Kwakwalwa - Wannan shine tsutsa (yaro) na malam buɗe ido da asu. Bayan kimanin makonni 2-3, sai mahaukacin ya zama kogo, sannan kuma ya juye ya zama ɗan akuya bayan wasu makwanni 2. Daga nan sai wata matattara mai kafafu fuka-fukan ta bayyana. Sanannen sananne ne da kwaro, musamman a masana'antar masana'anta. Speciesaya daga cikin jinsunan matafila suna lalata siliki a Gabas ta Gabas, ana kiranta da silkworm.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Akwai nau'ikan caterpillars sama da 20,000 a duk duniya, kuma ana tsammanin akwai wasu da yawa waɗanda ba a gano su azaman sabon nau'in ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ba waɗanda kuma ana samun su akai-akai a yankuna inda babu ɗan, idan akwai, gaban mutum. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, yawancin jinsunan caterpillars sune kwari na aikin gona, saboda suna iya yin hanyarsu ta filayen, galibi suna barin manyan ramuka waɗanda ke lalata tsire-tsire.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wasu nau'ikan caterpillars masu guba ne sosai, musamman waɗanda ke zama cikin gandun daji. Sauran nau'ikan masu guba ne kawai a cikin irin kwaro, wato, lokacin da suka koma cikin malam buɗe ido ko asu, ba su da guba.
Track feed
Kwakwal yakan fito daga kwan da ya ci bayan “ƙyallen”. Bayan haka, sai ta koma ragowar abincin: ganyen tsire-tsire, bishiyoyi, furanni ko 'ya'yan itace.
Ana rarrabe nau'ikan abincin caterpillar:
- Polyphages - wannan nau'in matafin suna cin abinci "ba tare da bambanci ba," wanda ya haɗa da kwararoran asu.
- Oligophagous ku ci tsire-tsire iri iri ɗaya.
- Monophages suna cinye bishiyoyi ko bishiya ɗaya, alal misali, maƙarƙasasshen silkworm yana cinye ganyen ciyawa.
- Xylophages sun fi son cin bishiyoyi.
Bugu da kari, akwai wasu nau'ikan masanan da suke cinye, alal misali, namomin kaza, zuma, ko ma sassan jikin manyan dabbobi (ƙaho, fata).
Kula!
Kwakwalwar Shaggy ta fi son cin ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ciyawar nectar har ma da wasu ƙananan kwari.
Tsarin da halaye
Kwakwalwa ya ƙunshi gangar jikin, kai, ciki, idanuna, ƙafa biyu da kayan aiki na numfashi. A kai akwai kayan aiki na baki tare da ɗimbin ƙananan cloves waɗanda ke da hannu cikin aiwatar da abinci. Kafafuwan waƙoƙin suna da maƙallan maganganu na musamman waɗanda suke haɗe zuwa saman ganyen da aka samo waƙar.
Akwai wadataccen launuka na larvae: alal misali, matafiyu masu launin kore, rawaya, ruwan hoda, m da sauransu suna ɓoye.
Yadda za a rabu da waƙoƙi
Sami ruwa na musamman wanda aka samu daga ƙwayoyin cuta (BTk). Wannan nau'in microorganism ya fi son yin asali akan ragowar dabbobin da suka mutu, kuma amfanin da suke yi a gonar su suna taimakawa ci gaba da lalacewar cututtukan gastrointestinal na larvae mai haushi.
Mahimmanci shine amincin waƙoƙi don gida da dabbobi. Ana aiwatar da matakai a matakai biyu: mataki na farko yayin bayyanar ƙwai, na biyu - lokacin da caterpillars sun fara farawa a cikin yanayin su na yanzu. Ana iya siyan wannan kayan aiki a cikin shagunan ƙwararru a cikin nau'in foda wanda aka narke cikin ruwa sannan a yayyafa shi da tsire-tsire.
Kafa makiyaya a gonar don jawo hankalin tsuntsayen da zasu lalata kwari. Idan kana da dama da sha'awar, zai zama kyakkyawan bayani don samun kaji - za su taimaka kauda tsoffin kwastomomi da ke kewaye tsirrai.
Yadda za a magance waƙoƙin kabeji
Hanyar kakan zata taimaka wajan yaƙar caterpillars akan kabeji: narke tablespoon ɗaya na 9% vinegar a cikin ruwa goma na ruwa.
Baya ga vinegar mai tsabta, zaka iya amfani da tablespoons biyu na jigon kwalaban ruwa goma. Da wannan maganin kana buƙatar shayar da kabeji daga ruwa mai sha.
Kammalawa
Tsutsotsi sune tsaka-tsakin mataki zuwa hanyar malam buɗe ido. Bayan wannan matakin, kwaro ya zama kyakkyawa halittar da ke shiga aikin tsirrai.
Koyaya, kusancin da larvae a yankin kewayensu ba shi da kyau, tunda sun ci tsire-tsire. Abin da ya sa yana da mahimmanci a san ainihin ka'idodin yadda ake kawar da waƙoƙi a shafinku.
Kirji da ciki
Jikin caterpillar, yana da matsanancin motsi, an kulle shi a cikin murfin membranous. Yankunan da aka zube sune tergites na prothorax da kuma kashi na ciki na 10. Kowane yanki na matafila za'a iya raba shi da yawa zobba na sakandare da aka rabasu ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki waɗanda ba za a bambance su da ainihin iyakokin sassan ba.
Pronotum (garkuwar antero-thoracic) da wuya ta mamaye daukacin tergite, kuma a mafi yawancin caterpillars ana samun karamin sclerite, wanda yake a gaban spiracle (stigma), wanda ake kira da preigmal garkuwa, akan wanda bristles IV, V da VI suke zaune. Tsakanin tsakiya da kuma metanotum ba su cika sclerotized ba, kuma sassan sassansu a koyaushe sun kasu kashi da yawa daban daban. Tergites na sassan ciki shine koyaushe zuwa kashi da yawa sclerites hade da primary setae kuma yawanci suna dace da lambar su.
Dubura a kan sashi na ƙarshe yana kewaye da lobes 4. Ba duk waɗannan ruwan wukake da za a iya haɓaka su da kyau a lokaci guda. Manya ta sama, supraanal lobe, ya rataye dubura. Lowerarshe, ƙananan fa'idodin lobe ana gabatar dashi sau da yawa a cikin nau'i mai laushi na falle fleshy lobe, nau'i biyu daga gefe ko ananal lobes - paraprocts - galibi ana haɓaka su sosai a tsakanin kwari da kwari da sifofin da ake dasu a ƙarshen manyan ƙananan fitattun abubuwa tare da setae a ƙarshen.
Kusan dukkanin caterpillars suna cikin rukunin tare da ƙarancin tsayayyiyar ƙira (spiracle) akan kirji. Banda shi ne wasu nau'in halitta waɗanda ke jagorantar rayuwar rayuwa na ruwa. Abubuwan ƙarancinsu na rufe, kuma maye gurbinsu da mayun ƙamshi.
Kirji yana dauke da kwayar cuta guda daya tak. Na biyu rage spiracle is located tsakanin tsakiyar- da metothorax. Jikin kirji ya fi yawan ciki. Abun ciki a cikin sassan 1-8 yana ɗauka nau'i takwas na halin disigma waɗanda ke ƙasa da ƙwarin gwiwar thoracic kuma ƙari ko lessasa a tsakiyar sashin ko kuma kusa da gefen ta gaban. Cigaba da sashin na 8 ya kasance a saman ragowar ciki kuma ya fi girma fiye da su, yayin da canjin sashi na 1, ya yi akasin haka, ya ɗan yi ƙasa da na sauran. Cancanta na iya zama zagaye ko m a siffar.
Liman
Yawancin caterpillars suna haɓaka kafa uku na kafafu biyu (biyu a kowane ɗayan ɓangaren kirji) da nau'i-nau'i biyar na kafafu na ciki a kan III - VI da X sassan ciki. Kafafu na ciki suna ɗauke da ƙananan ƙugiya da ke cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na Lepidoptera ta hanyoyi daban-daban - a cikin nau'i na da'irar, tsaye ko layuka mai juzu'i. Kafar ta ƙunshi bangarori biyar: ƙashin ƙugu, ƙwanƙwalwa, cinya, ƙafar kafa, da yatsun kafa.
