Yaƙe karnuka - kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita kwanan nan tana nufin karnukan sabis na musamman da aka yi amfani da su a cikin fadace-fadace (fadace-fadace, fadace-fadace) da sojoji suka yi a zamanin da daular Tsakiya tare da nufin kashe sojoji abokan gaba kai tsaye.
A wani lokaci daga baya, ana amfani da karnuka a yakin don dalilai daban-daban, amma ba a amfani da su kai tsaye don kashe sojojin abokan gaba, kodayake a cikin Yaƙin Duniya na II kuma an yi amfani da karnukan tankuna.
Lokacin tsufa
A wannan lokacin, yawancin nau'in kare karnuka suna da aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar ɗan adam. Jikin na canzawa koyaushe, gauraye, sababbi aka tsara su ta zabin da daidaita haruffa. Breaya daga cikin kakannin kakannin don karnukan zamani babu shi. Dangane da fasali daya, duk karnukan zamani sun fito daga wolf da wasu nau'in karnuka.
Kamar yadda karnuka masu gwagwarmaya, galibi karnukan ƙungiyar Molossia galibi ana amfani da su.
Molossoid nau'ikan rukuni ne mai ƙarfi na manyan karnuka masu ƙarfi tare da ɗan gajeren saƙo da bayyanar firgita, wanda ya kasance a matakin farkon nau'ikan kiwo (wanda ba shi da tabbaci), an kafa shi a matsayin tushen asalin karnuka na tsohuwar Girka, tsoffin ofasashen Gabas, Etruria da Celts akan yankin Masarautar Roman. An buge don kariya (garken, mutane, da sauransu), a matsayin kare dabba da kuma kare kare na sojoji da masu ba da izini a cikin sojoji. Sunaye "Molossoid karnuka", "Molossoid karnuka", "Molossi" an riga an san su a cikin Turai a cikin tsararraki na tsakiya (an ambace su, musamman, ta Saxon Grammatik). Ya zama mafi yadu a karni na 16 a Faransa, kuma a Ingila yayin Renaissance, wato, daga karni na 17. An yi amfani da kalmar "Molossian rukuni na karnuka" a cikin maganganun yau da kullun kawai a cikin karni na 20.
Dogan asalin kare kare da suka halarci samuwar ƙungiyar Molossia sun kasance asalin ofan asalin Gabas ta Gabas (Mesopotamia, Persia), tsohuwar Girka, ƙasashen Etruria, daidaikun mutane waɗanda suka rayu a yankuna na Celts, da kan yankin tsohuwar Roma. Tsohon magabatan yawancin karnukan fada da suka fi dacewa sun fi zama Tibet Babban Dane. Wadannan karnukan sun bazu cikin India, Nepal, Persia, da kuma ƙasashen da ke kusa da Gabas ta Tsakiya kimanin shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata. An yi amfani da waɗannan dabbobi masu iko kamar makiyaya, masu tsaro, da mafarauta. Kuma a cikin ingancin fama ma.
Hotunansa mafi tsufa tun daga ƙarni na 12 kafin haihuwar Yesu - an sami wani kamun da ya farauta da karen Tibet a cikin mashigar Babila.
Daga karni na 4 BC e., a cikin yankin tsohuwar Girka Girka, an kafa cibiyar "kayan kiwo", wanda ya zama farkon fara gaba don ƙirƙirar nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban kuma ana kiranta "karnukan Molossi" da sunan tsohuwar kabilar Molossian da ke zaune a Molossia - yankin tsakiyar Epirir. Yanzu wannan yanki yana kusa da Ioannina na zamani a Girka.
Dabaru
An yi amfani da dukkanin fakitin waɗannan karnukan a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe. Karnuka da sauri karnuka cikin fagen fama na abokan gaba, suna haifar da ruɗani mai ban mamaki, raunin dawakai, rauni da bugawa sojojin abokan gaba. Haka kuma, ban da wargaza tsarin yakin abokan gaba da nesanta masa da hankali, karnukan fada ma sun lalata sojojin abokan gaba. Dukkanin tsarin horar da karen kare suna da niyyar tabbatar da hakan, jingina da jaruma, kare ya yi gwagwarmaya tare da shi har ya ci nasara ko ya mutu a cikin duwatsun. A lokaci guda, harbi ko buga wani ingantaccen kariya, mai nauyi, mai ƙarfi a jiki, ƙwararren malamin da aka tanada don kashe mutum ya kasance mai matukar wahala. An sanya dunƙulen musamman tare da tatsuniyoyi da fenti a kan karnuka tare da jarfa ta musamman. Kafin yaƙin, karnukan ba su da takamaiman abinci na dogon lokaci, wannan ya ƙara fusata su kuma ya sa suka yi yaƙin sosai. A cikin yaƙin don karnuka na karnuka masu wasan ruwa suna lura da su, waɗanda ke tsunduma cikin horo biyu da ba da umarni ga karnuka a fagen fama. A cikin umarnin karnukan, an saukar da su daga leashes kuma an saita su a kan rukunin abokan gaba (zai fi dacewa daga ragar ko kuma gaba). Wannan yana da babban tasiri, tun da karnukan fentin masu jin yunwa ba kawai tserewa abokan gaba ba ne, har ma suna tayar da jijiyar wuya.
