ma har sai Satumba.
Marmot marmot yana zaune a ɗakin kwana da tudu, yana fifita wuraren da isasshen danshi da ciyawar ciyawa.A baya can, baibak ta yadu sosai a cikin yankuna na Asiya da Turai, amma yawan farauta da yin noma a ƙasa ya rage adadin wannan nau'in. A halin yanzu, ana iya samun dutsen a Arewacin Kazakhstan daga Kogin Ural zuwa Irtysh kuma a cikin Rasha a kan wuraren da ba a taɓa jin su ba na Tsakiyar Volga ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Urals da Don.
Baibaki kusan ba sa ciyar da tsire-tsire masu ciyawa, sun fi son Clover, chicory, alkama, ƙwayayen daji da filayen haɗin su. Hakanan kuma an haɗo su cikin abincinsu kwari - ustsoro, caterpillars, pupae na tururuwa da mollusks. Mafi yawan lokuta, baibak yana cin irin abincin dabbobi, yana haɗiye shi da ciyawa.
Ranar da farawa daga matakin farko ya fara ne da fitowar rana. A cikin bazara, bayan sun fita daga rashin isasshen gashi, dabbobin da suka gaji suna ciyar da kusan duk rana. A farkon lokacin bazara, tsarin mulkin su yana kara aunawa. Da safe suna fita don ciyarwa, suna jira zafin rana tsaka. Da maraice, fita sake don ciyarwa.
Yawancin lokaci, masu aiko da sakonni biyu suna kan aiki yayin ciyarwa. Idan akwai haɗari, farfajiyar ƙasa tana fitowa da siginar sauti - yiyi. Koyaya, jinsu ba shi da ci gaba fiye da hangen nesa, saboda haka mafi yawan lokuta babban siginar ba sauti ba ce, amma dangi na gudu zuwa rami. Duk da jinkirin da yake yi, yana gudu, baibak zai iya haɓaka madaidaicin saurin kilomita 10-15 / h.
Dabbobin suna zaune a cikin manyan yankuna, kowannensu yana da nasa tsarin tsarin takaddama. Smallestanana da ƙananan burrows suna aiki a matsayin mafaka idan haɗari ya faru. Sun kasance baƙaƙen buɗe ido ba zurfin zurfin mita 1-2. Duka burukan da marmots ke rayuwa sun fi rikitarwa. An rarrabasu cikin hunturu da bazara. Ramin bazara yana da hanyoyin fita da yawa da kuma tsarin hadaddun wurare. A zurfin zurfin mita 2-3, akwai ɗakin ɓoye wanda a cikin shimfidar ƙasa ke jan bushe ciyawa don kwanciya. Wataƙila akwai irin waɗannan kyamarori da yawa. Kusa da babban mafita ƙananan ƙananan ƙarshen mutu ne. Yayin tsabtacewa, farfajiyar ƙasa tana binne shara da datti a wurin, shirya wuraren wanka. Harshen damuna na hunturu suna da sauki, amma ɗakunan da ke cikinsu suna da zurfi sosai, a cikin kauri mai daskarewa. Yawancin lokaci a zurfin mita 5-7.
Jimlar tsawon dukkan ramuka na iya isa ga dubun mita. Marmots sun yi aiki na tsawon shekaru don tsara gidansu, a lokacin da aka jefa ɗumbin filaye a farfajiya. A sakamakon haka, an kafa tsauni zuwa 100 cm tsayi kuma har zuwa mita 10 a kewayenta kusa da ƙofar rami. Wannan tudun yana matsayin baibak don abubuwan duba yankin. Kuma tsirrai da ke girma a kanta ta bambanta da dazuka da ke kewaye da ita. Yawancin lokaci tsutsa, alkama da kermek suna girma akan motsi na marmots.
Watanni biyu zuwa uku kafin farauta, baibak ta fara cin abinci sosai, tana ninka nauyinta. A ƙarshen bazara, ya yi tafiya daga gram 800 zuwa 1200 na mai. A cikin shirye-shiryen buda ido, baibaki ba su da yawa kuma suna fitowa daga rami, suna jan ciyawa a ciki. A ƙarshen watan Agusta - a watan Satumba, suna tara abubuwa cikin ɓoye-rukuni cikin ƙungiyoyi tare da toshe wurare tare da matattun duwatsu, ƙasa da zuriyar dabbobi. Hibernation yana ɗaukar watanni 6-8. A wannan lokaci, duk matakai a jikin dabbobi kusan daskare. Yawan numfashi, motsawar jiki yana raguwa, zazzagewar jiki ya ragu zuwa 5-7 ° C. Duk wannan yana ba ku damar rage farashin kuzari da kuma kula da mahimman ayyuka saboda yawan mai.
