Zhelna ita ce mafi girma itace Turai Tumbi yana da baki baki ɗaya, yana bambanta da kyau tare da jan babba kai a cikin maza da jan rigar cikin mace. A cikin jirgin, ana aminta da shi da fikafikan sa mai zagaye da kuma dogo mai tsayi. Dad na hali ne na masu amfani da katako, zygodactyl (yatsunsu biyu suna nuna gaba da yatsunsu biyu baya). Siffar “lobes” sifa ce - kusan kusan murabba'i ne na yau da kullun da aka shimfiɗa daga sama har ƙasa.

Yaɗa. Tsarin jinsin yana da sassauci kuma yawo, wakilci a Eurasia ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi 2. A cikin Yammacin Turai, rarraba rarrabuwa. A Italiya, yawan jama'a dake zaune a cikin Alps kuma a kudu na tsakiyar yankin na Apennines shine nau'i-nau'i dubu 1.5-3; akwai hali don fadada kewayon a cikin waɗannan yankuna.

Habitat. Gidaje a cikin gandun daji na coniferous da cakuda, a cikin tsohuwar gandun daji na beech a tsawan sama da mita 900-1,000 sama da matakin teku.

Ilimin halitta. Nau'i nau'i biyu a ƙarshen hunturu. A wannan lokacin, zaku iya jin "jujin juji" tare da sautin halayyar. Matar yawanci a ƙarshen Maris tana sanya farin fari 4-6 a cikin m. Duk iyayen sun saka jari har tsawon kwanaki 12-14. Kajin suna barin rami a kwanaki 24-28. Caya daga cikin kama a shekara. Tsuntsu yayi hankali, muryar tana da amo ko makoki. Ana amfani da "juzu'in" wanda tsuntsu ya fita, yana kwankwasa gangar jikin, ana jinsa a mafi nisa. Jirgin, ba kamar sauran masu katako ba, ba shi da ƙima, yana tunatar da jirgin itacen al'ul.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Entranceofar zuwa rawaya m tana da siffar madaidaiciya ko fasali mai faɗi tare da madaidaiciya mai girman 12-9.5 cm. Sauran dabbobi sukanyi amfani da su: hujiyoyi, wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, da jama'a da kuma kwari.

Baki mai baƙi, ko launin rawaya (Dryocopus martius)

MENENE Abincin

Zhelna galibi tururuwa ce. Tsuntsu ya gwammace manyan tururuwa masu-ƙara-itace, amma ba ya ƙin sauran jinsuna, wanda galibi yakan sauka ƙasa. Baya ga tururuwa, abincin da ke daɗaɗaɗaɗɗen katako ya haɗa da kwari da yawa, larvae da pupae. A kan bishiyoyi masu rai da matattu, tana neman kwaro, wanda take samu daga gindin itace da dogon baki. Neman abinci, wani baƙar fata mai gadin itace ya farkar da ciyawar kuma ya toshe kwandon daga bishiyoyin da suka mutu. Tsuntsu ya ziyarci anthills kuma yana kama kwari da harshenta mai ƙarfi. Zhelna tana ƙaunar manyan tururuwa sosai har ta iya yin taho na sa'o'i a tururuwa, ana cirewa daga ciki ba tururuwa kaɗai ba, har ma da lardinsu. Neman bishiyar da ke lalacewar wasu larvae, mai saurin katse itace yana murza haushi tare da cire kwari tare da buge baki. A wasu yankuna, kashi 99 na kayan abinci masu launin rawaya suna cike da tururuwa. A wasu yankuna, masu yan itace akan menu na rawaya, tare da tururuwa, sun haɗa da larvae na malam buɗe ido da sauran kwari masu tashi. A cikin hunturu, ya fi son tururuwa da ƙudan zuma, yana cire su daga mafaka.

Yaduwa

Tsofaffi rawaya ɗaya bayan ɗaya. A watan Maris, lokacin da lokacin da ake fara bigeren fara fararen fata, mazan ya jawo hankalin mace ta hanyar doke ta a bushe da baki, wanda ke rawar jiki. An ji kukan mazan - babbar '' yar-kyauta-'' - a cikin kurmi daga nesa mai nisa. Kadan akan yawanci, maza kanyi sautin “keeee”, ana tuna mai tsarki. Bayan samuwar biyu, ana iya ganin bazuran itace masu yawo daga itace zuwa itace suna bin juna a kan gungumen itace, suna jujjuyawa. Tsuntsaye sukan tashi daya bayan daya kuma ana faduwa a jikin bishiya, sannan kuma “baka”. A yayin saduwa da maza, maza kan ɗora kawunansu suna yi wa juna barazana da gemu. Namiji ne kyawawa yana gayyatar wanda aka zaɓa zuwa "gidansa". Anan mace tana bincika rami kuma zaɓi mafi dacewa. Idan muguwar ba a gama aiki ba, tsuntsaye tare zasu fara aiki.

Zhelny yawanci suna tono biyun da yawa inda suke yin bacci a wasu lokuta. Makonni 3-4, rawaya ta toshe bakin ciki har zuwa zurfin 40 cm kuma yakai faɗin cm 22 Bayan an gama ginin, mai itace zai fara kwanciya, kuma ba da jimawa ba macen ta faɗi ƙwai 2-6. Iyaye suna saka masonry a madadinsu, suna jujjuya kusan kowane 2 hours. Tunda shiryawa baya da dadewa, an haifi kajin ba mai rauni bane: yawan kowannensu yakai 9 g. Na farko, kajin kajin bashi da sauki ga iyaye, kuma bayan kwanaki 10 kajin na bukatar abinci. Iyaye suna kula da kajin da suka bar gidan tun ɗan wani lokaci.

INA SON LAFIYA

Rawaya, ko baƙon itace, suna zaune a kusan dukkanin gandun daji na Turai da Asiya. Suna zaune a dazuzzukan daji masu dumu-dumu da dumu-dumu da hadewar gandun daji, suna ba da fifiko ga manyan wuraren dazuzzuka masu yawa Ko'ina ana kiyaye wuraren rawaya, an rufe shi da tsoffin gandun daji. Mafi yawan lokuta ana samun waɗannan katako a shafukan tsohuwar gobarar daji.

