A cikin ƙungiyar masu ƙarfi beaver dauke kusan shine mafi girman wakilai. A cikin Gabas ta Gabas, ba ta da girman daidai. Amma a Yamma kawai za a iya kwatanta capybara tare da su - dabba mai shayarwa, wanda a cikin ƙwaƙƙwaran duk fauna na duniya shine zakara gwargwado.
Game da beavers, wadanda daga cikinsu suke zaune a yankin Eurasia suna da mita, kuma har ma fiye da hakan, girman, tare da nauyinsu ya kai 32 kg. Koyaya, a cikin Kanada akwai wakilan dangin bugu kuma sun fi yawa yawa. Wararrun tsofaffin mutane suna iya isa zuwa alamun masu nauyin kilogiram 45.
A cikin hoto, wani beaver na yau da kullun
Kuma ba cewa beavers Sabuwar areasashen Duniya suna da girma kamar gaske (galibi akasin haka), suna girma ba kawai a cikin samari ba, har ma tsawon rayuwa, sabili da haka, da shekaru suna iya fahariya matakan girman nauyin jikinsu. Haka kuma, a gasa na jinsunan wadannan dabbobin da ke rayuwa akan dukkan nahiyoyin nan, samfurori ne na rabin mace sun mamaye komai, gami da girma da kuma girma.
Hakanan abin ban sha'awa ne cewa magabatan beavers na zamani - halittun da suka samo asali daga mabambantan wurare a Asiya ko Arewacin Amurka a ƙarshen zamanin Eocene (shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata) kuma sun wanzu a Duniya daga baya, sunada kusan mituna uku a girman sa da adadinsa yakai kilogram 350 (wannan magana ce mai iya magana) burbushin samfuran wadancan lokutan da masana binciken burbushin halittu sunyi nazari).
Beaver na zamani yana da halaye masu zuwa. Tan sandunsa yayi kamar squat saboda yatsun kafaffun kafaffun kafafu, kuma yatsun kafa da kansu suna da yatsu biyar da kayansu masu ƙarfi. Shugaban dabbar yana da karami, gabobin yana da tsawo, goshi yana zubewa.
Idanun suna haske a cikin kananan da'ira baƙar fata, kamar hanci babba. Kunnen Bea suna da fadi, gajera, kamar dai an tsage shi. Waɗannan halittun-ruwa ne masu ruwa-ruwa, sabili da haka da dabi'a suna da bayanai masu yawa game da yanayin da ke taimaka musu rayuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali a wannan mahalli.
Da farko dai, shine membranes a kan paws da oar-dimbin yawa wutsiya, an rufe shi da iskoki gashi da sikeli mai ban tsoro, kamar yadda kusan babu rigar ciyawa. Na ƙarshen yana da farin ciki, laushi na sutura, wanda samansa mai kauri da gashi ya girma. Wannan fur ɗin yana da laushi kyakkyawa kuma mai kyan gani; yana iya zama baƙi, ƙyallen fata a launuka iri-iri ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
Abubuwan da 'yan beavers ke yi
Gidan gidan beavers a zamanin farkon an wakilta shi sosai fiye da yanzu. Amma a yau ya haɗa da jinsuna biyu ne kawai waɗanda muka ambata a sama, saboda rabe rabuwa yake da su.
Kogin Kogi
Waɗannan nau'ikan Eurasian da Kanada ne. Ba za a iya bayyana su cikin mafi dalla-dalla ba, yayin ambaton cewa su biyun suna ɗauka relics. Har wa yau, a tsakanin tsoka, kamar yadda kwayoyin halitta suka gano, 'yan bea ba su da dangi na kusa, duk da cewa a baya an dauke su a matsayin furotin mai furotin.
- Kogin (talakawa) beaver - kamar yadda aka saba don ba shi sunan Yammacin Turai. Yana faruwa a Rasha, kuma mazaunin China da Mongolia ne. Yawancin lokaci yana zaune a kusa da wuraren tafkuna na gandun daji-steppe (tabkuna, tafkunan koguna masu shuru), bankunan waɗanda suke da wadatar ciyayi.
- Ma'aunin Kanada yana zaune a kudancin Kanada da kuma a wasu jihohin Amurka. Abin ban sha'awa, ba da daɗewa ba, nau'in ya shiga (mafi yawancin, an gabatar da shi) zuwa Scandinavia. A nan ne ya samo tushen kuma ya ci gaba da yaduwa zuwa Gabas. Wakilan wannan, da iri iri da suka gabata, sun zauna kusa da ruwa kuma ba za su wanzu ba tare da shi. Ta wannan hanyar ne suke kashe babban adadin rayuwar su.
A bayyanar, mambobi ne na halittu iri biyu galibi iri daya ne. Amma mazaunan Tsohuwar Duniya suna da girma babba da ƙasa da siffar zagaye, da kashin, idan aka kwatanta da dangi da aka nuna, ya ɗan gajarta, ba ƙasa mai zurfi ba, ƙyallen wutsiya da ƙanana. Jikin mazaunan Amurka ba shi da elongated, kunnuwa sun fi girma kuma kafafu sun fi tsayi, wanda zai basu damar motsawa a kan wata gabar kafafunsu. Suna da launin ruwan kasa-ja ko mai launin baki.
Canadianabilar Kanada
A cikin nazarin wadannan nau'ikan halittar guda biyu, bambance-bambance a dabi'ar halittar ma sunada mahimmanci. Lambobin kwayayensu (48 a kogin da 40 a cikin Kanada) ba su daidaituwa ba, wanda ke bayanin yiwuwar ƙetare waɗannan abubuwan biyu da ke da dangantaka da farko, kodayake an yi ƙoƙarin yin nasara ga masana kimiyya ba sau da yawa.
Centuryarni ɗaya da suka gabata, waɗannan wakilan fauna suna cikin matsanancin barazanar lalata. Ba kuma bangon Rashawa ba. Amma an dauki matakan kare su kuma an tabbatar da inganci. Yanzu waɗannan dabbobin suna zaune da yawan ƙasarmu, suna farawa daga Siberiya kuma sun ƙare tare da Kamchatka.
Bayyanar
An yi imanin cewa kogin bera shi ne mafi girma a Rasha da kuma makwabta.. Girman Beaver, ko tsayin beaver, kadan ne sama da mita, tsayinsa ya kai cm 40. nauyin wannan giya ya kai kilo 30.
Yana da kyawawan Ja da ja, kusan ruwa ba ruwa. A saman - gashi mai kauri, a ƙasa - laushi mai laushi. Launin rigar tana da duhu da kuma bakin ciki, launin duhu ko baƙi.
Dabba tana da jiki na squat, gajerun kafafu tare da membranes masu ninka biyar da yatsu masu ƙarfi. Wutsiya yayi kama da gurbataccen siffa, yana da tsawonsa har zuwa 30 cm, an rufe shi da manyan tsokoki da sifofin maras nauyi. Entungiyar tana da ƙananan idanu, kunnuwa gajere ne da faɗi. Wannan bayanin beaver ba zai ba shi damar rikita shi da wasu ƙwayoyin ruwa ba.