Shiri
An horar da karnukan soja don yaƙar abokan gaba daga tsami. A saboda wannan dalili, anyi amfani da hanyoyin koyarda gama gari yau. Mataimakin malamin, sanye da rigar musamman na fatsi mai kauri, ya yi wa karen kare, ya sa ta fusata. Lokacin da malamin ya saukar da kare daga ledin, sai ta jefa kanta a kan "nishaɗin" kuma ta tona shi da haƙoranta. A wannan lokacin, mataimaki yayi ƙoƙarin fallasa karen zuwa ga ƙwararrun sassan jikin mutum (yana nufin jaruma ne a cikin makamai). Don haka ya haɓaka al'adar ɗaukar abokan gaba daidai. A daidai wannan lokacin, an koyar da karnuka irin waɗannan dabarun neman mutum mai aiki da aiki tare da mai karya. Mutanen da suke ba da karnuka sau da yawa ana canza su don su tayar da haushi a cikin kare ga dukkan mutane, kuma ba don takamaiman mutum ba. A mataki na gaba na shiri, an sanya kayan yakin makiya a jikin riguna daga fata, sannan aka sanya kayan makamai a kan kare, sannu a hankali yana yarda da shi don yin gwagwarmaya a cikin yanayin kusanci zuwa fagen fama. An maye gurbin murfin kwalkwali da abin wuya da sandunansu na katako. Karnuka sun saba da rawar jiki, busawa ga garkuwa, makaman ringi, dawakai.
Yaƙin Dog Armor
Don haɓaka halayensu na yaƙi kuma, in ya yiwu, don sanya karnuka a cikin sauƙi a cikin baƙin ƙarfe mai sanyi, ta haka ne za su iya samun damar shawo kan abokan gaba, karnukan soja a wasu lokuta suna sanye da kayan yaƙi na musamman, wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi fata ko ƙarfe wanda ke rufe baya da gefuna na dabba. An kuma yi amfani da wasiyyar sarkar.
Yayin yaƙin Amurkawa da aka yi amfani da su daidai yaƙin karnuka, suna sanye da kayan yaƙi.
An yi amfani da kwalkwali na ƙarfe don kare kai. A kan abin wuya da kwalkwali akwai ba ƙaya kawai, amma wani lokacin har ma da kuliyoyi masu wuka biyu waɗanda suke yanka da jifar abokan gaba, yankan raunin da ƙafafunsu har ma sun fashe a cikin kunnin dawakai lokacin da karnukan faɗa suka yi karo da sojan doki.
A lokacin mamayar Amurka, masu mulkin mallaka sunyi amfani da irin wadannan karnukan fada. Don haka, sun kare jikin karnuka daga kiban Amurkawa. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, an yi amfani da kayan fata da ƙyalli don wannan.
Amfani da fada da karnukan tsohuwar duniya
Shaidar farko da aka rubuta game da amfani da karnukan yaki a yaki sun shafi yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Hoto mai ban sha'awa na Tutankhamun sananne ya rayu a cikin yaƙi (kodayake bai taɓa shiga yaƙe-yaƙe ba). A cikin sifar, kusa da karushin Fir'auna, karnuka suna gudu don abokan gaba. Za'a iya samun irin waɗannan hotuna a yawancin hotunan farauta na farauta kuma abin yarda ne cewa an yi amfani da karnuka a cikin yaƙi kamar karnukan yaƙi.
Cane Corso dan zuriyar tsohuwar gladiator ne wanda ke yakar karnuka.
Koyaya, tarihin Masar game da karnukan gwagwarmaya ya ƙare a nan. Amma muna da masaniya da yawa game da karnukan yakin Assuriya. An yi imani da cewa Assuriyawa sun yi amfani da manyan karnukan molossoid tun farkon karni na takwas BC. Karnukan Assuriyawa suna ɗaukar soja da tsaro. Dangane da sakamakon ramuka a Nineveh, an ƙarasa da cewa karnukan da ke faɗa sun shiga cikin yaƙe da yawa na Ashurbanipal. Wannan g of awar runduna ta Assuriyawa ta gado ne daga magadansu - Farisawa. Cyrus Babbar da Cambysus na biyu, waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da ƙasar Masar suka yi amfani da su. Karnukan da ke gwagwarmaya sun shiga cikin yaƙin Farisa tare da jihohin Girka.
Bayan nasarar Girka akan masarautar Farisa, karnukan yaki suka zama kamar Girka zuwa Gasar. Helenawa sun yaba da karfin gwagwarmayar su kuma suka fara kiwonsu don dalilai na soji da siyarwa, a yankin da ake kira Molossia, inda sunan manyan karnukan mastiffiya ke fitowa. Sarkin Spartan Agesilaus ya yi amfani da mastiffs mai girman kilogram na kewaye da Mantinea, kuma Sarkin Lydia Aliatt ya yi amfani da ayyukansu a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da Cimmerians da Media a farkon karni na shida BC.
Mazaunan Colophon da Cassabalens ma sun yi amfani da su, amma azaman sifofi. Mahaifin Alexander the Great ya yi amfani da su wajen bin manyan yankuna masu gudu, lokacin da ya ci Argolis. Sonansa ya gada daga mahaifinsa soyayya ga waɗannan karnuka kuma ya zama mai sha'awar waɗannan manyan karnuka, sakamakon abin da suka bazu ko'ina cikin daular Alexander Mai girma.
'Yan Spartans sun yi amfani da karnukan su 100 a matsayin makamai a kan masu cin nasara.
Lokacin da Girka ta zama tushen fadada mulkin mallaka na Rome, karnuka masu gwagwarmaya sun shiga yankin Apennine.
