“Basilisk ... shine sarkin macizai. Mutane, da suka gan shi, sun gudu, suna ceton rayukansu, don yana da ikon kisan kawai ƙanshin sa. Ko da ya kalli mutum, sai ya kashe ... " Wannan shi ne abin da aka rubuta a cikin zamanin dabarun tarihi (littafi na da da ya ƙunshi bayani game da duniyar halittu na zahiri da na almara) game da abubuwan tarihi na ban mamaki.

Basilisk an dauke shi wata halitta tatsuniya, mai cike da almara, amma, kamar yadda kuka sani, a cikin kowane almarar akwai wasu gaskiya. Ina ba da shawara in shiga cikin duniyar tatsuniyoyi na tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi kuma in gano waye tushen bashin da kuma abubuwan ban mamaki da mutane suka ba shi.

Tarihi yana tura mu a zamanin da zuwa cikin nesa Afirka, kuma mafi daidaito ga hamada ta Libya. A nan akwai ɗan ƙaramin maciji mai dafi mai muni tare da farin alama a kai. Mazauna karkara da matafiya suna matukar tsoron haduwa da ita a kan hanyarsu, saboda cizon maciji ya yi muni, kuma iyawarta mai ban mamaki ta motsa tare da kai ta dago, ta jingina da fikarta tana tsoratarwa. Ba a san ainihin sunan macijin ba, amma Helenawa sun kira shi basilisk, wanda ke nufin "sarki."

Jita-jita game da wani maciji mai ban mamaki ya isa Turai kuma, ba shakka, ya cika tare da mummunan bayani yayin.
Shagon tunawa da Pliny a cikin Como. Karni na XV
Hoto: JoJan, en.wikipedia.org

Ga abin da Pliny Dattijon ya rubuta (marubucin Roman, ƙarni na 1 A.D.) game da wannan mu'ujiza ta hamada:

“Basilisk din na da kwarewa mai ban mamaki: duk wanda ya ga ya mutu nan take. Akwai wani farin tabo a kansa mai kama da kambin diadem. Tsawonsa bai wuce santimita 30 ba. Yana ɗaukar wasu macizai gudu tare da matsananciyar motsawa kuma yana motsawa, ba ya lankwasa jikinsa gaba ɗaya ba, amma yana ɗaga ɓangarensa na tsakiya. Ba wai kawai daga taɓawa ba, har ma daga numfashin basilisk, ciyayi da ciyawa sun bushe, duwatsun kuma suna hura wuta ... "

Cikakkun bayanai sun bayyana tarihin hamada, basilisk shine ya jawo alhakin mutuwar dukkanin rayuwa a kusa da bayyanar yashi.

Weasel kai hare hare basilisk. Zane daga rubutaccen tarihi
Hoto: Source

Don haka a hankali dabba ta al'ada ta zama dodo mai ban sha'awa, godiya ga tunanin mutum da ba'asin sahihanci da tsoron mutane, sannan kuma ƙari.

Helenawa, suna kiran sarkin macijin, sun danganta ta da matsayin mai mulki a kan dabbobi masu rarrafe: macizai, masu-zaki, macilai. Romawa sun fassara sunan basilisk zuwa Latin, kuma ya zama tsari (Regulus), wanda kuma yana nufin "sarki."

Basilisk an ƙaddara shi da ikon kashe duk abubuwa masu rai, ba wai kawai ta hanyar numfashi ba, har ma ta hanyar dubawa, kamar Medusa na Gorgon. Af, marubucin Roman Mark Anney Lucan ya yi imanin cewa basilisk ɗin ya fito daga jinin wanda aka kashe Medusa, wanda yake mai ma'ana ne, saboda a maimakon gashi akwai macizai a saman Gorgon. Ba za ku iya duban idanun basilisk ba, in ba haka ba za ku kasance mai ɗaukar hoto, kuma zaku iya shawo kan shi ta madubi saboda kallon iska mai guba na basilisk ya juya kansa.

Akwai dabba a cikin duniya wanda zai iya kayar da basilisk - ya zama weasel, ƙaramin ɗanɗano daga dangin Marten. Weasel babu damuwa game da duk dabarun mutuwa na basilisk. Yana tsoron basilisk da cockerel suna kururuwa, yana ɗaukar gudu daga gare shi, har ma ya mutu.

Rashin jituwa tsakanin basilisk da zakara yana da ban sha'awa, saboda yana tare da zakara cewa labarin hadewar wata dabba mai ban sha'awa yana da alaƙa. Labarin Pierre de Beauvais (1218) ya fada cewa kwai basilisk ya fara tashi a jikin tsohuwar zakara. Zakara ya shimfiɗa shi a cikin matattakakken ciyawar a gonar da za ta ci, Halittar yana kama wani kwai wanda ke ɗauke da zakara, jikin yatsun da wutsiya maciji. A cewar wasu kafofin, ba basilisk ba, amma kuroolisk, ko cocatrice, danginsa. Amma lagolisk din bashi da karfi sosai kamar basilisk; macizai da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe basa bin sa.

Gwanayen makamai na lardin Kazan tare da bayanin hukuma, Alexander II, 1856 ya yarda da shi
Hoto: Depositphotos

Akwai irin wannan halitta a Rasha, wani lokacin ma ana kiranta tsakar gida. Farfajiyar, ko tsakar gida - wani dan uwan ​​kusa da brownie, suna zaune a farfajiyar gidan. Da rana, sai ya yi kama da maciji da kai da zakara da kuma tsefe, kuma cikin dare ya sami kama da mai gidan. Farfajiyar shi ne ruhun gidan da yadi. Amma ya yi abota da macizai ko a'a, ba a san wannan ba.