Itatuwan Woodpe yawanci a cikin gandun daji na bishiyoyi da bishiyun bishiyun, duk da haka ana iya ganin ɓoyayyiyar su a cikin kututtukan ɓarna, juniper da larch. A gaban bishiyoyi waɗanda suka dace da farauta, kumbunan rawaya har ma a cikin wuraren shakatawa. Wadannan tsuntsaye masu kunya da hankali suna tsoron ƙananan rustling. Da wuya su ke kusa da mazaunin gidajen mutane.

Kasancewar mai sautin katako mai duhu yana nunawa daga nesa ta hanyar bugawa mai yawan gaske akan reshe mai bushewa, da kuma sautikan sautinsa. Zan iya jin rawaya sau da yawa fiye da gani. Baƙar fata mai saƙar fata ya hau kan dogayen bishiyoyi, yana manne wa haushi tare da ƙara karfi - suna taimaka wa tsuntsu neman abinci.

Yayin ɓoye ɓoyayyiya da farauta don kwari, baƙar fata mai katako ya leƙa akan tokar ya zauna a kan wutsiya mai ƙarfi. Neman abinci, rakkin mai launin rawaya kodayaushe yana tashi daga wannan itace zuwa wani, yayin da yake yin kuka mai hali.

Juyoloji na zama

Kuna iya ganin waɗannan tsuntsayen ban mamaki kawai a cikin Eurasia. Gidajen su shine gandun daji da kuma shinge na daji daga arewaci da sassan gabashin Iberian Peninsula zuwa Kamchatka, gabar Tekun Japan da tsibirin Sakhalin. Matsakaicin arewa inda aka hango waɗannan tsuntsaye shine yankin Arctic Circle a Penasar Scandinavia.

Yankin mai itacen bakar fata.

A yamma da kudu na Turai, a Asiya Asiaarami, yawan baƙar fata itace da ke watsuwa sosai kuma, a matsayinka na mai mulki, an ɗaura su da sararin itace daɗaɗɗa. Mafi yawan jama'a an gani a cikin Great Caucasus da Transcaucasia, a gefen Tekun Caspian. Daga cikin kasashen Turai ta Yammacin Turai, Italiya kawai zata iya yin alfahari da yawan 'yan katako da ke da katuwar katako - kusan nau'i uku. A Gabashin Turai, tsuntsayen sun bazu cikin Russia, Belarus da Ukraine.

Bishiyar katako ba ta da matsala, amma wani lokacin a cikin hunturu tsuntsaye na iya yin karamin tashi sama da kan iyakokin halittun su. Sun fi son su zauna a cikin gandun daji mai cikakke, galibi coniferous da kuma gauraye, ƙarancin da ba a gama dasu ba. Zai iya sasanta duka a cikin ci gaba na taiga massifs da kan kananan "tsibiran" na gandun daji, wani lokacin har ma a tsakiyar tsararren matakan. Sau da yawa, masu katako ma suna rayuwa a fili ko kuma wuraren da ke da cututtuka ko bishiyoyi mara kyau, ana iya samun su sau da yawa a cikin gandun daji bayan gobara.

A cikin dazuzzukan tuddai na turai, baƙar fata baƙar fata suna ba da fifiko ga gandun daji gauraye da fulawa, bishiyoyin bishiyoyi da gandun daji da lardin, bishiyoyi da itacen al'ul.

Har ila yau, baƙar fata masu katako suna iya rayuwa akan isasshen haɓaka, don haka a cikin Alps za'a same su a nisan nisan nisan mita 2000 sama da matakin teku. Mai saurin katako shima zai iya zama a cikin gandun daji, inda mutane ke yawan tafiya, inda zaku iya haduwa da mutum, wannan tsuntsun ba mai kunya bane. A saboda wannan dalili ne sau da yawa kyawawa don daidaita duka a wurin shakatawa da kuma murabba'ai, koda kuwa akwai mutane da yawa a can. Pairaya daga cikin baƙin itace katako suna iya mamaye gandun daji kimanin kadada 400.

Matar rawaya ce da kututture.

Bayyanar

Bishiyoyi masu baƙar fata suna da ban sha'awa a girman, na biyu kawai ga rooks, amma ba kamar ɗayan na ƙarshen ba, masu amfani da katako suna da mafi kyawu mai laushi da sutsi, wuyan wucin gadi mai zurfi da gashin gashin wutsiya. Tsawon katifar mai baƙar fata ya kai 50 cm, yayin da nauyinta zai iya zama gram 250-180, kuma fikafin ya bambanta daga 63 zuwa 81 cm.

A cikin mazan da ya manyanta, dukkan gashin fuka-fukan shuɗi ne mai shuɗi tare da ɗanɗano, banda shine kawai ɓangaren kai na kai - akwai alamar haske mai kyau a kanta, wani irin "hat" wanda yake farawa daga gindin baki ya ƙare a bayan kai.

A cikin mata, launi mai launin shuɗi shima launin shuɗi ne, amma baƙar fata, duk da haka, sabanin maza, gashin fuka-fuka suna da ƙyalli mai launin shuɗi, kuma babu mai sheki kwatankwacinsu, jan "hula" a kai yana da ɗan ƙarami - yana rufe ɓangaren ɓoye kawai.

Gashin tsuntsu mai launin toka yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi, elongated kuma cikakke ne madaidaiciya kuma madaidaiciya, mandible rawaya ne. Alloli da ƙafafu suna launin toka-shuɗi. Idanun mai ruwan goge baki suna da girma kuma suna da fadi sosai, launin iris farare ne ko rawaya.

Matasa mutane kusan ba sa banbanta da waɗanda suka manyanta, bambancin shine kawai a cikin ƙarin ɓarna mai launi kuma launin launi shine mafi matte, ba tare da haske ba. A cikin mutane marasa hankali, dansandan yana da launin toka, kuma jan “hula” na iya kasancewa gabaɗaya ko kuma da dabara, baki ɗan saurayin ya fi nuna alama da fenti a cikin launi mai launin shuɗi.

Ga rawaya, sifar musamman ta kwanyar dabi'a ce - kasancewar manyan crests, wanda ba su da sauran katako, ana bayanin kasancewarsu ta hanyar jujjuya kai kai zuwa ga bangarorin.

Tana son samun abinci, a cewar hoton zaka iya tunanin tasirin gemun ta.

Biyan kuɗi

Masu koyar da sana'a na zamani sun bambanta matsayin biyu daga bakin diyar mai gandun daji - mai zaɓar, mafi yawan jama'a ne da kuma ƙasashen Asiya, waɗanda ke zaune a kudu maso yammacin China da Tibet. Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙarshen suna sanannu ne ta hanyar mafi yawan launuka masu zurfi da zurfin baƙar fata a launi, kuma tsuntsaye da kansu yawanci sun fi girma. Wannan halin yana da nasaba ne da girman tsuntsaye daga yamma zuwa gabas.