Kafafuwan thoracic na matafila an ɗan rage su sosai idan aka kwatanta da ƙafafu na tafiya da gaske, ƙafafun na ciki kuma suna ɗauke da aikin motsi. A ƙarshen paporal paw akwai share fage ba tare da an tantance shi ba, wanda na iya samun tsawon tsayi da sifofi daban-daban. Karshen sashin ciki na ciki shine kaɗaici, wanda za'a iya jujjuya shi kuma yaci gaba sannan yaci gaba da ƙarshen maƙulli.
Akwai nau'i biyu na tafin kafa:
- gefen bakinsa yana da nau'i mai kusan ko moreasa tare da ƙugiyoyi da suke kan gefen zoben, tsokar mai juyawa tana haɗe a tsakiyar tafin kafa,
- gefen tafin hannu ya ragu, kuma ana sanya safa a cikin gefen bakin ciki, ana hada tsokoki a gefen gefen tafin tafin kafa, a wannan yanayin, gefen daga cikin tafin hannu, yana adawa da sashin da ke dauke da sandar, wani lokacin ma ana yin abin da ya dace.
A cikin rukuni daban-daban na malam buɗe ido, an bayyana ɓacewa daga yanayin da aka bayyana na wurin ƙafafu. Mafi shahararrun sune caterpillars na asu, yawancinsu suna da nau'i biyu kawai na kafafu na ciki (a kan bangarorin VI da X). Sakamakon haka, kurayen kwari na kwari suna motsawa kamar "tafiya". Sunan Rasha, kazalika da Jamusanci (Jamusanci) Harshen Spannern ) ya fito ne daga kamancecen ciwan kwaya tare da motsin hannun mutum wanda yake auna tsawon lokacin. Sunan Latin don dangin asu Geometridae (daga Latinized Greek "mai binciken") kuma ana ba su dangane da wannan fasalin. Ba a sani ba cewa za'a iya rage ƙafafu na ciki akan sassan III da IV na ciki a cikin waƙoƙin wasu scoops (Noctuidae).
Wasu kurakurai sun bayyana fiye da nau'i-nau'i daga kafafu na ciki. Dattako moles (Micropterigidae) - takwas, megalopygid (Megalopygidae) - bakwai (daga II zuwa VII da kuma X kashi), daya daga cikin hakar mai hakar gwal ba (Stigmella daga dangi Nepticulidae) - shida (daga sassan II zuwa VII) nau'i-nau'i.
Bugu da kari, kafafu (na bakin ciki da na waje) na iya rage gaba daya a cikin karamin hakar ma'adinai Lepidoptera.
Bayani, halayyar mutum
Kwakwalwa shine tsutsa na kowane kwari daga umarnin Lepidoptera. Girman waƙoƙi sun bambanta: yana iya zama daga 'yan milimita zuwa 15cm. Taba wasu daga cikinsu barazanar rayuwa ce. Su masu guba ne.
Jikin caterpillar yana da kai, kirji da ciki. Akwai nau'i-nau'i daga yatsu biyu akan kirji da ciki. Duk jikin yana da ramuka dayawa da tsintsiya. Ja da zoben, murfin ya motsa kuma yana motsa kafafu
Aƙara na numfasawa ta hanyar halin rashin ƙarfi. Akwai da yawa a jiki. Shugaban da kirji suna da harsashi mai wuya. Ragowar jikin yayi laushi, sako-sako. Shugaban yana kafa da zobba da yawa da aka haɗe tare. Siffar shugaban zai iya zama zagaye, rectangular, core. Sassan ƙarewar suna iya haɓaka gaba har ma da samar da “ƙaho”.
Tsarin da hoton waƙoƙi - iri
Tsawon jikin igiyar, dangane da nau'ikan, na iya zama daga milimita da dama zuwa cm 12. Ya ƙunshi gangar jikin, kai, idanu, kayan aikin hannu da wata gabar jiki. A kan gangar jikin, sassan thoracic da ciki suna bayyane a fili, kuma a kansu suke da ƙafafu da yawa.
Jikin caterpillar ya ƙunshi bangarori da keɓaɓɓe da furzuna. An dubura yana dubura a jiki; akwai zubewa a kirji.
Yawancin nau'ikan caterpillars a kirji suna da nau'i biyu na kafafu, kowannensu yana da tafin hannu kuma yana motsawa, motsi yana zanawa da sakin kiba, da nau'i-nau'i na kashin ciki na ciki na karya, a ƙarshen abin da akwai ƙananan ƙugiya.
Jikin yana "ado" a cikin kwasfa mai taushi, an rufe shi, ya danganta da iri-iri, tare da fashewar gashi, gashi ko kayan taimako - cutasse a cikin taurari, tsintsaye ko kuma guntun gashi, kuma gashin kawunan ya girma daban-daban ko a cikin bunches. Magoyaya sun yi ta birgima sau da yawa yayin rayuwarsu.
Shugaban yana kunshe da bangarori guda fused guda shida waɗanda suke samar da maganin kafe. Belowasan da ke ƙasa akwai wani abu mai kama da occipital foramen, mai kama da zuciya, kuma a wasu nau'ikan na matafila gabobinsa suna ƙarewa suna kuma haifar da “ƙaho”. Antennae yayi girma a garesu na kai.
Idanun caterpillars 5,6 nau'i - masu sauqi a idanu, kowane bangare wanda ya kunshi ruwan tabarau daya, ana shirya shi cikin baka daya bayan wani ko kuma an hada shi a cikin hadaddiyar ido guda biyar masu sauki.
Bakin caterpillar shine na'urar kama karya, babban muƙamula mai ƙarfi tana ƙarfe - akwai kwaroron roba waɗanda kwari suke ci ko hawaye.
Ciki a cikin na'ura mai kwakwalwa wanda ke sa abinci ya ci abinci, kuma glandon da yake samar da ƙwaya sune nau'in inɓen da ake zanawa - saboda haka guntuwar silkworm tana sakin zaren.
Abubuwan da suka shafi jikin mutum da kayan aikinsu
Jikin caterpillar kusan ba shi da tsirara, an rufe ta da nau'o'i daban-daban waɗanda za a iya rarrabe su zuwa gaɓar katako, gashin gashi da na gaba.
Yankewar cutsi sune abubuwa masu canzawa da kananan guntu-guntu: kashin baya, granules, sitiri, wanda zai iya samun bayyanar kananan gashi - hetoid.
Gashi, gashin gashi da abubuwan da aka kirkira sun bambanta da abubuwa masu zane a cikin fasahar su tare da gurnani da ci gaba saboda sel na musamman na hypodermis. Tushen gashi yana zagaye da maƙerin shekara, ko kuma gashi yana cikin hutu. A zahiri, gashin ya kasu kashi biyu na gashin kai da na bristles, na biyun sun fi karfi. Gashi sun sha bamban sosai da sifa. A mafi yawan halayen, ana wakilta su ta hanyar filiform ko bristle-dimbin yawa.
Fuskokin fata na jiki sune sifofin da ke tattare da rushewar fata da samun rami a ciki wanda ke magana da raunin jikin mutum. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tubercles - nau'ikan launuka daban-daban waɗanda ke hade da setae na farko. Wand sutt ne mai zartarwa wanda aka rufe shi da kunshin bristles ko gashi, warts sun kasance na fata ne ko kuma, ana iya magana, flattened da m, galibi manya ne, alal misali Lymantriidae. Haɓakar halayyar wakilcin kashin baya.
A cikin lokuta masu saukin kamuwa, alamomin da ke haifar da yanayin rayuwa na ruwa suna inganta kwayar cuta ta jiki. Yawancin lokaci suna kasancewa a duk bangarori na jiki (sai dai prothorax da kuma kashi na 10 na ciki) a cikin nau'ikan ɗumbin fata mai laushi tare da trachea suna shiga su. Stigma a cikin waɗannan halayen an rufe.
Yatsa mai laushi na mahaifa yana dunƙule kuma baya dacewa da jikin mutum, don haka zasu iya girma tsakanin molts, amma har sai an shimfiɗa abin da ke ɗaure kuma jikin murfin ya cika dukkan ƙashin kashin na ciki.
Guba mai gurɓataccen abinci
Don bambanta masara mai guba daga "mai lumana" wanda ya ba da damar canza launi. Haske mai launi. Mai yiwuwa mahaukaci mai guba ne.
Saduwa da shi don mutum na iya haifar da haƙori, redness na fata, gazawar numfashi, jin zafi daban-daban da haɓaka cututtuka.