Rayuwa & Habitat
Yankin da beavers din ya zauna yana da sauƙin rarrabewa daga wasu ta alamomin sosai. A wuraren da waɗannan dabbobin suke aiwatar da mahimmin aikin su, koyaushe akwai yawancin fadadden bishiyoyi tare da sabon yankewa a siffar mazugi. Beingsan Adam masu aiki tuƙuru suna buƙatar irin wannan kayan don ginin ƙasa. Kuma, hakika, yanayi mai mahimmanci don wanzuwar beavers a cikin wani yanki shine kasancewar tafki: tafki, tafki, kogi, ko akalla rafi.
A tsari, wadannan halittu masu ruwa-ruwa ba zasu iya rayuwa ba tare da ruwa ba, amma ba tare da iska ba zasu iya kusan rabin kwata na awa daya. Sabili da haka, a cikin kowane haɗari, alal misali, ɓoyewa daga masu ɓarna: kyarkeci, beyar ko Wolverine, waɗannan halittu suna tafiya ƙarƙashin ruwa, inda suke zama. Suna zaune a cikin manyan yan uwa na abokantaka, kuma membobin su, idan ya cancanta, zasu iya ba da rahoton bala'in da ke gabansu ga 'yan uwansu kabilu. A irin waɗannan lokutan dabba dabba yana murza ruwa da wuya da wutsiyarsa. Kuma kowane mutum daga kamfaninsa yake gane wannan sigar, wanda yake a cikin tafki.
Waɗannan halittun suna aiki ba wuya a lokacin bazara, amma suna aiki da farkon faɗuwar rana, suna aiki dare duka har wayewar gari, kuma suna hutawa da rana. Ayyukan su shine faduwa bishiyoyi da gini. Kuma a cikin wannan ana taimaka musu ta haƙoran haƙoransu na yau da kullun, masu iya sauƙin itace. Mai bea zai iya tumbuke wata itaciya mai santsi a cikin rabin sa'a, amma wani lokacin yakanyi aiki akan manya manya da kauri tsawon dare a jere. A lokaci guda, kokarinsa ba wai kawai bayyane ba ne, amma kuma mai sauraro ne, kuma mita ɗari kusa da sautin halayen beaver.
Ganinan gidajen waɗannan dabbobi mafaka ne a gare su daga mummunan yanayi da abokan gaba. Don gina gidansu, waɗannan halittun sun haƙa ramuka, suna zaɓar manyan tuddai don wannan a wuraren da ƙasa take da ƙarfi. Beaver burrows suna da sifa mai rikitarwa. Tashoshin da ke cikinsu sun ƙare da peculiar, manya da ƙanana "ɗakuna" kuma suna da hanyoyin shiga ciki. An ƙarfafa bangon gidan da yumɓu da ɓarna, yayin da tushe, wato wani irin bene, an rufe shi da shinge na itace.
Waɗannan dabbobi masu aiki tuƙuru kuma sun gina gidaje, waɗanda sune abubuwa halittun da aka yi da rassa, waɗanda aka tarko da su da laka. Mashahurin zane mai ban sha'awa shine beaver dam. Irin waɗannan matakan ana gina su akan koguna, kuma dole ne ɗan ƙaramin zurfi daga ƙauyukan waɗannan dabbobin. Abin nufi anan shine don bayar da gudummawa ga zubewar kogin da hana tsananinta a cikin kusancin gidajen mazaunan gemu.
Beavers suna gina madatsun ruwa daga bishiyoyi
Kuma wannan yana da matukar dacewa ga tara abinci, haka kuma yana kara yawan ambaliyar ruwa a yankin da dabbobi ke rayuwa, wanda shine mataki mai inganci don inganta amincin rayuwa. 'Yan beavers suna hutawa cikakke daga aiki a lokacin hunturu, suna ciyar da lokacin da aka ambata a cikin bukkarsu a cikin rudanin rabin kwanciyar hankali. Wasu lokuta sukan fita waje, sai dai kawai su ciji.
A bangare guda, ya bayyana cewa beavers suna cutar da yanayi sosai. Koyaya, suna kawo fa'idodi masu yawa ga yanayin ƙasa. A wuraren da ake gina madatsun ruwa kuma ambaliyar ta faru, kifaye da yawa suna barnatar, kwari na cikin ruwa suna haifar da ingantaccen wurare kuma manyan wurare masu ruwa-ruwa.
Waɗannan dabbobin, ba shakka, suna hallaka yawancin bishiyoyi, amma galibin waɗanda suke kusa da ruwa kawai suke faɗi. Ba su da'awar ƙarin. Beavers sun yi nasarar amfani da kututturen bishiyoyin da suka fadi don yin madatsun ruwa, amma twigs, leded na halitta, ganyayyaki da haushi suna ko'ina.
Kogi
Wannan dabba ce mai tsaka-mai-ruwa, mafi girma a girma, tana zaune a cikin Tsohuwar Duniya, yankin yanki-kurmi na Rasha, Mongolia, China. Sun zauna tare da bankunan koguna tare da jinkirin kwarara, canjin ban ruwa, tafkuna da sauran jikin ruwa, bankunan da ke rufe bishiyoyi da bushes.
Harshen Kanada
A bayyanar, tana da bambanci da mai bibiyar kogin da yake da jiki mara nauyi, gajeriyar kawuna da manyan kunnuwa. Launin launi - baƙi mai launin shuɗi ko launin ruwan kasa. Tana zaune kusan ko'ina cikin Amurka (ban da Florida da mafi yawan Nevada da California), a Kanada, ban da yankunan arewacin.
An gabatar da shi a cikin kasashen Scandinavia, daga inda ya sami izinin shiga Leningrad Yankin da Karelia.
Wadannan nau'ikan beavers suna da lambobi daban-daban na kwayoyi kuma basu ƙetare ba.
Habitat
Inda beavers suke rayuwa ba shi da wahalar tantancewa. Lura da bishiyoyin da suka faɗi tare da sifofi iri iri da aka yanka a kusa da tafkunan, kazalika da bishiyoyin da aka shirya da madatsun ruwa, zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa suna wani wuri kusa. Gidan gidan beaver zai kasance babban nasara - wannan tuni alama ce ta babu makawa game da kasancewar dangin abokantaka. Sun zauna a kan gandun daji, tare da jinkirin halin yanzu, ƙananan koguna, rafuffuka, tafkuna, tabkuna.
A cikin ƙarnin farko na karni na ƙarshe, mashaya a cikin yanayi na iya ɓacewa gabaɗaya a yawancin ƙasashe na duniya. Babu banda ke nan Russia. An yi sa'a, an gyara yanayin saboda godiya ga matakan da aka ɗauka don kare waɗannan dabbobin.