A lokacin Renaissance, an kirkiro ire-iren abubuwa masu yawa na tsarin rayuwar dabbobi daga sassan dabbobi. An nuna basilisk ɗin akan basushin-kayan coci, medallions da rigunan makamai. A cikin littattafan Heraldic, basilisk yana da kai da kafafu na zakara, jikin tsuntsu wanda aka rufe da sikeli, da kuma macijin maciji.

Kuma yanzu zaka iya samo hotunan basilisk. Misali, a cikin garin Basel (Switzerland) akwai wani abin tunawa da basilisk, kuma mazaunan birni suna daukar shi amatsayin tsarkaka. (Lura: a cikin Hellenanci, harafin "b" (beta) daga baya ya juya zuwa harafin "c", don haka kalmar "basilisk" ta yi sauti a cikin asali a matsayin "basilevsk" - basiliskos.) Dutsen Basilisk a Basel
Hoto: jjjulia4444, Asali

Basilisk yakan zama gwarzo na litattafai. A cikin Joan Rowling, a cikin littafin Harry Potter da Chamber of Secrets, masarautar maciji tana wakilta, ta hanyar babban maciji, kawai yana da babban girma (kusan mita 20), wanda ya bambanta da tsohuwar basilisk, amma in ba haka ba yana da duk halayen da aka ambata a sama.

Kuma a nan ne yadda Sergei Drugal, marubucin almara na kimiyyar Rasha, ya bayyana sarkin agwọ a cikin littafin tarihin Basilisk (1986):

"Ya motsa kaho, idanunsa masu launin kore tare da shuɗi mai ruwan hoda, ƙwanƙarar shinge yana girgiza. Kuma shi kansa ya kasance mai launin shuɗi-baki da wutsiya mai ƙyalli. Kan murhun murfin murfi yana da baki da ruwan hoda wanda aka bude baki daya ... Ruwarsa yana da matukar illa sosai kuma idan yaci gaba da rayuwa, to carbon zai maye gurbin silicon da silicon. A saukake, dukkan abubuwa masu rai sun juya zuwa dutse suka mutu, duk da cewa akwai mahawara kan cewa kara farashin ma ya taho daga gaban Basilisk, amma wadanda suka so su bincika hakan basu dawo ba ... "

A cikin mulkin dabba, kuma yanzu zaku iya haɗuwa da dabba mai kama da basilisk - wannan chameleon lizardwanda ake kira Almasihu lizard. Wannan dodo yana zaune a cikin kurmin Costa Rica da Venezuela. Lizani bashi da mace-mace, amma yana da iko mai ban mamaki: yana iya gudana akan ruwa. Don yin wannan, yana ƙaruwa sosai kuma yana gudana akan ruwa, yana haɓaka kamar ƙaramar dutse. Don wannan iyawa, dabba mai ban mamaki ana kiranta Kristi Lizard.

A kan wannan tafiya tun bayan basilisk ya ƙare. Za a iya samun ƙarshe ɗaya kawai daga abin da aka ambata a baya: halittun masu ban mamaki na yanayin da tunanin ɗan Adam kawai shine ɗakunan ajiya don haihuwar almara da almara, wanda har yanzu ba zamu iya mamakin wannan ba.

Farkon ambaton basilisk

Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa basilisk (daga Girkanci - “sarki”) haƙiƙa dabba ce, maciji, don ya zama daidai.

A cikin jejin Libya akwai maciji da farin tabo a kanta, guba wanda zai iya kashe mutum bayan cizo guda. Bugu da kari, basilisk din ya iya motsawa tare da dadda kansa an rike shi, ya jingina da wutsiyarsa, wanda ya bashi girman girman dan kadan fiye da yadda yake. Crest a kan kai ya taka rawar rawanin, har ma da "ɗaga" shi sama da ƙasa, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama dalilin wannan sunan, a zahiri - "Sarkin macizai."

Wannan shi ne yadda basilisk ta shiga cikin kwari na tsakiya. An bayyana shi a matsayin mummunan halitta, baƙo ga duniyarmu wanda yake da ikon kisa tare da kallo ɗaya.

Da gaske Analogs Analogs

Bisa ga Littafi Mai-Tsarki, wanda yakamata a dawo dashi, an kira basilisk maciji mai dafi, amma babu bayyanannun bayyanar. Wataƙila ya zama adder ko murji.

A wani lokaci, an ɗauki ɓacin ran macijin don basilisk, daga baya ɗan uwan ​​sa na fari. Hakanan, basilisk shine sunan wata ƙungiya ta mashahuran mashahurai waɗanda suka sami irin wannan laƙabin saboda kamanceceniyar su tare da tsararren ra'ayi na basilisk azaman chimera, wanda ya haɗu da fasalin kaji da maciji.

Pearancin bashi da illa ga ɗan adam. Irin wannan basilisk yana ciyarwa akan kwari da cizo kawai na iya haifar da kumburi saboda ƙwayoyin cuta a hakora mai rarrafe.