- Makaramar coerette. Yana zaune a Meziko. Yi kama da na hamster. Kyakkyawan launin ruwan kasa mai laushi 2-3cm mai tsayi. Saduwa yana iya haifar da ciwon kirji, gajeriyar numfashi.
- Zubin siriri. Yana da launi mai haske: baya yana daɗaɗɗen kore kuma yana da babban launin ruwan kasa a tsakiya. A kai da ƙarshen ciki mai launin ruwan kasa ne tare da ƙaho mai kauri. Akwai haila masu wuya a jiki. A ƙarshen waɗannan gashin nan akwai guba mai ƙarfi.
- M waƙafi. Tana zaune a Uruguay da Mozambique. Lengtharamar caterpillar tsawon 3-4 cm .. Tana da launin baki da fari tare da koren launi mai kauri na launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. Gubarsa zai iya rushe tsarin juyayi, yana haifar da zub da jini na gabobin ciki.
- Yin kuka ya tashi. Babban launi shine rawaya, yana da rawaya mai launin shuɗi da shuɗi. Kakakin ƙaho suna da spikes da guba. Bayan an tuntuɓi, toyoyin sun fashe, kuma kumburi ya bayyana a fatar.
Ci gaban Caterpillar
Ci gabanta na iya wucewa cikin sauri, kuma yana iya hawa shekaru da yawa. Chingyanƙwane daga kwai, masarautar ta ɗauki matakai da yawa. Wasu daga cikinsu suna tare da manyan canje-canje, molting da sauran metamorphoses. Catanƙarar da kanta tayi girma har ta kai girman girma.
Wasu nau'in suna yin alaƙa da yawa kuma suna canza launi. Wannan shi ne irinta ga silkworm caterpillars. A ƙarshen zamanin rayuwarsu, suna neman wurin yin ɗalibai don shirya ɗakuna.
Kwakwalwa molt; molting halayyar su ne. Dogaro da nau'in caterpillar na iya molt daga 2 zuwa 40 sau. Mafi sau da yawa, a cikin tsawon rayuwarsa, ƙwaƙwalwar molts sau 4-5. Mai riƙe rikodin don yawan hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo kwaya ce. Yana iya yin mots har sau 40, kuma mace suna yin ta fiye da sau da yawa.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Yaya kamara take yi?
Mafi yawan abubuwan lalatarwa sune:
- babban farin fari (Pieris bronicae), wanda manya ke kiransa kabeji fari. Kwakwalwa suna tara yawan ƙwayar mustard a cikin abincin, kuma kamshin jikinsu mai haske, mai cike da haske yana gargaɗin yiwuwar masu dabbobin game da ɗanɗanar da suke so,
- karamin zakara (Aglais urticae). Rayuwa tare suna amfanuwa da karnukan, saboda suna iya hada jikunansu a hade, suna aiki a matsayin babbar kungiya, suna kokarin tsoratar da mafarautan. A ƙarshe, ɗambin matafiyoyi suna rarrafe baya ga ɗalibai. Ana iya ganin abubuwan kunkuru a cikin Mayu zuwa Yuni, tare da tsofaffi masu yuwuwar aiki a cikin shekarar,
- murfin wakafi (Polygonia c-album). Kwakwalwa suna canza launi da yawa sosai a duk matakin lardin su, amma yawancin halayen sune tsofaffin katako. San raƙuman ruwan-ɗamara masu launin ruwan 'ya'yan itace suna da alamar “sirrin" fari, idan aka tuna faduwa tsuntsu, wanda ke tsoratar da mafarauta,
- Kwakwalwar Zuriyar Zuciya (Tyria jacobaeae).Haɓaka har zuwa mm 28, waɗannan bakaken fata da rawaya suna da halaye masu sauƙi kuma suna da sauƙin ganewa, saboda suna kama da suna da rigar riguna a kansu,
- Azumbar rami na azurfa (Kwala-kwalen cuta mai ƙwaƙwalwa). Wannan baƙar fata da rawaya ya kai milimita 70 a tsayinsa kuma yana da gashi wanda ke haifar da haushi a cikin mutane kuma yayi kyakkyawan aiki na kariya daga masu hasara,
- caterpillar na wani kodadde bututun mai bututu (Calliteara pudibunda). Caterpillars na iya yin girma har zuwa mm 45 kuma ta isa cikakke a cikin kusan watanni biyu. Hannun gogewar jikin maciji an san shi yana haifar da fushin fata a cikin mutane. Manya ne kyakkyawa asu asu da tsefe-kamar eriya,
- maple lancet caterpillar (Acronicta aceris). Wannan ra'ayi ne na birane, wanda gashi yana mamaye launin shuɗi mai haske da shuɗi launin fari da fararen fata tare da bayan,
- maganin lancet-psi (Acronicta psi). Bayan fitar ƙwai, waɗanda ke ɗaukar mako guda kawai don ƙyanƙyashe, mahaukatan sun girma zuwa mm 40 a cikin kusan kwanaki talatin. Za'a iya samun masifar launin toka daga Yuli zuwa farkon Oktoba. Tsoho ya yi farin ciki daga tsakiyar Mayu zuwa Agusta. Su ratsi ratsa hidima a matsayin sake kamanni a kan mai tushe na shuke-shuke.
Yanzu kun san yadda catalpillar yayi. Bari mu gano inda aka samo wannan kwaro.
A ina ne mataƙar ya zauna?
Hoto: Katako a yanayi
Babban farin fari shine kawai 45 mm tsayi kuma yana ciyarwa akan kabeji, letas da nasturtium na tsawon makonni huɗu - wanda shine dalilin da yasa manoma da lambu ke ɗaukar su kwari. Ganyen qwai na karamar kunkuru ya kasance a cikin ƙungiyoyi a kan ɓoyayyen dabbobin, sannan kuma ƙuƙwalwar baƙuwar launin rawaya mai rawaya ta zama tare, suna samar da gidan yanar gizon siliki gama gari da cin ganyen mafi kusa don yayi girma zuwa mm 30 a tsawon. Yayinda suke girma, suna canzawa zuwa sabbin tsire-tsire kuma suna gina sabbin raga, suna barin tsofaffin sigogin jikin,
Wurin matafila ya girma zuwa 35 mm kuma yana zaune akan hops da nettles. Ana iya samo waɗannan sikandire daga ƙarshen Afrilu zuwa tsakiyar Satumba, amma mangwaro suna aiki duk shekara. A cikin 1800s, sun ɗanɗana raguwa mai ganuwa, wataƙila sakamakon ragi a cikin dasa abincin da suka fi so, hops, amma tun da suka ɗanɗana farfadowa. Caterpillars na bears na jini dalibi a karkashin kasa, kuma ba a cikin chrysalis akan bishiya ba, kamar sauran caterpillars. Manya sun tashi daga Mayu zuwa farkon watan Agusta. Akwai canji a cikin yawan "haɓaka da raguwa" a matakin gida.
Zazzabin silvery ya girma cikin kwanaki 30 kuma ya ɗora ƙarƙashin ƙasa yayin hunturu. Moter caterpillars tare da mazugi mazugi ana samun su daga Yuli zuwa farkon Oktoba. Tsofaffi suna da aiki tun daga ƙarshen Mayu zuwa Yuli, kuma alamominsu an tsara su kamar an ba da fikafikansu. An samo kura-kuran kwari masu kwari mara kwari a bishiyoyi da dama da aka kora da kuma bishiyoyi, gami da ciyawa. Ana iya ganin su daga ƙarshen Yuni zuwa farkon Oktoba, amma a cikin kaka ana iya ganinsu sau da yawa idan suka yi rarrafe don neman wurin karatu. Manya sun tashi daga Yuli zuwa Agusta.
Maballin lancet maple yana zaune akan bishiyar jirgin sama, ƙwanƙolin doki, da kuma kannukan ƙasa da na filaye. Ana samun mahaukatan daga Yuli zuwa Satumba. A cikin hunturu, suna ɗora bisa ƙasa, a cikin datti mai kama da haushi da ganye mai ganye. Manya suna aiki daga tsakiyar Yuni zuwa farkon watan Agusta.
Me maciji yake ci?