BAYANIN FASAHA, BAYANIN.

• Zhelna ta sha ruwan ruwan da ke tarawa cikin raɗaɗin raɗaɗin tsohuwar bishiyoyi da kuma ramukarsu.
• An lura da baƙar fata na itace a cikin duwatsun Tibet a tsawan 4000 m sama da matakin teku.
• A karkashin gashin fuka-fukai, wani dattijo mai katako ba shi da tushe. Fuka-fukan gashin wannan itace mai tsauri sosai, aka nuna su a ƙarshen. Tailaƙƙarfan wutsiya mai ƙarfi yana samar da ingantacciyar goyan baya yayin hawan rami. Aaukarwar gashin fuka-fukan mutum guda biyu da aka yi ta hanyar tayal kuma mai tsauri ne.
• Fushin yatsun bishiyoyi sun lullube su da gashin tsuntsaye, wanda ke haifar da kariya daga ci gaban ƙurar itace da ƙura.
• Idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsuntsaye, suna da fata mai wahala, wanda ke kare tsuntsun daga cizon kwari, musamman, tururuwa mai ban sha'awa itace, wanda galibi ke ci.
• A kan mabuɗin rami mai launin rawaya yawanci yana ciyarwa daga ranakun 10 zuwa 17.
• A ƙarshen dogon harshe, launin rawaya yana da nau'i-nau'i 4-5 na ɗanɗano launi mai ƙyalli. A gare su ne kwari ke tsaya. Don haka, sandar itace ta fitar dasu daga ramuka a cikin bazu.

LITTAFIN SAUKI

Tsarin Adult: Girman hankaka, kayan maye kamar baƙi ne, idanu da baki suna haske. Namiji - yana da ja a saman kai, kuma mace tana da jan wuya.

M: An samo shi a tsayin 7-15 m daga ƙasa, mai fili, tare da halayyar oval ko ramin rectangular.

- Habitat rawaya

INA SON LAFIYA

Zhelna tana zaune a ko'ina cikin Eurasia: daga arewacin Spain da yankin Scandinavia zuwa Jasanin.

KYAUTA DA KYAUTATA

Ina jin kunya da taka tsantsan Yana bada fifiko ba ga coniferous amma deciduous gandun daji. An rarraba tsuntsu ko'ina cikin kewayon.

Babban Baƙin Zuciya Zhelna 03.03.12. Bidiyo (00:02:16)

An sadu da wannan kyakkyawan baƙar fata na itace a wani wurin shakatawa a kudu maso gabashin Moscow. Kowace rana wannan bazara ta 2012 muna tafiya kuma muna jin kyawawan abubuwa, kai tsaye daga mamakin ruwan sama, suna waƙa. Duk tsawon lokacin suna mamakin ko wanene. An sa ido a ciki da ganin cewa wannan babban katako ne na Zhelna. Yana da girma sosai, kyamarar bidiyo ta mu ajizai ce, amma duk da haka munyi nasarar yin fim din yadda mai katako ya kwankwade a jikin akwati, da babbar murya da gayyata. Yi hakuri ya kasa cire wakarsa. Maris 2, 2012.

Woodwararren Itace mai baƙar fata ana son Dryocopus martius. Bidiyo (00:00:46)

Baƙin Katako. Babban katakon itace mu mai launin rawaya ko baƙi mai katako (Dryocopus martius). Kyawun bayyanar tsuntsu yana cike da yanayin salo na fita daga bayan bishiya (tare da irin wannan doguwar wuya ba wuya). Ga rawaya ma'ana ta haɓaka sadarwar murya. Muryarsa sosai. A cikin jirgin, mai rawaya yakan haifar da tiriliyan ɗaya, yayin da yake zaune akan bishiya - yana kuka. Ana iya jin sautin rawaya kusan duk shekara. A lokacin bazara, a lokacin da ake ciki yanzu, wannan 'waƙa' tana rakiyar wakar juji. A yayin shiryawa kwai, namiji da mace suna musayar siginar murya, suna maye juna a cikin gida. Lokacin da suke ciyar da kajin, iyayen har yanzu suna ba da sanarwar daga nesa nesa, kuma maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ke jin yunwa sun amsa tare da ɗan gum. Ta hanyar dabi'a, rawaya shine loner. Yana zaune galibi a cikin tsohuwar cakuda daji ko daji. A kan yankinta, tana da ɗimbin dozin, amma a lokaci guda ana amfani da 2-3 sosai. Mafi sau da yawa, an zaɓi aspen don m, Pine ne ɗan rarer. Yawanci, rami yana saman bene na 10-20 m sama da ƙasa, amma wani lokacin kuma ana iya kasancewa a nisan mil 3. Ana iya rarrabe su cikin zurfin wasu katako waɗanda ke da siffa da girmansa: abu ne mai kyau, santimita 10 faɗi kuma 15 santimita tsawo, m zurfin - har zuwa rabin mita. Sarukan tururuwa suna da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abincin masu baƙar fata na itace. Kusan tururuwa na musamman ke nan, yakan ciyar da kajin. Wani sanannen sashi daga cikin menu nasa shine bishiyoyin kwari daban-daban, guntun ɓawon itace, kifin gwal, karnuka, rostails da sauran karin kwari dake zaune a itace. A cikin binciken wadannan kwari, da gnome nika tsohuwar rotten stumps, tsabtace haushi kuma nika bushe kwaro-shafi kwaro. A matsayin babbar bishiya mafi karfi da karfi, tana iya kaiwa kwari da wasu baza su iya kaiwa ba. Kuma tana cin kwari duk tsawon shekara, kawai dan kadan ta ninka teburin ta da berries. Rawa mai rawaya yana farawa a farkon bazara. Tuni a farkon farkon zuwa tsakiyar Afrilu zaka iya jin tsarin juji na sihiri (kusan doke 20 da sigar na biyu!) Kuma kukan. Maza da mata suna bugawa da ihu. Babu wani zuriyar dabbobi a cikin rami, an rufe kasa kawai da kogunan ruwa, wanda akan sa mace saka fararen qwai 3-5. Yin shiryawa yana ci gaba kadan har ma ga masu aikin katako - 12-13 kwanaki. Nestlings suna zaune a cikin rami na kusan wata ɗaya da kusan wata guda bayan tashi daga gida (wani wuri a tsakiyar watan Yuni) suna tare da iyayensu. Iyayen biyu suna kyankyashe kuma suna ciyar da kajin. Yankin lardin Moscow na Rasha