Na farko, tare da giwayen yaki, shahararren Pyrrhus, wanda ya yi amfani da karen kare yaƙin a Yaƙin Heracles, ya ɗauke su zuwa balaguronsa zuwa ga Apennines. Sanannen abu ne cewa Lucius Emilius Paul ya kawo karnuka masu gwagwarmaya ɗari a Roma a matsayin ganimar yaƙi da aka kama a yaƙi da sarkin Makedonia Perseus a tsakiyar ƙarni na biyu BC. Bayan haka, a karon farko, karnuka masu gwagwarmaya suna bi ta kan titin Rome tare da sarkin da aka kame.
Ya kamata a sani cewa duk da cewa Romawa sun karɓi karnukan faɗa daga Girkawa, ba a amfani da su da yawa a yaƙin. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, sun yi amfani da karnuka azaman manzannin. Marubucin marubucin Romawa Vegetius ya bar saƙo cewa Romawa suna amfani da karnuka cikin ingancin kariya don yin gargaɗi game da kusancin abokan gaba. Kai tsaye a wurin yaƙi, Romawa ba sa amfani da karnuka. An ba da fifiko ga aikin gadi don kare mahimman wurare a jihar, gami da shinge kan iyaka. Don waɗannan dalilai, an zaɓi mafi yawan karnuka karnuka. Hakanan ana zaton cewa anyi amfani da karnukan ne don neman mafaka.
Ancientan Jamusawan zamanin da sun daraja karen a farashi 12, kuma doki a 6 kawai.
An yi amfani da karnukan yaƙi a cikin tsohuwar Roma a matsayin karnukan gladiator.
Gaskiya ne, Romawa har yanzu suna da gwada ikon yaƙi na karnuka na musamman. Wannan ya faru ne a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe tare da masu fashin bakin Turai. An ambace su cikin farko a cikin 101 BC lokacin Yaƙin Vercelli, lokacin da Gaius Marius ya ci nasara da Cimbiyawa.
Ya kamata a sani cewa karnukan fada na Birtaniyya da Jamusawa suna da kariya ta makamai kuma suna ɗaure ɗamarar ƙarfe da wuƙaƙen wuyansa. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa kare yaƙin ya kashe tsoffin twicean Jamhuri sau biyu kamar doki. Sun san karnukan fada da na Huns. Amma an yi amfani dasu kawai don kare sansanonin, kuma kada su shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe.
Dogs na Yaƙi a Tsakanin Tsakiya
A cewar shahararren masanin tarihin De Barr Dupark, a lokacin yaƙin Granzen da Murten a cikin 1476, an yi yaƙi na gaske tsakanin karnukan Burgundian da Switzerland, wanda ya ƙare da kusan ƙarshen Burgundians. Kuma a lokacin Yaƙin Valence, karnukan da ke gudu kamar masu sihiri a gaban sojojin sun kai hari ga karnukan Spain da suka fara mummunan rikici na jini. Koyaya, karnukan Spain sun yi mummunan asara akan karnukan Faransawa.
Zanen dake nuni da yakin tsakiyar tsakani da karen da ke tsaye a sahun sojoji.
Dangane da labari, sarki Karl, da ya ga haka, ya yi kira ga sojojinsa: “Ina fata zaku kasance masu karfin gwiwa kamar karnukanku!” Sarkin Ingila Heinrich na Takwas har ma ya taimaka wa Mai Martaba sarki Charles, ya aika masa da sojoji masu taimako, wanda ya kunshi karnuka dubu huɗu!
Philippe na Spain yayi aiki da sauki: ya ba da umarnin duk karnukan da ke yawo a cikin birni don a ciyar da su, a sakamakon hakan, a zahiri, suna gudanar da sintiri da kulawa. A kowane hali, ƙaramin amo daga Austrian ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa karnukan sun ɗaga ƙara mai ƙarfi. A yayin ayyukan, karnukan koyaushe suna tafe gaban rushewa, suna gano kwanton abokan gaba da kuma gano hanyoyin da suke bi.
Yin gwagwarmaya da karnuka a wannan zamani
Dogara mai mahimmanci ya taka ta hanyar yaƙar karnuka a lokacin mamayar Spanish ta Amurka. Misali, a cikin jadawalin sojojin Christopher Columbus, an faɗi daga sojoji ɗari biyu na ƙafa, sojan doki ashirin da karnukan yaƙi ashirin. Bayan 'dan lokaci kadan, masu cin nasarar mallakar sunyi amfani da su a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe tare da mutanen asalin asalin duka ragin kare.
A zamanin yau, ana amfani da karnukan fada da yawa wajen tilasta bin doka, don bincika kayan haram, da sauransu.
A cewar Fernandez de Oviedo, masu cin nasara a koyaushe sun koma taimakon "greyhounds da sauran karnukan da ba su san tsoro ba." Karnukan da ke yaƙin Spain sun sami suna a cikin yaƙin don cin nasarar Peru da Meziko, kuma a Yaƙin Caxamalca karnukan da ke faɗa sun nuna ƙarfin hali sosai cewa Sarkin Spain ya umurce su da su sami ɗan fansho na tsawon rai.