Ambaton Littafi Mai Tsarki

Aspid na Masar ko "Macijin Cleopatra"

Babu wani yarda a kan abin da ma'anar basilisk ke cikin littafi mai tsarki, watau fassarar Tsohon Alkawari zuwa Helenanci.

A cewar wasu majiyoyi, an dauki hoton basilisk din daga kurmin gabas, kuma kalmar kanta, a cikin yaren Ibrananci kamar "cef", tana nufin kawai maciji mai dafi ne.

Koyaya, babu ainihin fassarar wannan kalma. Gabaɗaya, masanan na Littafi Mai-Tsarki sun yarda cewa duk maciji mai dafi, galibi dangin Aspid, wato, maciji da mayuka, yakamata a ɗauki wannan basalisk.

A wannan yanayin, basilisk yana da ma'ana iri ɗaya tare da kalmar "echidna" kuma a zahiri yana nufin "guba, maciji mai dafi." Babu takamammen ambaci matsayin masarauta na basilisk cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki.

Asali tare da shaidan

Yahaya theologian na rike da kwano na basilisk a hannunsa. Ta haka ne ya nuna yunƙurin cutar da Yahaya

A cikin littafi mai tsarki, babban maciji kwatanci ne kai tsaye ga mala'ika wanda ya fadi, wanda yake jarabtar mutane.

Tare da macijin, basilisk ya ɗauki sifofin “kakanninsa” kuma ana yawan amfani dashi azaman gumakan ruhohi.

Mafi sau da yawa, basilisk ana nuna shi hypertrophied, tare da fuka-fuki da kuma babban babban crist a zanen Kirkila zane da mural.

A tarihin arnan na mutanen turai, basilisk shima asalin mugunta ne, amma bashi da alaƙa kai tsaye da mugayen ruhohi.

Koyaya, yin la’akari da gaskiyar cewa macijin gabaɗaya yana da hoto mara kyau, hoton basilisk gabaɗaya abu ne mara kyau kuma ma bashi da wadatattun halaye kamar su sake haihuwa ko waraka.

Ma'anar Heraldic

Basilisk yana cikin alamomin alamomin Heraldic, gama gari ne tsakanin manyan Yammacin Turai.

A zahiri, yana nufin tsari, iko da ɗaukar nauyi.

An yi amfani da shi don tsoratarwa, ta haka ya dakatar da ikon mai martaba wanda ya zaɓe shi a matsayin alamarsa.

Koyaya, a lokaci guda, basilisk kuma ana amfani dashi don nuna yaudara, kwafi, rashin fitina da fushi. Kamar sauran macizai, da wuya ya bayyana akan manyan iyalai, yana mai jan hankali ga alamomi masu daraja.

Juyin Halittar hoto da canji a cikin dodo

Ta wata hanya mai ban tsoro, basilisk ɗin ya wajaba ga marubuci Pliny, wanda a cikin karni na 1 AD ya ba da bayanin kwatancen macijin hamada.

A cewarsa, akwai kuskuren basilisk kai tsaye a cikin bayyanar yashi, saboda "ciyawar ta bushe a gabanta, kuma duwatsun sun yi birgima", bugu da kari, macijin ya yi matukar tayar da hankali saboda "'yan uwan ​​sa sun gudu," "basilisk din ya kashe wani mutum da kallo kawai."

Lokacin da tarihi ya kai ga Turai, ta wuce da sauri tare da cikakkun bayanai da alamu masu ban tsoro.

Madadin “diadem”, tsefe na maciji, fuka-fuki da fuka-fukan sun bayyana a saman basilisk.

Tare da karamin tsawon santimita 30, basilisk, a halin yanzu, ya kasance mai matukar tayar da hankali da mugunta, wanda kuma ya yi wasa da shi a cikin tarihin arna.

Madarar Skim, qwai da aka sata har ma da cututtuka an danganta su da Basilisk, tun da datti da mugunta.

Daya daga cikin marubutan Rome, Mark Anney Lucan, ya yi imanin cewa basilisk ta samo asali daga zub da jini na jellyfish, kamar sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar kashe dukkan abubuwa masu rai tare da kallo.

Koyaya, nau'ikansa tare da kai a cikin nau'in kaza ya kasance babbar hanyar. A cikin tarihin asmara, basilisk ta sami irin wannan bayyanar: shugaban kaji tare da tsefe da zakara, jikin maciji mai fuka-fukai da aka rufe da gashinsa, kafafu.

Bestiary Pierre de Beauvais

Pierre de Beauvais ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aljani na basilisk, wanda bisa ga abin da basilisk ta fito daga tsohuwar zakara, a cikin jikinta wanda ya “girma”.

Zakara yana sanya kwai a kan tari mai ɗaci, a bayan sa yana murɗa ta. Halittar da aka bayyana a sama tana fashewa da kwasfa, bayan haka tana cutar da sauran kajin kuma ta buya tsawon lokaci.

Yana da matukar ƙarfi da sauri, sabili da haka yana da wuya a lura da basilisk.

A lokaci guda, kurolisk da cocatrice suma sun samo asali daga basilisk.

Ba kamar kakanninsu ba, sun rasa ikon yiwa macizai murkushewa, amma kuma suna da zafin rai, numfashin su na iya cutar da mutane da muhalli.

