Mutane da yawa sun san karin magana ta Rasha "tsuntsu a hannu ya fi kyan gani a sararin sama."
Duk da yanayin wayewar gari, ana samun babban tit kusan a ko'ina. Bayan haka, duk da yaduwar wannan nau'in halittar halittar, an san wannan tsuntsu "a cikin mutum" - nesa da duka. Sabili da haka, yanzu za mu san titin sosai.
Abubuwan dabam dabam na launi
Babban tit ɗin yana da girma babba kuma yana da dogon wutsiya. Ta hanyar girman jikinta, wannan tsuntsu tana matukar tunawa da sananniyar tsintsaye.
A mafi yawan lokuta, tsayin jikinta ya tashi daga 13 zuwa 17 cm, nauyin tsuntsu ya kai 14-21 g, kuma fikafikan yayin zirga-zirga shine 22-26 cm.
Jikin na sama yana da launin shuɗi mai launin kore, ƙasan yana da rawaya mai haske, wutsiya da fuka-fukan ana fentin su a cikin launin shuɗi-launin toka. A mafi girman gashin gashin tsuntsaye, kyawawan sassan fuskoki masu ɗaukar hoto ana iya ganin su cikin sauƙi, kowane ɗayan fikafikan an yi wa ado da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar zaƙi.
Kari akan haka, launin wannan nau'in tsuntsayen ya kasance yana sanye da wata madafin almara mai haske wanda ya kai matakin ido, wuri mai haske a cikin ɓangaren occipital na kai, fararen huhun da aka ɗauka ta hanyar bugu mai duhu, wani tabo mai duhu wanda ya kai matsayin kirji, ciki da ƙashin bayan ƙasa a cikin wani nau'i na "beki".
Latterarshen fasalin ƙarshen shine mafi yawan lokuta a cikin maza. Matasa tit suna da launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi tare da ƙaramar launuka masu launuka, launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi ba ya rabuwa ta hanyar duhu daga layin kirji.
Rayuwa
Rayuwar rayuwar tsuntsaye kusan iri ɗaya ce ga mafi yawan masu tallatawa. Yawancin nau'ikan waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da aminci ga juna tsawon shekaru. M wuraren zama da sauran wuraren kiwon tsuntsayen waɗannan tsuntsayen galibi ana samunsu a faɗin mil 1.5 zuwa 5 daga ƙasa, amma in babu wani rami, jerin gwanon ma za su iya zama a cikin ramuka.
Gasar kogwanni, manyan tsuntsaye sun sami damar rusa cukowar wasu ƙananan tsuntsaye. Misali, akwai lokuta lokacin da karfi da mafi girman tsuntsaye suka kafe flycatchers da ke kan gida.
Mace yawanci takan shiga aikin gina gida; namiji ma baya shiga cikin neman kayan rayuwa. A cikin kamawa, a matsayin mai mulkin, 9-12 qwai. Matar ta zauna kusan kullun, sau da yawa tana tsoratar da masu farauta da baki da karfi da kuma ihu.
Pairaya daga cikin ma'aurata suna kawo sau bros biyu a cikin wannan shekara. Wannan nau'in tsuntsayen ba sa tara hannun jari don hunturu, amma, in ya yiwu, yana jin daɗin saka wasu tsuntsaye cikin nishaɗi.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Yayin kiwo, manyan tsuntsayen suna yawan neman ƙananan kwari da lardin su, suna lalata ragon zaki da na kwari. Ksan kaji ana yawan ciyar da su kananan catan mata da tsutsotsi.
A cikin bazara da hunturu, manyan tsuntsaye sun canza zuwa nau'ikan abincin shuka. Tushen abincin waɗannan tsuntsayen a cikin hunturu shine hatsin rai, alkama, sunflower, masara da hatsi.
A mafi yawancin halayen, tsuntsaye na samun damar kaiwa ga wadatarnan albarkatun gona ne kawai kusa da rakyin abinci na garin da mutum yayi. Kasancewa kusa da mazaunan ɗan adam, tsuntsayen za su iya jin daɗin sabon ciyawar lardin, cuku gida ko man shanu.
A cikin mazaunin halitta, foromo titmouse a kambi na ciyayi da bishiyoyi. Idan babu dusar ƙanƙara, yana neman abin da zai amfana daga saman ƙasa. A cikin arewa maso yammacin Rasha, azaman ciyarwa a cikin mazaunin al'ada na tit, an zaɓi tsaba mafi yawan bishiyun daji da ciyawa don kansu.
Idan babu isasshen tsaba, manyan tsuntsaye sukan kai hari ga tsuntsayen masu rauni da kuma raunana. Sabili da haka, yana da kyau kada a kawo ɗan ƙaramin abin da aka yi wa laifi, amma a kula da kasancewar masu ciyarwa a gaba!
Idan akwai wadataccen abinci a kowane lokaci na shekara, kowane ɗayan babban tsuntsaye zai iya rayuwa na kusan shekaru 15. Koyaya, a zahirin gaskiya, kashi uku cikin uku na tsuntsayen da suke rayuwa a cikin kewayen birane suna tsira lokacin sanyi.
A kan wannan mun zo ga ƙarshe. Kuyi like kuma kuyi channel din!
Ara aku
Sunan Latin: | Parus |
Sunan Turanci: | Tomtit |
Masarauta: | Dabbobi |
Nau'i: | Chordate |
Class: | Tsuntsaye |
Kamewa: | Takardar Bayar |
Iyali: | Tit |
Kyau: | Titsiya |
Tsayin jiki: | 15-20 cm |
Tsawon tsawon: | 6 cm |
Wingspan: | 26 cm |
Weight: | 14-20 g |
Halin hali da salon rayuwa
Wannan prankster yana da wahalar zama a wuri guda. Tana cikin motsi akai-akai. Tunuka na tsuntsaye ne marasa ma'ana. Wannan garken tsuntsaye ne wanda bai san maɗaurin zaman aure ba.
A cikin zurfin magana da son sani ba sa mamaye shi. Zasu iya yin wani abu wanda yafi karfin yan uwansu. Misali, sanannun sanannun hanyoyinsu ta kowane bangare. Ana samun irin wannan dabarar a cikin titin tare da taimakon ƙafafunsa masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi.
Hakanan paws ɗin yana taimaka mata ta tsira idan ta kasance nesa. Titin kawai ya haɗu da reshe kuma ya yi barci. A irin waɗannan lokutan, yana kama da ƙaramar ƙwalƙwalwa. Wannan iya ceton tsuntsayen daga tsananin sanyi.
Kowane jinsi tsuntsaye kawai halayyar fasali. Amma dukkaninsu suna da haɗin kai ta kyawawan umabi'u, halayen mara kyau da waƙoƙin ban sha'awa. Abin takaici ne cewa a cikin yanayin yanayi mai wuya, ba duk tsuntsaye ba ne suke iya rayuwa har sai lokacin bazara kuma sun sanar da mu wannan. Wasu daga cikinsu basa tsayayya da tsananin sanyi.
A'idodi sune ainihin tsari na yanayi. Suna lalata kwari masu cutarwa kuma ta haka ne suke adana ɗakin kore. Misali, aya daga cikin tsuntsayen da zasu ciyar da 'ya'yansu suna tsabtace kwari fiye da bishiyoyi 40.
Titinuse mai motsa jiki ba koyaushe yana da halin kirki da gaisuwa ba. A lokacin kiwo, sun zama mugayen, marasa son rai da mugayen halittu yayin da suka shafi zuriyarsu. Sun kare yankunansu da himma da tsoro.