Hoto: Red Caterpillar
Kwakwalwar gargajiyar itace, amma abincin da ke ci na malam buɗe ido da na malam buɗe ido sun bambanta. Maƙasai suna amfani da harshe-kamar busassun ciyayi don shan ruwan ƙwaya daga furanni, wanda shine na'urar da ke faruwa yayin aiwatarwa lokacin da macijin ya juya ya zama malam buɗe ido. Kwakwalwa kan ciyar da ganye ne sosai, tsirrai, da tsiron furanni, kuma manyan ramuka na iya samun sau da yawa a cikin ganyen dake nuna kasancewar mahaukaciyar.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Gwargwadon inji inji abinci ne na gaske - jakar silima don tsirrai. A cikin 'yan kwanaki ko makonni idan yana aiki, maƙudin zai ɗauki nauyin kansa sau da yawa, komai abincin da ya ga dama.
Misali, wakar matafila tun tana karami tana cin ganyayyaki, amma tana fara ciyarwa a saman mutum kamar yadda yake girma. Tsarin ciyar da garin matafiyu ya sha bamban, yana mai da hankali ga gidan yanka da suka saba. Wadannan mahaukatan suna ciyar da kungiyoyi, galibi a cikin rana, daga Yuli zuwa farkon Satumba. Lokacin da ganyen tsire-tsire ya shuɗe, wani lokacin sukanyi kama da cuta.
Maballin rami na silvery yana ciyar da ganyen itacen oak. Bayan ƙyanƙyashe daga tari na ƙwai, ƙirin yana ciyar da juna, yana barin shi kaɗai lokacin da suka girma zuwa manyan masu girma dabam. Maple lancet caterpillars, wanda tsawonsa ya kai mm 40, wani lokacin yakan fado daga bishiyoyin da suke ciyar dashi. Maballin psi na psi yana ciyar da bishiyoyi masu fa'ida da tsirrai kamar hawthorn, apple, da Birch.
An sani cewa yawancin nau'ikan caterpillars suna yanka dabbobi kuma suna ciyar da kwari iri-iri. Yawancin caterpillars sune herbivores kuma suna ciyar da ganye akan ganye, kodayake wasu nau'ikan suna ciyar da dukkan sassa na shuka, namomin kaza da dabbobi da suka mutu, gami da wasu caterpillars.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Katako na Black
Cututtukan daji na iya zama jigilar kayayyaki na farko, kamar yadda suke a zahiri juya daga tsutsotsin tsutsotsi zuwa kyawawan bishiyoyi, amma wannan ba shine halayen da ke canza su ba. Kwakwalwa sukan kasance suna rarrabuwar su tsakanin tsirrai saboda launinsu, kuma fatansu mai tsini sukanyi kama da tsalle-tsalle akan reshe. Wannan ikon masing yana taimaka wa matafila su rayu har sai sun isa cikakkiyar balaguro kuma suka fara metamorphosis - sun juya daga pupa zuwa cikin malam buɗe ido.
Matakin ya fara ne daga wani tsoho mai kama da maciji wanda ke jingine da tokar bishiya ko wani abu mai wuya, sannan kuma ya fantsama fatar ya bayyana cinya. Canjin yana faruwa a cikin cikin ƙwayar a lokacin da matafila ya fara lalacewa zuwa ruwa, kuma cellsan sel kaɗan suka juya suka zama babban malam buɗe ido.
Bayan da murhun ya gama maganinsa a cikin malam buɗe ido, zai buɗe kuma malam buɗe ido ya bayyana. Wannan ba ya ɓata lokaci lokacin daskarewa da kwanciya ƙwai, tun da yawancin ɓarawon shanu suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwar rayuwar makonni da yawa. Eggsaƙƙarfa a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa suna ƙyamar lardin macen, kuma sake sake zagayowar.
Yawancin lokaci, sauyewar metamorphic guda shida suna faruwa ne akan hanyar haɓakar malam buɗe ido, kowannensu yana motsawa ta hanyar sakin hormone molt ecdysone daga nono. Tsarin hormone na yara wanda aka tono ta glandon endocrine shine ke kawo ci gaba a cikin samartaka: kodayake matakin hormone yana da girma, yana sa matafiyu cikin tsutsa.
Koyaya, ɓoyewar ƙwayoyin tsohuwa zai zama yana ragewa akan lokaci. Sai kawai lokacin da ya fadi ƙasa mai mahimmancin gaske yana yin motsi zuwa ja da ilmin ɗalibi. A wannan lokacin, tarin maimaita abubuwan gina jiki suna faruwa, kuma a cikin manya, fasali na iya bayyana a ƙarshe. Tare da raguwa a cikin matakin ƙwayar jijiyoyin yara zuwa kusan sifili, molt na ƙarshe yana faruwa a cikin balagagge.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Waƙoƙi biyu
Kwakwalwa sun shirya zama barkatai tun daga haihuwa. Hatta a cikin karamar karamar maci da ta fito daga mafi ƙanƙanin kwai, lamuran sel don gabobin kamar antennae, fuka-fukai, kashe-kashen jikinsu da kuma abubuwan da ke faruwa kuma an riga an ƙaddara su zama manya. Ana kiransa discs na hangen nesa (na daɗaɗa da zagaye), ba za su iya girma ba kuma ba ci gaba saboda ci gaba da horarwar da ake samu a cikin ƙwayoyin yara.
Yayinda tsutsa take ciyarwa, jijiyoyinsa, tsokoki da wasu gabobin ciki suna girma da haɓaka, amma fayafan diski na ɗan lokaci ana ɗan lokaci kuma yakan zama mai nutsuwa. Kwakwalwa tana yin rayuwa kamar kyauta, ciyar, girma, amma tawayar cikin tayi.
Lokacin da ya kai mahimmin nauyi, ana fitar da hormone molting, ecdysone. Tana sanya fatar jikinta sau da yawa a cikin martanin ecdysone, a duk lokacin da ta samar da sabon zamani (mataki), sai dai matashin kwayar ta sanya shi a cikin masifar, yana hana gaba ci gaba har sai lokacin da hankalinsa ya kusan cika girmansa kuma hankalin karshenta ya ragu.
A shekara ta biyar da ta karshe na masara, ramin disiki ya riga ya fara fita daga hutawa da tilastawa. Juvenile hormone yanzu ya fadi kasa zuwa bakin kofa, kuma maganin gaba a ecdysone yana karfafa canji zuwa chrysalis. Flattened na gani diski na fara haɓaka ba tare da wata damuwa ba. Kowane ɗayan itacen ya shiga cikin kwandon shara, sannan ya ɗauki siffar sock. An tsara tsakiyar kowane faifan zama ya zama reshe - tip na paw ko ƙarshen reshe.
Mafi yawa daga cikin garin matafila taro ana sarrafa su cikin manya halaye waɗanda suka shiga cikin kwasfa na ciki na pupa. A wannan matakin, ciki ya kunshi kayan miya ne mai gina jiki wanda ke ciyar da diski na kwakwalwa a yayin da suka kammala ci gaban su. Karo na ƙarshe na ecdysone yana faruwa ne tsakanin kusan ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin ƙuruciya - kuma yana motsa bayyanar babban malam buɗe ido ga dabbar ta hanyar canjin daskarewa, watsawa da kuma kwanciya qwai.
Maƙiyi na caterpillars
Hoto: Yaya kamara take yi?
Saboda girman girmansu da siffofin tsutsa, nau'ikan dabbobi masu yawa suna farautuwa a cikin caterpillars, amma tsuntsaye da kwari sune manyan maƙiyan caterpillar. Anan dabbobi masu shayarwa da dabbobi masu rarrafe suma suna farautar kamun daji.
Macizai ba sa iya tserewa daga maharran cikin sauki saboda suna tafiya a hankali kuma basu da fikafikai. Wannan yana nuna cewa ko dai sun dogara da kamannin don kada magabatan su lura dasu (wanda hakan ya bamu kwalliyar da tayi kama da ganyayyaki, tsiro mai tsiro, da sauransu), ko kuma sun samo asali masu haske da kaifi, don haka wancan ne, wanda zai iya son cinye su ya san cewa wannan zai zama mummunan ra'ayi.
Ana samun caterpillars a kusan dukkanin yanayin yanayi a duniya, godiya ga wanda kaddara masu yawan gaske suke.