Har ila yau, akwai wani ra'ayi a cikin Tsararru na Tsakiya cewa Alexander Mai Girma ya kashe basilisk. Macijin ya zauna a bangon sansanin soja, a wani sigar - a kan dutsen, kuma ya kashe dukkan sojoji da idanunsa. Sai Alexander ya ba da umarnin goge madubi kuma ya ba macijin kallon kansa, wanda ya kashe basilisk.

Mai yiyuwa ne labarin yana da asalin tushen Girka, tun a labarin arnanci na Girkawa gwarzon Girka Perseus ya goge garkuwarsa don yakar Gorgon.

A lokaci guda, Albert Mai Girma a cikin karni na 13 ya ƙi yin imani da wanzuwar basilisk tare da shugaban kaji, wanda ya aza harsashin maganganun ra'ayoyi marasa tushe a cikin jagorar babban labari.

Ka'idodin Tsarin Harshe

A Renaissance, akwai ƙarancin raɗaɗɗan ambaliyar ruwa, tunda babu takaddara mai tabbatar da kasancewar ta.

Zazzabin basilisk ko "lizard Jesus Christ"

Da farko an gano shi a matsayin halitta, amma ba tare da sifofin ƙazantattun sojojin ba, har ma da ƙari don haɗuwa da halayen zakara. Daga nan ne aka watsar da ra'ayin gaba daya, duniyar kimiyya kuma ta bullo da ka'idar cewa tatsuniya tare da tushen Afirka wani yunƙuri ne na bayyana asalin ibis, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin tarihin tsohuwar Masar.

Sunyi kokarin bayyanar da asalin tushen basilisk din ta hanyar karancin ilimin zoology da jerin wadanda suka hada. Don haka, alal misali, zakoki, masu lura da lemu har ma da wasu nau'in macizai an ɗauke shi.

A halin yanzu, basilisk ya kasance ɗayan hoto na tsakiya a cikin karatun littafi mai ban mamaki da kuma labarin almara, ciki har da Slavic. Inda aka san shi da "yadi baranda" kuma yana da suna mara kyau.

A kan yankin Costa Rica akwai laƙabi da ake kira "Kristi", kamanninsa kusan gaba ɗaya suna maimaita hoton basilisk ne, ban da kasancewar fuka-fuki. Ta hanyoyi da yawa, wannan rarrabuwa kuma, a zahiri, waɗannan ƙananan basusisk sune "ainihin basiliyya" sune ainihin haɓakar ainihin abubuwan da aka ambata na cryptid zuwa yau.

Basilisk cikin littafi mai tsarki

A cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, kalmar "basilisk" ta fara bayyana a cikin fassarar Tsohon Alkawari daga Ibrananci zuwa tsohuwar yaren Girka (Septuagint, III - I ƙarni BC) da Latin (Vulgata, IV - V ƙarni). Hakanan ana amfani dashi a cikin fassarar Taro na Taro na Rasha (karni XIX).

A cikin rubutun Ibrananci, Tanakh, babu wani kamfani kai tsaye na kalmar "basilisk". Musamman, a cikin zabura ta 91 na Tanah (yayi dace da zabin 90 na zaburar Girka da na Rasha) wurin wannan kalma tana dauke da dr.-Heb. “פתן” (“zaki, ɗan zaki”), kuma a littafin Annabi Ishaya Tanah - wanin Ibran. "אפעה".

Kari akan haka, “basilisk” daga taron majalisar Synodal na Maimaitawar Shari'a yayi dace da kalmar Ibrananci saraf ("Ingonawa"), wanda na iya ma'anar macizai masu dafi, kuma a cikin littafin Annabi Irmiya kalmar Ibrananci ta yi daidai da ita cefa, ko tsifonitana yin nuni da maciji mai dafi - bishiyar gabas (Vipera xanthina) .

Septuagint

Kalmar “basilisk” (Girkanci: “βᾰσῐλίσκος”) a cikin matanin Hellenanci na Tsohon Alkawari, Septuagint, an ambaci sau biyu - a cikin zabura 90 (Zabura 90:13) da kuma a cikin littafin Ishaya (Ishaya 59: 5, a Rubutun Helenanci na ayar).

Cyril na Iskandariyawa, da yake bayani game da hanyar daga littafin Ishaya, ya nuna cewa basilisk ɗin ɗan sa'i ne na asp: “Amma sun yi kuskure a cikin lissafin, kuma dole ne su sami irin abin da waɗanda ke karya ƙwai da asfids ɗin suna ƙarƙashin babbar wauta saboda, karya su , basu sami komai a cikinsu ba sai dai basilisk. Wannan cikin wannan macijin yana da matukar hatsari, kuma wannan kwai bai dace ba. ”

Irin wannan fassarar ta musanta gaskiyar cewa a Is. 14:29 an faɗi cewa 'ya'yan itãcen asp "dorinan dawakai masu tashi". Koyaya, majiyoyi sun bambanta tsakanin tatsuniyoyin tsuntsaye masu tashi na tarko, wanda aka yi imani da su, da kuma basilisks.

A cikin kamus na Greek-Russian na Butler ἀσπίς, ἀσπίδος (m) nuna alamar macijin nau'in Coluber aspis, Coluber haye ko Naia haye.

Fassarar Yammacin Turai

Rubutun Latin a cikin Baibul, Vulgate, yana dauke da kalmar "basiliscum" (yana nan a cikin zabura 90), wani nau'i ne na tuhumar lat."Basiliscus". (Karshen ya zo daga Girkanci “βασιλίσκος.”)