A cikin bazara, lokacin mating yana farawa a lokacin marmots. Mahaifiyar mace tana kimanin wata daya, bayan haka ana haihuwar cuban mata 3-6. Su tsirara ne, makafi ne kuma marasa taimako, kuma nauyinsu shine gram 30-40 ne kawai tare da tsayin jiki da ya kai santim 9 - 9. Idanuwan baybachat suna budewa ne kawai a ranar 23. A tsakanin kwanaki 50, yaran suna shayar da madarar uwa, kodayake yana da shekaru arba'in amma sun riga sun fara cin ciyawa. Baibak na balaga ya faru ne a shekara ta uku ta rayuwa.
Sauran abubuwan bayarwa:
Tarkokin sarkar kayan aiki da kayan aiki BlockPOST
Shagon kamun kifi Marlin
Shagon "Mayak" - komai don kamun kifi, farauta da yawon shakatawa
Fishing store "Reed"
Tarayya reshe jerin shagunan "Berloga"
Shagon cinikin "Volzhsky Zori"
Shagon "Gidan Jirgi"
Shop na kwalliyar kwalliyar '' Yard '
"Mafarauci" - kantin sayar da kayayyaki don kamun kifi da kuma yawon shakatawa
Shagon sayar da makamai "bindigogin Tula"
Gidan cinikin Kifi "minnows biyu"
Dabbobi na yankin Saratov
Baibak, ko Babak, ko sanannen (steppe) groundhog (Latin Marmota bobak) ƙwanƙwasa ne daga asalin halittar ƙasa, mazaunin budurwa dogo na yankin Volga. Sunan Rasha - "steppe groundhog", sunan Latin - "Marmota bobak" da sunan Turanci - "Bobak marmot" sun fito ne daga Turkic - "baibak" - "groundhog". Baibak tana daya daga cikin manya-manyan squirrels: tsawon jikinta shine 50-70 cm, nauyin mazinaci ya kai kilo 10. Jikin yayi laushi, kafafu sunyi gajeru, amma tare da dogon yatsu dauke da makamai masu karfi - kayan aiki ne don tono ramuka. A takaice, kusan wuyansa marar ganuwa ya zauna karamin, ɗanɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗaɗa kai tare da manyan idanu da auricles dan kadan suna fitowa daga fur. Taya ba fiye da rabin tsawon jiki ba. Jawo yana da matukar kauri, lokacin farin ciki, musamman ma ƙasan mama. Launin duk filayen launin fure wani lokaci ne da ke da launin toka-toka, ba tare da aibobi da rariyoyi na siffofin filaye ba, amma nau'ikan halittu suna da "hat" mai duhu akan kawunan su. Hakanan dabba dabba ce mai mahimmanci, fata na waɗannan dabbobin suna yin kwaikwayon bayyanar furs mafi tsada, saboda haka yana cikin babban buƙatu.
Ana iya rarrabe shi da sauƙi daga wasu marmots ta ɗan gajeren wutsiya (baifi 15 cm ba) da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. Saboda ƙarshen duhu na gashi na waje, an rufe bayansa da launin ruwan kasa ko ruwan ɗigon duhu, yana kauri a bangon kai da saman kai. Cheeks suna da launin shuɗi, launin ruwan kasa ko baƙi mai duhu a idanu. An san ciki da duhu kuma ya fi ja dayan bangarorin, ƙarshen wutsiya mai duhu ne. Akwai albino marmots. Sanarwa cikin baibaks sau daya a shekara, yana farawa a watan Mayu kuma ya ƙare (a cikin tsoffin marmots) a ƙarshen watan Agusta, wani lokacin ana jan har zuwa Satumba.