Shedding yana faruwa a cikin tsuntsaye sau ɗaya a shekara. Don gina gida don kansu, ana samun tsuntsaye a cikin wuraren hutawa a cikin bishiyoyi ko ramuka na wasu tsuntsaye ko na dabbobi. Mafi sau da yawa, sukan zauna a cikin gidajen da aka watse na katako. Ba duka bane, amma akwai wasu iri tsuntsayemarasa azanci kuma waɗanda suke aiki tare sukan ɓata hutu don gida.
Ma'auratan suna tsunduma cikin rufin gida. Ayyuka kawai ake dan raba su. Yawancin lokaci, mace tana kawo gashin fuka-fukai ko ulu a cikin sabon gida, kuma namiji yana ɗaukar kayan gini mai nauyi - gansakuka ko lashen.
Bayanin Bird
Gban ƙarami da raye raye mai suna jerin gwano ne wanda za a iya gane shi da sauƙi ta ƙoshin ruwan lemo mai launin shuɗi tare da madaurin baki mai launin baki, madaidaicin gashin kansa da farin kumatu da launin shuɗi baya da fuka-fuki. Waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da ƙaramin baki mai kyau, waɗanda aka daidaita akan tarnaƙi kuma keɓaɓɓe a ƙafafunsu.
Amma ga girman, a kan matsakaita, tsuntsayen sun ɗan fi girma nesa da tsuntsaye, kuma ya bambanta da su da wutsiyar su. Tsawon jikinsu ya kai 15-20 cm, nauyi yana daga 14 zuwa 20 g, fuka-fuki - har zuwa 26 cm.
Waɗannan jerin litattafan suna cikin jerin abubuwan baye-baye na tsari, dangin Titmouse da kuma ɗabi'ar Titmouse. A lokuta daban-daban, masana kimiyya sun danganta da taken tsuntsaye iri-iri, alal misali, azores. Bayan haka, yanzu manyan nau'ikan 4 na wannan halittar sune (babban tit, launin toka, gabas, kore-tallafa) da raginsu.
Abin da ke ci
Kayan tsuntsaye ba su da ma'anar abinci mai gina jiki, wanda shine ƙari don tabbatarwa a gida. Amma abincinsu na zamani ne.
A lokacin rani, a lokacin farauta da kiwo, tsuntsaye sukan ciyar da abincin dabbobi: small ananan kwari, larvae su (ƙwaro, kwari, kwari, sauro, kwari, gizo-gizo, aphids). A lokaci guda, tsuntsayen suna cin yawancin kwari na daji, suna fitar da su daga ƙarƙashin itaciyar bishiyoyi, wanda galibi ana kiransu da umarnin daji. Iyaye suna ciyar da kajinsu da wasu ƙwaƙƙwaran ɗanyen ganye.
Amma a cikin kaka-hunturu lokacin, titmouse okin ci hatsi shuka abinci da iri shuka iri (spruce, Kaya, Birch, Linden, dutse ash, elderberry). Abin da ya sa a cikin biranen tsuntsaye suna zama baƙi masu yawan zuwa baƙi. Af, a cikin lokacin sanyi, tsuntsaye suna buƙatar abinci masu abinci, tunda yawancin jama'a suna mutuwa saboda yunwar.
Bayyanar
Tsuntsu mai motsi, agile. A cikin Turai, mafi girma tit - game da girman sparrow, yana da dogon wutsiya mai adalci. Tsawon 13-17 cm, nauyi 14-21 g, fuka-fuki 22-26 cm. Tana da rawar jiki mai kyau, a tsakanin sauran tsuntsayen ita ta fara fitowa da fari tare da rawaya ciki mai haske tare da "ɗaure" - madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya daga kirji zuwa wutsiya. A saman kai, ko hula, baƙar fata ce tare da sheen shuɗin ƙarfe. Cheeks fari ne. Akwai wani tabo mai launin shuɗi a bangon kai. A kusa da wuya akwai baƙin band-kwala, makogwaro da kirji suna da baki tare da ɗan haske mai ɗan haske. A baya launin rawaya-kore ko ruwan hoda mai launin shuɗi tare da ɗan ƙanƙan zaitun a kafadu, fuka-fuki da jela suna laushi. A kan matsanancin taimakon guda uku akwai farin kololuwa, tare suna samar da tsinke mara haske. Hakanan ana sanannen farin tsiri mai raɗaɗi mai fiɗa akan reshe.
Mata suna kama da maza, amma gabaɗaya sun ɗan yi ƙanƙanuwa - sautunan baƙi a kan kai da kirji suna da inuwa mai ɗaukar hoto, abin wuya da na baki a bakin ciki suna kanana kuma wasu lokuta ana iya katse su. Iyakokin ƙasa da na sama sun fi haske launin shuɗi fiye da launin shuɗi-shuɗi a cikin maza. Rashin hankali shine ya fito. Tsuntsayen yara suna kama da mace, duk da haka, ƙanshinsu ya fi launin shuɗi ko launin toka-mai launin toka, kuma tabo a bangon kai ƙanana ne kuma marasa ma'ana. Zuriyarsu suna da canjin yanayin yanayin ƙasa - akwai ƙarin adadin 30 waɗanda aka rarrabe su ta fuskokin launuka na baya, naduhvost, kirji, tarnaƙi, farin fari akan tuƙi. Bugu da kari, adadi mai yawa na nuna karancin bambance-bambancen muhalli.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
A cikin garken tsuntsaye nau'i-nau'i daga tsuntsaye ana kafa su, wanda bayan an gama ginin fara tunanin zuriyar. A wannan lokacin, suna juya daga mutane masu ban dariya zuwa manyan tsuntsayen masu tayar da hankali.
Mama tit na jiran bayyanar kajin
Yanzu suna buƙatar kulawa da kansu ba kawai, har ma da zuriyarsu. Yawancin lokaci a cikin kama akwai kimanin ƙwai 15 masu tabo. Qwai na tsuntsaye ma suna da sauƙin rarrabe daga ƙwai na sauran tsuntsaye. An yayyafa su da dige ja, wanda ya samar da wata irin zobe a ƙarshen ƙwayayen.
Kwanciya kwai yana faruwa sau biyu a shekara. Lokaci na farko shine a ƙarshen watan Afrilu, na biyu ya kusan kusan tsakiyar bazara. Yana ɗaukar kwanaki 13 don ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai. Wannan batun ne kawai mata suke magana. Abokiyar zamanta a wannan lokacin ta kula da cewa ba ta fama da yunwa.
Bayan haihuwar kajin gaba daya mai rauni, macen ba ta barin gida ba wasu wasu kwanaki, suna yin dumin jariran. Duk wannan lokacin, namiji ba zai kula da dangin sa ba, yana kawo musu abinci kuma yana kare su daga abokan gaba.
Kwanaki 16 sun wajaba ga kajin don ya zama ya jingina, tsayawa a kan reshe kuma shirya don rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Kuma da watanni 10 da kajin suna shirye su haihuwar kansu. Tsuntsaye suna rayuwa har na tsawon shekaru 15.
Bayanin tit
Kalmar "tit" an samo ta ne daga sunan "launin shuɗi", saboda haka, yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da launi na tsuntsu, Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), wanda a baya mallakar asalin halittar ne. Yawancin nau'in halittu waɗanda a baya mallakar ainihin tsuntsaye ne yanzu an canza su zuwa nau'in wasu janarorin: Sittiparus, Machlolophus, Periarus, Melaniparus, Pseudopodoces, gatan (Poecile) da azure (Cyanistes).
Tits da mazaunan tsuntsaye
Da yawa ba su sani ba ƙaura tsuntsaye tit ko a'a. Amma wannan madawwamin mazaunin garuruwanmu ne.