Babban lissafin tarihin amfani da karnukan faɗa
669-627 BC - Karnukan da ke gwagwarmaya su zama wani ɓangare na sojojin Assuriya na Sarki Ashurbanipal,
628 BC e. - An kirkiro sashen na musamman na karnukan fada a Lydia,
559-530 B e. - Amfani da kukan karnuka by Sairus na biyu,
525 K.H. e. - Amfani da karnukan fada ta hannun Sarkin Farisa Cambysus na II a yakin Masar,
490 BC e. - Karnukan yaƙi sun shiga cikin jerin tsere,
385 BC e. - Karnukan da ke gwagwarmaya suna shiga cikin katangar Mantinea,
280 BC e. - Karnukan yaƙi sun shiga yakin Hercules,
101 BC e. - - Karnukan yaƙi sun shiga yakin Werzel,
Satumba 9 y. e. - amfani da Jamusawa na yakar karnuka a sanannen yaƙin a dajin Teutoburg,
1476 - Karnukan yaƙi sun shiga yakin Murten.
A wasu ƙasashe, har ila yau ana gwagwarmayar kare kare - ɗayan mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayon.
Asalin karnukan fada
Ya kamata a lura cewa babu magana game da ɗayan nau'in karnukan faɗa a waccan zamanin. Yaran sun kasance a hade koyaushe kuma ana canza su. Haka kuma, ba shi yiwuwa a yi maganar wani nau'in asalin zuriya wanda bai yi aure ba don yaƙin karnuka. Abinda kawai za'a iya tabbatarwa shine lafiya shine a mafi yawan lokuta irin waɗannan karnuka sun kasance molossoids, waɗanda suka kasance ƙungiya ce mai ƙyamar ƙwararrun karnuka masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi na bayyanar firgita kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, tare da ɗan gajeren zango. Wadannan nau'ikan dabbobi a lokacin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin fadace-fadace sun kasance a matakin da ba za a iya tsayawa ba, ko kuma kamar yadda suke fada, farkon nau'ikan duwatsu.
An kirkiro karnukan gwagwarmaya bisa tushen asalin karnukan asalin karnukan Girka na tsohuwar Girka, Etruria, jihohin Gabas ta Tsakiya da karnukan da ke zaune a yankuna da suka mamaye. Ainihin, sun sami cikakkun bayyanannun fuskokinsu akan yankin daular Masarautar Rum.
Dole ne a faɗi cewa kalmomin "karnukan Moloski", "karnukan Molossoid" da kuma kawai "karnukan Molossoid" ba sune ƙarancin zamanin ba, kuma an riga an san karnukan yaƙi a Turai a ƙarƙashin wannan sunan a cikin Tsararraki. Koyaya, a cikin maganganun yau da kullun, an gabatar da wannan kalmar a karni na ashirin kawai.
Idan kun sami kuskure, da fatan za selecti yanki na rubutu kuma latsa Ctrl + Shigar.
Gabas ta gabas
Akasin maganganun “masu tallata” na yanzu, a zamanin Sumero-Akkadian da Babila, ƙwararrun karnuka a Mesopotamia ba za a iya ganuwa ba kuma ba a jin su. “A zahiri” - saboda yayin aikin wannan labarin ya yiwu a sami takaddun shaida waɗanda kai tsaye suna ba da shaidar “ɓoye” rayuwarsu a cikin tsohuwar wayewar wayewar Mesopotamiya.
Daga cikin su, alal misali, tatsuniyar Sumerian ce game da kamfen na dangin dawakai a wani birni, kuma dawakai ta bayyana ƙa'idar da ta dace da kwamandan abokan gaba, tana mai alƙawarin tattake birni da aka ƙwace da ƙafafunsa (wanda zai ba mu damar yin la’akari da wannan tatsuniyar, wataƙila bayanin kwatancen ayyukan sojojin abokan gaba). Amma, kafin su isa gaɓar 600 (kimanin kilomita 3), dawakai suka ji hayaniyar karnuka daga bayan katangar birni kuma sun gwammace su bar.
Ba za mu yi jayayya ba cewa kwamandan maƙiyi (in da yana nufin hakan) ya ja da baya, don tsoron harin da karnukan faɗa suke yi.Amma, watakila, wannan yana nuna kariya ta bangon tare da karnuka na sabis (agogon). Detailaramin bayani dalla-dalla: a kilomita 3 (idan wannan haƙiƙa ta haƙiƙa ce, kuma ba taron tatsuniyar tatsuniya ba ce), ba kowane tsage kare zai tashi ba, amma hayaniya da muryar manyan karnuka masu kamanni a wannan nesa kawai take ji!
A cikin wasu hanyoyin na Sumerian, karnuka kamar sahabban masu tsaron ƙofar da alama ba a ambace su ba. Amma sun ambaci ... ƙwarewar beyar (a ƙarƙashin Tsar Shulga)! Amma wannan a fili aikin "zanga-zanga" ne, kuma yana da wuya a rabu da ra'ayin cewa bears ɗin nan suna maye gurbin karnukan tsaro, da yafi ƙararrun ƙofofin kariya.
A ɗaya ɗayan hatimin birni na Ur, akwai wurare da yawa, ma'anar ainihin tana da wuyan kama, amma wasu bayanai suna ba da kansu ga ingantacciyar fassara. Partangaren hagu na abun da ke ciki ya nuna wasu halayya a kan karusar yaƙi a fili, a cikin aikin haɗin ginin wanda akwai kamannin kamanni ga samfuran shahararrun “fromaƙa daga Ur”, har zuwa goshin kare shugaban jaki Kuma karusar yana tare da ... kare: squat (ko, kamar yadda ya faru sau da yawa, sikelin lambobi daban-daban sun karye?), Wanda aka nuna sosai ... (Hoto. 1a, b)
An yi amfani da karusan Masar, Assuriyawa da Krito-Mycenaean don farauta, don haka kowane ɗayan su yana da kwatankwacin kwatankwacin kare, amma a wannan yanayin, kafin kirkirar keken doki, tabbas muna magana ne akan keken soja. A matsayin makoma ta ƙarshe - game da cikakken sigar.