Kamar dabbobin ƙasa, dabbobin ƙasa duka dabbobin ƙasa ne da ba za su iya hawa bishiya ba. Ppasashe masu ciyawa masu yawa da dabbobin ƙasa iri iri na ciyayi sun zauna a wurin da ake yin burodin. Game da yin huɗa dabarar, ba da daɗewa ba ya zuwa ƙasa budurwa mafi kusa ko, a cikin mawuyacin hali, zuwa “matsala”: adibas, rafin da ba a taɓa yin kwarin ba, kwarin gwaiwa, kwari, kan iyaka, wuraren kiwo, har ma a gefen hanyoyin ƙasa. Yankunan da suka dace da mazauna yanzu yankuna ne marasa ƙarancin ƙasa. Ba shi da matsala a gare shi, a irin wuraren da baibak yake zama ba tare da wani lokaci ba. Saboda tsawon lokaci yana jinkirtawa a kan albarkatun ciyawa na ciyawa. Matsakaicin waje na waje da kusancin mutum ba su shafan shi.
Baibaki yana ciyar da abincin tsirrai. Abubuwan da suka fi so sune tsire-tsire na daji (Avena sativa), alkama (Agropyrum cristatum), chicory (Cichorium intybus), Clover (Trifolium repens) da bindigar filin (Convolvulus arvensis), kayan lambu da kayan amfanin gona ba a lalace ba. Speciwarewar abinci na yanayi shine zaɓi ga sassa daban daban na shuka. Don haka, a farkon yanayin bazara, ana cin abinci ƙasa ta hanyar overwintered rhizomes da kwararan fitila, a lokacin rani - matasa harbe na hatsi da ganye, da furanni. A cikin rabin rabin lokacin bazara, lokacin da ciyayi masu ƙonewa suke ƙonewa, masu baqin hausar suna can nesa da abubuwanda suke nema don neman busasshen ciyawa tare da ciyawar ciyawa. Fruitsya fruitsyan itãcen marmari da tsaba a cikin ciki ba su narkewa, suna watsuwa tare da keɓaɓɓe. A lokacin koto, baibak yana ci har kilogiram 1-1.5 na yawan tsire-tsire. Kusan yawanci ba sa shan ruwa, yana wadatuwa da danshi wanda ke cikin tsire-tsire, ko raɓa safe. Yana kulawa da abincin dabbobi - ayaba, mollusks, caterpillars, ant pupae, yawanci suna cin su tare da ciyawa. Abun hunturu baya yin hannun jari a lokacin hunturu.
Sanarwa cikin baibaks sau daya a shekara, yana farawa a watan Mayu kuma ya ƙare (a cikin tsoffin marmots) a ƙarshen watan Agusta, wani lokacin ana jan har zuwa Satumba.
A lokacin dumi, marmots suna aiki yayin rana, mummunan yanayi ne kawai yake tura su cikin mafaka ta ƙasa. A waje kiwo, baibak a hankali yana motsawa daga wannan daji na wata zuwa wata, yana jan ciki a ƙasa, yana harba wutsiyarsa ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan halayyar dukkan mawuyacin ƙasa ce gabaɗaya kuma yana nufin cewa dabbar tana kasancewa koyaushe. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, shimfidar ƙasa yana tsayawa, yana tsaye "a cikin akwati" kuma a hankali yana kallo. Irin wannan halayen suna da jini a cikin dabbobi wanda har ma da marmot mai jin yunwa, lokacin da waje kiwo, kullun yakan ɗaga kansa kai tsaye yana kallonta. Lokacin da komai ya natsu kuma ba zafi sosai, marmots suna son jikewa rana. Dabba zata zauna a kan marmot, ta fadi a kan ta, ta shimfid'e kanta, ta lumshe idanuwanta, kawai ta rike kai tsaye.
Marmots suna ba da labarin bayyanar haɗari, musamman ma babban mai farauta, mai sauti mai ƙaƙƙarfan sauti biyu mai kama da “hag-hag”. Anan ne daya daga cikin kukan bayyane yake kururuwa zuwa rami, gaban dan uwan tare da wutsiya an dauke shi nan da nan tsorata wasu kuma kowa ya gudu zuwa ramuka. Idan dan kasa ya yi tuntuɓe da nisa daga matsugunin, sai ya matse kansa har ƙasa ya ɓoye shirun - za ku kusan kusanci da shi. Kuma kawai idan dabbar ta gano cewa an gano ta, sai ta fashe kuma ta gudu, tare da wutsiyarta. Amma baibaks bai yi nutse ba nan da nan cikin ramuka, amma ya daskare a cikin “shafi” a kan marmots, yana ta tsokanar wutsiyarsa don tantance halin da ake ciki.