Sai kawai a cikin lokacin tsananin tsananin sanyi a cikin lokacin sanyi mai sanya garken ya ƙaura zuwa wuraren da yafi dacewa don rayuwa.
Da zaran hasken rana ya fara bayyana, a cikin watan Fabrairu, kuma taken tsuntsu ya fara farantawa mutane rai ta hanyar twitter.
Tit song ringi kuma yayi kama da karrarawa. "Qi-Qi-pi, in-chi-in-chi" - kuma ana rawar murya, - "pin-pin-hrrrzh" yana sanar da mazauna garuruwa game da shigowar bazara.
Suna cewa game da taken, kamar dai rana mai zuwa ta bazara. A wani lokaci mai zafi, waƙar ya zama mara nauyi kuma mai son rai: “Zin-zi-ver, zin-zin”.
Saurari muryar titin tsuntsu
Wannan nau'in abokiyar mutum ce ta yau da kullun na mutum, titmouse yana rayuwa a cikin gandun daji da wuraren shakatawa na manyan biranen.
Yana da ban sha'awa mu lura da yadda yake yin hali. titmouse a cikin sama. Jirginta shine ilimin yadda ake tashi da sauri kuma a lokaci guda adana makamashi, kawai tana sha'awar ƙwarewar ta.
Wani karancin fikafikan fuka-fukan sau biyu - tsuntsu ya tashi zuwa sararin sama, sannan kuma kamar ya nitse kasa, yana kwatanta kwalliya a hankali cikin iska. Da alama ba za a iya sarrafa irin wannan jirgin ba, amma har ila yau sun sami damar yin rawar daji a cikin zurfafa.
Inda yake zama
Mafi yawan nau'ikan - babban tit - ana iya samun su ko'ina cikin Eurasia har ma a arewa maso yammacin Afirka. Sauran nau'ikan suna rayuwa a kananan yankuna - a cikin kasashen Asiya daban-daban.
Titsunan suna son su zauna a gefunan gandun daji masu santsi ko kusa da taya da sauran wuraren buɗe. Bugu da kari, tsuntsayen basa tsoron mutane kuma suna da yardar rai suna zaune a cikin lambuna da wuraren shakatawa na birni.
Babban tit ko babban tit
Wannan nau'in shine mafi girman tit tare da dogon wutsiya. Tana da rawar gani mai kyau: launin rawaya mai launin rawaya tare da baki "ɗaure", hular gashin fuka-falle mai launin shuɗi, da fararen fata da fararen fari a bayan ta. A kusa da wuyan babban mutum yanki ne na fata. A baya launin toka-shuɗi ko mai ruwan kore. Zumun fikafikan fuka-fuki da wutsiya - cikin sautukan shuɗi. Mata suna da sauƙi fiye da maza. Tsararren tsuntsaye ana bambanta su da fure mai ruwan zaitun-brown.
Waƙa
Babban tit yana da ma'anar sakewa da murya - kwararru sun gano bambancin 40 daga cikin sautinsa. Haka kuma, mutum daya iri daya zai iya canzawa tsakanin bambance-bambancen tsakanin uku da biyar, daban-daban cikin rawar murya, timbre, sautunan dangi da yawan adadin kalmomi. Namiji ya kasance mai ƙwazo musamman, yana raira waƙoƙi a duk shekara, ban da ƙarshen kaka da farkon hunturu.
Waƙar babbar murya ce ta "qi-qi-qi-pi", "ying-chi-ying-chi", wata tsawa babbar kara ce "pin-pin-hrrrzh". A lokacin bazara, waƙar da ake kira "zin-zi-ver", "zin-zin". Ta yi murmushi a hankali kuma cikin natsuwa, sannan ta fara da babbar murya: “pin-pin-pin”, kamar finch, sai ta sake firgita cikin firgici: “pin-tarara” ko kuma ta sake maimaita kalamanta guda biyu tare da murgudawa mara iyaka: “fi-fi”. A ƙarshen lokacin sanyi, kimanin daga Fabrairu, manyan tsuntsaye suka zama masu araha. A cikin narkewa, tuni ana jin kararrakinsu mai sau biyu-ko-uku - sautin sake maimaitawa ko wani lokacin “ringin” (“qi-qi-fi-qi-qi-fi”) ko “tsu-vi-tsu-vi-tsu-vi” ) Kowane mawaƙi yana da saƙo na musamman. Rana ta kowace rana, waɗannan waƙoƙin suna ƙaruwa da ƙarfi, ba da gangan suna jawo hankalin mutane game da asalinsu. Chaffinch din yana da irin wannan murdawa, amma a cikin tit, yana da ƙarin kima na zamani. Waƙar sau da yawa tana yin sauti yayin sadarwa tsakanin membobin ma'aurata, ko kuma lokacin da tsuntsu yake farin ciki. Baya ga ainihin waƙar, akwai kuma waƙar da ake kira sub-song - melodic shiru twittering, "purr", galibi ana yin sa a watan Fabrairu ko Maris.
Titin Grey
Titin launin toka ya bambanta da babbar tit tare da farin koɗa mai launin toka. A kawunansu, tsuntsayen kuma suna da halayen baƙar fata mai launin fata tare da farin tabo a bayan kai da kunci. Zumuntar fuka-fuki an mamaye shi da launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi. Titin launin toka na zaune a Asiya.
Yankin
Aka rarraba shi a Eurasia ko'ina daga yamma zuwa gabas, kazalika a arewa maso yammacin Afirka. Ana samun kusan ko'ina a cikin Turai, ban da Iceland da kuma matsanancin rashin ƙarfi a arewacin Scandinavia, Kola Peninsula na Rasha. A cikin Asiya, ba ya cikin yankin da ke cikin Siberiya, a tsaunuka da sassan hamada na Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Asiya, da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya kudu da Isra'ila, Siriya, da arewacin Iraki. A cikin Scandinavia da Finland, arewa ta tashi zuwa 68 ° C. w. An lura da shi a gabas a yankin Arkhangelsk, har yanzu gabas a saman ƙwanƙolin Pechora. A cikin kwandunan Ob, Yenisei da Kwarin Lena, ba a samu arewa ba na hanyar 61 ba.A waje da ƙasa, an lura da shi a cikin Biritaniya, Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete da sauran tsibiran Aegean, Cyprus.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Titmouse wani bangare ne na babban iyali na titmouse. Su ne mafi girman wakilai na oda Passeriformes. Tsayin jikin mutum na tit na iya kaiwa santimita sha biyar. A da, ana kiran tit ɗin "titmouse." An kira tsuntsayen saboda waƙar halayyar dabba ce, wacce take kama da "zin-zin". Bayan 'yan kadan daga baya, tsuntsayen suka samo sunan su na zamani, wanda ya fito daga sifofin halayyar tsiya. Sunan "tit" a cikin yawancin mutanen Slavic asalin sauti kusan iri ɗaya ne.
Waɗannan ƙananan tsuntsaye, masu aiki ana girmama su sosai a duk lokuta. Don haka, akwai wata doka ta Sarki Louis na Bavaria, wanda aka ba da a karni na goma sha huɗu, wanda ya ba da sanarwar yin ƙaƙƙarfan doka game da lalata tsuntsaye. An dauki waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da amfani sosai, ba shi yiwuwa a farautar su. Dokar ta tabbata har wa yau.