Kuri'a

Yin kururuwa a duk shekara, yana da muryar motsa rai, mai sauraro a kan nesa mai nisa. Siginar ta sadarwa ko kuma jan-hankali, jerin manyan sautin murya ce “Cru-Cru-Cru-cru-cru”, a ƙarshen wannda mai tsawo, mai “ciko”, sau da yawa cikin sautin murya, sau da yawa yana kama da kukan mai fashewa. Ming dabbar ta hanyar canjin, ban da muryar kuma ta hada da yin juji, yana gudana daga farkon watan Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu, da kuma na maza har zuwa karshen watan Yuni. Yunkuri na biyu na halin yanzu yana faruwa a watan Agusta, amma wannan watan ba shi da ƙarfi kuma mara daidaituwa. Duk maza da mata na yanzu ne. Knockararrawar durƙusar tana da tsawon sakan 1.75-3 kuma tana bayyane a nesa nesa daga kilomita 2-4. A matsayinka na mai mulki, bugawar maza ya fi tsayi.

Yankin

Yankin dajin mai baƙar fata shine yanki da kuma gandun daji-Epesia yankin Eurasia daga arewacin da kuma gabashin yankin Iberian Peninsula gabas zuwa Kamchatka, iyakar Tekun Okhotsk da Tekun Japan, tsibiran Sakhalin, Hokkaido da arewacin Honshu. Yana kusa da arewa zuwa iyakar taiga, wani lokacin yakan tashi zuwa yankin kudu-tundra. Mafi yawan mazaunin arewacin shine yankin Yankin Arctic Circle a Scandinavia, inda aka samo shi har zuwa 70 ° C. w. A Kola Peninsula, tana kusa da arewa zuwa Khibiny da kuma saman Tuloma, a Ural Range har zuwa 62nd a layi daya, a kan Ob zuwa ta 63 a layi daya, a cikin Yenisei kwarin zuwa 65 na layi daya, gabas zuwa arewa zuwa kwarin Tunguska Lower, Verkhoyansk Range, kwandunan Yana, Indigirka da Kolyma. A Kamchatka, yakan faru zuwa arewa zuwa 62 ° C. w.

A Yammacin Turai da Kudancin Turai, Asiaan Asiya, yanki na baƙar fata mai yaduwa yana daɗaɗɗa kuma ana ɗaure shi da kullun zuwa gaɓataccen ɗanɗano daɗaɗɗun tsiro tare da halayen ɓarna. Yawan jama'a sun fi yawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai da Siberiya, haka kuma a cikin Babban Caucasus, Transcaucasia, kusa da tekun Caspian na Iran.A cikin Ukraine, kudanci a kudu zuwa yankunan Carpathians, Zhytomyr da Chernihiv, a cikin Turai ta Rasha ta kudu zuwa yankuna Oryol, Tambov, Penza da kuma yankin Orenburg. A gabas, a cikin yanki na 53 a layi daya, iyakar kudu na iyakar ta bar zuwa Kazakhstan, inda ta isa Tarbagatai da Saura, sannan ta wuce ta kudu Altai, Hangai, Kentei, Heilongjiang da Koriya. Wani waje daban yana cikin kudancin China daga yammacin Sichuan zuwa gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma Gansu da tsakiyar Sichuan. A waje da ƙasa, akwai tsibirin Solovetsky, Tsibirin Shantar, Sakhalin, Kunashir, Hokkaido da kuma arewacin arewacin Honshu.

Habitat

Yana jagorantar yanayin rayuwa mai tsayi, amma a cikin hunturu yana iya yin ƙananan yawo fiye da manyan biotopes. Yana zaune cikakke dazuzzuka kurmi, galibi coniferous da kuma gauraye, amma kuma wani lokacin m-leaved. Yakan daidaita biyun a cikin ci gaba na taiga massifs da kan ƙananan tsibirai na gandun daji, gami da waɗanda ke tsakiyar tsakiyar hanyar. Yawancin lokaci na zaune akan wuraren da aka kone, sharewa da kuma wuraren da ke lalatattu, bushewa da bishiyoyi marasa lafiya. A cikin foothills da gandun daji na Turai, ya fi son beech ko gandun daji gauraye tare da halartar beech da fir, amma kuma yana zaune da gandun daji tare da fifiko na larch, fure, itacen al'ul na Turai da sauran nau'in itace. A cikin Alps, an samo shi har zuwa iyakar iyaka na gandun daji sama da 2000 m sama da matakin teku. A arewaci da gabashin Turai, har ma a Siberiya, babban wuraren zama yankuna ne masu kyau da kuma cakuda gandun daji, sau da yawa suna yaduwa, gami da mutuƙar taiga. Wanda zai fitar da itace ba zai nisanta gaban mutum ba kuma wani lokaci ana iya ganinshi a wuraren shakatawa na birni koda a cikin cunkoso. Kowane ma'aura sun mamaye matsakaitan kadada 300-400 na gandun daji.

Abinci mai gina jiki

Ku ci yawancin kwari masu yawa na xylophagous, yayin da suke bada fifiko ga tururuwa da ƙwaro. Ciyarwar kayan lambu suna yin ƙaramin ƙaramin abincin - mafi yawa daga 'ya'yan itace, berries da tsaba na kayan ɗamara. Daga cikin tururuwa, manyan nau'ikan sun fi yawa - jan-chested, jan-kararrawa (Camponotus ligniperda) da tururuwa katako mai baƙar fata, tururuwa ja da launin ruwan kasa, da kuma tururuwa na baƙar fata. Kari akan samo wadannan kwari a itace, masu katako suna yawan fashewar tsutsotsi, suna cin duka manya da pupa. Daga cikin sauran kwari, tsofaffi suna cinye shi daga pupae da larvae na barbel, gwoza kwari, sapwood, kifin zinare, sawflies, horntail, ichneumonids, da sauransu.