Duk da bayyanar m, baibak da ya firgita yana guduwa da sauri, ba abu mai sauƙin cim masa ba. Dabbar da aka kama ta zauna a kafafunta na baya suna fuskantar abokan gaba, suna ta kukan azaba, suna danna hakora, sun manne da sanda a jikinsu da matacciyar riko.
Idan kun kama ruwan marmot a farkon kwanakin barin rami, zai kasance cikin sauri yana amfani da mutum kuma ya zama cikakke. Bayan haka, bayan lokacin hunturu na farko, dabbar ta sake zama daji.
Baybaks suna zama a cikin manyan yankuna na lardunan shekara, suna tsara burrows don mahalli na dalilai daban-daban da mawuyacin gidaje. Kabarin kariya (na wucin gadi) ƙanana ne, gajeru, tare da ƙofa ɗaya, ba tare da ɗakin ɗakin hurorawa ba, a cikinsu marmots suna ɓoyewa daga haɗari, lokaci-lokaci suna kwana. Akwai irin waɗannan ramuka har guda 10 a cikin ƙasa a cikin yankin abinci. Madaidaitan burrows sun fi rikitarwa, suna hunturu da bazara. Karancin bazara (brood) yana wakiltar tsarin hadaddun tsarin motsawa; an haɗa su zuwa saman da yawa (har zuwa 6-15) kantuna. Daga babban rami na rami, ƙyalli da yawa ko kuma bakin mutu sun tashi, a cikin abin da marmots ke shirya ɗakunan wanka. A cikin zurfin 2-3 m, akwai wani ɗakin da ke da ɗakin girke tare da ƙarar har zuwa 0.5-0.8 m³, a cikin abin da farjin ƙasa yake jan ciyawa da tushen sa. Lokacin sanyi (hunturu) za'a iya shirya burrows mafi sauƙi, amma ɗakunan gida a cikinsu suna da zurfi, a cikin huhun da ba su daskarewa na ƙasa - har zuwa 5-7 m daga farfajiya. Akwai burrows na bazara-hunturu. Jimlar madaidaitan hanyoyin da madawwamin burgo ya kai 57-66. A cikin musamman hadaddun burrows, akwai dakuna da yawa daban-daban, kuma sassa suna da yawa benaye. Lokacin da aka kirkiro burrow na dindindin, to kimanin tozikan mitir mita na ƙasa ana jefa shi a farfajiya, zai zama babban tuddai.
A tsakanin irin wannan dangin-mallaka, dabbobin suna raba burma, alama ce ta gama gari (har zuwa 2.5 ha) kuma suna kiyaye kullun ido ko muryar juna - ana jin sautin kukansu a sarari kusa da wurin.
Baikoes ya fito ne daga ɓarkewar a ƙarshen Fabrairu - farkon Maris. Samun ɗan ƙoshin mai, sun fara gyara ko tono sababbin ramuka masu kariya, daga baya - don gyarawa da faɗaɗa ramuka na zama. Ayyukan yana farawa ne daga fitowar rana, lokacin da dabbobin suka farka su je don ciyarwa. A saman farfajiyar kasa, suna kula da gani (hali a shafi) da sauti (kiran mirgine, siginar haɗari) sadarwa. Yawancin lokaci ƙasa biyu a cikin yanki suna ɗaukar nauyin aikawa yayin da wasu suke ciyarwa.
Marmots a cikin balaga yana faruwa ne tun yana ɗan shekara 3, cikin ɗaiɗaikun mutane a cikin shekaru 4. Marmots masu iya kawo offspringa atan tun yana shekara 2 ba su da yawa. Marmots tayi yawa har zuwa shekaru 6-10. Tafiya a baybaks yana farawa ne bayan farkawar hunturu da fitowan zuwa farfajiya a cikin watan Maris - Afrilu, a wuraren da rashin tsari yake tsawo, dabbobin ma abota ne koda a lokacin hunturu suke. Kuma wasu mata, idan ajiyar kitse ta rage bayan hunturu ta bada izinin haihuwa, tun kafin bayyanar farko daga rami. Ciki yakan kai kwanaki 30-35, yawanci a cikin tsintsiya mai yalwatacce na yara 3-6. Marmots jariri tsirara ne da makafi, 9-1 cm tsawo da nauyin 30-40 g (wannan kusan 1% na nauyin mahaifiyar). Idanun su bude kawai a ranar 23rd. Yayin cikin ciki da shayarwa, namiji ya motsa zuwa wani rami. Matar tana ciyar da madara har zuwa kwanaki 50, kodayake yana da kwanaki 40, a ƙarshen Mayu da farkon watan Yuni, marmots sun riga sun fara ciyar da ciyawa. Kayan fure suna girma da sauri, a cikin wata guda sun bayyana a farfajiya. Suna da wasa sosai, masu sassaucin ra'ayi akan marmot, amma bayan kwanaki 2-3 duk kwarewar agogo na manya ke haɓaka - daga lokaci zuwa lokaci suna zama "shafi", murɗa wutsiyarsu, yi birgima cikin haɗari. Marmots ya isa balaga tun yana ɗan shekara uku.
