Dan takarar ilimin kimiyyar nazarin halittu Nikolai Vekhov. Hoton marubuci
Na fara zuwa Bering Island, memba na Archipelago na tsibirin Komandorski, a lokacin rani na 1971, a matsayina na ɗalibi-dalibi a sashen nazarin halittu na Jami'ar Jihar Moscow, na tattara kayan don karatun. Tun daga wannan lokacin nake sha'awar duk abin da ya shafi Kwamandoji, kuma ban sake barin fata na sake kasancewa cikin wannan bangarorin ba. Shekaru uku da suka wuce, bisa gayyatar jagorancin Komandorsky Reserve, na ziyarci mafi girma tsibiri na biyu na tsibiri - Medny, inda na yi nazarin hadaddun abubuwan halitta.
Yanayin tsibiran yana riƙe asirai da yawa. Connectedayansu yana da alaƙa da tarihin ganowa da ci gaban waɗannan yankuna. Masu gano tsibirin Kwamandan sun gano a cikin ruwa wani katon dabba mai zurfi, wanda, duk dokokin ilmin halitta, ba zai iya zama a cikin ruwan sanyi na arewacin yankin Tekun Pacific ba.
Me wannan dabbar kuma menene makoma gareshi?
Tsare-tsaren shirin karshe na Yankin Kamchatka na biyu na 1733-1743 karkashin jagorancin fitaccen mai binciken jirgin da kuma mai binciken Fina-Finan Vitus Bering (duba Kimiyya da Rayuwa A'a. 5, 1981) sun kasance masu girma: don bincika Tekun Arctic na Siberiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, don nemo abin da ba a sani ba. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan teku na kan iyakokin arewacin Amurka, har ila yau sun isa gabar tekun Japan. Babban abin alfaharin da aka samu na wannan tafiya ba tare da bata lokaci ba shine gano tsibirin Kwamandan.
A ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1741, jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu guda biyu, "Mai Tsarki Peter Peter" karkashin umarnin Vitus Bering da "manzo Paul" wanda aka nada kyaftin din Alexey Ilyich Chirikov, sun tashi daga gabar Kamchatka a yankin Petropavlovsk Ostrog, inda daga baya garin Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky ya girma. Ba da daɗewa ba sun ɓace a cikin hazo mai yawa kuma sun rasa juna. “Saint Peter”, bayan an yi binciken kwana uku ba ga jirgi na biyu ba, tashi kawai. Duk da guguwa da iska mai karfin gaske, jirgin ruwan fakiti ya isa tsibirin Kodiak kusa da gabar Amurka. A kan hanyar dawowa, jirgin ruwan jarumi, wanda yanayi mai tsananin gaske ya bi shi, ya rasa iko kuma ya samu mummunan lalacewa. Mutuwa kamar ba makawa ce, amma ba zato ba tsammani matuƙan matuƙan jirgin ruwa suka hangi silinda wani tsibiri wanda ba a san shi ba ya zuwa sama a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 1741. Cin nasarar tsibirin wani gwaji ne mai wahala. Ba duka bane suka tsaya shi. Kyaftin-kwamandan Vitus Bering ya mutu. A nan aka binne shi. Daga baya aka sanya wa tsibirin suna da shi, kuma dukkan tsibirin, ciki har da tsibirai huɗu (Bering, Medny, Ariy Kamen da Toporkov), ana kiransu tsibirin Komandorski.
Jirgin ruwan jirgi na biyu mai suna "Saint Paul Paul", karkashin umurnin kwamandan kwamandan Alexei Chirikov, ya isa gabar Amurka kuma a ranar 11 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar ya koma Kamchatka.