Zuwa yau, asalin halittar tsuntsaye ya hada da manyan nau'ikan dabbobi guda huɗu, waɗanda sun kasu kashi uku:
- launin toka tit. Babban bambancinsa na waje shine launi mara kyau na ciki - launin toka ko fari. Gidajen asali na wannan tsuntsu shine dukkan yankin Asiya,
- babban mutum. Wannan ita ce mafi girma tsuntsu. Irin waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da launi mai haske, mai daɗi: launin rawaya, baƙar fata “ƙulla”, launin toka-toka ko launin toka-kore. Bolshaki sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. An samo su a ko'ina cikin Eurasia,
- kore baya. Irin waɗannan tsuntsaye suna bambanta da launi na zaitun na wutsiya, fuka-fuki, rushewar ciki,
- gabas. A bayyanar, dabba ma tana kama da alamar launin toka. Tana da launin toka, amma tana zaune a Sakhalin, Japan, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Gabas ta Tsakiya. An samo shi a adadi mai yawa a tsibirin Kuril.
Namiji da mace: manyan bambance-bambance
Dimorphism na jima'i a cikin tsuntsaye ne da rauni bayyana. Mata, a matsayin mai mulkin, sun fi sauki fiye da maza, amma gaba ɗaya launinsu ya zo daidai. Fasalin mai ban sha'awa: madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya madaidaiciya a kan tsakiyar tsuntsayen maza a cikin shimfidawa zuwa wutsiya, kuma a cikin mace, akasin haka, ya zama bakin ciki. Matasa kuma suna da bambanci daban-daban, tare da launuka zaitun mai launin ruwan kasa sun mamaye tsarin aikinsa.
Tare da abun ciki na tsuntsaye a gida, babu matsaloli. Ga tsuntsaye, an zaɓi keji mai faƙo (45 cm by 30 cm by 40 cm) ko aviary. Tare da wasu nau'ikan yana da kyau kada a sasantasu, musamman idan yakamata a fara kiwo.
Abubuwan buƙatun ƙwayoyin cuta
Katin yakamata ya tsaya a cikin hasken rana da kuma abubuwan zane.
Taromouse yana buƙatar masu sha biyu - ɗayan don sha, na biyu don iyo. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna bin tsarin ruwa ne kawai. Kuma da sauri sun saba da hannun mai shi, suna iya cin abinci da hannu.
Abin da za a ciyar
Kamar yadda yake a cikin yanayi, a gida, tsuntsaye suna buƙatar abinci mai hade. Kyakkyawan tushe don abincin zai iya zama cakuda farin busassun, karas da ƙwai kaza, da kuma haɗewar hatsi daban-daban. Ainihin magani ga titmouse shine tsutsotsi na gari. Ya kamata a kara su a abinci musamman a lokutan farauta.
Af, idan kun bar titmouse daga cikin keji, tabbas za ta yi ƙoƙarin samo wa kanta abinci - shin gingerbush ne, ko kuki.
Shin suna haihuwar cikin bauta?
Idan biyu daga sanduna na blueberries a cikin rami ɗaya, to, a kan lokaci tsuntsaye na iya fara sheƙar gida, wanda suke buƙatar barin kayan gini - twigs, ruwan ciyawa, ciyawa. A cikin ɗayan ɗabi'a, yanayin mace zai iya samun ƙwai 15. A cikin zaman talala, a matsayin doka, ƙasa. Matar ta tsinke ƙwai na tsawon kwanaki 13, daga nan kajin sai suka girma har tsawon sati 3. Duk wannan lokacin, namiji yakan kula da mata da zuriyarsa.
Bayanan Ban sha'awa
- Akwai nau'ikan biyu game da asalin sunan asalin "tit." Na farko yana nuna launin shudi, wanda yake shine a cikin Tit ɗin Blue, shuɗar ruwa mai launin shuɗi, a baya ma yana cikin taken usyanci. Zabi na biyu kuma ya danganta sunan halittar sifofin waqoqin waxannan tsuntsaye, a cikin wnda zaku ji dogon “siii-siii”.
- Titmouse ba sa yin hannun jari a lokacin hunturu, amma abu ne mai sauqi ka samu da kuma cinye hannun jari na wasu tsuntsaye,
- Yawancin lokaci abokantaka masu ƙauna da abokantaka a lokacin farauta da ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai suna zama mawuyacin hali kuma suna kori baƙi daga yankunansu,
- Tsuntsaye ba a banza bane wanda ake kira da umarnin daji daga cikin daji, don haka ma'aurata guda a lokacin farauta yana kare akalla bishiyoyi 40 daga kwari.
- Abubuwan tsuntsaye suna rayuwa cikin yanayi na shekaru 1-3, kuma yana iya zama cikin fursuna har zuwa shekaru 15.
Da yawa tsuntsaye rayuwa
Rayuwar titmouse a cikin al'amuran yanayi na gajeru ne kuma, a matsayinka na doka, shekaru uku ne kawai. Lokacin da aka tsare shi a zaman talala, Babban Tit zai iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru goma sha biyar. Koyaya, jimlar rayuwar wannan nau'in dabbar dabbar da ta saba da dogaro ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa, gami da bin ka'idodin kulawa da sharuɗan ciyarwa.
Dimorphism na jima'i
Mace mai launin toka mai kumburin ciki tana da fadi da fadi da banbanci a ciki. Matan babban tit suna kama sosai a bayyanar ga maza, amma gabaɗaya, suna da ɗan ƙaramin abu mai launi, saboda haka saɓin baƙar fata a cikin kai da kirji ya bambanta ta hanyar launin toka mai duhu, kuma abin wuya da kuma madaurin baƙi akan ciki sun kasance bakin ciki kaɗan kuma na iya karyewa. .
Nau'in Kiɗaye
Dangane da bayanan da International Union of Ornithologists suka bayar, masanin Parus ya hada da nau'ikan hudu:
- Titin Grey (Parus cinereus) - wani nau'in da ya haɗu da wasu ƙasashe masu yawa waɗanda wani lokaci da suka gabata mallakar jinsin Great Tit (Parus manyan),
- Bolshak, ko Babban tit (Parus manyan) - mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jinsunan,
- Gabas, ko Titin Jafananci (Parus qananan) - wani nau'in da ke wakiltar wasu wakilai da yawa a lokaci daya, wanda ba ya bambanta a cikin hadawa ko yawan maimaitawa,
- Green-goyon baya tit (Fusus na danshi).
Har zuwa kwanannan, an sanya nau'in titin Gabas ko Jafananci azaman matsayin babbar hanyar, amma godiya ga ƙoƙarin masu bincike na Rasha yana yiwuwa ya tabbatar da cewa waɗannan nau'ikan biyu sun sami nasarar rayuwa sosai.
Habitat, mazauni
Titin launin toka yana wakiltar wakilai goma sha uku:
- R.c. Ambiguus - mazaunin tsibirin Malacca da tsibirin Sumatra,
- P.c. caschmirensis tare da launin toka a bangon kai shine mazaunin arewa maso gabashin Afghanistan, arewacin Pakistan da arewa maso yammacin Indiya,
- P.c. сinereus Vieillot wata ƙungiya ce mai mahimmanci wanda ke zaune a tsibirin Java da tsibirin Sunda orarama,
- P.c. desоlorans Koelz - mazaunin arewa maso Afghanistan da arewa maso yammacin Pakistan,
- P.c. hainanus E.J.O. Nartert mazaunin tsibirin Hainan ne,
- P.c. intermedius Zarudny mazaunin arewa maso gabashin Iran ne da kuma arewa maso yamma na Turkmenistan,
- P.c. mahrättarum E.J.O. Nartert mazaunin arewa maso yamma ne na Indiya da tsibirin Sri Lanka,
- P.c. banɗari E.J.O. Nartert mazaunin arewa ne na India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, tsakiya da yamma na Myanmar,
- P.c. sаrаwacensis Slater - mazaunin tsibirin Kalimantan,
- P.c. sturay Kölz - mazaunin yamma, sashin tsakiya da arewa maso gabashin Indiya,
- P.c. Meyer de Skhauensee - mazaunin tsakiyar yankin da yammacin Thailand, kudu da Indochina,
- P.c. vauriеi Rirli - Mazaunin arewa maso gabashin Indiya,
- P.c. ziaratensis Whistler mazaunin yankin tsakiya ne da kudanci Afghanistan, yamma da Pakistan.