Beaver yanzu yana jin kyauta kusan a cikin ƙasar. Yankin Turai na Rasha, Yenisei basin, Kudancin Yammacin Siberiya, Kamchatka - waɗannan sune wuraren da beavers ke zaune.
Rayuwa da halaye
Idan ba iska a cikin ruwa, mai bea zai iya zama na kusan rabin kwata. Jin jin hatsarin, dabba tana yin ruwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa. A lokaci guda, yana murza wutsiyarsa da ƙarfi a cikin ruwa, abin da ya zama abin faɗakarwa ga 'yan uwansa.
Dogara mai dogaro ga makiya (bera, ƙyarkeci, Wolverine) sanyi shine hular gidansa. Ko da a cikin tsananin sanyi yana da zafi, tururi yana gudana ta hanyar buɗe mazaunin lokacin lokacin hunturu - ya zama bayyananne yadda yanayin hunturu beavers.
A lokacin rani, rodents suna samun abinci, suna gina madatsun ruwa da bukkoki. Suna aiki da yamma har gari ya waye. M hakoran beaver mai hakora suna sintiri ta, alal misali, murza wuta tare da diamita na 12 cm a cikin rabin sa'a. Sama da bishiyoyi masu kauri zasu iya aiki a jere tsawon dare. Ana iya jin wannan sautin beaver tsawon mita ɗari.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Babban ma'aunin zabar wurin zama na dabbobi cikin yanayi shine wadatar abinci. Abincin Beaver yana da bambanci sosai.
Suna cinikin bishiyar bishiyoyi da ke girma kusa da tafkunan, tsire-tsire na ruwa. Suna son jin daɗin haushi da Aspen, Linden, Willow. Bishiyoyi, farji, katako, zobo da sauran tsire-tsire sune abubuwan da beavers ke ci.
Masana ilimin kimiyya waɗanda suka lura da rayuwarsu da abin da 'yan bea ke ci a cikin yanayi sun ƙidaya har zuwa tsirrai daban-daban 300 waɗanda ke zama abinci ga dabbobi.
Yawancin mashaya suna zaune a cikin dangi kuma suna kula da lafiyar 'danginsu' - suna gina gidaje, suna tanadin abinci don hunturu. Suna kwance cikin hanzari a kasan reshen reshen itace da ake ci a cikin hunturu. Irin wannan hannun jari a kowace iyali ya kai dozin ko maƙiyin mita.
Idan, saboda hanyar kogin, ba zai yiwu a kwance “cellar” shi ba, beavers suna fita zuwa ƙasa a cikin hunturu don abinci da dare. Suna da haɗari sosai: 'yan bea suna yin jinkiri a ƙasa sauƙaƙe cikin rikice-rikicen mafarautan ƙafa huɗu, galibi kyarkeci.
Entirƙirai mai kyau
Girman jikin beaver shine kilogiram 30, tsayin jikin mutum ya kai 1-1.5 m, mace yawanci kadan ne girmanta fiye da maza. Entararraki yana da ƙima mai ƙima, kunnuwa ƙananan, kafafu ne gajeru, ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Uwar beaver ta ƙunshi yadudduka biyu: a saman akwai gashin kansa mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, kuma a ƙarƙashinta akwai farin toka wanda yake kare beaver daga hypothermia. Wutsiyar ba dan komai ba ce, baƙar fata, ba ta da faɗi, an rufe ta da Sikeli. Kusa da gindin wutsiyar akwai gland guda biyu waɗanda ke samar da abu mai ƙanshi wanda aka sani da rafin beaver.
Aure
A kan manyan bankunan da ke da ƙasa mai wahala, beavers sun tono ramuka. Entranceofar zuwa gare su tana ƙarƙashin ruwa. Nora beaver abu ne mai wahalar fasali tare da ƙwanƙwasawa da dama, kyamarori, ƙofar shiga da fita. Abubuwan da ke tsakanin "ɗakuna" suna kulle sosai, ana tsabtace tsabta a ciki. Dabbobin suna zubar da ragowar abincin a cikin kogi kuma Ruwan ya kwashe su.
Sunan gidan beaver, wanda ya bambanta da rami, za a iya fahimtar sa ta hanyar bayyana, yana kama da ƙaramin gida mai rufin kankara. Dabbobin sun fara gina karamin 'daki' daya har zuwa tsayi daya da rabi.
Yana amfani da rassa na tsayi da kauri daban-daban, yumbu, ciyawa. Ganuwar suna gundura da silt da yumbu, smoothes su, biting mai danko rassan. Chipswallan katako suna rufe "bene". Wannan bukka ce ta beaver.
Tare da fadada dangi, shugaban kulawarsa yana kammalawa da fadada wurin zama. Gidan bukin beaver ya cika tare da sabon "ɗakuna", ana sake gina wani bene.
Gidan Beaver na iya isa mita 3-da mita a tsayi! Hardarfin aiki da injiniya na dabbar suna da ban mamaki.
Siffofin Ciyar da Beaver
'Yan beavers suna matsayin garkuwar dabbobi. Abincinsu ya haɗa da haushi da harbe daga bishiyoyi (Aspen, Willow, poplar, Birch), tsire-tsire iri iri (lily na ruwa, ƙananan kwai, iris, cattail, Reed). Hakanan zasu iya cin hazel, linden, Elm, ceri tsuntsu. Acorns da yardar rai ci. Babban hakora da kuma cizo mai ƙarfi beavers suna cin abinci mai tsabta iri iri, kuma microflora na hanjin hanjinsu yana narke abinci mai kyau.
Adadin abinci na yau da kullun da ake buƙata ya kai 20% na nauyin beaver.
A lokacin bazara, ciyawar ciyawa ta fi yawa a cikin abincin beavers; a damina, ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwayoyi suna girke ciyawar ciyawar don hunturu. Kowane iyali yana adana 60-70 m3 na itace. 'Yan bea suna barin hannun jari a cikin ruwa, inda suke kula da halayen abincinsu har zuwa ƙarshen hunturu.
Tsarin Beaver
Har ya zuwa karni na ashirin, 'yan bea sun bazu sosai, amma saboda wargajewar ɗumbin jama'a, yankunansu ya ragu kwanan nan. Ana samun nau'in beaver a Turai, Rasha, China da Mongolia. Abokinsa mafi kusanci, mai bibiyar Kanada, yana zaune a Arewacin Amurka.