Baya ga tsuntsaye, matafila suna ciyar da:
- mutane - caterpillars abinci ne mai daɗi ga mutane a sassan duniya kamar Botswana a kudancin Afirka, da kuma a cikin ƙasashen gabashin Asiya kamar China. A zahiri, caterpillars suna tara kullun a waɗannan wurare saboda ƙimar abincinsu mai girma. Idan aka kwatanta da naman sa, lentil da kifi, matafila sun ƙunshi ƙarin furotin da mai,
- Wasps an san su da ɗaukar caterpillars zuwa ciyadansu a matsayin abinci ga yaransu. Wasps suna da amfani ga gonar, saboda yawanci sun kama caterpillars kusan kowane girman, don haka kiyaye su cikin iko. Koyaya, wasps suna ciyar da matafilai a cikin bazara da farkon bazara. Yayin da kakar ke girma, yawan jama'arsu ta zama ruwan acidic, kuma abincinsu ya canza zuwa wasu waɗanda suka cika sukari,
- ladybugs ƙanana ne, maimakon zagaye, mai haske launuka da hange beetles waɗanda ke ciyar da akasarinsu akan aphids. Kayan gado na iya cin sauran kwari, musamman ma matafila. Tunda aphids da caterpillars suna cutarwa ga tsire-tsire, lambu suna amfani da ladybugs don sarrafa su. Macizai suna da jiki mai laushi da tsintsayen matan da basu same su sosai ba, musamman ƙananan.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
A kusan kowace shekara 10 ana samun barkewar garkuwa a cikin gandun daji. Masanan daji waɗanda ke bayyana a ƙarshen Yuni da farkon Yuli suna cin ɗan ganye mai ban mamaki yayin da suke girma. Speciesungiyoyin daji na caterpillars sun fi son ganyayyaki daga katako, musamman daga maple sugar. Barkewar cutar ta fara ne a lokacin bazarar da ta gabata, lokacin da wasu nau'ikan cibiyoyin yunwa ke zaune ta dazuzzukan daji da yawa. Idan ka bi abubuwan da suka gabata, wannan fashewa ya kamata ya ƙare a cikin shekara ɗaya ko biyu, amma ba kafin ya girma cikin sikeli ba.
Abubuwan daji a cikin daji suna farauta ne da wani nau'in tsuntsaye, wanda ake kira da sunan "ƙauna ta tashi", kuma yawanta yana ƙaruwa saboda barkewar bala'in ci gaba bayan jinkiri. Haka kuma yawan kwaroron daji na kwayar cutar kwayar cutar ta hana amfani da kwari da naman gwari. Wadannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna zuwa a cikin nau'ikan lu'ulu'u ne wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa da kuma ganyayyaki. Suna kawai shafi caterpillars kuma suna iya haifar da mace-mace a yayin fashewa.
Cire foliage da matafila shine ɗayan halayyar yanayi na yau da kullun. Akwai ma shaidar cewa babban adadin fela pellets da mahaifa suka samar ya ba wa bishiyoyi irin wannan tasirin da takin mai magani na nitrogen da suke shukawa a cikin kowace shekara bayan ɓarna idan aka kwatanta da shekaru ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Duk da cewa babu wata hujja ta kimiyya ko bayanan dadewa da aka samu ta hanyar saminar shekara-shekara, da alama cewa a yau igiyar zazzabin ta kasance ƙasa da 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.
Kwakwalwa - Wannan wata karamar dabba ce mai dauke da tsutsa wacce zata gina rago kuma daga baya ta juye ta zama malam buɗe ido ko asu. Caterpillars suna da sassan jikin mutum goma sha uku, tare da nau'i-nau'i uku na gajerun paws a kirji da nau'i-nau'i da yawa akan ciki, idanu shida akan kowane gefen kai da gajeren eriya. Caterpillars suna ciyar da akasari akan ganye kuma galibi suna da launin launi.
Kabeji
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Wannan nau'in caterpillar ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. An samo su a yankin Turai na Rasha. Bayyanar jiki yana wakiltar wani ɓangaren kore wanda tsawonsa ya kai santimita 3-4. Gashi mai duhu da tarkace suna a saman jiki. Wannan sunan ya kasance ne saboda gaskiyar cewa zaku iya haɗuwa da wannan kumburin a cikin kabeji. Koyaya, zasu iya ciyar da abinci da radishes, turnips, turnips da sauran al'adu. A saboda wannan dalili, kwari na kabeji kwari ne. Matakin caterpillar a cikin wannan nau'in yana kimanin makonni 2-5. An tabbatar dashi ta yanayin yanayi.
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Asu
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A wata hanyar kuma, ana kiran kwari da masu sa ido. Wannan suna saboda gaskiyar cewa sun sami ci gaba na ƙafafun karya na karya, saboda haka suna motsawa cikin takamaiman hanya. An bambanta wannan wakilin ta launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa, godiya ga wanda ta sarrafa don cikakke tsakanin ciyayi. Hakanan, asu yana da ingantaccen tsari na muscle saboda abin da zai iya kasancewa cikin tsayayyen yanayi na wani lokaci mai tsayi. Abincin abinci mai kwari da kwari na iyakance ga conifers, hazels da foliage currant. Jikin wannan nau'ikan yana da fadi sosai kuma yana fentin cikin tabarau mai laushi
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Redtail
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Yana faruwa a cikin gandun daji-steppe yankin. Redtail yafi ciyarwa akan ganyen ciyayi. An rufe jikin wannan wakilin da launin toka-launin shuɗi. A ƙarshen jikin akwai wani yanki wanda aka fentin launin shuɗi mai haske. Wannan alamar tana nuna cewa matafila mai guba ne, don haka hulɗa da shi na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar rashin lafiyar. Hakanan kwaro ne, saboda yana lalata bishiyoyi. Lokacin bazara na Redtail yana daga Mayu zuwa Yuni.
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Swallowtail
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Yawancin masaniyar hadaddiyar giya sunada yawa. Sun bazu cikin Turai, Arewacin Amurka da Asiya. Hakanan an samo shi a Afirka. An bambanta caterpillar ta launi mai ban mamaki, wanda zai iya canzawa. A saboda wannan dalili, ba a la'akari da shi mara kyau fiye da malam buɗe ido. A farko, an rufe abubuwan da ke tattare da launin ruwan hoda mai haske, bayan haka kuma sai ya zama kore mai launin shuɗi da launuka masu launin shuɗi. Babban abincin shine karas, faski, seleri da cocin sharo.
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Makaho Hog
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Ana samo shi a tsakiyar Rasha, kan yankin Siberiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Yana ciyarwa akasari akan Birch, poplar da Willow ganye. Jikin yana fentin kore, saboda haka ba za a iya gan shi a bangon ganye ba. A saman jikin akwai kuma rabe-raben madaukai na launin kore mai duhu, kuma ƙaramin tsari yana gudana akan wutsiya.
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Peacock ido
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Maballin wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon jikin mutum kimanin santimita 10. A cikin duka, ana rarrabe nau'ikan waɗannan wakilan biyu: rana da dare. Yana ciyarwa akasari akan bishiyoyi kamar 'pears, walnuts, plums, apples and cherries.
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Admiral
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Ya yada cikin yankuna daban-daban na Rasha.Fitowar su tayi kama da mangwaro. Jikin caterpillar an fentin baki ne tare da ratsin rawaya mai kyau a tarnaƙi. Ana samun su sau da yawa a watan Mayu. Mai martaba ya samar da wata hanyar ganye a kusa da shi, inda yake ciyar da mafi yawan lokuta har zuwa ƙarshen bazara, sannan ya fita ya juya ya zama malam buɗe ido.
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Baya ga masanan da ke sama, waɗanda ba su da haɗari, akwai kuma manyan wakilai masu guba. Manyan sune:
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Maganin murhu mai guba
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Wannan kwaro yana da kamanni iri ɗaya tare da dabba mai rufe gashi. Tana ɗaya daga cikin guba. Kuna iya saduwa da ita a Meziko. A ƙarƙashin wani nau'in Jawo, ana amfani da daskararru masu kaifi, waɗanda zasu iya zama launin toka ko launin toka mai launi. Maballin bai wuce santimita 2 ba tsawonsa. Saduwa da wannan wakilin na iya haifar da sake maimaita fata, kumburi kumburi, kumburin kirji, da gajeruwar numfashi.
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Macijin kwararo
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Jikin wannan nau'in yana fentin launin shuɗi mai duhu tare da wuraren launin ruwan kasa a gindi. A tsakiyar akwai kuma wurin launin ruwan kasa, wanda aka shirya shi da fari. Sun yada zuwa Amerika. A jikin mutum akwai nau'i biyu na ƙaho waɗanda ke sanye da kayan guba. Daga allura tare da waɗannan kaho zaku iya samun ciwo mai zafi, tashin zuciya da kurji. Wadannan bayyanar cututtuka na iya kasancewa na tsawon kwanaki.