Kalmar Turanci "basilisk" ta yi daidai da Ingilishi hadaddiyar giyar da basilisk , kuma a cikin Ingilar Baibul na King James an ambaci na farkonsu sau hudu: sau uku a cikin littafin Ishaya (Isha 11: 8, Isha. 14:29, Isha. 59: 5 - a cikin fassarar Synodal kalmar "basilisk" ba ta kasance) kuma sau daya a littafin Annabi Irmiya (a wuri guda kamar takwararta ta Rasha a cikin fassarar Synodal) .

Fassarar Synod

Daga kwatancin a cikin Kubawar Shari'a, zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa basil ɗin suna daga cikin haɗarin mazaunan jeji, daga wanda Allah ya ceci yahudawa yayin yawo (Maimaitawar Shari'a 8:15), Irmiya ya rubuta game da basal ɗin, yana lissafa azabar Allah mai zuwa (Irmiya 8:17) ) A ƙarshe, an ambaci wannan halitta cikin zabura ta 90: “Za ku yi nasara a kan asp da basur, za ku tattake zaki da macijin"(Zabura 90:13), - a nan babban tushe yana bayyana a cikin hadari masu girman gaske wanda Ubangiji yayi alƙawarin kiyaye masu adalci.

Fassarar Baibul

A cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, kalmar "basilisk", da kuma kalmar "echidna", tana nufin kowane macizai masu dafi. Kodayake ainihin sahihi yana da wuya, macizai na dangin da suka haɗu, gami da mayuka, da kuma zuriyarsu.

A lokaci guda, ayoyi biyu na Littafi Mai Tsarki (Zabura 90:13, Ishaku 59: 5) aspids da basilisks dabam. Ammianus Marcellinus, wanda ya rayu a karni na 4, shima yayi asfids, echidnas, basilisks, da sauran macizai.

A cikin "Encyclopedia na Yahudawa na Brockhaus da Efron" an gano wasu zaɓuɓɓuka don gano basilisk tare da wasu nau'ikan macizai, amma an gano ainihin maganin matsalar yana da wuya.

A cikin Ingantacciyar Baibul, wanda A.P. Lopukhin ya shirya, an bayyana jigon littafi mai tsarki tare da macijin kallo na Indiya.

A cikin fassarar tsarkaka na farko na Kirista da kuma mai ilimin tauhidi John Cassian, basilisk yana aiki azaman aljanu da aljani, guba na basilisk itace azaman kishi.

Wakokin gargajiya

Da alama, tatsuniyoyin sun samo asali ne daga bayanin wani ƙaramin maciji mai dafi, wanda aka ɗauke shi mai tsarki ne a ƙasar Misira, daga abin da dukkan dabbobi da alamomin macizai suka ambata, wanda Aristotle ya ambata a ƙarni na 4 na BC. e. da kuma Pseudo-Aristotle.

Bayanin tushen rayuwar 'yan tarihi na tarihi a cikin Pliny Dattijon “Tarihin Halitta” (I karni na AD), wanda aka rubuta, da dai sauransu, dangane da ayyukan masana tarihin Grik da na tarihi. A cewarsa, basilisk yana zaune a kusa da Cyrenaica, tsawonsa ya kai 30 cm, tare da farin tabo a kansa mai kama da kambin diadem. Wasu kundin tarihi na ƙarshen karni na 19 ya danganta ga Pliny kalmomin da ya rasa, macijin ya yi rawaya kuma yana da haɓaka a kanta. Duk macizai sun gudu daga rikicewar basilisk. Yana motsa meandering ba kamar sauran macizai ba, amma yana ɗaga ɓangarensa na tsakiya. Yana da ikon kashe ba kawai guba ba, har ma da kallo, kamshi, ƙona ciyawa da fasa dutse. Lucan, wanda ya rubuta a cikin shekaru biyun da Pliny, ya yi imanin cewa basilisk ta bayyana daga jinin Gorgon Medusa wanda aka kashe, wanda shima ya sami burbushin halittu.

Gaius Julius Solin ya sake bayyana Plain a cikin karni na III, amma tare da wasu bambance-bambance: ƙarancin maciji ya kai kusan 15 cm, tabo yana kama da fararen bandeji, bai ambaci kallon mai kisa ba, amma kawai mummunan zafin guba da ƙanshi. Matsayinsa na zamani Helioor ya rubuta game da basilisk, wanda tare da numfashinsa da ganinsa ya bushe kuma ya lalata duk abinda ya same shi.

Pliny ya rubuta game da almara cewa da zarar wani mahaya dawakai ya buga basilisk da mashi, amma guba ya kwarara gungume ya kashe mai doki har ma da doki. Ana samun makamancin makamancin wannan a cikin waƙar Lucan game da yadda basilisk ke kashe ƙwararrun sojoji, amma ɗayan sojojin ya sami ceto ta hanyar datse hannun sa da guba na basilisk, wanda ke saukar da mashin.

Pliny ya rubuta cewa caves na iya kashe basilisk tare da wari, suna shiga cikin ramin sa, amma a lokaci guda suna mutuwa da kansu. An kuma ambaci ƙiyayyar basilisks da weasels a cikin aikin da aka danganta ga Democratus, wanda ya rayu a karni na III BC. e. Tun karni na 2 AD e. an yi imani cewa an kashe basilisk din da kukan zakara, sabili da haka an ba shi shawarar ɗaukar waɗannan dabbobin a cikin keji.