Na kowa ko Beas Beaver (Castor fiber)
Tsawon jiki shine 1-1.3 m, tsayi kusan 35.5 cm, nauyi yana cikin kewayon 30-32 kg. Jikin ne squat, kafafu ya gajarta da yatsu biyar, kafafun hindu sun fi gaban gaba. Tsakanin yatsun suna membranes na ruwa. Claws suna da ƙarfi, lebur. Wutsiya mai sihiri ce mai kauri, lebur, ya kai cm 30 a tsayi, fadila ya ke muradi 10-13. Wutsiyar farfajiyar kawai take gindin, ragowar farjinta an rufe shi da garkuwar ƙaho.Idanun suna kanana, kunnuwa suna da fadi, gajeru, dan kadan suna tsallake saman wando. A karkashin ruwa, ramin kunne da hanci sun rufe, akwai membranes masu fashewa da kyau a idanu. An bambanta masalahar ta kyawawan furcinsa wanda aka yi da farin gashi daga ciki da kuma farin siliki. Launin launi yana daga haske daga kirjin zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, wani lokacin baƙar fata. Wutsiya da ƙafafun baƙi ne. Shedding yana faruwa sau ɗaya a shekara.
A cikin yankin anal akwai wadatattun gland, wen da abin da ake kira "beaver flow", ƙanshi wanda ya zama jagora ga sauran beavers, yayin da yake bayar da rahoton iyakar iyali.
Abubuwan da aka fi sani da wake suna yaduwa a cikin Turai (ƙasashen Scandinavia, Faransa, Jamus, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine), a Rasha, Mongolia da China.
Halayyar Beaver
Beavers yawanci suna zaune tare da gabar koguna na kogi, koguna da tabkuna. Ba su rayuwa a koguna masu yawa da kuma sauri, kazalika da wuraren ajiye ruwa wanda ke daskarewa zuwa ƙasa a cikin hunturu. Don waɗannan sandunan, ciyayi na itace-ciyawar bishiyoyi tare da bankunan wuraren tafki, da kuma yawan ciyayi da kuma ciyayin tsibirai masu bakin teku masu mahimmanci. A wuraren da suka dace, suna gina madatsun ruwa daga bishiyoyin da suka faɗi, suna gina filayen kwari, kuma suna narke dabbobin zuwa madatsar ruwa.
Beavers suna da gidaje iri biyu: ɓarke da bukka. Gidajen suna kama da tsibiri masu iyo da ruwa na cakuda itace da toka, tsayin su ya kai mita 1-3, diamita har zuwa 10 m, ƙofar tana ƙarƙashin ruwa. A cikin irin wannan bukkoki, 'yan beapers suna kwana, suna yin abinci don hunturu, a ɓoye daga mafarauta.
An tono burrows ta hanyar burrows a kan tsaunukan tudu da tsaurara, waɗannan sune wuraren wahalar gida tare da hanyoyin shiga 4-5. Ganuwar da matakin rufi da tamp. A ciki, a cikin zurfin of 1 m, an shirya ɗakuna mai rai har zuwa 1 fadi da faɗin 40-50 cm. Kasa tana 20 cm sama da matakin ruwa.
'Yan Beavers suna iyo da kyau, a karkashin ruwa na iya zama mintoci 10-15, kuma yin iyo yayin wannan lokacin har zuwa 750 m.
Beavers suna rayuwa biyun a lokaci guda kuma iyalan mutane 5-8. Wannan dangi sun kwashe shekaru da yawa suna mamaye yankin sa. 'Yan beavers ba sa fita daga ruwa 200. Rirgiyoyi suna nuna iyakokin yankin tare da rafin beaver.
Babban lokutan ayyukan beaver shine dare da maraice.
Beaver kiwo
'Yan Beavers suna kamar matan aure. Kiwo yakan faru sau ɗaya a shekara. Lokacin mating yana farawa a tsakiyar Janairu kuma zai ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen Fabrairu. Cutar ciki tana kwana 105-107. A cikin tsintsiya ɗaya, ana haife 1-6an 1-6 a watan Afrilu-Mayu. Yara an haife su rabin gani, kuma suna da kyau, nauyinsu ya kai kilogiram 0.45. Bayan 'yan kwanaki daga baya suna iya rigaya iyo. Matar za ta koya musu yadda ake iyo, kuma fitar da su daga bukka zuwa cikin layin karkashin ruwa. A makonni 3-4, beavers fara cin ganye da mai tushe daga ganyaye, har zuwa watanni 3, mahaifiyar tana ciyar da su da madara. Matashi girma yana rayuwa tare da iyaye har zuwa shekaru biyu, bayan haka ya kai ga balaga har ya fara rayuwa mai zaman kanta.
A cikin zaman talala, beavers suna da tsawon rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 35, a yanayi na 10-17.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da sandent:
- Babbar ruwan dare ita ce mafi girma a Turai kuma ta biyu mafi girma a cikin duniya bayan capybara.
- Kalmar "beaver" ta fito ne daga yaren Indo-Turai sannan kuma ba ta cika bayyana sunan launin ruwan kasa ba.
- Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, dusar ƙanƙara ta shahara sosai a Amurka, Turai da Rasha, saboda abin da aka rage yawan garkuwar waɗannan dabbobi: mutane keɓaɓɓu 6-8 na mutane 1200 suka ragu. Don adana kallo, an hana farauta biyun. Yanzu beaver na yau da kullun yana da ƙarancin haɗari, kuma babbar barazanar ita ce matakan ɗaukar ƙasa, gurɓataccen ruwa da tsirrai masu amfani da wutar lantarki.
- Baya ga kyakkyawar furfura mai kyan gani, mai dorewa, beavers shine tushen rafin beaver, wanda ake amfani dashi a cikin turare da magani. Nama mai nama yakan zama mai sa'a, amma yana iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin salmonellosis. Dangane da coons coci ana daukar lemu ne.
- A shekara ta 2006, an gano wani abu mai ɗauke da bera a cikin garin Bobruisk (Belarus). Hakanan, zane-zane na wannan sandent suna cikin gidan dabbobi na Alpine (Innsbruck, Austria).
Fasali da mazaunin giya
A cikin tsari na rodents, wannan dabbar dabbar ita ce mafi girma, ya kai kilogiram 30 kuma mafi nauyi. Jikin mutum squat ne da tsawonsa har zuwa m 1.5, tsawansa zuwa kusan cm 30. Gajerun kafafu tare da yatsu biyar, a cikinsu akwai membranes. Kafafun kafafun hindu sun fi ƙarfin gaba.
Claws suna da ƙarfi, juya da kuma kwance. A yatsan na biyu, kamfen yana bifurcated, yayi kama da tsefe. Wannan shine abin da dabbar ke amfani dashi don magance mayi mai kyan gani da ƙima. Jawo yana kunshe da daskararren gashi da dumin daskararru, amintaccen kariya daga hauhawar jini, tunda yana jika da ruwa.
Zafin kitse mai ƙyalli, wanda yake riƙe da zafin ciki, shima yana tsirarwa daga sanyi. Yankunan launi na ulu daga kirji zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kusan baki, kamar paws da wutsiya.