Daga cikin abokan aikin Bering, wadanda suka zama masu son tilastawa, shine masanin kimiyyar lissafi da masanin dabi'ar halitta, abokiyar tarihin halitta a Jami'ar St. Pethelm Steller (duba Kimiyya da Rayuwa A'a. 11, 2002). Da farko ya fara halartar ilimi na balaguron balaguron ƙasa, amma ya yi mafarkin shiga sahun balaguro mai zuwa. A cikin 1741, George Steller yana cikin membobin jirgin ruwan fakitin “Saint Manzo Peter”. Masanin ilimin kimiyya ya shaida kuma ya shiga cikin gano tsibirin Kwamandan da mai tattara bayanan farko na bayanan kimiyya game da tsirrai, dabbobi masu ruwa - saƙar fata (kuliyoyi), zakuna na teku da mashigar teku (beavers), yanayin yanayi da ƙasa, tsaunuka da wuraren shakatawa, rafukan teku da sauran hadaddun abubuwan halitta na waɗannan ƙasashe. .
Steller ta gano a kan kwamandojin sananiyar dabbar mace mai shayar ruwa - mai saniya a teku (Hydrodamalis gigas), wacce aka sanya wa suna ta mai binciken Steller. Sunan na biyu - kabeji (Rhytina borealis) - masanin kimiyyar halitta ne ya kirkireshi. Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun taru a dabbobin da ake kira makiyayayen kabeji a cikin ciyawar da ke cike da ruwan teku, galibi launin ruwan ƙwaya da alaria, da aka sani da ruwan teku. Da farko, Steller ya yi imanin cewa yana ma'amala da manatees, wanda a Arewacin Amurka ake kira manat ko manatis (daga baya aka fara amfani da wannan sunan ga duk dabbobi masu shayarwa iri iri, ciki har da saniya na teku). Amma da sannu ya gane cewa ya yi kuskure.
Steller shine kawai masanin halitta wanda a zahiri ya ga wannan dodo, ya kalli dabi'unsa kuma ya bayyana shi. Dangane da bayanan shigar da littafi na L. S. Berg a cikin littafin “Ganowa Kamchatka da Kameringka na balaguron Bering. 1725-1742 ”(L.: Wallafa Gidan Glavsevmorputi, 1935), zaku iya tunanin yadda dabbar take.
“Zuwa ga cibiya, tana kama da hatimin, kuma daga cibiya zuwa wutsiya, tana kama da kifi. Kwanyarsa ta yi kama da na mai doki, amma an rufe kansa da nama da ulu, yayi kama da, musamman leɓensa, shugaban dutsen. A bakin, maimakon hakora, a kowane ɓangare akwai fuka-fukai biyu masu yawa, masu fa'ida, lebur da ƙyalƙyali. Ofayansu yana a haɗe zuwa palate, ɗayan zuwa ƙananan muƙamuƙi. A kan ƙasusuwa waɗannan suna da yawa da yawa waɗanda suke karkatar da sikari a kusurwa da maɓallin convex wanda dabba ke niƙa abincin da ya saba - tsirrai na teku ...
An haɗa kai a jiki tare da ɗan gajeren wuya. Mafi mashahuri sune ƙafafun gaba da kirji. Kafafu biyu ne daga haɗuwa biyu, ɗayan da ya yi daidai da ƙafar doki. A ƙasa waɗannan ƙafafun gaba suna sanye da fitila mai ɗamara da dama da ke zaune a ciki. Ta hanyar wannan yatsan da yatsun hancin da aka hana su maƙallan su, dabba tana iyo, ta kakkaɓo tsirrai masu ruwa daga duwatsun kuma […]
Komawar saniyar saniya yana da wuyar rarrabuwa daga bayan bijimin, kashin baya ya yi fice, a garesu akwai rashin damuwa da tsawon jiki.
Abun ciki yana zagaye, ya shimfiɗa kuma koyaushe yana da yawa cewa, tare da ƙaramin rauni, hanjin cikin yayi kuka. A gwargwado, yayi kama da frog na ciki [...]. Wutsiya, yayin da take gab da fin fin, kuma ta maye kafafu, sai ta zama sirara, amma faffinta kai tsaye a gaban fin har yanzu ya kai rabin mita. Baya ga fin a ƙarshen wutsiya, dabba ba ta da sauran ƙyallen, kuma wannan ya bambanta da whales a cikin wannan. Fin ta daidai take kamar ta whales da dabbobin ruwa.