A cikin neman abinci, mai bishiyar itace yana toka dunƙulen katako kuma yana cire haushi daga bishiyun da suka mutu, yana barin abubuwa masu zurfi kuma suna fasa babban kwakwalwan hannu da kauri. Lokacin da ta isa tururuwa, wani lokacin takan motsa motsawa a cikin tsararru zuwa zurfin rabin mita. Harshen bai wuce tsawon rawaya ba, misali ga mai son katako, kuma yana shimfida tsawon 5-5.5 cm a geron baki (domin kore yana karawa kimanin 10 cm), amma beak yafi karfi kuma yana iya “dashe” katako sosai. Wani abu mai santsi da aka toshe ta glandon salivary, har da hakora a ciki na daga bakin harshe, suna taimakawa tsuntsu ya sami abinci. Toarfin guduma a cikin wannan Woodpecker, ba kamar yadda ake furtawa ba kamar yadda ake amfani da yawancin katako na itace.

Kiwo

Yana farawa kiwo a ƙarshen shekarar farko ta rayuwa, ba ta da aure. Nau'i nau'i ɗaya na kakar ɗaya, kodayake lokacin amfani da wannan rukunin yanar gizon, sau da yawa suna sake haɗuwa a shekara mai zuwa. Idan mãkircin gandun daji ƙanƙane a cikin girman, kamar tsibiri a cikin steppe, to namiji da mace na iya yin rayuwa tare a ciki da wajen lokacin kiwo, in ba haka ba tsuntsayen za su tashi zuwa wurare daban-daban ko kuma zuwa ga bangon shafuka iri ɗaya a ƙarshen kiwo kuma a riƙa ɗayan. Samun yankin yana farawa a ƙarshen kaka, nisan da ke tsakanin nakan maƙwabcin aƙalla yakai mita ɗari. Yankin da aka ba shi kariya, yana da iyakantacce ga karamin yanki kusa da gida, wuraren abinci mafi girma wani lokaci suna cudanya da juna kuma wannan ba ya haifar da rikici tsakanin kukan tsuntsaye a cikin ƙauyuka.

Komawar bazara ta tsuntsaye ta fara riga-kafi a ranakun rana a ƙarshen Janairu ko farkon Fabrairu, amma, mafi tsananin halin yanzu yana faruwa ne a cikin Maris da Afrilu: a wannan lokacin, tsuntsayen suna raye-raye sosai, suna kururuwa suna bin juna, suna tsalle daga wannan akwati zuwa wani. M m yawanci located a kan withering wani ɓangare na har yanzu itace, inda babu rassan, a tsawon 8-20 m daga ƙasa. Mafi sau da yawa, ana amfani da tsohuwar bishiyar aspen, ba sau da yawa - Pine, spruce, beech, larch, Birch da sauran nau'in itace. Za'a iya amfani da sheda ɗaya iri ɗaya akai-akai, yayin da sabon fure mai ba da fifiko ba tilas ne a yi amfani da shi nan da nan don kwanciya ƙwai, kuma ana barin shi koyaushe don shekara mai zuwa. Gina sabon gida yana ɗaukar kwanaki 10-17, a lokacin sa lokacin farin ciki mai kaɗa katako ya tara a gindin itacen. Dukkan membobin ma'aurata suna guduma, duk da haka, namiji yana yin aiki mai yawa, wani lokacin yakanyi awowi har zuwa awanni 13 a rana. Ana kuɓutar da tsofaffin kawuna daga tarkace kuma zurfafa idan ya cancanta. Sau da yawa, mazaunin shekarar da ta gabata ya mamaye sauran tsuntsaye, kuma a wannan yanayin, mai shinge na iya kori baƙi waɗanda ba a gayyata ba. Lokacin rani ya girma da fadi, kuma kamanninsa na iya zama m ko kusan rectangular. Matsakaicin matsakaicin letka shine 8.5 x 12 cm, zurfin rami shine 35-55 cm, diamita ita ce cm 15-20. Babu ƙarin zuriyar zuriyar dabbobi, an rufe ƙasa da guntun itace kawai.

A cikin kama yawanci 3-6, mafi sau da yawa 4-5 kananan oblong qwai. Qwai fararen fata ne, girman su shine 30-39 x 22-28 mm. Chingyanƙyashe, sabanin sauran masu katako, ba ya fara da na ƙarshe, amma tare da kwai na farko ko na biyu - saboda wannan, kajin suna bayyana asynchronously sama da kwanaki da yawa kuma suna da bambanci a girma. Tsawon lokacin zama shine kwanaki 12-14. Iyayen biyu suna ciyar da zuriyarsu, suna ta kawo musu manyan guraben abinci, kusan gaba ɗaya sun ƙunshi tururuwa da kuma pupae. Cages suna bayyana kwanaki 24-28 bayan ƙyanƙyashe (a tsakiyar Rasha a farkon rabin Yuni), kafin wanda kajin ke tallata daga cikin rami na dogon lokaci yana kururuwa. Tsuntsaye manya, ya yi akasin haka, suna nuna hali a hankali kusa da gida. Da farko, tsintsiyar ta ci gaba a shafin iyayen, amma a karshen bazara a karshe ta watse. Tsammani na rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 7. An rubuta mafi shahararrun shekaru a Turai a cikin Finland - shekaru 14.

Gabaɗaya halaye da halayen filin

Mafi girma na dukkanin katako da aka samo a Gabas. Turai da Arewa. Asiya, mafi girma daga jackdaw kuma ɗan ƙaramin girma fiye da ɗan hankaka (tsayin jiki 420-486 mm, fuka-fuki 715-800 mm). Jirgin yana da nauyi, mara nauyi. Dangane da mutum yana nuna kulawa. A wuraren da ba a bi shi ba, ya fi dogara kuma yana iya ciyar da mita 2-3 daga hanyar da mutane ke bi. Sosai murya a duk yanayi, musamman a farkon lokacin kiwo. Muryar ta bambanta. A cikin jirgin, fasalin halayyar andaukar murya mai ƙarfi “tyr-tyr-tyr. ", Wanda aka dasa shi a jikin bishiya, a matsayin doka, ana maye gurbin shi da kukan makokin" k-i-i-ya-a. " Bayan lokaci, waɗannan sauti zasu iya bi ta “caukaka” mai tsananin ƙarfi. A lokacin wasannin tsalle-tsalle, babbar murya “Klay-Klay-Klay.” Kuma gumi. "Kafin mace-mace, mace da namiji suna yin saƙo mai laushi" mya-a-u-u. "

Bayan wadannan kararrakin, akwai wasu karin sauti iri iri wadanda masu bada katako ke yi a yanayi daban-daban. A matsayin daya daga cikin nau'ikan halayen nunawa, ga alama, bazuwar bazuwar, a maimakon haka, lamuran yau da kullun, kan layi na katako ya kamata a yi la’akari. A lokacin bazara, masu katako ba sa yin duru sau da yawa, amma da babbar murya. Na sautunan “kayan aiki”, ban da jujin juji, akwai alamomi da yawa da suka bambanta da ƙarfi, mita, tsawon sautikan da yanayin aikin aiki.