An yi zargin akwai yuwuwar yin allurai da tukwane daban-daban daga idanun da jinin basilisk.

"Hieroglyphics" IV karni na BC e. ya ba da labarin cewa Masarawa suna da hieroglyph tare da maciji, wanda suke kira "Uraeus", wanda a cikin Hellenanci yana nufin "basilisk", kuma yana nufin "har abada". Masarawa sun yi imani da cewa macijin wannan nau'in ba ya mutuwa, ta hanyar numfashi yana da ikon kashe wata halitta, an nuna shi a saman kawunan allolin. Wannan hieroglyph ya nuna Rana da dutsen aljana Wajit - rashin amincin Egyptasar Masar. An saka itacen urea na zinare a goshin fulani kamar yadda wani sashe na fadar sarauta yake.

Masanin ilimin halitta I.I. Akimushkin da sauran marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa basilisk tsohuwar cuta ce. Siffar ta da ƙahoni ne mai hieroglyph ma'anar sauti "f", kuma Pliny Dattijon ya iya ɗaukarsa kamar maciji tare da kambi, wanda ya ba da sunan Girkanci "basilisk" - "sarki".

Tsuntsayen kwai

Dangane da tsohuwar koyarwar, basilisks an samo su ne daga qwai tsuntsu na ibis, wanda, cin qwai maciji, wani lokacin yakan sanya kwai nasa ta cikin begensa (wataƙila wannan shine fassarar hoton ibis tare da kwai maciji a cikin beakrsa). Marubuta na karni na 4 sun kiyaye rubuce-rubuce game da imani. Masanin ilimin tauhidi Cassian, wani masanin ilimin Masarawa, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa "babu wata shakka an haife basilisks daga ƙwai tsuntsu, wanda a Masar ake kira ibis," da Ammianus Marcellinus, wanda labarin game da basilisk ya biyo bayan ambaton Masarawa. imani. Gaius Julius Solin a cikin karni na III shima yayi rubutu game da imani cewa ibada tana cin macizai mai guba sosai kuma suna kwanciya da bakinsu.

Likita T. Brown na ƙarni na 17 ya rubuta wannan a cikin mahimmin aiki mai “Muguwar Zuciya da Dantuwa” da kuma mai kula da matafiya A. Б. Brem na ƙarni na 19, waɗanda suka yi magana akan fitowar ta VB Pierio (Ingilishi) Rashanci. , tare da misalin basilisk ƙasan daga kwai ibis. Sun bayyana imani da cewa cin kwaya mai guba da na macizai masu cutar da kwayar tsuntsaye da kansu. Saboda haka, Masarawa suka karya kwayoyin ibis din da suka samo don basis din bai kyankyashe ba, kodayake a lokaci guda sun raina wadannan tsuntsayen saboda cin macizai.

Tsakanin Cock Snake

A lokacin Tsararru, an inganta hoton basilisk tare da sababbin bayanai, gwargwadon abin da aka ƙera shi daga ƙwan da tsohuwar zakara, wadda aka ɗora ta a cikin taki kuma ta tofa. Ra'ayoyin bayyanar suma sun canza: basilisk ya fara bayyana a matsayin zakara tare da wutsiyar maciji, wani lokacin tare da jikin tawul, kodayake akwai wasu zaɓuɓɓuka. Na farko an ambaci irin wannan magana a cikin Pierre de Beauvais (Fr.) Rashanci. a farkon karni na XIII. Ya maimaita bayanin Pliny, yana kwatanta basilisk a matsayin macijin da aka suturta, amma kuma ya ambaci cewa wani lokaci ana nuna shi a matsayin zakara tare da wutsiyar maciji, yana ba da hoto iri ɗaya, kuma wani lokacin an haife shi daga zakara. Duk da gaskiyar cewa bashin cikin aminci ya kasance daidai da akidar Ikklisiya wanda ba za a iya musuntawa ba, Albert Mai Girma a karni na 13 ya yi la’akari da labarai na tatsuniyoyi game da basilisk ɗin da aka haife shi daga kwai cockerel.

An kuma yi imanin cewa idan kun nuna kallon basilisk tare da madubi, to, zai mutu yana ganin kansa, kamar Gorgon Medusa. Wannan hukuncin ya tsokane maganar mai girman kai ta wani mai bincike a karni na 11. Al-Biruni: "Me yasa har yanzu waɗannan macizai basu hallaka juna ba?" . A cikin karni na XIII, tarin gajerun labarai "Ayyukan Romawa" sun bayyana, da kuma editionarin ingantaccen littafinsa "Tarihin Bataliyar Alexander Mai Girma", wanda basilisk, ke zaune a bangon sansanin soja (a wata sigar, a kan dutse), ya kashe sojoji da yawa tare da idanunsa, sannan Alexander Mai Girma ya ba da umarni. tana kallon madubi wacce macijin ke kashe kanta.

Dangane da ra'ayoyin Luzhichans, basilisk shine zakara tare da fuka-fukan fuka-fuka, hular tsuntsu, wutsiyar lizard, gemun gaggafa da idanun koren kore, wanda a samansa akwai rawanin kambi, da furfura mai baƙar fata (sikeli) ko'ina cikin jiki, kodayake yana iya kama da babban lizard .