A baya can, an yi imani da cewa marmot iyalai kunshi iyaye da broods biyu na pups yanayi. Amma lura da dabbobi masu laushi sun nuna cewa wani ɓangare na shekarun shekara suna barin danginsu kuma suna zama a cikin wasu iyalai a matsayin yara masu reno, kuma iyayensu, a biyun, suna karɓar cuban baƙi. Ma'aurata suna zama tare da iyayensu har zuwa lokacin bazara mai zuwa, bayan haka sukan gina nasu burukan. Amma suna yin hutu na biyu tare da iyayensu. Gabaɗaya, marmots suna cikin kwanciyar hankali a yanayi, da wuya su yaƙi kuma su kori dabbobi kaɗai.
A ƙarshen bazara, marmot ya tara har zuwa 800-1200 g na mai, wanda yakai 20 zuwa 25% na nauyinsa. Dabbobi ƙasa da ƙasa barin ramuka, suna sabunta buɗaɗɗu, suna jan ciyawa a ciki. A ƙarshen watan Agusta - Satumba (ba kusa da ranar 20 ba) marmots suna taruwa a cikin hunturu masu ɗaukar kabilu a cikin mutane 2-5 zuwa 20-24 mutane. Sun toshe dukkan hanyoyin shiga rami tare da cunkoson ababen hawa daga cakuda feces, qasa da duwatsun kuma suka fada cikin zurfin hijirar, wacce zata wuce watanni 6-8. Zafin iska a cikin ramin, har cikin tsananin sanyi, baya faɗuwa kasa da 0 ° C. A lokacin rashin himma, rayuwar rayuwar marmots ta kusan daskarewa: zazzabi jiki ya ragu daga 36-38 zuwa 4.6-7.6 ° C, numfashi yana sauka zuwa 2-3 a minti daya maimakon na 20-24 na al'ada, kuma bugun zuciya ya kai 3-15 beats a minti daya maimakon 88-140. A cikin hunturu, marmots baya ciyar kuma kusan basa motsawa, data kasance saboda ajiyar kitsen mai. Koyaya, tunda kuzarin kuzari yayin hurawar ƙasa yayi ƙasa, a lokacin bazara marmots yakan farkar da abinci mai kyau, tare da ajiyar 100-200 g na mai.
Baibak, ya danganta da tsananin yanayin lokacin hunturu, yana bacci daga watanni 6 zuwa 8. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa sun shiga cikin ɓarke ko da matsala na bala'o'in bala'i - alal misali, bayan gobarar da ke lalata duk ciyayi. Dukkanin dangi suna kwance a rami na hunturu ɗaya, wani lokacin har zuwa tara marmots ana tattarawa a cikin ɗakin kwanciyar hankali, wanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan tsarin microclimatic. A cikin gida, yawan zafin jiki na iska shine 5-7 °, yanayin zafin jikin dabbobi yana dan kadan sama.
Ba a da amintattu a yanzu, musamman karnuka da dawakai sun ɓace. Sakamakon farmakin da suka yi, sama da marmots 3 da ke da wuya su kasance a cikin daji kafin faɗuwa. Karnukan kyarkeci da tsuntsayen da suka farauto su, da kuma baƙaƙen fata, barayi, Korsaks. Amma babban maƙiyinsa mutum ne. Sakamakon yin amfani da kwari da kuma farauta da yawa saboda karewar dutsen markets, a cikin kwanannan, kasancewar gaba daya yankin yanki da gandun daji-steppe, ya ɓace saboda yawancin yankin. Yanzu, godiya ga sashi don al'amuran musamman, baibak ya sake kasancewa.