A gefen daman wannan hatimin ɗin kuma ya sake bayyana wata halayyar (sarki? Tsarkin sarki? Allah?), Kare tare da kare karewar kare. Ga dukkan alamu bayanai dalla-dalla, an kiyasta kare a nan, wanda yake kusa da matsakaicin kare-mai kama da dan dambe: sifa mai halayya, gajere (fuska da “bulldog” cizo?) Shugaban… A kafada kan mai shi ba wani batun fito fili ba, wanda a ciki ne ake samun sabani a tsakanin masana kimiyya. Mun yi kuskure mu ɗauka cewa a zahiri wannan ba hoe (gwargwadon mafi yawan da aka yarda da shi a tsakanin Sumerologists), amma ɓatanci ne ko ƙaƙƙarfan yaƙi: wannan kuma ana haifar da kusanci da karusar soja da kwatancen tare da ɗayan hotunan Elamite (duba ƙasa), kazalika da a cikin karin magana da yawa na Sumerian, cikakken raunin karnuka tare da rayuwar manomi. Idan haka ne, to, karen da ke rakiyar mutumin da ke da hannu (ta hanyar, matsayinta na da matukar ƙima!), Mai yiwuwa, yana buƙatar hakan don dalilai iri ɗaya kamar klevets!
Kalandar gargajiya ta Babila (tare da alamun ilmin taurari akan ta) wani katuwar kuma, ga alama, an kuma san babban kare, bayyanar wannene wani abu ne tsakanin ɗan masanin Danish da mastiff na zamani. Zai yi wuya a yanke hukunci game da nadin nasa: in ban da hanyar "kalanda", babu wasu bayanan. Irin wannan kare ya fi dacewa da yaƙi fiye da abubuwan lura da ilmin taurari, amma matsalar ba tafasa zuwa wannan madadin kawai - akwai kuma farauta da ƙwararrun masu tsaro ...
Duk wadannan hujjoji da kuma zato, hakika, gaba daya basu san '' yayata '' na tarihin yakar karnuka ba. Don haka, yayin magana game da Sumerian, Kaldiya da sauran karnuka, suna kawai canja wurin bayanai game da Assuriyawa zuwa waɗannan al'adun. Amma har ma da Assuriya, duk da cewa da yawa da alama babu makawa bayani, ba duk abin da bayyananne!
Yawancin lokaci, "karnuka masu gwagwarmaya" ana kiransu karnuka daga kwatancen gidan Ashshurbananapal (wurin neman shine Kuyundzhik, amintacciyar Dating ita ce farkon farkon ƙarni na 7). Amma wadannan a bayyane yake yanayin farauta! Kuma kodayake da yawa daga cikin mahalarta farauta suna da makaman yaƙi na soja (gami da takubba, garkuwa da sikeli, musamman lokacin da za su fita yaƙi da dabbar da ke da haɗari, kamar zaki ko yawon shakatawa!) - ba za a iya kiran waɗannan sassan soja ba. Wani abin kuma shi ne cewa karnukan da za su iya tabbatar da kansu a yayin irin wannan farauta na iya zama sahabbai masu mahimmanci a fagen fama. Amma, wataƙila, al'adar ayyukan sojojin Assuriyawa sun hana wannan. Daga lokacin Assuriya, wurare masu yawa da suka shafi daidai (zane-zane, shakatawa, kwatancen) sun gangara mana, amma babu wuraren yaƙi da karnukan can ...
Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, duk da haka, yana adana kwanciyar hankali na Assuriyawa daga Nineveh (i, sake, daga samo a Kuyundzhik), inda aka nuna mayaƙan mashin tare da babban kare da ke zuwa gaba a kan leash, da alama, ba a wurin farauta ba. Mafi yawa ana fassara shi a zaman “mai tsaro”. Da kyau, mai gadi shima mayaƙi ne, kodayake ba soja bane (duk da haka, wannan majinin kare yana da, idan ba fasinjoji bane, to yana rufe bel ɗin yaƙi tare da abubuwan ajiyar abubuwa waɗanda ke rufe kusan dukkanin ciki - kawai nau'in da ke kama da kayan aiki a fagen fama). Kuma idan kun tuna yadda gagarumin wuri a cikin yakin Assuriyawa suka kwace daga hannun fursunoni, da kariya daga sansanin da kuma tsare shinge na shingen maƙiyan da aka kewaye, to, mataimakan saɓo huɗu na irin waɗannan masu gadi sun cancanci sunan yaƙin karnuka!
Wannan, hakika, shine iri ɗaya wanda aka yi amfani dashi a cikin farauta na Ashurbanipal. Misali mai ban mamaki na kare mai kama da karera masu girma dabam, na kasida da musculature, yana kama da mafi kyawun samfuran Turkmen Alabai (kuma waɗannan ƙwararrun masu tsaro ne da wolfhounds, masu riƙe rikodin gwagwarmayar kare). Amma kare ba shi da harsashi ko ƙuƙan wuka. Sparamin spikes a kan abin wuya na iya zama a wurin, amma ba a bayyane su: a gaba ɗaya, abin wuya yana da kunkuntar kuma bai yi kama da ɗaukar ayyukan kariya ba. Wannan kuma ya shafi kayan aiki (ko kuma akasin haka, kusan kusan babu shi) na karnuka a wuraren farauta na Fadar Ashurbanipal!