Zhelna ya bambanta da sauran masu yan itace a manyan manya da tsayayyen launi mai launin shuɗewa.

Bayanin

Canza launi. Ba a bayyana bambance-bambancen launi na yanayi. Namiji manya. Gaba xayan kai ya yi ja, sauran dunbin kuwa launin baki ne. Plaunin launin shuɗi na saman jiki ya fi haske akan ciki, inda take da launin shuɗi-baki mai launin shuɗi. Fifikon kwari na farko yana da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi-baki da na baki mai duhu. Mai tuka baki. Paarfin yana da duhu tare da fararen baƙi, beki shine ƙaho mai haske a launi tare da yellowness akan mandible, iris na ido yana da haske ko launin rawaya mai haske.

Mace mai balagaggu tana da launi iri ɗaya a matsayin namiji, kawai a kai ta mai launin ja ne kawai a ƙarshen bayanta.

Tsuntsayen 'yan tsuntsaye masu launin shuɗi-baki kafin farawa; ƙwaƙwalwarsu shine mafi yawanci kuma basu da luster. Banbancin jima'i daidai yake da manya. Gashinsa na matasa yana da wuta da walƙiya a gindi.

Tsarin da girma

Kashi na farko 10, tuka - 12. Tsarin reshe: V-VI-IV-VII-VIII-IX-II. Paws yana da yatsu huɗu, yatsunsu biyu na nuna a gaba da yatsunsu biyu a baya. Ana ba da girmaran a cikin tebur 25 (kira. ZM MSU).

Kudin shiga haraji

Bambanci yana nuna rauni sosai a fuskoki dabam-dabam na launuka iri-iri da girmansa baki ɗaya. Tsakanin Arewa. A Eurasia, girman tsuntsaye yana canzawa ta hanyar asibiti, sannu a hankali yana ƙaruwa a cikin shugabanci daga yamma zuwa gabas. Abubuwan biyu zuwa uku sun fice, guda ɗaya yana zaune a cikin tsohuwar USSR.

1.Dryocopus martius martius

Picus martius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst Nat., Ed. 10, shafi na 112, Sweden.

Launin baƙar fata mai ɗanɗano ba shi da ɗanɗanowa kuma ya ɗan ɗan yi taushi kamar na ƙananan ƙasashe masu zaman kansu da ke zaune a kudu maso yammacin Sin da gabashin Tibet, D. m. khamensis (2). Girman girma, amma a cikin matsanancin gabashin mutanen nahiyar suna kusanci D. m. khamensis (Stepanyan, 1975).

Yaɗa

Matsakaicin yankin. Eurasia daga Pyrenees gabas zuwa Kolyma Range, bakin tekun Okhotsk da Tekun Japan, gami da tsibiran Shantarsky, Sakhalin, Kunashir, Hokkaido da arewacin sassan Honshu. A Turai, arewa a cikin Scandinavia zuwa 69 ° N, kudu zuwa Pyrenees, Arewa. Italiya, Girka. A kudu maso gabas. Yankin Asiya zuwa kudu ya zama yanki (ko'ina) ga Kudu maso Yamma. Altai, Hangai, Kentei, Heilong-jiang, kudu maso gabas. sassan Shanxi, Koriya ta Koriya. Akwai wurare biyu na keɓewa na kewayon. Na farkonsu ya mamaye yankin arewa zuwa arewacin Harshen Caucasus mafi girma, kudu zuwa Asiya ,arama, arewa maso yamma. Iran da lardin Caspian ta kudu na Iran. Na biyun kuma yana Kudu. China - daga Yamma. Gabashin Sichuan gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma. Gansu da Cibiyar. Harshen Sichuan. Zuwa arewa zuwa Tsinghai ta Tsakiya da Yankin Lake. Kukunor, kudu maso yamma zuwa Arewa maso Yamma. Yunnan.

Hoto na 77. Yankunan rarraba rawaya:
da - kewayon farashi. Tallafi: 1 - Dr. m. bako, 2 - Dr. m. khamensis.

A Gabas Turai da Arewa. Asiya (siffa 78) a Kola Peninsula zuwa arewa ya kai Khibiny, mazauna a cikin Lapland Zap. (Vladimirskaya, 1948, Butyev, 1959), a cikin ƙananan ƙananan na Onega (Korneeva et al., 1984), a cikin 1942 an lura da shi kusa da Mezeni, amma ba a sadu da shi ba daga baya (Spangenberg, Leonovich, 1960). Zuwa gabas, arewa, ya kai zuwa ƙarshen Pechora, a kan Ob - zuwa Arctic Circle (Dobrinsky, 1959), yana faruwa a kan Yenisei zuwa Ust-Khantayki (Syroechkovsky, 1960), a kan Lena - tare da Begyuk (Kapitonov, 1962). A cikin yankin na Verkhoyansk. nests a tsakiyar kai kogin. Bytantay (68 ° N), a cikin kwarin Yana, Indigirka da Kolyma - har zuwa 69 ° N (Vorobyov, 1963). Zuwa gabas, a wannan bangare na kewayon, ya fadada har zuwa kwarin kogunan kogin Anyui (Artyukhov, 1986) da Kogema Range. (Kishchinsky, 1988). Wannan tsuntsu an bayyana kuskuren sa ga Kamchatka daga Yu.A. Averin (1948), amma daga baya shi (Averin, 1957) ba a cire shi daga cikin sahun ba. Ba'a lura dashi a Kamchatka da E.G. Lobkov (1978, 1983, 1986).

Hoto na 78. Range suna da kyau a Gabashin Turai da Arewacin Asiya:
a - kewayon farashi, b - lokuta na nesting over the iyakar na nesting range, c - kwari.