Fata na wannan dabba yana da yanayi biyu. Fata na waje yana da baki ko baƙi mai launin ruwan kasa-ƙasa, mai kauri inch kuma mai yawa, kusan kamar abin toshe kwalaba, akwai falo da yawa, alagammanawa da rashin damuwa a kusa da kai [...]. Fata na ciki ya yi kauri fiye da bovine, mai dorewa da fari. Karkashin farfajiya itace mai kitse wanda ya mamaye duk jikin dabbar. Tsarin fat mai yana da yatsu huɗu a kauri. Sannan a biye da naman.
"Na kiyasta nauyin dabba tare da fata, tsokoki, nama, ƙashi da viscera a fam 200."
Steller ya ga daruruwan manyan gawawwakin gawawwakin mutane suna ta birgima yayin tashin hankali, wanda, a cikin kwatancin da ya dace, yayi kama da kwale-kwalen Dutch sun juye. Bayan lura dasu na wani dan lokaci, masaniyar kimiyyar halitta ta fahimci cewa wadannan dabbobin suna cikin jinsin dabbobi masu rai da ba'a tantance ba a baya na rukunin dabbobi na kungiyar sirens. Ya rubuta a cikin rubutunsa: "Idan sun tambaye ni nawa ne na gan su a Tsibirin Bering, ba zan yi jinkirin ba da amsa ba - ba za a iya kirga su ba, ba su da yawa ba ... Ba tsammani, na sami damar don watanni goma don lura da hanyar rayuwa da halaye na kirki. daga cikin waɗannan dabbobin ... Kowace rana suna bayyana kusan a ƙofar gidana. "
Girman kabeji ya kasance kamar giwaye fiye da shanu. Misali, tsawon shekarun kwarangwal din da aka nuna a dakin ajiyar kayan tarihi na St Petersburg, wanda, a cewar masana kimiyya, ya cika shekaru 250, yakai 7.5. Tsarin arewacin arewa na dabbobi masu shayarwa daga tsohuwar dangin sirens hakika yana da matukar girman gaske: isar kirji irin wannan colossus ya wuce mita shida!
Dangane da bayanin rayuwar mahalarta balaguron Vitus Bering da kuma daga baya kwamandan masunta ya ce, mazaunin saniyar Steller ya iyakance ga manyan tsibiri biyu na tsibiri - Bering da Medny, duk da cewa masana kimiyyar binciken zamani sun ce kewayonta ya fi yawa a zamanin prehistoric. Abin mamaki, an sami dabbobi a cikin ruwan sanyi, kadan a kudu a iyakar kankara lokacin sanyi, kodayake kusancinsu - digongs da manatees - suna zaune a tekuna masu ɗumi. A bayyane yake, lokacin farin ciki fata mai kama da haushi na bishiya da fataccen mai ya taimaka wa saniya Steller ta ci gaba da dumin yanayi a farfajiyar subarctic.
Ana iya ɗauka cewa tsuntsayen kabeji ba su taɓa tafiya mai nisa ba daga bakin tekun, tun da ba su iya nutsewa cikin zurfin neman abinci ba, bugu da ƙari, a cikin tekun da suke buɗe sun zama ganima mai kifayen kifi. Dabbobin suna ratsawa cikin zurfin tare da taimakon kututture guda biyu a gaban jikin, suna kama da paws, kuma cikin ruwa mai zurfi suna tura kansu gaba, suna kai tsaye a tsaye tare da babban wutsiya da aka zana. Fatar kabeji ba ta yi laushi ba, kamar manatee ko digong. Yawancin tsagi da alagammana sun bayyana a kanta - Saboda haka sunan na huɗu na dabba - Rhytina Stellerii, wanda yake ma'anar "mai siƙe da wrinkled".