Koyaya, akwai wani taimako, wanda ana fassara shi (a cikin ra'ayinmu, a hankali) azaman "hoton" kare ne na kare. Muna magana ne game da farantin terracotta a ƙarƙashin lambar "Beer na Nimrud." Tana sanye da karen wani fanni daban: wannan karen kare ne mai matsanancin gaske, yana tunatar da manya-manyan mastiff. Ya kamata nauyinta ya kusanci santimita da rabi. Abubuwan da ke da matukar ƙarfi na irin waɗannan karnuka na sa su zama ƙasa da sauri da ƙarfi, amma ana biyan diyya ta hanyar ƙarfin ƙarfi da raunin rashin ƙarfi (gami da halayyar halayyar faɗa da karnukan “ba lura” ba har ma da munanan raunuka), kazalika da gaskiyar cewa ba a amfani da irin wannan kare don neman abokan gaba, amma a cikin "mai zuwa yaƙi". Ma'anar da Conrad Herezbeck ya bayar a cikin 1586 don ƙungiyar "ma'aikata" na mastiff na Biritaniya na wannan lokacin ya dace da shi: "Tare da duk kamanninsa ya kamata ya zama kamar zaki: babban kirji, ya shaƙu da ƙarfi, ƙafafunsa mai ƙarfi, babban paws ... ba shi da mahimmanci, cewa shi mai jinkirin ne kuma bashi da ma'ana sosai, saboda kare yakamata yaqi kawai a yankunanta ... " Mun kara da cewa lokacin da aka kaiwa mutum hari, irin wannan kare ba ma bukatar yayi amfani da tatsuniyoyi ba, kuma bugun da yake yi na kashe kansa ko kuma jikin sa ya isa. Wataƙila irin wannan kisan yana iya zama mai tasiri ko da a cikin “lalata” tsarin abokan gaba, musamman idan ba hadin kai ba ne, horo mai kyau wanda zai iya kare kansa da garkuwa ya kuma gina “bango na wuta”. Wato, ana iya amfani da irin wannan karnukan faɗa a kan yawancin abokan adawar Assuriya!
Wannan hoton yana da cikakkun bayanai wanda ya bamu damar zartar da ra'ayi ba kawai ga masana kimiyya ba, har ma da masu kula da kare. Hannun kafaɗun da rago na "Dog of Nimrud" (amma ba na "ƙaramin" kare na Nineba!) Ka samu takamammen fasali waɗanda ke sauƙaƙa masa sauƙaƙu a ƙafafunsa na baya da hura ƙarfi da gabansa ya huta akan kafafunsa na baya. Abu ne mai ma'ana - musamman idan an yi amfani da irin wannan nau'in na karnukan fada da abokan gaba ...
Kwalalar Nimrud tana da kama da kayan soja fiye da kwalar Nineba. Amma wane irin abin rufe ido ne ya haɗu da ƙashin babban kare? Kari akan haka, abin da aka ɗauka (()) ya fita daga ƙwararru zuwa kafada. Tunda wannan a fili ba dabba ce ba, zamu iya ɗauka cewa, duk da kyakkyawar bayyane kafada da kafada, akwai hoto mai kwasfa na harsashi. Wataƙila, waɗannan “lamuran” sune gaba da gefunan kariya na “bargo” waɗanda aka yi da kayan laushi, suna rufe jiki daga ƙ theƙasassu zuwa ƙwallaye. Ta hanyar nau'in, ana iya rarraɗa wannan kayan yaƙi a matsayin corsetras.
A wannan yanayin, muna da gabanmu farkon farkon sanannun misalai na makamai canine na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Tabbas, baya daukar kowane irin tsalle-tsalle, balle a yi wanzuwa: ya kasance yana da wahala a gaba ɗaukar matakan ƙarfe.
Irin wannan makamai (idan wannan ɗin ne!) Hakanan yana da amfani ga farauta: ba mu san wane irin maƙiyan kare da shugabansu suke jira ba. Amma manufa farauta ba ta ware daga fada: ka tuna cewa Assuriyawa, har zuwa Sarki Ashurbanipal, sun sa makamai iri ɗaya a farauta kamar a filin daga.
Abin ban sha'awa ne a yi la’akari da makamai (?) Na mai kare kare. A wannan yanayin, belinsa ana ba da cikakken bayani, amma ga alama har yanzu yana da aikin kariya. Amma babban band (aka yi da fata mai laushi?) Ta hanyar kafada ta hagu yana rufe yankin zuciya wani yanki ne na kayan aiki ga sojoji da ke da sauƙin ɗauka, waɗanda muke haɗuwa akai-akai a fagen fama, amma ba a cikin yanayin farauta ba!
Babu ɗayan ayyukan kimiyya game da karnuka da sanannun rubutun kimiyya game da fada da karnuka (a takaice magana, babu katunan bayanan kimiyya game da wannan batun "fada") waɗanda aka yi la'akari da su a matsayin hotunan karnuka a cikin makamai. Marubucin ya rigaya ya yi ɗaukar kansa mai binciken wannan sigar - amma ... kamar yadda ta juya, an bayyana ta aƙalla sau ɗaya: a cikin "Tarihin dabbobi", littafi ne na 1952 wanda masanin ilmin halitta na Richard Richard Levinson ya wallafa. Gaskiya ne, Levinson baiyi nazarin karnuka irin wannan ba, amma tambayoyin juyin halitta na dabbobin gida - don haka a wata ma'ana, watakila, ya kamata har yanzu ku ɗauki kanku a matsayin mai binciken ...