Zuwa kudu, an rarraba nau'in zuwa Transcarpathian (Svalyava, Irshava), Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, yankin Ternopil, Berdichev, Fastov, Bila Tserkva. Gaba kuma - kudu gefen kogin. Dnieper zuwa garin Smela, zuwa gabashin iyakar iyaka yana ratsa yankin Chernihiv. (kudu na Konotop) (Strautman, 1954, 1963, Mityai, 1983). An lura da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a yankin Poltava. (Gavrilenko, 1960). An raba abubuwan da ke cikin keɓaɓɓen wuraren zamansu a garin Moldova a yamma. “Codrii” (Chegorka, Maris, 1986). Woodpecker ya zarce kudu zuwa yankunan Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov da Penza, sannan zuwa Orenburg, a Kazakhstan zuwa gandunan itacen tsibiri na yankin Kustanai: Ara-Karagay, Aman-Karagai, Naurzum. A kan titin Kokchetav na Upland kusa da ƙauyukan Airtau, Zerenda, Borovoe. Gaba gaba gabas tana da nasa tushe a cikin gandun daji na yankin Irtysh, a cikin dazuzzukan Kal-Binsky, Narymsky, Tarbagatai da Saura, South-West. Altai. Furtherarin kudu zuwa iyakar jihar kudu na Rasha (Gavrin, 1970, Ivanov, 1976, Numerov, 1996, Baryshnikov, 2001).

A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an sami babban fadada adadin abubuwan da ake so a kasashen yamma. Turai - Faransa, Denmark, Belgium, da dai sauransu (Cuisin, 1985). An lura da wannan yanayin a Gabas. Turai. Ana samun ci gaba a kudu a cikin Ukraine (Mityai, 1983), a cikin yankunan Tula, Lipetsk da Voronezh.

Habitat

Yawancin mazaunan mazauna sune rawaya - dogaye coniferous da kuma gandun daji gauraye. A cikin Belarus, waɗannan galibi sune gandun daji na Pine da kuma cakuda-spine-pine da gandun itacen oak. Yana guje wa sauye-sauye masu narkewa kuma yakan bayyana a cikin su kawai a cikin hunturu. A yankin Ryazan yana zaune a cikin dazuzzukan itace, da kuma gandun itacen oak masu dumbin yawa da gandun daji oak, kuma manyan bishiyoyin Aspen ana samunsu koyaushe a cikin wuraren. A cikin yankin Nizhny Novgorod gida yana da launin rawaya wanda aka samo a cikin Aspen a tsayin 8 m, yana tsaye shi kadai a cikin dajin da ba a taɓa samu ba (S. G. Priklonsky, sadarwa ta sirri). A cikin tashoshin guda (coniferous, hade da tsohuwar gandun daji) ana samun shi a cikin Carpathians; yakan hau kan tsaunuka har zuwa 1500-1600 m sama da matakin teku.

A cikin Caucasus, a cikin lokacin farauta, yelow yana manne da kwari sosai a cikin kwari mai duhu, kuma yana da yawaita a cikin gandun daji mai kwari, wanda ba a cika samun sa a cikin dazuzzukan Pine (Tkachenko, 1966).

A cikin tsibirin kudu na Siberia ta Tsakiya, ya fi son tsayi gandun daji tare da halartar Pine ko larch (Reimers, 1966), a Arewa. Kazakhstan - Pine da Pine-Birch gandun daji, a cikin Altai - larch taiga, yana tashi zuwa tsaunuka har zuwa 2,000 m, a cikin Sakhalin da Kunashir - gandun daji mai ban tsoro da gandun daji.

Lambar

Zhelna sanannen gama gari ne, amma kuma ba iri ne mai yawa a cikin kewayon duka. A cikin arewa-gabas na Karelia, a cikin deciduous da cakuda gandun daji, yawancin nunin ya kasance 0.2 nau'i / km2, a cikin gandun daji na pine da gandun dazuzzuka - 0.1, a cikin gandun daji na bakin teku - 0.1, a kudu na Karelia a yamma. "Kivach" a cikin gandun daji na spruce - 0.3, a cikin Pine - 1.2 nau'i / km2 (Ivanter, 1962, 1969). A cikin ƙananan kogi. Ensarfin nunin Onega a cikin gandun daji na spruce shine 0.5, a cikin gandun daji gauraye - 1 biyu / km2 (Korneeva et al., 1984), a Latvia - 0.1-0.3 nau'i biyu / km2 (Strazds, 1983), a Zap. Estonia a cikin dazuzzuka-spidu-deciduous daji - 0.4 nau'i / km2 (Vilbaste, 1968), a Yankin Leningrad. - 0.5, a cikin yankin Ryazan a cikin Oksky app. - 0.17-0.21, a wasu sassan - har zuwa 0.67 nau'i / km2 (Ivanchev, 2000), a cikin yankin Lipetsk. - 0.1-0.2 (Klimov, 1993), a cikin yankin Tambov. 0.25 nau'i / km2 a cikin gandun daji alder da 0.25 nau'i / km2 a cikin gandun daji gauraye (Shchegolev, 1968).

A cikin Urals ta Tsakiya, yawan adadin kiwo a cikin dazuzzuka mai firgituwa shine nau'i biyu / km2 (Shilova et al., 1963); a Bashkortostan, 0.3 nau'i / km2 a cikin bishiyun bishiyoyi da larch larch (Filonov, 1965), a cikin Tomsk da Kemerovo reg. - 0.25-0.5 tururi / km2 (Prokopov, 1969), a kan Kogin Yenisei a cikin taiga ta kudu - 0.1-0.4 tururi / km2 (Bursky, Vakhrushev, 1983). A arewa maso gabas Ensaukakawar Altai a cikin gandun itacen kwandon shine 0.3, a cikin gandun daji-birch - 2, gandun daji na birch-aspen - 2 nau'i biyu / km2 (Ravkin, 1972), a cikin yankin Baikal na Kudu a cikin gandunan itacen al'ul - 0.06 (Tarasov, 1962), a cikin larch taiga na Vitim plateau - 0.2, a cikin larch taiga na Stanovoy Highlands - 0.5 nau'i / km2 (Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1967), a cikin gandunan-taiga na tsaunin Salair - 0.1-0.2 nau'i biyu / km2 (Chunikhin, 1965). A cikin Yankin Krasnoyarsk, yawaitar ciyayi yana da yawa sosai a cikin gandun daji mai duhu, wanda shine 3.1 nau'i / km2 (Naumov, 1960).

Rawaya ta al'ada ta Gabas: a cikin ƙananan rafin kogin. Ensira mai yawa ta Khor shine 1.1 nau'i / km2 (Kislenko, 1965), a cikin gandun-daji mai zurfi a kan ƙananan tudun ruwa na tsakiyar Sikhote-Alin - ƙasa da nau'i biyu / km2 (Kuleshova, 1976), a cikin dajin Linden-wide-leaved gandun Sikhote Alin - 0.4 tururi / km2 (Nazarenko, 1971).