Saboda kyakkyawan fur da kyan gaske, dabbar an kusan lalata ta kamar jinsina: akwai mutane da yawa da suke so su sami abin sawa da hula daga fata ta dabba. A ƙarshe beaver kara a cikin jerin ja littafin dabbobi.
Wutsiyar dabbar tana kama da itacen ora na 30 cm a ciki da fadi da santimita 11- 13 An rufe farfajiya da manyan sikeli da kuma taurin wuya. Halin wutsiya da wasu fasalulluka sun bambanta Euraiyanci ko beaver na kowa daga dangin Amurka (Kanada).
A wutsiya akwai wen da gland biyu don samar da abubuwa masu kamshi, wadanda ake kira rafin beaver. Sirrin wen shine adana bayanai game da mutum (shekaru, jinsi), kamshi yana nuna iyakokin yankin da aka mallaka. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine bambancin rafin beaver, kamar yatsan yatsa a cikin mutum. Ana amfani da abun cikin turare.
A cikin hoto beaver
Dogayen kunnuwa da suke fitowa daga ulu suna bayyane akan ƙaramin ƙyalli. Duk da girman gabobin audit, dabbar dabbar tana da kyau kwarai da gaske. Lokacin da hanci yake nutsuwa cikin ruwa, kunnuwan dabbobin suna rufe, idanun suna kariyar "karni na uku" kuma ana kiyaye shi daga raunin da ya faru.
Kwayar walƙiya tana ba ku damar ganin dabbar a cikin ruwa mai ɗaci. Hakanan an kirkiro lebe bea musamman musamman don kada ya narke, ruwa baya shiga ramin bakin magana idan ya narke.
Manyan ƙwayoyin huhu suna ba dabba damar iyo, ba tare da ya bayyana a saman ruwa ba, har zuwa 700 m, yana ɗaukar kimanin mintina 15. Ga dabbobin ruwa masu ruwa-ruwa, waɗannan lambobin rikodin ne.
Rayuwa dabbobin dabbobi cikin zurfin jigilar ruwa mai ɗauke da ruwa. Waɗannan su ne tafkunan daji, tafkuna, koguna, rafuffuka, bankuna na tafki. Babban yanayin shine ciyayi na bakin teku masu arziki na duwatsu masu laushi, ciyayi da ciyawa. Idan wuri mai faɗi bai dace sosai ba, to, beaver ɗin yana aiki akan canza yanayi, kamar magini.
Da zarar an kafa dabbobi ko'ina cikin Turai da Asiya, sai dai ban da Kamchatka da Sakhalin. Amma wargajewa da ayyukan tattalin arziki ya haifar da lalata yawancin ɓangarorin beavers. Aikin ci gaba ya ke har zuwa yau, masu bi a cikin gida suna zama a cikin ruwa.
Halin Beaver da salon rayuwa
'Yan Beavers sune dabbobin ruwa masu ruwa-ruwa wadanda suke jin kwarin gwiwa a cikin ruwa, iyo da kyau, nutsewa, da kan tudu beaver Yana da gani m dabba.
Ayyukan dabbobi suna ƙaruwa da maraice kuma da farawar dare. A lokacin rani za su iya aiki na awanni 12. Sai kawai a cikin hunturu, a cikin tsananin sanyi, ba su barin wuraren zama ba. Burrows ko abin da ake kira bukkoki - Waɗannan wuraren wuraren zama ne na iyalan biyun.
Ruwan ƙofar Mink yana ɓoye ta ruwa kuma ya haifar da rikitattun hanyoyi na yankuna na bakin teku. Fitocin gaggawa na tabbatar da lafiyar dabbobi. Gidajan mazaunin da ta fi girma mita kuma kusan 50 cm tsayi koyaushe yana saman matakin ruwa.
Beaver na iya gina madatsun ruwa wanda zai iya tallafawa nauyin mutum.
Taron takamala na musamman yana kiyaye wurin akan kogin inda rami yake daga daskarewa hunturu. Udaurin beavers ɗin yayi daidai da ƙwarewar masu zanen kaya. Ana aiwatar da bukatan bukkoki a kan manya-manyan shinge ko kananan bankuna. Waɗannan su ne siffofin kamannin-siffofi har zuwa 3 m high na brushwood, silt da lãka.
Yankada mai zurfi a ciki, har zuwa girman mm 12. A saman akwai rami don iska, kuma a ƙasa akwai manholes don nutsewa cikin ruwa. A cikin hunturu, ana sanya dumi a ciki, babu kankara, beavers suna iya nutsar da kansu a cikin tafki. Saro a kan bukka a ranar sanyi wani alama ce ta mazauni.
Don kula da matakin da ake bukata na ruwa da kuma kiyaye masauki da kwari, masu gadin wurin sun sanya madatsun madatsun ruwa, ko madatsun ruwa, daga magudanun bishiyun bishiyoyi, itacen katako da silt. Koda duwatsu masu nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 18 ana samun su don ƙarfafa ginin.
A matsayinka na mai mulki, tsarin madatsar ruwan itace, wanda ya cika da kayan gini har zuwa tsawon 30, tsauni zuwa 2 m, kuma har zuwa m 6. Tsarin yana iya tsayar da nauyin kowane mutum.
A cikin hoto, Nora Beaver
Lokacin gini yana ɗaukar makonni 2-3. Sannan masu sa ido suna lura da amincin abin da aka gina da kuma aiwatar da "gyara" kamar yadda ya cancanta. Suna aiki a cikin iyalai, suna rarraba nauyin, kamar dai sakamakon ingantaccen tsari ne wanda ba shi da kuskure.
Rodents sauƙi a jimre a cikin mintuna 5 tare da bishiyoyi har zuwa 7-8 cm a diamita, ƙwanƙwasa tsokoki a gindi. Tare da manyan bishiyoyi, har zuwa 40 cm a diamita, copes na dare. Yanke sassa, yawon shakatawa zuwa gida ko dam yana gudana cikin tsari da tsari ba tare da tsayawa ba.
Wani irin dabbar dabbobi a cikin gidansa, bayyane ta wurin zama. Ba wai kawai gidajen zama ba, har ma tashoshi masu amfani da kayan gini da abinci ana haɗa su, basu da tarkace da tarkace abinci.
Hanyoyi, gidaje, filayen gini - komai yana hade kuma an tsaftace shi. An ƙirƙiri wuri mai faɗi na musamman, wanda ake kira beaver. Sadarwar dabbobi na faruwa ne tare da taimakon alamomi masu ƙanshin jijiyoyi, da saututtukan sautsi, masu kama da whistles, wutsiya wutsiya.
Ruwa na ruwa - ƙararrawa da umarni don ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Babban makiya a cikin yanayi sune karnuka, dawakai, bears launin ruwan kasa. Amma an lalata wata babbar illa ga mutanen da beaver mutane suka yi.