Babban tit ɗin shine mazaunin ɗaukacin yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai, ana samunsa a Arewacin da Asiya ta Tsakiya, yana zaune a wasu yankuna na Arewacin Afirka. Goma sha biyar na babbar hanyar suna da mazaunin ɗan ƙaramin yanayi:
- P.m. rhródite - mazaunin kudancin Italiya, kudancin Girka, tsibiran Tekun Aegean da Cyprus,
- P.m. blanfordi mazaunin arewacin Iraq ne, arewa, arewa ta tsakiya da kuma kudu maso yamma a Iran,
- P.m. bokharensis - mazaunin yankin Turkmenistan, arewacin Afghanistan, kudu a tsakiyar yankin Kazakhstan da Uzbekistan,
- P.m. sorsus - mazaunin ƙasar Portugal, kudancin Spain da Corsica,
- P.m. eski - mazaunin ƙasar Sardinia,
- P.m. exсesus mazaunin arewa maso yammacin Afirka ne, daga yankin yammacin Maroko zuwa arewa maso yammacin Tunisiya,
- P.m. ferghanensis - mazaunin Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan da kuma yammacin ƙasar Sin,
- P.m. karustini - mazaunin kudu maso gabashin Kazakhstan ko Dzungarian Alatau, matsanancin arewa maso yamma na Sin da Mongolia, Transbaikalia, iyakar da ke saman Tekun Amur da Primorye, arewa zuwa ƙarshen Tekun Okhotsk,
- P.m. Karelini - mazaunin kudu maso gabashin Azerbaijan da arewa maso yamma Iran,
- P.m. majоr - wani mazaunin ƙasashen Turai na Turai, arewa da gabashin tsakiyar ɓangaren, da kuma arewacin Spain, Balkans da arewacin Italiya, Siberia zuwa gabas har zuwa Lake Baikal, kudu zuwa tsaunin Altai, gabas da arewacin Kazakhstan, ana samun su a Asiya ,arama, ha Caucasus da Azerbaijan banda yankin kudu maso gabas,
- P.m. Malloray - mazaunin tsibirin Balearic,
- P.m. Nevtoni - mazaunin Tsibiri na Burtaniya, Netherlands da Belgium, da kuma arewacin arewa maso yammacin Faransa,
- P.m. niethammameri - mazaunin yankunan Crete,
- P.m. terraesanctae - mazaunan Lebanon, Siriya, Isra'ila, Jordan da kuma arewa maso gabashin Masar,
- P.m. turkstaniсus mazaunin kudu maso gabashin Kazakhstan ne da kuma kudu maso yammacin Mongolia.
A cikin daji, ana samun wakilan nau'ikan halittu a bangarori daban-daban na gandun daji, galibi a cikin mafi yawan wuraren bude ko a gefuna, har ila yau suna zaune tare da gabar wuraren raye na halitta.
Titin Gabas ko Jafananci yana wakiltar wakilai tara:
- P.m. amamiensis - mazaunin arewacin tsibirin Ryukyu,
- P.m. сommixtus - mazaunin kudanci na Sin da arewacin Vietnam,
- P.m. dagletensis - mazaunin tsibirin Ullyndo kusa da Korea,
- P.m. kagoshimae - mazaunin kudu na tsibirin Kyushu da tsibiran Goto,
- P.m. Orarami - mazaunin gabashin Siberiya, kudu da Sakhalin, gabas ta tsakiya da arewa maso gabashin Sin, Korea da Japan,
- P.m. nigrilоris - mazaunin kudu na tsibirin Ryukyu,
- P.m. nubiolus - mazaunin gabashin Myanmar, arewacin Thailand da kuma arewa maso yamma na Indochina,
- P.m. okinaway - mazaunin tsakiyar tsibirin Ryukyu,
- P.m. tibetanus mazaunin kudu maso gabashin Tibet ne, kudu maso yamma da kudu ta tsakiyar Sin, arewacin Myanmar.
Titin da aka tallafawa ya yadu a Bangladesh da Bhutan, a China da Indiya, kuma suna zaune a Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand da Vietnam. Yanayin mazaunan wannan nau'in sune gandun daji na gari da kuma gandun daji gandun daji a cikin ɗakunan wurare masu nisa, ƙananan kwari da gandun daji mai laushi.
Tit rabon
A lokacin ciyarwa mai aiki, tsuntsaye suna ciyar da ƙananan invertebrates, har da su larvae. Heredwararrun dusar ƙanƙan daɗi sun lalata kwari iri iri. Koyaya, tushen ciyarwar kowane zakka a wannan lokacin shine mafi yawan lokuta ana wakilta:
- malam buɗe ido
- gizo-gizo
- kuloli da sauran kwari,
- kwari na kwari, gami da kwari, sauro da kudanci,
- rabin abubuwa biyu masu fikafikai, gami da kwari.
Hakanan ana iya kiran ciwan baranda, barayin kwaya da katako, ƙananan dodon, biri, ƙamshin kunne, tururuwa, ƙwallafa da millipedes. Wani tsuntsu mai girma yana da damar jin daɗin ƙudan zuma, wanda daga baya an cire abin harba. Da farkon bazara, tsuntsaye na iya ganima akan irin wannan abincin kamar jako, wanda, bayan barin yanayin hunturu, har yanzu ba ya aiki kuma yana da sauƙin buɗe tsuntsaye. Ana ciyar da kaji, a matsayin mai mulkin, ta hanyar caterpillars na kowane nau'in malam buɗe ido, wanda tsawon jikinsa bai wuce 10 mm ba.
A cikin damina da damuna, rawar abinci iri iri, gami da hazel tsaba da ƙabilar Turai, suna ƙaruwa sosai a cikin abincin titmouse. Tsuntsayen suna ciyar da filayen da kuma wuraren da aka shuka tare da ƙwayar masara, hatsin rai, hatsi da alkama.
Tsuntsayen da suke zaune a arewa maso yammacin ƙasar Rasha galibi suna ciyar da fruitsya andyan itãcen marmari da kuma wasu tsirrai da suka fi yawa:
- ci da Kaya
- Maple da Linden,
- lilacs
- birches
- zobo doki
- kumar,
- burdock
- ja datti
- irgi
- dutse ash
- furannin furanni
- hemp da sunflower.
Babban bambanci tsakanin babban tit da sauran nau'ikan wannan dabi'ar, wanda ya hada da Blue Tit da Muscovite, shine karancin hannun jari don hunturu. Irin wannan tsuntsun dexterous kuma mai matukar hannu sosai yana iya samun kwarewar nemo abincin da aka tattara da kuma ɓoye a faɗuwar sauran tsuntsaye. A cewar masana, wani lokacin wakilan nau'in Big Tit na iya cin abinci iri-iri.