A Yamma. Turai ta zama ruwan dare, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa adadin yana karuwa. A Faransa, ƙasa da ƙasa da 1,000 nau'i-nau'i, a Belgium - kimanin nau'i 275 (a cikin 1982- 350 nau'i-nau'i), a Luxembourg - kusan nau'i-nau'i 60, a Netherlands - nau'i-nau'i 100-200 a cikin 1950, nau'i-nau'i 400-600 a 1965, nau'i-nau'i 1500-2500 a 1977, a Zap. Jamus - 6,200 nau'i biyu, a Denmark - fiye da nau'i-nau'i 80 a 1974 da nau'i-nau'i 100 a 1980, a Sweden - kusan nau'i 50,000, a cikin Finland - nau'i-nau'i 15,000, Bulgaria - 1000-1500 nau'i-nau'i (Cramp, 1985) . An lura da raguwar lambobi a Italiya.

Ayyukan yau da kullun, hali

Zhelna - tsuntsu mai irin aikin yau da kullun, yana bacci a cikin rami. Zuwa Cibiyar. Yakutia, akwai maganganun tsuntsayen dare a cikin dusar ƙanƙara (Zonov, 1982). A cikin lokacin farauta, ra'ayi ne na ƙasa, girman wuraren da ake yin shimfidar wuri shine 300-900 ha (Prokopov, 1969), ana kiyaye su nau'i-nau'i. A lokutan da ba nesting ba, yana haifar da mafi yawan salon rayuwa. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, tsuntsaye suna manne da wuraren da ake yin farauta a lokutan kiwo na baya, kuma ana yin amfani da wuraren hutawa na dare na dare. Maza da mata suna kwana a cikin waɗannan ramuka. A cikin Oksky app. An lura da matsayin mace na dare na tsawon shekaru uku a jere a cikin rami, wanda tsuntsayen ke amfani da su a kowane lokaci don farauta. Akwai lokuta da yawa na lokuta kusa da rami (50 da 174 m), a cikin abin da maza daban-daban suke barci a lokaci guda, an lura da su sau biyu. Dangane da D. Blume (Blume, 1961, wanda aka ambata: Cramp, 1985), a cikin lokacin kiwo ba mutane masu jinsi daya sun fi junan su hakuri fiye da tsuntsayen maza daban. A cikin hunturu na 1990/91, a Oksky Zap. 5 jellies sun mamaye wani yanki na 600 ha, wanda maza 4 da mace 1 (waɗanda aka lura da abubuwan lura da rami na dare). Matsakaicin matsakaici tsakanin rami na dare (n = 6) shine 1,250 m. Ba a kiyaye wuraren da ke cikin dare ba, lokacin da suka isa, tsuntsaye yawanci sun sauka a kan wata daraja kuma suna hawa zuwa rami. A damina da damuna, lokacin kusantowa da barin rami, masu katako suna ihu da gudu kuma suna zaune kusa da rami. A cikin hunturu, sun fi yin shuru da marasa ganuwa.

Ba kamar babban katakon itace ba, wanda tsuntsun da ya tashi daga tsawan dare ya zama dole ya hau saman bishiya, rawaya ce, yana tashi daga cikin rami, nan da nan ya tashi ya ciyar ko ya zauna. Ficewa daga gabanin wani gajeren lokaci na duba ƙasa daga m. Ana amfani da rami da aka zaɓa don zaman dare na tsawon lokacin hunturu. Tsuntsu mai firgita a daren kwana daya bayan an daina damuwa da damuwa nan da nan ya shiga cikin rami daya na tsawan dare.

Abokan gaba, dalilai masu illa

Babban haɗari ga rawaya shine goshawk, lokaci-lokaci ana kama tsuntsayen marten da lynx. Ga kajin, manyan macizai na iya zama haɗari, a cikin Ussuri Territory, alal misali, macijin Schrenk (Vorobyov, 1954). Sau da yawa sau da yawa, tsuntsaye suna mutuwa saboda laifofin ɗan adam. A yankin Leningrad Daga cikin mutuwar 12 da aka yi wa jel din, an harbe tsuntsaye 8 kuma daya ya harbe ta a mota (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983).

A cikin aikin jan rawaya sune launin rawaya (kuma musamman tsuntsayen yara), an lura da kwari da jini (jinin Hippoboscidae). Diptera larvae (Camus hemapterus, Pollenia rudis) sun zama ruwan dare a cikin mazauninsu, kamar su fleas (Ceratophyllus gallinae) da kuma bazara (Entomobia nivalis, E. marginata, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, Hyppogastrura armata, da H. purpuracens). Jerin kwari da aka lissafta sune kan tsuntsayen kaji da kajin. Larvae da manya na Carapace (Histeridae) da sauran wakilan Coleoptera, nau'ikan 18 waɗanda aka rubuta su a cikin mazaunan da aka bincika (Nordberg, 1936, Bequaert, 1942, Hicks, 1970), suna iya zama masu zama marasa lahani, suna amfani da zuriyar dabbobi da tarkace abinci a matsayin mazaunin su. a cikin bukkoki.

Darajar tattalin arziki, kariya

Tsarin ba shi da mahimmanci tattalin arziki kai tsaye. A wasu yankuna, yana haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar toshe sassan katako na gine-gine da rami a cikin sandunan wutar lantarki. Asarar kayan duniya daga irin wannan lalacewar kadan ne saboda karancin su. A cikin abubuwan halitta na halitta, ƙimar yana da rawaya mai haske. Tsohon m ta amfani da dabbobi da yawa. Harshen clintukh, huji mai kaɗa, jackdaw, rodent, koren itace, ƙyallen fitila, maƙarƙashiya, babban titinan su, kamar su squirre, Martens, jemage, wasps, ƙaho, da sauransu. Wasu daga cikin tsuntsayen - clintukh da naman mujiya - suna da alaƙa da ɗan rawaya, tunda kusan shine "mai siye" wuraren da ake tallatawa.

Zhelna an jera shi a cikin Littafin Raba na sassan sassan mutum ɗaya na Federationungiyar Rasha (yankuna Kursk da Lipetsk, Arewacin Ossetia), amma ba a ba da matakan musamman don kare nau'in don yawancin Federationungiyar Tarayyar Rasha ba.