Beaver - dabba-mai aiki da kwanciyar hankali game da yanayin rayuwar iyali mai natsuwa. A lokacinsu na kyauta, suna kulawa da sutturar Jawo, suna sanya shi tare da ɓoyewa daga glandon sebaceous, suna kare shi daga danshi.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Matan sun mamaye gidan beaver; sunada girma sosai. Lokacin aure yana wucewa a cikin hunturu, daga tsakiyar Janairu zuwa Fabrairu.
A cikin hoto, beaver cub
Har zuwa Mayu, gurnation na pups waɗanda aka haifa daga 1 zuwa 6 na kimanin kilogiram 0.5 cikin nauyi yana ƙarewa. Brood galibi yana dauke da 2-4a 2-4an 2-4. Beavers, mai gani da gashi, bayan kwanaki 2 tuni sun iyo karkashin kulawar uwarsu.
Yara sun kewaye shi da kulawa, ciyar da madara ya kai kwanaki 20, sannan a hankali sai suka sauya zuwa shuka abinci. Shekaru 2, matasa suna zaune a cikin da'irar mahaifa, kuma bayan sun kai ga balaga, sun kirkiro yankin nasu da kuma sabon yanki. A dabi'a, rayuwar mai kogin ruwa tana da tsawon shekaru 12 zuwa 17, kuma a zaman bauta ya ninka shi ninki biyu.
Nau'in biyun mai biyun tare da zuriya na shekaru na farko da na biyu na rayuwa suna zama ƙungiyoyi a cikin yankin da ke da mazauni tare da tsarin rayuwarsu. Sakewarsu, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna da tasirin gaske kan yanayin rayuwar muhalli.
Akwai wasu lokuta lokacin da ginin bea haifar da lalata hanyoyi ko hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa. Amma mafi sau da yawa fauna na beaver wadataccen ruwa mai tsabta da kifaye, tsuntsaye, mazaunan gandun daji.
Menene beavers yi kama?
Kafin fada yadda beavers suke, ina son in dan yi karin bayani. Mafi sau da yawa, ta amfani da kalmomin beaver da beaver, mutane suna nufin abu ɗaya ne - shine, kai tsaye mai ƙarfi. Amma waɗannan kalmomin guda biyu suna da ma’anoni daban-daban. Don haka, wani bea sunan dabba ne, kuma furcinsa ana kiran sa da beaver.
To menene beavers yayi kama? Wani beaver yayi kama da babban rodent. Tsawon jikin dabbar ya kai mita 1, tsayi - har zuwa 35 cm, tare da nauyin jikin mutum mai nauyin 32. Tsawon wutsiyar bewa ya kai 30 cm, kuma faɗin nisansa ya kai cm 13. Gaskiya mai ban mamaki na waɗannan rodents shine cewa mace tayi girma fiye da maza a girma.
Beaver na al'ada yana da gajerun kafafu da jikin squat. Kafafun hawayen gwanayen kogin suna da ƙarfi sosai da gaban gaba. Yanka na biyu na kafafu na baya yana da kambori wanda aka zage shi - mai gemu yana kawo furcinsa kamar tsefe. Waɗannan dabbobin suna kulawa da kyau a sanadin "gashin gashi".
A kan cinyoyin sa, sandent yana da membranes na iyo da kauri mai kauri. Beavers suna kama da sabon abu saboda wutsiyarsu mai ban mamaki. Wutsiyar bea yayi kama da dabbar dambu, lebur ne, ba gashi kuma an rufe shi da sikeli mai ban tsoro.
Wani beaver na yau da kullun yana da babban kai tare da kunkuntar ƙuƙwalwa, ƙananan idanu da manyan abubuwan ɓoye a gaban. Hakoran beaver na musamman ne, an lullube su da daskararre mai ɗorewa, suna girma duk rayuwarsu da niƙa. Beaver na al'ada yana da ƙananan kunne da gajerun kunnuwa, waɗanda a bayyane suke bayyane a cikin lokacin farin ciki. Duk da wannan, dabba tana da kyakkyawan ji.
Beavers suna kama da barons na gaske, saboda suna da kyawawan Jawo. Jawo beaver yana da yadudduka biyu, wanda ke ba da wannan ƙarfin ƙarfe tare da ɗumi da bushewa a cikin lokacin sanyi. Farkon fage mai gashin gashi ya ƙunshi madaidaicin gashi mai gashi, na biyu kuma siliki ne mai kauri sosai. Hakanan, mai kogin kogin daga sanyi yana kiyaye kasancewar kitse a fata.
Beavers suna kama da rashin daidaituwa saboda launi. Jawo na beaver na kowa yana da haske a kirji ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, wani lokacin ma baki. Wutsiya da ƙashin dabbar suna da baki. Wutsiyar beaver na al'ada yana da adipose da gland na musamman.
Abincin mai ƙanshi wanda gishiyoyin wutsiyar wutsiya suka kawo shi ake kira rafin beaver. Kuma sirrin wen yana dauke da dukkan bayanai game da mai shi, yana dauke da bayani game da shekarun sa da jinsi. Magana game da sauran yan beavers game da iyakokin yankin yankuna shine ƙanshin ruwan beaver, wanda yake na kowa ne daban. A cikin daji, beaver na talakawa yana rayuwa tsawon shekaru 15.
Ina masu bea suke zaune?
Beavers suna zaune a cikin Turai (ƙasashen Scandinavia), a Faransa (ƙananan rafin kogin Rhone), a cikin Jamus (ginin kogin Elbe) da kuma Poland (rafin kogin Vistula). Haka kuma ana samun Beavers a cikin gandun daji da yankuna-steppe na yankin Turai na Rasha, a Belarus, a Ukraine.
A Rasha, wani bea yana zaune a Arewacin Trans-Urals. Beavers suna zaune daban daban a saman kogin Yenisei, a Kuzbass (Yankin Kemerovo), Yankin Baikal, Yankin Khabarovsk, a Kamchatka, cikin Yankin Tomsk. Bugu da kari, ana samun beavers a Mongolia da kuma a arewa maso yamma China.
Beavers suna zaune tare da cikakken kayan aiki don rayuwar rayuwar rabin ruwa. Ramin kunnuwansu da hanci sun rufe ƙarƙashin ruwa. Kuma membranes masu walƙiya na musamman suna rufe idanunsu, wanda ya basu damar gani sosai a cikin ruwa. An tsara katangar bakin don kada ruwa ya shiga ciki yayin da dabbar ke aiki a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Aikin bututu a cikin ruwa ana yin shi da wutsin beaver.
'Yan Beavers suna rayuwa, sun gwammace su mamaye bankunan koguna da tafkuna, tafkuna da tafkuna. Ba za su guje wa koguna masu yawa ba, har ma da tafkunan da suke daskarewa zuwa ƙasa a cikin hunturu. Ga waɗannan sandunan, kasancewar bishiyoyi daga katako mai taushi, kasancewar ciyawar ruwa, ciyawar ciyayi da ciyayi a cikin yankunan bakin teku da gefen rafin yana da mahimmanci.