Don ciyarwa, tsuntsaye sukan ziyarci makiyaya tsuntsaye a birane da wuraren shakatawa inda suke ciyar da tsaba, sunnar abinci, giyan abinci, da kuma man shanu da guntun ciyawar. Hakanan, ana samun forage a cikin rawanin bishiyoyi, yawanci akan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan tsirrai da kuma a cikin ofan fari na bishiyoyi ko ciyayi.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! Babban lamari ne wanda a cikin dukkan magabata ke da manyan abubuwanda ake nema don farauta, kuma ta hanyar kashe mai ido, ruwan oatmeal, dabbar tashi mai saukar ungulu, sarki mai launin shuɗi ko jaka, mai son fitaccen ɗan adam yana saukad da kwakwalwarsa daga gare su.
'Ya'yan itãcen da ke da rumfuna masu wuya, gami da kwayoyi, da fari ake warware ta. Babban tit shine tsinkaye. Wakilan wannan nau'in sanannu ne da masaniyar dindindin kuma masu ba da misali ga yadda suke ciyar da gawawwakin dabbobi masu yawa.
Kiwo da zuriya
A kasarmu, Bolshaki, waxanda suke da halittun aure masu yawa kuma suna da kashi biyu, sun fara haxin kai da nishi kansu. Hakanan ana wakilan wakilan wannan nau'in tare. Tsuntsaye sun fi son zama a cikin wurare tare da gandun daji mai lalacewa, tare da bankunan kogi, wuraren shakatawa da kuma a cikin lambuna. Yankunan dazuzzuka masu kyau ba su dace da abubuwan tsuntsaye ba. Ana sanya filayen tit a cikin maɓallin tsofaffin gine-ginen ko a cikin ramuka na tsoffin bishiyoyi. Hakanan, wani lokacin zaku iya ganin wakilan nau'in a cikin tsoffin mazaunan, waɗanda tsoffin mazauna garin suka watsar, waɗanda ke a tsayin mita biyu zuwa shida. Da yardar rai, tsuntsaye na wannan nau'in sun zaunar da shi a cikin mazaunin da mutane suka yi.
Don ginin ciyayi ta tsuntsaye, ana amfani da murfin ciyawa na ciyawa da kuma ciyawar, har ma da kananan tushen tsirrai har ma gansakuka. An rufe ɓangaren cikin ciki na ulu da ulu, cobwebs, auduga, Fluff da fuka-fukai, a tsakankanin da aka narkar da akwati na musamman, an rufe shi da horsehair ko ulu. Girman titin tit ɗin na iya bambanta dangane da halayen wurin da ake saurin farawa, amma girman girman abin shiga na ciki koyaushe kusan iri ɗaya ne: a zurfin 40-50 mm, diamitarsa shine 40-60 mm.
Eggaya daga cikin kwai ɗaya ya ƙunshi mafi yawan fararen ƙwai goma sha biyar tare da ƙaramin sheen. In mun gwada da yawa tabo da dige-launin ruwan kasa masu launin shuɗi suna warwatse tare da kwan ƙwanƙen ƙwai, wanda ya samar da nau'ikan corolla a gefen kwan ƙwai. Great tsuntsaye sa qwai sau biyu a shekara. Na farko oviposition yana faruwa a cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na Afrilu ko kuma a farkon watan Mayu, da kuma na biyu - kimanin a tsakiyar lokacin bazara.
Eggsan ƙwai suna ƙyamar da mace ƙasa da mako biyu. Duk wannan lokacin, namiji yakan kula da mace ya kuma ciyar da ita. Couplean kwanakin farko na kajin an lulluɓe su da ɗanɗano mai launin shuɗi, saboda haka macen ba ta bar mazauninta ba, amma tana shayar da offspringan da aka haife ta da dumin ta.
Namiji a wannan lokacin yana ciyar da mata ba kawai, har ma da zuriyarsa duka. Sai bayan jikin kajin an rufe shi da wasu gashin fuka-fukai, mace da namiji tare zasu fara ciyar da yayansu kuma masu sa maye.
Abin ban sha'awa ne! A lokacin tarawa, tsuntsayen basu da daɗin rai da kuma tsuntsaye masu hutawa, amma tsuntsayen da suke da haushin ɗan'uwansu.
Bayan kimanin kwanaki goma sha bakwai, jikin kajin an rufe shi da fuka-fukai, don haka suka zama a shirye don cikakken 'yanci, amma a wani satin wasu tsuntsayen sun gwammace su zauna kusa da iyayensu, wanda lokaci-lokaci suna ƙoƙarin ciyar da su. Irin wannan ƙaramar ƙira na matasa suna zuwa cikakkiyar balaga ne kawai kusa da shekara guda.
Abokan halitta
Tsuntsaye tsuntsayen suna da amfani sosai, a aikin gona da kuma dazuzzukan gargajiya.Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan halitta waɗanda ke mummunar tasiri ga yawan nau'ikan tsuntsaye shine yunwar yayin hunturu hunturu. Daga cikin rashin abinci ne a cikin hunturu yawan wakilai na abubuwan halittar suna mutuwa kowace shekara. Hakanan a cikin yanayi, martens girma, weasels, har ma da wasu kuliyoyin daji da kuma wakilan gida na dangin cat, da manyan kuliyoyi da sauran mafarauta masu tashi suna farautar kowane nau'in tsuntsaye.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Zuwa yau, yawancin ramuka suna da yawa sosai, saboda haka ba su da ƙarancin tsaro ko matakan kariya. Koyaya, akwai nau'ikan da ba sa sabawa kuma marasa galihu waɗanda a yanzu haka suke kusan gab da ƙarewa.
Misali, taken Moustached Tit (Panurus biarmicus), wanda ba kasafai ake yin karancinsa ba dan karancin tsuntsayen Palaearctic da ke da kewayon halin yanzu, a halin yanzu ba batun kare kai bane kawai tare da sauran kananan tsuntsayen kwari, amma kuma an jera su a cikin littafin Red na Jamhuriyar Khakassia. Hakanan an hada da Yew ko titin Jafananci a cikin littafin Red na Rasha a yau, kuma wakilan wannan nau'in ana samun su ne kawai a tsibirin Kudancin Kuril, don haka ramar ta kasance ne ta dalilin iyakance iyaka.
Habitat
A cikin lokacin farauta, tana zaune gandun daji iri daban-daban, mafi yawan lokuta ana rikicewa da gauraye, inda yakan faru a wuraren buɗe ido, gefuna, a kwarin kogin da kuma gefen tekuna. A Turai, adadin mafi girma ya kai ga gandun daji na itacen oak, inda akwai ɓarna a cikin bishiyoyi. A Siberiya, nastan a gefen taiga, yawanci ba ya wuce kilomita 10-15 daga mazaunin ɗan adam. A ci gaba da duhu gandun daji ne mai wuya. Yawancin lokaci a cikin gandun daji-steppe yankin, inda aka mayar da hankali a cikin rairayin bakin teku na Willow da Birch groves, kazalika a cikin sarari a sarari da rare itatuwa. A ƙasar Mongolia, na zaune ne a tuddai da katako. A cikin tsaunuka ya hau cikin Swiss Alps zuwa 1950 m, a cikin tsaunukan Atlas zuwa 1850 m sama da matakin teku.
Samuwar garuruwa da ayyukan ɗan adam yana da tasiri sosai ga rarraba wannan tsuntsu - ɓarkewar namun daji ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka wuraren da suka dace don farauta, kuma ciyar da hunturu na taimaka wa jure shekaru masu laushi. Titmouse da yardar rai ta zauna a cikin lambuna, wuraren shakatawa (gami da birane), aikin gona, a gefen filayen, a cikin gonakin daji da kuma itacen zaitun. A cikin hunturu, yana shiga cikin garken gauraye da wasu tsuntsayen da tituna don neman abinci.