Akwai irin wannan gaskatawa a cikin Lefin Lithuaniyanci game da macijin Aitvaras mai tashi. Ya tsinke daga ƙwanin zakara, wanda dole ne a ajiye shi a gidan har tsawon shekaru 7. A dare, yana kawo kuɗi da abinci ga masu, misali kirim mai tsami, wanda ya birgeshi a cikin jita-jita.

Poa'idodi sun yi imanin cewa shaiɗan ne ya ƙirƙira basilisk.

"Gwanin Ferret da basilisk." Saka hoto ta Hollar, karni na XVII.

Hoton wani muhimmin abu daga littafin Aldrovandi “Tarihin Macizai da dodanni” (Bologna, 1640)

Rashin daidaito da kuma Cryptozoology

Tare da heyday na kimiyyar halitta a Renaissance, an ambaci basilisk ƙasa da ƙasa.

Batun karshe game da “taro” tare dashi a Warsaw ya koma 1587. Shekaru 20 da suka gabata, masanin dabi'ar halitta Conrad Gesner ya kasance mai shakkar rashi game da wanzuwar Basilisk. Edward Topsell A cikin 1608 ya ce zakara tare da wutsiyar maciji na iya wanzu, amma ba shi da alaƙa da basilisk. T. Brown a shekara ta 1646 yaci gaba da cewa: "Wannan halittar ba kawai ba ce mai mahimmanci ba ce, har ma tana wanzu a cikin yanayin."

Masanin ɗan Afirka kuma masanin halitta N.N. Nepomnyashchy ya ba da shawarar cewa ayar ta Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da haihuwar basilisks daga ƙwaiƙƙen kwayoyi (a cikin Girkanci na asali na Ishaya 59: 5) da kuma hoton basilisk, macijin-maciji, karkatacciyar gaskatawar Masarawa ce ga tsuntsu ibis. Wanne, bisa ga almara, ya ci basilisks, daga ƙwai wanda aka haife su.

Wani lokaci don basilisk kawai an ɗauki abubuwa masu ban mamaki. Misali, a shekara ta 1202, a Vienna, wani yanki mai yashi, mai kama da zakara, wanda aka samo a cikin ramin ma'adanan, an ɗauke shi, wanda, tare da ƙwanƙwasa ƙurar hydrogen sulfide, mazaunan camfi masu ban tsoro, kuma an rubuta wannan taron a cikin rubutattun biranen birni. A shekara ta 1677, aka buga rubutu game da wannan “gamuwa da basilisk” a jikin dutsen da aka sanya shi a wannan rijiyar. Kuma kawai a farkon karni na 20, wani malamin bincike ya gangara zuwa rijiya kuma ya gano dutse mai kama da basilisk.

Sauran sigogin

D. B. De Toni, yayin da yake tsokaci a kan aikin Leonardo da Vinci, wanda ya nakalto Pliny, ya ba da shawarar cewa basilisk ɗin tana kama da masu duba.

Ya kamata a sani cewa hoaxes sun zama ruwan dare a Turai: suna lalata dabbobi, sun barsu su zama halittu masu ban sha'awa. Misali, an bayarda ramp don basilisk. Yawancin hotunansa da suka fara daga ƙarni na 16 - 17 sun dogara ne da irin waɗannan samfuran daidai.

Hoton basilisk a al'ada

Abun da ke faruwa (tare da asp, zaki da dragon - waɗanda suka danganci zabura ta 90) suna daga hotunan hotunan aljannu ko na shaidan, waɗanda aka ɗauka cikin fasahar Kirista.

A matakin bunkasar kiristocin kirista na lokacin IV - farkon karni na IX, masarautar Byzantine sun koma yanayin yanayin alamomin. An nuna Kristi akan Aspid da Basilisk akan garkuwar fitilun Byzantine.

“Nasara da Kristi yayi nasara akan Asmal da Basilisk” ɗayan ɗayan nau'in wahayi ne na tarihin Yesu Kristi. Daga cikin sanannun samfuran ana iya kiran taimako na karni na IX akan hauren giwa daga ɗakin karatu na Oxford. An nuna irin wannan abun a cikin babban taron jama'a na kudancin babban cocin Cathedral na San Giusto a Trieste. A hannun hagu, Kristi ya riƙe littafin buɗe, kuma ya albarkace da damansa. Masu tsarkaka na gida da adalci da Servul suna a gefenta.

A bayyane yake, “Hoton Kristi, yana tarko da jan kafa da kuma babbar matsala, a babbar hanyar kudu, a yanzu haka ya koma ga zauren majami'ar Archbishop da ke Ravenna. Hakanan ana samo shi a ɗayan ofan kwanon bugawar a cikin Baftisma na Orthodox a cikin Ravenna kuma an wakilta shi a cikin mosaic na basilica na Santa Croce (rabin karni na 5 na karni na 5), ​​wanda aka sani da bayanin mai ba da tarihin Andrea Agello ”.

Daya daga cikin gumakan Uwar Allah, tun daga karni na 18, ana kiranta "Mataki akan Aspida da Basilisk." Tana ba da hoton Uwar Allah tana tursasawa sojojin mugunta.

A cikin Renaissance, an ambaci basilisk sau da yawa a cikin litattafan tauhidi da dama da kuma ayoyin a matsayin hoto na mataimakin. A lokacin Shakespeare, sun kira su masu karuwai, duk da cewa ɗan wasan fina-finan turanci da kansa ya kirashi kawai macen maciji mai kyan gani.