Beavers suna nutsewa da yin iyo sosai. Godiya ga manyan huhunsu, zasu iya kasancewa a cikin ruwa har zuwa mintina 15 kuma suna iyo a wannan lokacin har zuwa mita 750. Saboda haka, beavers suna da karfin gwiwa akan ruwa fiye da ƙasa.
Ta yaya beavers suke rayuwa?
Beavers suna zaune a cikin iyalai (har mutum 8) ko kuma su kaɗai. Iyalin sun hada da ma'aurata da ma'aurata biyu (broods a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata). Iyalai za su iya amfani da wannan rukunin yanar gizon don tsararraki. Kananan tafkunan suna aiki ne da maroka guda ko iyali guda. Manyan rijiyoyin suna ɗaukar iyalai da yawa, kuma tsawon kowane ɗayan dangi na ginin a gefen tekun ya tashi daga mita 300 zuwa kilomita 3. Beavers suna zaune kusa da ruwa kuma basa motsawa sama da mita 200 daga gabar teku.
Tsawon tsarin tsarin iyali ya dogara da yawan ciyarwa. A wuraren da ciyayi suke da yawa, ɓangarorin waɗannan dabbobin zasu iya iyaka da juna har ma da rarrabuwa. Alamar iyakokin ƙasarsu. 'Yan Beavers suna sadarwa ta amfani da alamun mara kyau.'Yan beavers suna magana da kansu tare da taimakon ɗabi'a, suna busawa da wutsiya akan ruwa kuma suna kururuwa kamar su. Idan kuma akwai haɗari, mai bewa ya kashe wutsiyarsa da ƙarfi a cikin ruwa ya mutu. Irin wannan runtsin yana ba da ƙararrawa ga duk masu bea a cikin kunnuwan kunne.
A dare da maraice, beavers suna zaune da himma. A lokacin rani, sukan bar gidajensu a safiya kuma suna aiki har gari ya waye. A cikin kaka, beavers shirya don hunturu kuma fara girbi abinci. Ranar da ake aiki tana karuwa zuwa awa 10. A cikin hunturu, beavers suna rayuwa da karfi, ayyukan kwadago yana raguwa kuma yana motsawa zuwa hasken rana. Beavers hunturu, kusan ba su bayyana a farfajiya ba, amma ba su fada cikin rashin himma ba. A yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa da −20 ° C, beaver yana hibernates a cikin kewaye da danginsa, yana zaune a gidansa mai daɗi.
Beavers suna gina sabon gida a ƙarshen watan Agusta. Kada kawunansu beavers ba su shiga cikin gine-gine, amma masu bea suna aiki sosai. Amma menene ake kiran gidan beaver? A cikin mazaunin biha guda biyu, ana samun nau'ikan gidaje biyu. A kashin farko, ana kiran gidan beaver a matsayin burgo. Beavers suna rayuwa cikin ɓoyewa, Suna haƙa su a cikin tsaunukan m. Don tsaro, ƙofar zuwa irin wannan gidan beaver koyaushe yana ƙarƙashin ruwa. Beaver burrows wani nau'in labyrinth ne wanda ke da shigarwa 4. Ganuwar da rufin biran burushi suna bi da kyau a hankali.
Gidan zama na beaver a cikin ramin yana cikin zurfin mita 1 da faɗi kaɗan kaɗan daga mita, a tsawo na 50 cm. Kasa koyaushe tana saman matakin ruwa. Idan ruwan da yake cikin kogin ya hau, mai gadin ya ɗaga bene, yana narkar da ƙasa daga rufin. Dukkanin ayyukan beaver an ayukace su da sha'awar su na aminci da ta'aziyya. Inda ba shi yiwuwa a tono ramuka, an gina gidaje kai tsaye a kan ruwa a wani yanki na rafin. Irin wannan mazaunin gidan bea ana kiran shi bukka kuma masu yin bea suna gina waɗannan ɗakunan ruwa bisa ginin dam.
Buƙatun beaver suna da yanayin iskar siffa mai kaurin kansu wanda yake fitowa daga ruwa. Tsawon irin wannan gidan beaver ya kai mita 3 da diamita wanda ya kai mita 12, ƙofar gidan yana ƙarƙashin ruwa. An gina bukkar bea daga tarin katako, wanda aka haɗa shi gaba ɗaya da ƙasa. Beavers suna rufe ganuwar gidansu da sill da yumbu. Don haka, bukkar gidan bea ya zama shinge mai ƙarfi, iska ta shiga ta rami a cikin rufin.
A cikin bukkar beaver akwai wurare a cikin ruwa da wani dandamali, wanda ke saman matakin ruwa. Lokacin da sanyi ya zo, beavers bugu da allyari yana amfani da sabon yumɓu na yumɓu zuwa bukka ta amfani da paws na gaba. A cikin hunturu, buhunan beaver suna da ingantaccen zazzabi, ruwan da ke jikin nassin bai cika rufewar da kankara ba, kuma beavers sun tafi a hankali a karkashin kantin tafki. A cikin hunturu, tururi ya mamaye bukkoki biran biyun. 'Yan bea suna da tsabta, suna lura da tsabtar gidansu, basu taɓa rufe shi ba.
A jikin ruwa inda ruwa ke canzawa, beavers suna gina madatsun ruwa ko madatsun ruwa. Kuma me yasa masanan bea ke gina madatsun ruwa? Dam beaver yana ba su damar haɓakawa da kuma kula da matakin ruwa a cikin tafki, don tsara shi ta yadda ba za a toshe ƙofofin zuwa bukkokin. Dam din ya tabbatar da aminci da amincin bukin beaver. 'Yan beavers suna gina madatsun ruwa daga rassa, katako da bishiyoyin bishiya, suna ɗaure su da yumɓu, silt da sauran kayan. Idan akwai duwatsun a ƙasa, suma ana amfani dasu a gini.
Beavers suna gina madatsun ruwa a wuraren da bishiyoyi suke girma kusa da tudu. Gina dam beaver yana farawa ne da cewa beavers sun nutse kuma a tsaye suna manne da kututture a kasan, karfafa gibba tare da rassa kuma a cike giram da buzun, yumbu, duwatsu. Idan akwai bishiya da ya fada cikin kogin, to yawanci yana amfani dashi azaman goyan baya. Beavers a hankali yana rufe shi daga dukkan bangarorin tare da kayan gini. Sau da yawa rassa a cikin madatsar beaver suna da tushe, wanda ke ba da ƙarin ƙarfi ga tsarin.
Dam beaver yawanci yakan kai tsawon mita 30, faɗaɗawa zuwa 6 mita, kuma tsayinsa yakai mita 2, amma wani lokacin har zuwa mita 4. Dam beaver tsayayyen tsari ne, yana iya tallafawa nauyin mutum. Matsakaici, gina madatsar ruwa a cikin gidan beaver yana ɗaukar kusan wata guda. Masu bin ruwa da ido suna lura da cewa dam ɗin yana ci gaba da kasancewa cikin takamaiman kuma a gyara shi nan take.