Shanuyen teku, kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, masu cin ganyayyaki ne. Suna tattara manyan garkunan dabbobi, sai suka kwashe lamuran katako mai zurfi na “tsaffin yankuna masu tsayi-mita”. A cewar Steller, “wadannan halittun da ba a iya jurewa, ba tare da tsayawa ba, suna ci kuma saboda kwaɗayinsu na ƙoshin abinci kusan a koyaushe suna riƙe kawunansu ƙarƙashin ruwa. A wannan lokacin, lokacin da suka yi kiwo kamar wannan, ba su da sauran damuwa, da zaran kowane minti hudu ko biyar sukan fitar da hancin su tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa don fitar da iska daga cikin huhun. Sautin da suke yi a lokaci guda yayi kama da lokaci guda mai makoki na dawakai, suttura da cizo [...]. Ba su da sha’awa ga abin da ke faruwa, ba sa kulawa da komai game da tsare rayuwarsu da tsaro. ”
Ba shi yiwuwa a yi hukunci da girman adadin saniya Steller a lokacin Vitus Bering. An sani cewa Steller ya lura da tarin yawa na kabeji tare da yawan mutane 1,500-2,000. Mariners sun ba da rahoton cewa sun ga wannan dabbar a kan kwamandan "a adadi mai yawa." Musamman manyan bangarorin an lura da su a ƙarshen gefen Bering Island, a cape, daga baya ana kiranta Cape Manati.
A cikin hunturu, shanu a teku suna da bakin ciki kuma, a cewar Steller, masu fata ne da suke iya ƙidaya dukkan almara. A wannan lokacin, dabbobi zasu shayar da su a karkashin kankara, ba su da karfin tura su baya kuma su sha iska. A cikin hunturu, sau da yawa sami kabeji crushed by kankara da kuma wanke bakin. Babban gwaji a gare su shine guguwa da aka saba samu akan tsibirin Kwamandan. Shanun teku marasa aiki galibi basu da lokacin tafiya zuwa amintacciyar hanyar daga bakin tekun, kuma ana jefa su cikin raƙuman ruwa a kan duwatsun, inda suka mutu sakamakon bugun manyan duwatsu. Shaidun gani da ido sun ce wasu lokuta dangi sun yi kokarin taimaka wa dabbobin da suka jikkata, amma, a matsayinka na mai mulki, ba a sami wata nasara ba. Irin wannan "kwatankwacin tallafi" daga baya masana kimiyya suka lura da halayen wasu dabbobin ruwa - dabbobin ruwa da kifi Whales.
Ba a san kaɗan game da rayuwar dabbobin teku ba. Don haka, Steller yayi mamakin sahihiyar kabeji na ban mamaki. Sun bar mutane kusa da su don kusan su taɓa shi daga hannu. Kuma ba kawai taɓawa ba. Mutane sun kashe dabbobi don ƙoshin nama. Rashin yanka shanu ya faru ne a cikin 1754, kuma mutanen ƙarshe sun ɓace a kusa da 1768. A wata kalma, saniyar teku - wacce ta fi dadewa a cikin dangin mamacin sirens - ta lalace ne shekaru 27 kacal bayan gano ta.