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M wawa
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Mafi yawancin lokuta, ana samun wannan kwaro ne a Mozambique da Uruguay. Yana zaune galibi a cikin inuwa karkashin ganyaye bishiyoyi. Wannan caterpillar ya shahara don guba mafi haɗari wanda ya tara kumburinsa na siffofinsa. Wakilan wannan nau'in sun isa tsawon jikin mutum har zuwa santimita 7 tare da launin kore-launin ruwan kasa. Guba mai guba na wannan ciro zai iya haifar da zubar jini a wurin ciji, cututtuka na hanji, da kuma huhun hanji da kuma rashin lafiyar jijiya.
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Rarrabawa
Kowane malam buɗe ido ya kasance matafila, kuma launi na matafila na iya bambanta da launi na malam buɗe ido. Mafi sau da yawa, matafila sune kwari masu rarrafe iri iri, amma kuma ana iya samun magabat a cikin yanayin. Ya danganta da abinci, matan sun kasu kashi biyu:
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Kwayoyin kwayoyi. Wannan nau'in caterpillars yana ciyar da kusan kowane irin shuka. Suna wakiltar irin waɗannan nau'ikan kuliyoyin barkono kamar barragen giya, shaho, makauniyar Kaya, abincin tsuntsayen da sauran kwari.
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Monophages. Wadannan caterpillars sun gwammace suyi amfani da takamaiman nau'in tsiro, wanda daga cikinsu sunayensu suka fito. Kamar yadda misalan monophages sune kabeji, itacen gewaya, silkworms da sauran nau'ikan.
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Oligophagous. Abincin waɗannan kwari yana iyakance ga nau'in shuka guda ɗaya wanda ke mallakar wani iyali ko nau'in. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, wannan maganin barkono ne na Pine, Swaltail, polyxena.
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Xylophages. Abincin wannan aji yana da bambanci a cikin nau'ikan bishiyoyi daban-daban. Irin waɗannan biranen sune ganye, ciyawar katako, da sauransu.
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Har ila yau, mahaukata sun bambanta a wurin rarraba. Yawancin nau'o'in mazaunan sunadarai, wasu kuma - yankuna na arewacin. Daga cikin adadin ɗambin yawa, akwai kuma wakilai masu tamani sosai, alal misali, silkworms. Ana samun zaren siliki daga kwandon shara.
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Habitat
Mafi sau da yawa, ana iya samun cakulan a ƙasa, amma wakilai da yawa sun fara haɓaka ƙarƙashin ruwa. Misali, kwarangwal din Hawaii ya yadu kan kasa da ruwa.
Har ila yau, mahaukaci sun kasu kashi biyu, bisa ga abin da suke jagorantar ko dai wani yanayin rayuwa ne ko na rayuwa kyauta. Masanan daji waɗanda ke haifar da rayuwa ta rayuwa kyauta suna rayuwa akan tsirrai kuma suna da girma a jiki. Abubuwan da ke tattare da sirrin sun hada da ire-irensu:
- Lissafin. Suna ɓoye cikin ganyayyaki masu murgudawa.
- 'Ya'yan itace. Gurinsu yana da iyaka ga fruitsa thean itaciya,
- 'Yan bokon. Za ku iya samun su ne kawai a cikin bishiyoyi da harbe,
- Miners. Wadannan nau'ikan suna yin motsawa na musamman a cikin kodan, ganye da petioles,
- Gall formers. Sun shahara ga haddasa cutar sankara a cikin ci gaban sassa na tsire-tsire.
A ina ne caterpillars suke zaune?
Iyakantaccen motsi na masifar ba ta basu damar motsawa da sauri kuma canza mazauninsu. Mafi sau da yawa, matafila suna zaune a ƙasa, ganye, ganye. Wasu nau'ikan suna rayuwa cikin ruwa.
Abubuwan sirrin sirri da waɗanda ke motsawa a sarari suna ɓoye su dangane da salon rayuwa. Dabbobin da aka ɓoye sun haɗa da waɗanda kusan ba su bayyana a saman duniya ba, amma suna cikin ɓawon burodi, ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
An kasu kashi biyu ga wakilan:
- Lissafin. Suna zaune a cikin ganyen bishiyoyi, suna yin tubular gidan.
- Karpofagi. Suna zaune a cikin 'ya'yan itaciya, berries.
- Xylophages. Suna zaune a cikin kututturen itacen, a ƙarƙashin haushi.
- Kudancin lardin suna rayuwa a karkashin kasa
- Maharan ruwa suna rayuwa a jikin ruwa.
- Miners. Suna zaune a cikin tushen, ganye, fure.
- Balaguro mai zuwa na jagoranci rayuwa mai buɗewa. Suna zaune inda suke ci: akan ganyen furanni, tsirrai.
Me caterpillars suke ci?
Yawancin caterpillars 'yan' ganye ne. Sun fi son ganye, tsiro, fure, fure. Wasu sukan kama hanyarsu don maganin su kuma suna kwanƙwai a ciki. Irin wadannan kwari sun hada da asu. Tana son zuma. A dare, da tawadar ta sneaks cikin hive da kuma sanya qwai a cikin tsefe. Hatched larvae ku ci kakin zuma da zuma.
Gabaɗaya, mahaukaci yana daɗaɗɗu. Don zama yar tsana, dole ne ta sami salla. Makarfin ɓauren apple zai iya cinye duk ganyen da yake kan itacen apple ba kuma “ya ƙoshi ba”. Idan babu sauran itaciya kusa da ita, tana karatun koda idan tana "jin yunwa."
Hakanan akwai abincin abinci mai ban sha'awa dangane da nau'in:
- Thwarin Cork suna cin algae da naman gwari a cikin ganga giya da tanki na giya,
- Caterpillars na ognevka suna zaune akan jikin sloth kuma ku ci algae, wanda yayi girma akan ulu,
- Ognevki ku ci kayan gini na tururuwa - takarda,
- Mabudin siket da Lycaenidae suna cin tururuwa, yayin da tururuwa suke son ruwan da take fitarwa, kuma suna zama tare,
- Alaƙar redarna ta ciyar a kan ƙananan kwari da sauran tsutsotsi.
Yin gwagwarmayar caterpillars: hanyar da hanyoyin
Macizai na iya cutar da amfanin mutum ya cinye ƙasar sa. Don adana girbin, ana amfani da wasu hanyoyin gwagwarmaya.
Wani lokacin yana amfani da komai
- Tarin waƙoƙi. Kowace rana, tattara mallaka na matafila, lalata pupae da qwai.
- Chemical Masana'antu da tsire-tsire suna ƙirƙirar mahaɗan iri-iri don adana albarkatu da kawar da baƙi da ba'aso. Wannan hanyar tana da kyau a farkon. Bayan da matafila amfani da shirye-shirye.
- A cikin filaye da manyan wurare, tsuntsaye suna yin aikin. Suna matukar son cin ciro. Ta hanyar gina shinge na tsuntsu, zaka iya kawar da wadanda ba budurwa ba.
- Infusions na ganye da ganye. The fi ne tumatir, taba, chamomile, wormwood, ganye yaji, dankali.
Bayanan Kwakwalwa mai Ban sha'awa
- Mafi sau da yawa, matafila suna ciyar da abinci na ganye, ganye, fure da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Koyaya, akwai wasu nau'in, matafiyu, fifita abincin da kakin zuma, ulu ko abubuwa masu ban tsoro.
- A cikin yanayin, akwai mataƙafi waɗanda ke cin abinci a kan wasu kwari, aphids, larvae da pupae na tururuwa.
- Kwakwalwa yakan cinye kwanon ƙwai nan da nan bayan ƙyanƙyashe, sannan duk sauran ƙwaiyen da ya faɗo akan su.
- A matsakaici, kusan tsokoki 4000 suna a cikin jikin caterpillar, wanda shine kusan sau 7 fiye da yadda jikin mutum yake.
- Kwakwalwa, kamar gizo-gizo, na iya bambance zaren siliki. Daga gare ta suke saƙa da maraƙi (gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da gizo-gizo).