Wannan ya ƙare da tabbataccen tarihin karnukan yaƙi na Assuriyawa: komai kuma ba gaskiya bane, amma zato. Gaskiya ne, wani sananne mai ban tsoro wanda aka sani, tun daga lokacin Sargon II (VIII karni BC. E.) da kuma misalta ɗayan jigogin kamfen dinsa a Urartu, hakika, a cikin Caucasus. Kusa da masu tsaron gidan ibada na (a fili) wanda ke kewaye da birnin Assassian na Musashir wata dabba ce, wacce za a iya daukar ta kare. Koyaya, yanayin taimako kawai a wannan wuri ya lalace sosai, kuma ba mu ce komai ba. Yana iya zama ... akuya (a cikin yanayi na birni da ke kewaye, soja da 'rayuwar farar hula' tare da haɗin kai sosai). A gefe guda, katunan haikalin suna ado da kawunan karnukan karnuka masu fushi, mafi yawan abubuwan tunawa da "ƙananan" karnukan Assuriyawa fiye da karnukan makiyaya na Kasuwancin na Transcaucasian.
Baya ga Assuriyawa, karnukan da suke da shi (ba mu da shakkar yin magana game da yadda ake amfani da yawansu amma) suna cikin mutanen da ke makwabta da su. Misali, Elamites.
Akwai hoto daya na Elamite na farautar boar daji, inda wani mutum yake sanye da kayan abin da babu shakku ga irin wannan a matsayin batanci ko makamin fada: a fili ya yi niyyar kawai ya kare boar yayin da karnukan suke yin babban aikin. Jagoran jakar wani ɗan takara ne da ya dace don yaƙar karnuka (ban da wannan, yana kama da ƙara girman karnuka daga hatimi daga Ur. Wataƙila yana da maƙarƙashiya mai tsaro a kansa.
Dukkanin kwatancin "karnukan fada" na daular Farisa (wanda magabatansu suka kasance Elam har yakai zuwa Assuriya), hakika, suna da alaƙa da fakitin farauta. Haka ne, farauta ta sarauta a zamanin Cyrus, da Cambyses, da dai sauransu, sun yi yawa, amma basu da alaƙa da ayyuka a fagen fama.
Koyaya, akwai wani taron da thatan asalin halitta ba su lura da su ba. Darius I, yana dawowa daga tsaunin Scythian, da gangan ya bar jakai da karnuka a sansanin da aka kewaye: da jin hayaniyarsu da hayaniya, Mutanen Scythians suna tunanin cewa har yanzu sojojin Farisa suna cikin ginin. A bayyane suke ba karnukan farauta ba ne: ba su da matsayi a cikin wannan kamfen ɗin. Wataƙila muna magana ne game da dabbobi maimakon tsare da makiyayi (Farisawa sun yi garken shanu da yawa), kuma ba haƙiƙa suke faɗa ba. Amma har ma a wannan yanayin, suna iya tsare sansanin sosai "a cikin tsarin Assuriyawa!"
CALENDAR
Litinin | Tal | Wed | Th | Fri | Sat | Rana |
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6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
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27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
Hotunan waje |
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Assuriyawa kare |
Shaidar farko ta amfani da karnuka a cikin ayyukan soji da ya sauko mana, watakila, ga Gabas ta Tsakiya ne. Akwai wani hoto mai nuna kwatanci na pharaoh Tutankhamun (1333-1323 BC) a cikin yaƙi (duk da cewa bai taɓa shiga manyan yaƙe-yaƙe ba) a gefen karusarsa, sojojin abokan gaba sun bugi karnuka. Irin waɗannan karnuka suna nan a cikin hotunan Masar da yawa na shimfidar wuraren farauta, gami da zaki. Wataƙila sun raka Fir’auna ne yayin yaƙin.
Mafi kyawun sanannun karnuka daga Assuriya. Mai yiwuwa (bisa ga bashin-sauƙi daga Babila da kuma daga baya na Ashurbanipal), Assuriyawa sun fara amfani da karnuka (manyan mastiffs) a rayuwar yau da kullun da farauta a ƙarni na 12, kuma sunyi amfani da yaƙi a cikin ƙarni na 8-7th! Assuriyawa sunyi amfani da wani nau'in karnuka don taimakawa a cikin yaƙin - Great Dane (mastiffs), wanda ke ɗaukar ba kawai yaƙi ba, har ma da sabis na tsaro. Ruwayoyi a Nineba (Assuriya) ya tabbatar da cewa karnukan fada sun shiga yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a cikin rundunar Sarkin Assuriya, Ashurbanipal (669-627 BC). Persasar Farisa ta zama magaji, inda Cyrus na II har yanzu ya kasance a 559-530 BC. e. amfani da karnuka a kan hikes. Kuma sarkin Farisa Cambyses na II a 530-522. B e. amfani da su a cikin yaƙi tare da Misira. Shekaru ɗari bayan haka, a cikin sojojin Xerxes, karnuka sun yi yaƙi da Girka.
Helenawa sun sami karnukan fada bayan sun kayar da Xerxes a matsayin ganima. Sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe, karnukan sun zo ga Epirus. Anan an buge su da cikakkun bukatun sojojin da sayarwa, a cikin yankin Molossia. Daga nan ne aka samo sunan Molotsky Great Dane da kuma molosser.