A karni na 19 na karni, hoton kirista na basilisk-shaidan ya fara rauni. A cikin mawakan soyayya Keats, Coleridge da Shelley, basilisk kamar alama ce mai daraja ta Masar fiye da dodo. A cikin Ode zuwa Naples, Shelley ya yi kira ga garin: "Ka zama kamar basilisk na sarki, ka yi nasara da abokan gaba tare da makamai marasa ganuwa."

A cikin heraldry, basilisk alama ce ta ikon, ferocity da tsari.

A cikin al'adun zamani

Akwai ra'ayi cewa a cikin al'adun zamani basilisk bashi da mashahuri sosai da mahimmancin alama ta musamman, ya bambanta, alal misali, daga ƙazamin haɗari da haɗari. Abubuwan da ake amfani da shi na asalin tarihin rayuwar basilisk shine macijin ya riƙe shi, wanda tarihinsa ya kasance mai daɗe kuma mai faɗi.

Koyaya, Basilisk yana wakilta a cikin wallafe-wallafen zamani, a cikin sinima da wasannin kwamfuta.

Musamman, a cikin hoton wani katon maciji, yana nan a shafukan Joan Rowling na Harry Harryter da kuma Chamber of Secrets, da kuma yadda yake daidaita fim.

Bayanan kula

1. ↑ 123BEAN, 1891-1892.
2. ↑ 12345Lopukhin A.P.Zabura ta 90 // Fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki. - 1904-1913.
3. ↑ 123456Snake // Brockhaus Encyclopedia Littafi Mai Tsarki / Fritz Rineker, Gerhard Mayer, Alexander Schick, Ulrich Wendel. - M.: Christliche Verlagsbuchhandlung Paderborn, 1999 .-- 1226 p.
4. ↑ 123456EEBE, 1910: “Abu ne mai wahala ka kafa irin macijin da marubutan zamanin suka yi tunaninsa. A cewar wasu, Ibran. The iri ɗaya ne da שפיפו (Far. 49:17), wato echidna mai ban tsoro, ko cera. Tristram yana gano צפע da macijin Daboja (Daboja xanthina),. mallakar dangin echidna mai hatsarin gaske, waɗannan nau'ikan macizai suna da alaƙa da guba Echidna arietans da Indiya. Echidna elegans [dangi na viper]. ”
5. ↑ 123EEBE, 1910.
6. ↑ 123ESBE, 1892.
7. Lin Pliny Dattijon, sharhin da fassara ya yi I.Yu. Shabaga.
8. Yusim, 1990, p. 117.
9. Belova, 1995.
10. ↑ 12Korolev, 2005.
11. ↑ 123Belova, 1995, p. 292.
12. Text Nassin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Lexicon. Bincika.
13. Ril Cyril na Alexandria. Halittu. v. 8. Fassarar Annabi Ishaya. shafi na 364
14. ↑ 12Cicero.Littafin I, 101 // A kan yanayin gumakan = De Natura Deorum. - I karni BC uh ..
15. ↑Guy Julius Solin.Ibis, [http://ancientrome.ru/antlitr/solin/crm_tx.htm#3-9 Basilisk,] // Tarin bayanan abin tunawa.
16. Copy Kundin tsohon Greek na Rasha na Butler Archival kwafin Maris 28, 2016 akan Na'urar Wayback: sauran Girkanci ἀσπίς, ίδος (ῐδ) ἡ ... 7) zool. Aspi (Coluber aspis, Coluber haye ko Naia haye) Her., Arst., Maza., Plut.
17. Zabura / Zabura // Jerome. Vulgate.
18. ↑ Basilisk // Multitran.
19. Sakamakon Littafi Mai-Tsarki guda huɗu na “Cockatrice.” Nuna sakamako 1-4 // BibleGateway.com.
20. Il basilisk //V.P. Vikhlyoslov. Dictionaryamus na Baibul na Vikhlyantsev.
21. Sakamakon Littafi Mai Tsarki 3 na “basilisk.” Nuna sakamako 1-3 // BibleGateway.com.
22. Ch Echidna // Bayanin Ma'anar Ifraimu, 2000.
23. Ch Echidna // Bayani na Fassarar Mafificin Harshen Rasha: a cikin juzu'i 4 / auth. V.I. Dahl. - Na biyu ed. - SPb. : Buga gidan M.O. Wolf, 1880-1882.
24. ↑ 12

25. Daga cikin tsuntsayen Masarawa, waɗanda ba za a iya lissafta nau'ikan nau'ikansu ba, tsuntsayen cute Ibis ana ɗaukar su masu alfarma ne. Yana da amfani a cikin hakan yana ɗaukar ƙwai maciji a cikin gida don haka yana ba da gudummawa ga rage adadin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe. 26. Wannan tsuntsu tana tsayayya da garken macizai masu fikafikan salama wadanda suke ciyar da guba daga rafin Arabawa. Kafin su iya daga iyakar su, ibadan yana ba su yaƙin a cikin iska su cinye su. Game da ibis suna cewa yana sanya kwai ta gemunsa.
27. Kuma a cikin Misira kanta akwai macizai masu yawa da yawa, kuma, mai daɗin mugunta: basilisk, amphisbane, yawo, akontius, dipsad, viper da wasu da yawa. Dukkansu suna da girma da girma da girma da girman da bai mutu ba daga kogin Nilu da kansa.