- Pupilizing, wata matattarar macen siliki tana saƙa da bango, harsashi wanda ya ƙunshi madaidaicin silifon siliki har zuwa tsawon mita 1,500 a cikin manyan kananun. Irin waɗannan koko ne da ake girbe su don samar da siliki na zahiri.
- Kayan bishiyoyi da yawa da ke zaune a arewacin latitude ba su da lokacin da zasu zama chrysalis a cikin bazara ɗaya, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake tilasta su su shiga hibernate har zuwa bazara mai zuwa.
- A Kanada da Greenland, akwai wasu masanan da ke rayuwa har sai sun zama kamar malam buɗe ido kafin su cika shekaru 14, saboda ba su da lokacin haɓaka cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin bazara, kuma dole ne su yi hibernate don hunturu. Haka kuma, suna iya jure yanayin zafi har zuwa -70 digiri.
- Caterpillars na wasu nau'ikan suna rayuwa cikin anthills, suna kasancewa cikin alaƙar symbiotic tare da tururuwa. Suna yin kwaikwayon kwayar cutar tururuwa, rufe wani enzyme na musamman ko yin sauti tare da sonic cilia. 'Ya'yan tururuwa suna ciyar da kariya irin wannan hadarin
- Wasu 'yan mata sun zama mai guba saboda tsirran da suke ci. Saboda haka, tsuntsayen ba sa cinye su, suna sane masu guba ne.
- Nan da nan bayan ƙyanƙyashe daga kwai, sai matafila ya fara motsa jiki ta hanyar cin duk abin da ya dace da shi don abinci, kuma a cikin fewan kwanaki kaɗan yawansa yana ƙaruwa sau goma.
- A cikin Peru, ƙwararrun matafilai suna rayuwa, halaye masu alaƙar tunawa da kifin halitta. Suna samun abubuwa masu dacewa, kamar busasshiyar takarda da aka juya cikin bututu, kuma suna amfani dasu a matsayin harsashi don kariya.
- Matsakaitan ƙananan caterpillars ba su wuce 2 mm ba, kuma mafi girma sun kai 12 cm.
- Yayin da matafirai ke girma, suna ta yin gunaguni sau da yawa, suna watsar da tsohon, wanda ya zama ƙara harsashi da girma sabo.
- Kwakwalwa suna da idanu 6, kuma a mafi yawancin nau'ikan, biyar daga cikinsu an shirya su a jere, na shida kuma yana girma a saman su, a tsakiya.
- A cikin dukkanin caterpillars, shugaban ya ƙunshi bangarori shida, fused tare.
- A kan bangon kai shine tushen occipital foramen, wanda a mafi yawan lokuta yana da siffar alamar zuciya.
- Duk nau'ikan bala'i sun ratsa gaban karatun ɗalibai kafin su juye zuwa malam buɗe ido.
- Yawancin caterpillars suna rayuwa fiye da malam buɗe ido, wanda a cikin sa suke juya su.
- Tsokoki na caterpillars, ba kamar na mutane ba, suna yin aikin kashin jikinsu. Suna kama da ƙananan ƙwallon ƙafa tare da iska, wanda jini ke gudana ta hanyar murɗa tsokoki.
Injin yayyafa
Spinaƙwalwar kayan yaji yana kunshe da papilla mai zubewa da siket ɗin sa. Papilla mai zubewa itace bututu, saman bango wanda yawanci yayi ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙasan ƙarshen ba ta daidaita ba. A wasu ƙananan gefan papilla na zube ake ɗaukar su. Jirgin ruwan siliki yana buɗewa ta hanyar papilla mai zubewa yana buɗewa a ƙarshen sa. A lokuta mawuyacin hali, kamar su Microplerygidae da kuma wasu masu hakar ma'adinai, da alama papilla ta zube ba ta bayyana.
Papilla mai faskare tana da matuƙar sauƙin yanayi a cikin tsari da tsawonta a cikin wakilan ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Akwai kusanci tsakanin tsarin papilla da aka zube da kuma ayyukan fasahar siliki. Missoti sun yi kokarin motsawa, misali Hepialidae kuma mafi Microfrenatada papilla mai tsayi, bakin ciki da silili. Akasin haka, ana samun papilla mai gautsi da sikeli wanda ba a saƙa a cikin masanan da ba sa saƙa cocoons ko kuma aikin aikin siliki yana iyakance, alal misali a cikin brazhniks, yawancin scoops da masu hakar gwal.
A cikin ci gaban glandun siliki na matafila, ana lura da wasu fasaloli. A cikin kwanaki 4 na ƙarshe na rayuwar masifar, lokacin da har yanzu tana ciyarwa, glandar tana tasowa da sauri kuma ta kai matsakaicin nauyi cikin kankanin lokaci. Kwana guda bayan fara saƙa, nauyin glandon yana raguwa sosai, daga nan sai yaci gaba da raguwa, har izuwa ƙarshen mashin. Kwayoyin da suke samar da siliki suna haɗuwa dashi, ga alama saboda abubuwan da aka tara. A cikin silkorms na itacen oak, sutturar suttura tana dogara ne da laimain da ke kusa da iska - don haka a cikin yanayin da yake da ɗumi mai ƙarfi, matafila basa saƙa da kwandon shara.
Abun sunadarai da tsarin siliki
Abubuwan sunadarai sunadaran sunadarai - fibroin (75%) da sericin, sune suke samar da saman farfajiyar siliki. Fibroin yana ɓoye ta baya, kuma sericin ta tsakiyar ɓangaren gland. Wadannan sunadarai suna bambanta da juna a cikin tsarin amino acid ɗin. Sericin ya bambanta da fibroin a cikin ƙananan abubuwan da ke cikin glycocol, alanine da tyrosine a cikin abubuwan da ya ƙunshi da kuma babban abun ciki na serine da acid na lu'u-lu'u. An rufe fiber ɗin siliki a saman tare da pellicle da kakin zuma, a cikin kayan sunadarai masu kama da cuticulin.
Zaɓuɓɓukan siliki da ke ɓoye ta hanyar jinsi daban-daban na silkworm suna halayen sunadarai daban-daban. Faifan siliki Antheraea mylitta da Samia cynthia containauke da ƙasa da glycocol fiye da fiber silkworm siliki. Faifan siliki na musiƙar Oeceticus platensis ba su da sinadarai.
Acic acid (40%) wani bangare ne na rubewar cututtukan sifa masu fure babban harpydaga abin da suke saƙa daɗaɗɗe mai ƙarfi, mara nauyi.
Tsarin fiber
Fifin siliki yana barin buɗe ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin labial na matafila, ya ratsa ta hanyar karkatar da ƙwayar cuta ta gama gari. Bayan haka, yana wucewa ta "matattarar kayan aiki", wanda ya tursasa shi kuma ya ba da siffar tef. Yayinda zarurukan biyu suka hadar da glandon hadewar guda biyu suka ratsa bututun da ake amfani dasu gaba daya, karin glandan yake samar da wani abu mai hadewa wanda zai hada su. Hanyar tabbatar da ingancin siliki ba shi da kyau. An san cewa ba a aiwatar da wannan tsari ta hanyar bushewa ba, tunda tsarin ƙarfi yana faruwa ko da a cikin ruwa. A cikin glandon matafila, siliki an cika shi da ruwa kuma yana haifar da dakatarwar colloidal. Canzawarsa zuwa cikin igiyoyin halitta tare da kwayoyin motsa jiki yana faruwa ne ta hanyar tashin hankali a cikin sashin layi na tsaye da matsin lamba wanda aka tura shi zuwa layin tashin hankali.
Rayuwa
Yawancin caterpillars suna rayuwa hanya mai ban tsoro, amma caterpillars da yawa daga cikin dangin suna da gobarar fuka-fuki (Pyraustidae) rayuwa a karkashin ruwa, da kuma a karkashin ruwa wuta Acentria ephemerella tsofaffi mata ba za su iya rayuwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa ba. Dayawa daga jinsunan caterpillars na halittar Hawaiian kwari Hyposmocoma su 'yan amphibians ne kuma suna iya rayuwa biyu a ƙarƙashin ruwa da kuma ƙasa. Dangane da hanyar rayuwa, an tsara rabuwa da yanayin zuwa manyan rukuni biyu:
- caterpillars da ke jagorantar rayuwa ta kyauta, a bayyane suke ciyar da tsirrai,
- caterpillars jagorancin ɓoyayyen salon rayuwa.