Kusan shekaru 250 sun shude tun daga wannan lokacin, amma har yau, a tsakanin masana kimiyya da kawai mutanen da ke da sha'awar, akwai magoya baya da yawa da ke goyan bayan sigar cewa “'yar arewa' tana raye, kawai, saboda karamin lambarta, yana da matukar wahala a neme ta. Wasu lokuta bayanai kan bayyana cewa wannan "dodo" an ganshi da rai. Rahotannin da suka shaidi shaidu sun ba da fata cewa tinyan kalilan na St saniya za su iya rayuwa cikin natsuwa kuma ba za a iya amfani da su ba. Misali, a cikin watan Agusta 1976, a yankin Cape Lopatka (kudu maso gabas na Kamchatka Peninsula), masanan kimiyyar meteorologists biyu sun yi zargin sun ga saniya Steller. Sun yi da'awar cewa sun san kifayen kifi, kifi mai whales, mai hatimin, zakuna na teku, maƙarya, otar teku da walrus da kyau kuma ba sa iya rikitar da dabbar da ba a sani ba tare da su. Sun ga wani dabba a hankali yana iyo a cikin ruwa mara zurfin kusan mita biyar a tsayi. Bugu da kari, masu lura da al’amuran sun ba da rahoton cewa ya motsa cikin ruwa kamar igiyar ruwa: da farko wani shugaban ya bayyana, sannan gawar nan mai dauke da wutsiya. Ba kamar yadda hatimi da walruses ba, waɗanda kafafunsu ke bugawa gaba da juna kuma suna kama da juna, a cikin dabbar da suka lura wutsiya tana kama da saƙar whale. 'Yan shekarun da suka gabata, a cikin 1962, bayani game da haɗuwa da manat ya fito daga masana kimiyya daga jirgin ruwa na Soviet. Masu aikin jirgin ruwa sun lura da wasu manyan dabbobi baƙaƙen fata guda shida da ke kiwo a cikin ruwa mai kusa da Cape Navarin, wanda Tekun Bering ya wanke. A shekarar 1966, wata jaridar Kamchatka ta ba da rahoton cewa masunta sun sake ganin barayin teku a kudu da Cape Navarin. Haka kuma, sun bayar da cikakken kwatancen dabbobi.
Shin yana yiwuwa a yarda da irin wannan bayanin? Bayan haka, shaidun gani da ido basu da hotunan hoto ko hoton bidiyon. Wasu daga dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin gida da kasashen waje sun ce babu wata tabbatacciyar shaida game da kasancewar saniya mai siyarwa a ko ina wajen tsibirin Kwamandan. A lokaci guda, akwai wasu hujjoji waɗanda ke ba da damar shakkar daidai wannan ra'ayi.
Marubucin tarihin G.F. Miller, wanda ke cikin mahalarta zangon Kamchatka na biyu, ya rubuta: "Dole ne a yi tunanin cewa su (Aleuts. - Kusa. Auth.) Ciyar da dabbobin dabbobin teku, waɗanda suke samu a cikin teku, sune: kifi whales, manats (shanu Steller. - Bayanin marubucin), zakuna na teku, kuliyoyin teku, beavers (bakin teku, ko maɓallin teku. - Bayanin marubucin) da kuma hatimin ... "Bayanin da ke gaba na iya zama azaman tabbatacciyar kalmar kalmomin masanin: a karni na 20, ƙasusuwa na saniya Steller wanda ya fara daga lokacin prehistoric ( kusan shekaru 3,700 da suka gabata), wanda aka samo sau biyu da kuma duka biyun - wato a Aleutsky x tsibiran. A wata kalma, duk da cewa Steller da masunta sun ga kabeji kawai a tsibirin Bering da Medny, yanayin da ya dace da saniya a cikin teku ya haɗa, a bayyane yake, ruwan tekun tsibirin gabashin tsibirin Aleutian-Kwamandan Ridge.
Yankin
Dangane da wasu karatun, kewayon saniya na Steller ya bazu sosai yayin ganima na ƙarshe na glaciation (kusan shekaru dubu 20 da suka gabata), lokacin da yankin Arctic ya rabu da tsibirin Pacific, wanda yake kan wurin Bering Strait na zamani, wanda ake kira Beringia. Yanayin arewa maso yamma na tekun Pacific yana da sauki fiye da na zamani, wanda ya ba da damar saniya Steller ta zauna nesa da bakin tekun Asiya.
Late sami Karin, tabbatar da gaskiyar nau'ikan sirans a wannan yanki na yanki. Gidauniyar saniya mai siyarwa a cikin iyakance mai iyaka kusa da tsibirin Kwamandan tuni na nufin kisan gilla Holocene. Masu bincike ba su ware cewa a wasu wuraren saniya ta ɓace a cikin lokutan prehistoric saboda zalunci daga kabilun farauta.
Wasu masu binciken Amurkawa sun yi imanin cewa ana iya rage girman saniya ba tare da halartar mafarautan farauta ba.A ra'ayinsu, saniya ta Steller ta riga ta kusa karewa duk lokacin da aka gano ta dalilai na zahiri.