Tsinkaya
Daga cikin dukkan hanyoyin (banda ga shorthair, waɗanda sune masu hasara), babban tit ɗin yana da jerin manyan abubuwa na farauta wanda yake kashe kwakwalwa, yana kashe shi - an tabbatar da wannan gaskiyar don rosary, oatmeal na kowa, daskararren fulawa kuma, tabbas, sarki mai launin rawaya, daga dabbobi masu shayarwa - jemagu.
Hakanan, babbar alama tana iya kashe sauran tsuntsayen. Tun daga shekarun 2000, tabbataccen bayanan tabbataccen halayen halayen manya suka bayyana a cikin littattafan mujallolin kimiyya [ wadanne ne? ]. Don haka, a shekara ta 2010, masanan kasar Hungary da Jamusanci masu ilimin kimiyyar lissafi sun rubuta gaskiyar yadda ake neman babbar titin jemagu masu barci - dwarf bat (Samplek) An ba da irin wannan bayanin a farkon daga Hungary, Poland, Sweden, amma a wannan yanayin an nuna cewa tsuntsayen suna cikin takamaiman tsari kuma an tsara su da jemagu don abinci. Bayan sun hau cikin kogon, tsuntsayen suna kan shinge a jikin bango, suna binciken fasa na halitta, suna fitar da jemagu da baki suna karya kwanyarsu, bayan haka suka ci kyallen takarda daga kasusuwa. Gaskiya ne, a cikin karni na 19, masanin ilmin boko na kasar Ingila Howard Saundes ya rubuta cewa a cikin yanayin sanyi, "babban tit zai kai hari ga kananan tsuntsaye masu rauni, karya kwanyarsu da gemuna mai karfi don isa kwakwalwarsu, tana maganin jemagu a dai-dai."
Irin wannan halin na tsuntsaye har ma sun sami tunani a cikin wani littafi game da dabbobi masu ban mamaki: Ingilishi. "Kabarin Zombie, Kifin Astronaut da Sauran Dabbobin dabbobi" ("Zombie Tits, Cosmonauts da Sauran Dabbobin da ba a sani ba"), wanda Jami'ar New South Wales (Ostiraliya) suka buga a shekarar 2015. "An yiwa 'Zombie Tits' cikas a cikin wannan littafin. A wannan yanayin, kalmar gama gari "zombie" ya nuna sha'awar tsuntsayen cin nama kwakwalwar dabbobi a cikin dabbobin da aka kashe.
Bayan haka, da yawa daga masana kimiyya daga Poland, Faransa da Czech Republic basa la’akari da kisan jemagu tare da dabi’ar abinci. A lokaci guda, an nuna cewa manyan tsuntsaye suna tashi don kunna sauti da jemagu, kuma suna rage aikin su "kogo" idan ana ciyar da abinci mai kalori mai yawa.
Rarrabawa
Carl Linnaeus ya bayyana babban ƙirar a cikin bugu na goma na Tsarin Halinsa a cikin 1758. Sunan kimiyya Parus manyansanya Linnaeus ya sanya wa kalmomin Latin guda biyu - lat. parus - tit da lat. babba - ƙari. Don haka, sunan kimiyya babu banbanci da ma'ana daga wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin harshen Rasha.
Akwai ƙungiyar guda 15 na babban tit. Har kwanan nan, sun haɗa da nau'in tit tit gabashin Parus qananan da launin toka tit Parus cinereus. A halin yanzu, ana daukar su azaman jinsin 'yanci. Titmouse na Gabas yana da karami kuma yana da mafi girman rarraba rawaya mai launin shuɗi da launin shuɗi - ana kiyaye su kawai a wuya da kuma na sama, yayin da ƙananan jikin ke da datti fari A cikin titin launin toka, wanda ke zaune a tsibirin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, lipochromes (aladun da ke da alhakin sautunan launin shuɗi) gaba ɗaya ba su nan, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa tsuntsun ya fito da kyawun yanayi.
Dangane da tsarin ƙungiyar Internationalasashen Duniya na Ornithologists, nau'in Parus manyan An haɗa ƙananan hukumomi 15:
- Parus manyan aphrodite. Sanarwa daga Gyula Madagaras [de] a cikin 1901. Tana zaune a Kudancin Italiya, kudancin Girka, a tsibiran Tekun Aegean, a cikin Cyprus. Lambar ITIS: 922423.
- Parus manyan blanfordi. Joseph Prazak ya bayyana a cikin 1894. Tana zaune a arewacin Iraki, a arewa, a arewacin ɓangaren tsakiya da kudu maso yammacin Iran. Lambar ITIS: 922424.
- Parus babban bokharensis. Sanarwa daga Martin Lichtenstein a cikin 1823. Tana zaune a Turkmenistan, a arewacin Afghanistan, a kudu a tsakiyar yankin Kazakhstan da kuma a Uzbekistan. Lambar ITIS: 922425.
- Babban parus. Aka bayyana ta Otto Kleinschmidt a cikin 1903. Yana zaune a Fotigal, a kudu da Spain da kuma Corsica. Lambar ITIS: 922426.
- Parus manyan ecki. Adolf von Jordaens ya bayyana shi a cikin 1970. Yana zaune a Sardinia. Lambar ITIS: 922427.
- Farfajiyar babbar parus. Aka bayyana shi da Leopold Bouvre [de] a cikin 1857. Tana zaune a arewa maso yammacin Afirka (daga yammacin Marokko zuwa arewa maso yammacin Tunusiya). Lambar ITIS: 922428.
- Parus manyan ferghanensis. Sanarwa daga Sergey Buturlin a cikin 1912. Tana zaune a Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan da kuma yammacin yammacin China. Lambar ITIS: 922429.
- Parus manyan kapustini. Leonid Portenko ya bayyana shi a cikin 1954. Tana zaune a kudu maso gabas na Kazakhstan (Dzhungarskiy Alatau), matsanancin arewa maso yammacin China (arewa maso yamma na Xinjiang), a cikin Mongolia, a Transbaikalia, a saman iyakar Amur, a Primorye zuwa arewa zuwa tekun Tekun Okhotsk. Lambar ITIS: 922430.
- Parus manyan karelini. Nikolai Zarudny ya bayyana a 1910. Tana zaune a kudu maso gabashin Azerbaijan da arewa maso yamma Iran. Lambar ITIS: 922431.
- Parus manyan manyan. Sanarwa daga Carl Linnaeus a cikin 1758. Tana zaune a cikin Turai ta Turai zuwa arewa da gabas daga tsakiya da arewacin Spain, arewacin Italiya da Balkans, Siberia zuwa gabas zuwa Lake Baikal, kudu zuwa arewa da gabashin Kazakhstan da Dutsen Altai, Asiya ,arama, Caucasus, Azerbaijan (ban da kudu maso gabas). Lambar ITIS: 922432.
- Parus babban mallorcae. Aka bayyana shi daga Adolf von Jordans a 1913. Mazaunan Tsibirin Balearic. Lambar ITIS: 922433.
- Parus manyan newtoni. Joseph Prazak ya bayyana a cikin 1894. Tana zaune a Tsibirin Biritaniya, da Netherlands, da Belgium da kuma arewa maso yammacin Faransa. Lambar ITIS: 922434.
- Parus manyan niethammeri. Aka bayyana shi daga Adolf von Jordans a 1970. Yana zaune a Crete. Lambar ITIS: 922435.
- Parus manyan terraesanctae. Ernst Hartert ya baiyana a 1910. Tana zaune a Lebanon, Siriya, Isra'ila, Jordan da kuma arewa maso gabashin Misira. Lambar ITIS: 922436.