Tsutsotsi na diurnal, ko kuma kulab, kai na bolaji, da kuma sauran manyan Lepidoptera suna rayuwa a fili akan tsire-tsire. Caterpillars na yawancin iyalai na Lepidoptera Lepidoptera suna jagorantar rayuwa mai ɓoye: a cikin ƙasa, zuriyar dabbobi, ko turf na hatsi (galibi a cikin hanyoyin silke), a cikin ciyawar ciyayi, ganyayyaki, ganyayyaki, 'ya'yan itace, yin murfin daban-daban wanda mahaukaciyar guguwa take jan tare da kanta (sanannen sanannen wadannan musselmen (Psychidae), amma sanya murfin yana da fadi sosai). Macizai masu karancin nau'ikan suna rayuwa cikin ruwa, suna ciyar da tsirrai masu ruwa.
Duk masanan za su iya samar da siliki. Yawancin suna amfani dashi don haɗawa da substrate lokacin motsawa. Makarfi mai rarrafe tare da tsiro ko ƙasa koyaushe yana barin tafarkin siliki na bakin ciki a bayan sa. Idan ya fadi daga reshe, zai kasance yana rataye da zaren siliki. Cututtukan wasu iyalai na kwari da kwari da kwari suna gina rami (wurare masu siliki) daga siliki. Duk wanda ya ga lalacewa ta hanyar caterpillars na ainihin moles zuwa fur ko kayayyakin ulu, ya lura yana motsa siliki a cikin jirgin ruwa ko saman kayan da aka saƙa. Jaka da wasu mutane suna amfani da zaren siliki a matsayin tushen samar da akwati mai ɗaurewa. Cututtukan kwari masu kwari erfy wasu corydalis suna gina gida mai sheƙai akan tsire-tsire na fure. Misali, a wasu iyalai, alal misali, a cikin cocoonworms, peacockworms da silkworms na ainihi, matafila yana gina murfin siliki kafin ya hau kan sandar.
Hijira
Hankali na ƙaura na caterpillars an lura da shi sau da yawa fiye da ƙusoshin kuli, kuma yakan faru ne lokacin da akwai adadi mai yawa, rashin abinci, da dai sauransu. Erazanta na wasu nau'ikan halitta, misali kabeji, sun iya yin ƙaura mai nisa don neman abinci, maƙwabta na kusa. Miganƙara masu balaguro na ƙarami suna ba da gudummawa ga rayuwar wani yanki na yawan jama'a har ma a ƙarƙashin mummunan tasirin abiotic da abubuwan biotic. Mafi shahararrun, masu saurin ƙaura, sune kebabbun sifa na silkworms (Samantha), mallakin dabi'ar ƙaura zuwa sabbin wuraren ciyarwa, tara a cikin jama'a ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi masu tsayi ko tsari, wanda shine dalilin da yasa suka sami wannan suna.
Parasites da parasitoids
Daga cikin parasites na gaskiya, ya kamata a lura da wasu nau'ikan fungi, alal misali, Cordyceps sinensis da sauran wakilan kwayoyin Cordyceps, da unicellular, alal misali, microsporidia na janar Thelohania da Plistophora. Akwai halittu da yawa da suka inganta saboda caterpillars, amma ba kwari ne na gaske ba, tunda saboda mahimman ayyukanka ne rundunar garkuwar tayi mutu ko kuma rasa ikon haihuwa. Sunan da aka karɓa a kimiyyance ga wakilan ƙungiyar da ke da irin hanyar alaƙar da aka kwatanta da ita parasitoids. Kwakwalwa na iya kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar larval, parasitoids larval-student.
Yawancin wakilan braconids (Braconidae), ɗaya daga cikin iyalan mahaya, yana ba da izini game da caterpillars. Kamar sauran mahaya, braconids galibi suna sanya kwanansu a cikin masanan dake motsawa cikin yanci, wasu sukan gurfanar da wanda aka azabtar, a bangare daya ko kuma gaba daya. Latterarshen halayyar jinsin ƙwararre ne na ɓoye runduna, an tilasta musu gano da kuma dawo da caterpillars tare da dogon ovipositor, alal misali, a gindin itaciya. Tsawo ko kuma wanda ba zai iya gurguntawa ba yana faruwa, a matsayin mai mulkin, daga yawan adadin guba wanda mahaya ke gabatar dashi a cikin rundunar mai masaukin.
Daga cikin braconids, mafi mahimmanci a Rasha sune Apanteles glomeratus - babban mayaƙin fata, Habrobracon juglandis - para na gari mai walƙiya, Apanteles solitarius da Meteorus game da shi - parasites na willow weevil. Braconids na kwayoyin Microgaster suna cutar da kifin kabeji (Pieris bronicae), wanda bayan shiga matakin ɗalibai, membobin wani iyali sun shafi - pteromalidae (Pteromalidae) - Pteromalus studentarum.
Mace ichneumonids (Ichneumonidae) daga tsarin hymenopteran, mallakar na lardin ne kaɗai da na kwai da kuma kwai-kwai, suna sa ƙwayayensu a gindin murhun katako ko a kai tsaye. A ƙarshen batun, ƙwararren ƙwayayen da aka tsinke kansu sun shiga cikin rundunar. Yawancin lokaci yara tsutsa matasa suna ciyar da hemolymph, kuma a cikin matakan karshe na ci gaban su sai su canza zuwa ciyar da kyallen takarda da gabobin ciki na masara. Pupation yana faruwa a jikin masifar ko a waje dashi.
Diptera, da farko tachins, ko shingehogs (Tachinidae) suma suna gurɓataccen silalai. Mace sa ƙwai ko larvae, a cikin haihuwar rai, kai tsaye a cikin matafila. Sauran nau'in shinge na iya sa kwai a kan ciyawar ciyawar bishiyar bishiyoyi. A cikin caterpillars da suka ci su tare da foliage, larvae fito fili a cikin narkewa fili na rundunar, daga inda suka biyo baya daga baya kogon jikin. Pupation yana faruwa a cikin ƙwayar chrysalide, ko, a cikin mutuwar caterpillar, a cikin ƙasa.
Symbionts
A cikin nau'ikan halittu da yawa, caterpillars suna zaune a cikin tsararru, suna cikin alaƙar symbiotic tare da tururuwa, alal misali, tare da ƙwayoyin halittar ɗan adam Myrmica .
Kwakwalwa kusan rabin dukkan nau'ikan Lycaenidae (Lycaenidae) ana haɗa su ko ta yaya a cikin sake zagayowar haɓakar su tare da tururuwa.
Dangantaka tsakanin tururuwa da caterpillars na Lycaenidae a cikin nau'in su sun kasance daga zaɓi zuwa ga tilasta, kuma daga haɗin kai zuwa parasitism. Kwayoyin zazzabin na Lycaenidae suna da hadaddun juyin halitta masu haifar da alamomin da alamun jijiya don sarrafa halayyar tururuwa. Hakanan suna ɓoye ruwa mai daɗi daga ƙwanƙolin ƙwayar hancin ƙwayar cuta wanda ke jan tururuwa. Ants, jin wannan ƙwayar jikin tare da eriyarsu, suna haifar da matafila don sakin ruwa mai nutsuwa, wanda wataƙila ya ƙunshi pheromones, lichnevmona, wanda ke ƙayyade halayen tururuwa. Wasu caterpillars na lycaenidae da riodinide suma suna da ingantattun abubuwa masu haifar da cutarwa wadanda ke shafar halayen tururuwa - wasu nau'ikan suna da sifar da ke da kwari a jikin guban, wasu kuma tare da cilium na sonic, yayin rashin isasshen maganin hanji. Dukkanin nau'in myrmecophilic lycaenidae an kebe su ne da ciyawar fure. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan shine Lycaenidae alcone (Maculinea alcon), mace wadda ke sanya ƙwai kan furanni na tsirrai na gidan dangi (Gentiana) Yawancin nau'ikan lycaenidae suna haɓaka a cikin mazaunin kuran ɗaya na tururuwa ɗaya, amma caterpillars na Lycaena lycaenidae suna zaune a mazaunin tururuwa iri daban-daban, a sassa daban-daban na kewayonsu.
Caterpillars na masu hakar gwal Karancin Phyllonorycter suna zaune cikin symbiosis tare da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke asirin cytokines, waɗannan kwayoyin halittu suna taɓarɓin tsirran tsirrai, tsawaita hoto, da kuma “tsibiran tsiran kore” da ke haifar da ƙwari su bar hunturu.