Saniya ta Steller a karni na 18, tare da babban yuwuwar hakan, ta kuma zauna tsibirin Aleutian yamma, kodayake bayanan Soviet daga farkon shekarun sun nuna cewa bayanai game da mazaunan shanu a wuraren da aka san adadinsu sun dogara ne kawai a kan binciken gawawwakinsu da aka jefa ta teku.
A shekarun 1960 zuwa 70s, ana samun kasusuwan kasusuwan na saniya mai sihiri a Japan da California. Abubuwan da aka sani kawai game da sikelin kwarangwal kwarangwal sama da yadda aka san shi an yi shi ne a shekarar 1969 a tsibirin Amchitka (tsohuwar tsibirin Aleutian), shekarun shekarun kwarangwal din guda uku da aka samu a wurin an kiyasta cewa sunkai shekaru dubu 125-130.
Ban sha'awa! Kasusuwa wanda aka samo a tsibirin Amchitka, duk da shekarunta, ba su da ƙanƙan da manya misalai daga tsibirin Kwamandan.
A shekara ta 1971, bayanai sun bayyana game da gano gefen hagun wata saniya ta teku yayin rami na sansanin Eskimo na ƙarni na 17 a Alaska a cikin kwarin Kogin Noatak. An kammala cewa a ƙarshen Pleistocene, saniya ta Steller ta bazu ko'ina a tsibirin Aleutian da bakin tekun Alaska, yayin da yanayin wannan yankin yake da ɗumi sosai.
Bayanin
Bayyanar kabeji halayen duk masu lilac ne, sai dai cewa saniya Steller ta fi ta dangi girma.
- Jikin dabbobi ya yi kauri da kauri. Ya ƙare tare da fadi da kwance caudal lobe tare da hutu a tsakiya.
- Shugaban idan aka kwatanta da yadda jikin yake yayi kankanta, saniya kuma tana iya jujjuya kai ta bangarorin biyu zuwa sama da kasa.
- Liman sun kasance kaɗan mai ɗaure tsummoki tare da haɗin gwiwa a tsakiya, yana ƙare da haɓakar jaraba, wanda aka kwatanta da kofato na dawakai.
- Fata Saniya ta Steller ba ta, ɗaure, kuma tana da kauri, kuma, kamar yadda Steller saka shi, yayi kama da hawan tsohuwar itacen oak. Her launi ya daga launin toka zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, wani lokacin tare da farar fata da ratsi.
Ofaya daga cikin masu binciken Jamusawa da suka yi binciken adon fata na saniyar Steller sun gano cewa dangane da ƙarfi da haɓakawa yana da kusanci da tayoyin taya na zamani.
Wataƙila wannan mallakar fata ta kayan kariya ne wanda ya ceci dabba daga raunuka a kan duwatsu a yankin gabar teku.
- Ramin kunne sun yi ƙanana da kusan sun ɓace daga fatar fatar.
- Anya su ma sun kasance kaɗan, bisa ga asusun shaidar gani - ba fiye da na tumaki ba.
- M da ta hannu lebe an lulluɓe su da tsintsiya kamar farin gashin tsuntsu. Ba a lebe lebe na sama ba.
- Haushi dabbar mai sihiri ba ta da komai. Kabeji ya kasance ƙasa tare da fararen fararen ƙaho biyu (ɗaya a kowane muƙamuƙi).
- Kasancewar saniya mai siyarwa dimorphism na jima'i har yanzu ba a sani ba. Kodayake, maza sun kasance sun ɗan fi girma fiye da na mace.
Saniya ta Steller ba ta yin sauti. Kusan kullum tana jin dusar iska, iska ce mai rauni, kuma lokacin da rauni kawai za ta iya yin sautin karar da ba ta ji. Babu shakka, wannan dabba tana da ji mai kyau, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da ci gaban ci gaban kunne na ciki. Koyaya, shanun kusan basu da karɓar hayan jiragen ruwan da ke zuwa kansu.