- Parus babban turkestanicus. Nikolai Zarudny da Loudon suka bayyana a cikin 1905. Tana zaune a kudu maso gabashin Kazakhstan da kuma kudu maso yammacin Mongolia. Lambar ITIS: 922437.
Halittu
Nazarin halittar DNA na mitochondrial, cytochrome b [en], ya nuna cewa wani ɓangare na tushen ya bambanta da manyan tsuntsaye, kuma an rarrabe waɗannan ƙananan zuwa jinsuna biyu daban - titin launin toka a Kudancin Asiya da titin gabas a gabashin Asiya.
Kwanan nan, a cikin ɗayan manyan mutanen Dutch babban tit, an gano ƙwayoyin halittar nucleotide guda ɗaya a cikin hanyar ta hanyar gwaji. Drd4 (mai karɓa na dopamine D4), wanda, kamar yadda marubutan suka ba da shawarar, na iya alaƙa da matakin sha'awar tsuntsaye. Lines aka zaɓa a cikin tsararraki na ƙaruwa don haɓaka ko ragewa son sani yana da bambance bambancen canji a jerin kwayoyin. Bayan haka, tushen aikin wannan alakar tsakanin polymorphism da aka lura da halayen tsuntsaye har yanzu ba a sani ba.
Bidiyo: Tit
Tsuntsaye na wannan nau'in suna da manyan kawuna, amma ƙananan idanu masu idanu. Iris yawanci ana fentin cikin inuwa mai duhu. Sai kawai a cikin wasu nau'ikan ne aka yiwa fari ko m. An kawata kawunan tsuntsayen tare da "hula" mai haske. Wasu nau'in suna da karamin crest. An samo shi ne daga gashin fuka-fukan da suke girma daga kambi na kansa.
Duk da karancin girmanta idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsuntsayen, titmouse sune ainihin "tsari" na gandun daji. Sun lalata adadi mai yawa na kwari.
Gefen yana zagaye a saman, yana kwance a bangarorin. A waje, baki ya zama kamar mazugi. An rufe gashin hanci da gashinsa. Suna da kamar saƙar gashi, kusan babu makawa. Haushi, wani ɓangare na kirji baƙar fata ne. Koyaya, ana jefa su cikin jin daɗi tare da ɗan haske kaɗan. A baya yawanci zaitun ne. Irin wannan sabon abu, launi mai haske yana sa ɗan ƙaramin tsuntsu ya yi kyau sosai. Musamman ma suna kama da launuka masu kyau dangane da asalin farin dusar ƙanƙara.
Tsarkoki suna da ƙananan, amma kafafu masu ƙarfi. Claws a yatsunsu suna lankwasa. Irin waɗannan paws, claws suna taimakawa dabbar ta zauna akan rassan mafi kyau. Wutsiyar ta ƙunshi gashin fuka-fukai goma sha biyu, fuka-fukan da aka zagaye a ƙarshen suna da ɗan ƙaramin tsayi. An bambanta waɗannan tsuntsaye ta hanyar bugun iska mai ƙarfi. Suna fasa fikafikansu sau da yawa, sannan su tashi da inertia. Don haka, dabbobi suna adana ƙarfin su.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Tit a Rasha
Membobin tit tit suna dabbobi masu aiki. A koyaushe suna cikin motsawa. Suna jagorantar rayuwar zamantakewa, suna watse cikin manyan garken. Suchaya daga cikin irin garken na iya ƙidaya mutum hamsin. Haka kuma, irin wadannan garken suna iya hada tsuntsaye iri iri. Misali, nuthatch. Tsuntsaye sun kasu kashi biyu kawai yayin lokacin kiwo. A wannan lokacin, dabbobi suna raba yankin abinci mai gina jiki. Ga mata biyu sun fice daga wajen mita 50.
Yin yawo ba shine mafi arfin shudin shuɗi ba. Ba su da Hardy. Koyaya, wannan bai tsoma baki tare da rayuwar tsuntsayen ba. A mafi yawancin lokuta, hanyar dabba ta ƙunshi bishiyoyi da yawa, yadudduka. Titinuse yana motsawa daga wannan shinge zuwa wani, daga itace zuwa itace. Yayin jirgin, dabba na iya samin riba ta hanyar kama kwari masu tashi.
Tsuntsaye - ba ƙaura ba, amma a mafi yawan lokuta masu yawo tsuntsaye. Da farko na sanyi, suna matsawa kusa da mazaunin mutane. Koyaya, wani lokacin ƙaura yana da muhimmanci sosai. An yi rikodin lokuta yayin da aka sami wasu mutane cikin ringi a Moscow a Turai. A cikin lokutan hasken rana, titmouse yana neman abinci ba wai kawai akan bishiyoyi ba, masu ciyarwa. Yawancin lokaci sukan ziyarci gidajen mutane, suna tashi a baranda da loggias.
Halin da bluebirds ke da matukar farin ciki, da nutsuwa, da ƙima. Da wuya su zo da wasu tsuntsaye da dabbobi. Sinicek ba ya dame mutane. Kuna iya ciyar da su da hannuwanku. Wadannan dabbobin zasu iya nuna zalunci ne kawai a lokacin ciyar da zuriyarsu. Suna da fushi sosai kuma cikin sauƙin shiga rikici tare da masu fafatawa, suna fitar da su daga ƙasarsu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: tsuntsaye tit
Lokacin farawar a cikin shimfidar fuka-fukai sun fadi a farkon bazara. A galibin wuraren da aka samu asalin halitta a farkon lokacin bazara abu ne mai sanyi, saboda haka tsuntsayen ke rufe ciyawar su domin kajin nan gaba ba zai daskare a cikinsu ba. Suna yin gidan sarauta na nau'i-nau'i, sannan tare suna haɗuwa da haɓaka zuriya. Dabbobi suna gina gida a cikin dazuzzuka masu cike da tsirai, a cikin lambuna, a wuraren shakatawa. Ana samun yawancin nests a bankunan koguna. Featured sanya gidansu a tsayi mita biyu daga ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci sukan mamaye gidaje waɗanda wasu nau'in tsuntsaye suka bari.
A cikin lokacin mating, titmouse ya juya ya zama halittu masu tayar da hankali. Sukan kwantar da baƙi daga ƙasarsu, suna tsare gida. Dabbobi suna gina gida daga sassa biyu, ciyawa, gansakuka, asalinsu. A cikin gidan an yi lilin da ulu, cobwebs, ulu ulu. A lokaci guda, mace na iya sa ƙwai goma sha biyar. Su fari ne, dan kadan mai haske. An rufe saman ƙwai da ƙananan aibobi waɗanda ke da launin ruwan kasa. Tsuntsu yana sanya ƙwai sau biyu a shekara.
Qwai ya girma tsawon kwana goma sha uku. Mace na aiki da ƙwai. Namiji a wannan lokacin yana samun abinci don ma'aurata. Bayan kyankyasar, mace ba ta barin kajin nan da nan. A cikin kwanakin farko, kajin an rufe su da ruwa kadan kawai. Iyaye suna aiki da dumama san ta. Namiji a wannan lokacin yana fara neman abinci ga dukan dangin.
Bornauna kawai titmouse suna da matuƙar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauna, kamar yadda sauran tsuntsayen manya. Iyaye su ciyar da su kusan sau arba'in a kowace awa.
Chickks sun zama masu zaman kansu ne kwanaki goma sha bakwai bayan haihuwa. Koyaya, basu barin iyayensu nan da nan. Kimanin kwanaki tara, matasa titmouse suna ƙoƙari su kusanci. Watanni goma bayan haihuwar, kananan dabbobi suna yin balaga.