A lokacin kewaye Mitanus, Agesilaus ya yi amfani da sabis na karnukan fada - mastiffs na kilo-kilo ɗari, kuma Aliatt, sarki Lydia, ya yi amfani da karnukan yaƙi a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da mutanen Mediya da Cimmerians na 580-585. B e. Cassabalens da mazaunan Colophon sun yi amfani da karnuka don farfadowa. Filibus na Makidoniya, wanda yake cinye da Argolis, ya nemi taimakon karnukan da aka horar dasu don neman manyan biranen. Ya ci gaba da horar da karnuka na musamman a cikin sojojinsa da dansa Alexander, ya zama mai son mastiffs, kuma godiya gareshi sun zama masu yaduwa a duniya.
A lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Rome tare da ƙasashen Girka, waɗannan karnukan sun faɗi cikin Roma Republican. A karo na farko, su, tare da giwaye, aka kawo shi kan kamfensa zuwa Italiya daga Tsar Epirus Pierre, kuma sun shiga cikin yakin Heracles (280 BC). Daga nan Lucius Emilius Paul ya kawo karnukan karnuka 100 zuwa Rome don shiga cikin jerin gwanon nasara yayin nasarar da aka yi a Pidne a 168 BC. e. a kan Makidoniya Sarkin Farisa. Karnuka masu gwagwarmaya suna bin titunan Rome kamar ganima na sojoji, tare da fursunoni King Perseus, aka ɗaure.
Rome kuma ta gaji karnuka masu gwagwarmaya daga Girka, amma ba a yi amfani da su sosai ba. Da farko, ana amfani da karnuka a aikin sojan Rome kawai don aika da mahimman sakonni. Hakanan, Vegetius a cikin "Kayan Art ɗin" yana faɗi cewa yawanci karnuka da dabarun dabara an tilasta su su kwance a cikin hasumiya na birni, waɗanda abokan gaba suka kusanto, suka hargitsa gargadi da gargadin. Romawa ba sa amfani da karnuka kai tsaye a wurin yaƙin. A cikin tsohuwar Roma, ana amfani da karnukan tsaro don tsaron mahimman wurare a jihar kuma, wataƙila, don kiyaye lamunin. Saboda wannan, musamman an zaɓi karnuka masu tsaro. Wataƙila, ana amfani da karnukan tracker don bincika 'yan gudun hijira. Hakanan an yi amfani dasu da yawa a cikin wasannin gladiator. Akasin yawancin ayyuka da aka rubuta ta hannun masu kare, inda zaku iya samun kalamai kamar "Romawa sun yi amfani da karnukan Moloji a cikin ayyukan soji a kan kabilu daban-daban na Tsakiya da Yammacin Turai," Babu wasu nassoshi game da amfani da karnuka daga hannun Romawa kai tsaye a cikin yaƙin da aka adana har zuwa yau. Koyaya, Romawa sun sami damar kimanta fa'idodin karnukan fada yayin da suke yaƙar masu satar fasaha a Turai. Daya daga cikin nassoshi na farko shine 101 BC. e., lokacin da rundunonin Gaius Mariya suka cinye mutanen Cimbiyawa a yaƙin Vercellus. Karnukan da ke gwagwarmayar na Jamusawa da Britaniya sun cika da makamai, kuma an suttad da abin wuya na musamman wanda yake da sandar ƙarfe. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa tsoffin Jamusawa suna da kare da yawansu yacila 12, da doki - kawai 6. Thean Hun din ma sun kiyaye karnuka da yawa kuma suna amfani da su wajen tsare sansanonin.
Tsakanin shekaru
A cewar De Barr Dupark, a cikin yakin Murten da Granzen a cikin 1476, an sami madaidaiciyar fada tsakanin karnukan Switzerland da Burgundian, tare da kawo ƙarshen lalata Burgundians. A Yaƙin Valance, karnukan Faransawan da ke gudana yayin da masu sihiri suka afka wa Sifen, yaƙin da ya yi ta ɓarna, amma karnukan Sifen suka yi mummunan rauni. Al'adar ta kasance cewa Sarki Karl ya yi kira ga sojojinsa: “Ina fata zaku kasance masu ƙarfin hali kamar karnukanku!” Henry na takwas na Ingila ya aika da Sarki Charles V na rundunar sojoji 4,000 karnuka, kuma Philip V na Spain ya ba da umarnin ciyar da karnuka da yawa da ke yawo a cikin birni, don haka ya sa su tsare da karnukan karnuka: a cikin ƙaramin hayaniya, jam’iyyun Austriya suna barin Orbitella, karnukan sun fara haushi. . A yayin kai farmaki, karnukan na gaba-gaba, suna buɗe baƙi ko nuna hanyoyi waɗanda abokan gaba suka bi ta.
Sabon lokaci
Karnuka sun bambanta kansu yayin cin nasarar sabuwar duniya. A cikin jadawalin sojojin sojoji na Columbus, alal misali, yara infantan makaranta 200, sojan doki 20, kuma kamar yadda aka ambata karnuka da yawa. A cikin gwagwarmaya da 'yan asalin, masu cin nasara sun yi amfani da karnukan karnuka baki daya. Masu mulkin kama-karya na Indies suna amfani da su koyaushe a cikin yakin "greyhounds, kazalika da sauran karnukan tsoro da marasa tsaro." Musamman karnukan Spain sun shahara a cikin yaƙin don cin nasarar Mexico da Peru, kuma a cikin yaƙin Caxamalca sun nuna hali da ƙarfin hali har sarkin Spain ya ba su fansho na tsawon rai.