A cikin hunturu, shanu a teku suna da bakin ciki kuma, a cewar Steller, masu fata ne da suke iya ƙidaya dukkan almara. A wannan lokacin, dabbobi zasu shayar da su a karkashin kankara, ba su da karfin tura su baya kuma su sha iska.
Kinship tare da wasu nau'in
Saniya Steller ita ce wakilcin siren. Asalinta sanannen kakanninta ya fito fili Dugon-dimbin yawa Miocene saniya teku, wanda aka bayyana burbushinsu a cikin California.
Ana iya la'akari da magabatan kabeji nan da nan saniya teku, wanda ya rayu a Late Miocene, kimanin shekaru miliyan 5 da suka gabata.
Mafi kusancin dangi na yau da kullun shine saniyar Stong. An sanya saniya Steller ga dangin dugong, amma ya sha bamban a matsayin wani nau'in halittar Hydrodamalis.
Rayuwa
Ba a san kaɗan game da rayuwar dabbobin teku ba. Don haka, Steller yayi mamakin sahihiyar kabeji na ban mamaki. Sun bar mutane kusa da su don kusan su taɓa shi daga hannu. Kuma ba kawai taɓa Mutane sun kashe dabbobi don nama mai daɗi ba.
Mafi yawan lokaci, shanu masu ciyarwa, suna ciyar da su, a hankali suna iyo a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, galibi suna amfani da saman gaba don tallafawa ƙasa. Ba su nutse ba, kuma bayansu suna nishi daga ruwa.
Seabirds sau da yawa zauna a baya daga cikin shanu, pecking crustaceans (whale lice) daga fata folds.
Yawancin lokaci, mace da namiji suna kiyaye tare da saurayi mai shekaru da kuma na shekarar da ta gabata, gabaɗaya, shanu suna kiyayewa da garken dabbobi da yawa. A cikin garken, matasa sun kasance a tsakiya. Haɗin dabbobi ga juna ya kasance da ƙarfi.
An bayyana yadda wani namiji ya yi tafiya kwana uku zuwa ga mace mace da take kwance a bakin gaci. Cuban wata mace, wanda masana masana'antu suka yanka, suka yi daidai da wannan.
Ah! kiwo kabeji kadan ne sananne. Steller ya rubuta cewa barayin teku suna da yawa, da alama, sun faru ne a lokacin bazara.
A cikin hunturu, sau da yawa sami kabeji crushed by kankara da kuma wanke bakin. Babban gwaji a gare su shine guguwa da aka saba samu akan tsibirin Kwamandan. Shanun teku marasa aiki galibi basu da lokacin tafiya zuwa amintacciyar hanyar daga bakin tekun, kuma ana jefa su cikin raƙuman ruwa a kan duwatsun, inda suka mutu sakamakon bugun manyan duwatsu.
Shaidun gani da ido sun ce wasu lokuta dangi sun yi kokarin taimaka wa dabbobin da suka jikkata, amma, a matsayinka na mai mulki, ba a sami wata nasara ba. Irin wannan "kwatankwacin tallafi" daga baya masana kimiyya suka lura da halayen wasu dabbobin ruwa - dabbobin ruwa da kifi Whales.
Tsawon rayuwa Saniya Steller, kamar maigidanta mafi kusa, ta iya kaiwa shekaru 90. Ba a bayyana makiyan abokanan wannan dabba ba.
Farauta
Masana masana'antu da suka isa tsibiran Kwamandan, waɗanda ke girbe abincin teku, a can, kuma masu bincike suna farautar shanu Steller don abincinsu. Yanke shrimps kabeji lamari ne mai sauƙi - waɗannan masu ƙarancin aiki da marasa ƙarfi, sun kasa nutsar da dabbobi ba sa iya guje wa mutanen da ke binsu a cikin kwale-kwale. Saniya mai fatara, koyaushe, tana nuna irin wannan fushin da ƙarfin da mafarautan suke nema su tashi daga gare ta.
Hanyar da aka saba don kama shanu ita ce ta hannun jakar. Wasu lokuta ana kashe su ta hanyar amfani da bindigogi.
Babban dalilin farautar saniya Steller shine hakar nama. Daya daga cikin membobin kungiyar ta Bering ya ce daga saniya da aka yanka za a iya samun tan uku na nama. An san cewa naman saniya guda ya isa ya ciyar da mutane 33 har tsawon wata guda. Ba a iya cinye shanun da ke yanka ba kawai ta hanyar yankuna na hunturu ba, ana kuma daukar su a matsayin kayan abinci ta jiragen ruwa. Naman dabbar teku ya kasance, gwargwadon dandano, kyakkyawan dandano.
Akwai bayani cewa a cikin 1755 jagorancin sasantawa game da. Bering ya ba da umarnin dakatar da farautar dabbobin teku. Koyaya, a wannan lokacin, an riga an hallakar da mutanen yankin gabaki ɗaya.
Rayuwa game da kasusuwa
An yi nazarin ragowar sashin shanu Steller sosai. Kasusuwan su ba na kowa ba ne, tun daga yanzu sun ci karo da mutane a tsibirin Kwamandan.
A cikin gidajen tarihi a duniya akwai manyan kasusuwa da kasusuwa na wannan dabbar - a cewar wasu rahotanni, gidajen tarihi na duniya hamsin da tara suna da irin wannan nune-nunen. Ga wasu daga cikinsu:
- Gidan tarihin dabbobi na Jami'ar Moscow,
- Gidan kayan gargajiya na Khabarovsk,
- Gidan tarihi na yankin Irkutsk,
- Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Kasa a Washington,
- Gidan Tarihi na Landan,
- Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Halitta a cikin Faris
An kuma kiyaye ragowar naman fat saniyar teku. Samfuran saniya Steller, waɗanda aka sake gina su tare da babban inganci, ana samunsu a yawancin gidajen tarihi. A cikin wannan adadin nune-nunen, akwai kuma kwarangwal din da ke kiyaye su sosai.
An ɗauki samfurori daga ƙasusuwa da aka adana a cikin kayan tarihi don nazarin yanayin halittar saniya Steller.
Ba ta mutu ba?
Abin ban sha'awa, bayan wariyar saniyar Steller, duniyar kimiyya ta sami farin ciki sau da yawa ta hanyar rahotannin haɗuwa da mutane tare da waɗannan keɓantattun halittu. Abin takaici, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da ɗayansu ba. Sabon labarai yana nufin Yuni 2012: bisa ga wasu wallafe-wallafen kan layi, saniya ta Steller tana da rai - an sami yawancin mutane 30 a cikin wani karamin tsibiri mallakar mallakar Arctic Archipelago na Kanada. Dusar kankara ta sa ya yiwu ya shiga cikin sasanninta mafi nisa, inda aka sami shinge. Bari mu fatan cewa an tabbatar da jita-jita, kuma bil'adama zai iya gyara kuskuren kuskurensa.
Tsakanin yan koyo, akwai tattaunawa game da yiwuwar kabejin kabeji ta amfani da kayan halitta da aka samu daga samfuran fata da kasusuwa. Idan saniya ta Steller ta rayu har zuwa zamani, to, kamar yadda yawancin masana ilimin dabbobi ke rubutu, tare da yanayin ɗabi'arta, zai iya zama dabbar dabbar ta farko.
A al'ada
Wataƙila sanannen sanannen lafazin ambaton saniya Steller a cikin littattafan adabin gargajiya shine hotonta a cikin labarin "White Cat".
A cikin wannan aikin, mai tayar da kayar baya, wani farin rufe bakin, ya gamu da wani garken shanu na teku da ya rayu a cikin Tekun Bahar, ba wanda ya isa ga mutane.
Fim ɗin “Sau ɗaya a lokacin akwai barayin teku”, wanda ke bayanin tarihin ƙungiyar Steller gaba ɗaya da kuma matsalolin Kamchatka Territory na RSFSR, an kuma sadaukar dasu a kansu.