Don gina madatsar beaver da girbi abinci, yan baranda sun sare itatuwa. Suna narkar da su a gindi, gungumen rassan kuma an rarraba gungume zuwa sassa. Itace da yadudduka 7 cm beaver ya fadi a cikin mintuna 5. Itace 40 cm a diamita, wani bea fadi da kuma aiwatar da daddare, saboda haka da safe akwai ragowar kututture da tari mai yawan aski.
Gangar jikin bishiyar, wanda bewar tayi aiki dashi, amma kuma baiyi tururuwa ba, yana daukar sifofi irin na “hourglass”. Ana cinye wasu yan itaciyar bishiyar da ya fadi Suna rushe sauran ko kuma ruwa a kan ruwa zuwa wurin aikin dam ɗin ko gidansu.
Kowace shekara, hanyoyin da aka buge da beavers suna cika da ruwa a hankali, suna samar da tashoshin beaver. A kansu dabbobi ke ciyar da itace. Tsawon irin waɗannan tashoshi na iya isa ɗaruruwan mita. Masu bea koyaushe suna kiyaye tashoshi.
Yankin da aka canza sakamakon ayyukan beavers shine ake kira filin shimfidar wake. Ta ikonsu na canza yanayin kasa, sun zama na biyu ne ga mutum. 'Yan Beavers suna daya daga cikin dabbobi na musamman, saboda sun iya koyo da kuma inganta kwarewarsu duk rayuwarsu.
Me 'yan bea ke ci?
'Yan Beavers masu cin ganyayyaki ne, dabbobi ne na dabbobi iri iri. 'Yan beavers suna ciyar da itaciyar bishiyoyi da harbewa. 'Yan Beavers suna son Birch, Willow, Aspen da poplar. Har ila yau, 'yan Beavers suna cin tsire-tsire iri iri: furannin ruwa, irises, cattail, reeds, kuma wannan jerin suna da sunaye da yawa.
Yawancin bishiyoyi masu laushi suna cika shara'arsu ga mazauninsu. Hazel, Linden, Elm, ceri tsuntsu da wasu bishiyoyi ba su da mahimmanci kuma suna da mahimmanci a cikin abincinsu. Yawancin lokaci basa cin alder da itacen oak, amma suna amfani dasu don gine-gine. Amma dabbar tana cin giyar da yardar rai. Manyan hakora suna ba da damar beavers don iya sarrafa ciyarwar itace cikin sauƙi. Yawancin lokaci, beavers suna ciyar da fewan bishiyar kawai.
A lokacin rani, shi ne yawan abincin ciyawa wanda mai beaver yake ƙaruwa. A cikin kaka, masu beavers fara girbi itace don hunturu. Saboda haka, a cikin hunturu, beavers suna ciyar da hannun jari. An saka beayensu cikin ruwa, inda suke riƙe da halayen abinci mai kyau a duk hunturu.
Ofimar hannun jari a kowace iyali na iya zama babba. Don hana abinci daga daskarewa a kankara, beavers sukan narke shi a ƙasa da ruwa. Sabili da haka, koda lokacin da aka rufe kandami kankara, abincin zai kasance mai sauƙaƙa ga dabbobi kuma za a samar da dangi tare da duk abin da ya kamata.
Beaver Cubs
'Yan Bea suna da aure, da haɗin kai sau ɗaya, suna rayuwa tare duk rayuwarsu kuma suna da aminci ga juna. Mace ta mamaye dangi. Beavers sun zama masu iya kiwo cikin shekaru 2. 'Ya'yan itace ana kawo sau daya a shekara. The mating lokacin yana daga tsakiyar Janairu zuwa ƙarshen Fabrairu. Tsawan lokacin daukar ciki shine watanni 3.5.
A watan Afrilu-Mayu, ana haihuwar bea 2 zuwa 6. 'Ya'yan Beaver ana haihuwar gani, masu kyau-gashi tare da gashi, kuma suna awo kimanin kilogiram 0.5. Bayan kwanaki 2, cuban beaver zai iya yin iyo. Beavers suna kula da 'ya'yansu.
Lokacin da yake wata 1, bebi ya juya ya zama abincin shuka, amma ci gaba da ciyar da madara uwa har zuwa watanni 3. Abubuwan beavers mafi yawa basu barin iyayensu har zuwa wani shekaru 2, bayan wannan za'a sake sabon yanayin girma.
Menene beaver yake da amfani kuma menene beavers ga?
'Yan bea suna da amfani ta yadda bayyanar su a cikin koguna suna da amfani mai amfani ga tsarin muhalli. Beaver yana da amfani musamman don gina madatsun ruwa. Dabbobi da dabbobi masu ruwa iri daban daban suna zama a cikinsu, wanda suke kawo kwai kifi akan alamansu, kuma kifi ya bayyana a cikin tafkin. Ana bukatar masu sa maye saboda madatsar ruwa da suke bayarwa ga tsabtace ruwa, suna jinkirta ɓarkewa da rage ɓarna.
Beavers dabbobi ne masu lumana, amma kuma suna da abokan gaba a dabi'ance - Waɗannan su ne beyar launin ruwan kasa, kyarkeci da dawakai. Amma babban barazanar 'yan bea shine mutum. Sakamakon farauta, wani bea masan yana kan gab da ƙarewa zuwa farkon karni na 20. An lalata masassarar dabbobi saboda kyawun gashinsu. Bugu da kari, suna bayar da rafin beaver, wanda ake amfani dashi a cikin turare da magani.
Don adana wannan dabba mai mahimmanci, an dauki matakan ingantattu don karewa da mayar da lambobin. A farkon karni na 21, beaver ya fara murmurewa. Yanzu beaver na al'ada yana da matsayin ƙarancin haɗari a cikin Littafin Tarihi na Duniya. A halin yanzu, babbar barazanar a gare shi ita ce gurbatar ruwa da gina tsirrai.
Idan kuna son wannan labarin kuma kuna son karanta labarai masu ban sha'awa game da dabbobi, biyan kuɗi zuwa sabuntawar rukunin yanar gizonku don zama farkon wanda ya karɓi kawai mafi sabunta labarai masu ban sha'awa game da mafi yawan dabbobi na duniyarmu.
Take
Kalmar “beaver” an gaji ta ne daga yaren Indo-European ta asali (watau Jamusanci Biber, jam. Bėbros), wanda bai cika sunan mai launin ruwan kasa ba cikakke. Ginin da aka sake ginawa * bhe-bhru-.
Dangane da hanyoyin ilimin harsuna na 1961, kalmar beaver yakamata a yi amfani da shi a ma'anar dabba daga tsarin rodents tare da fur mai mahimmanci, kuma beaver - a ma'anar fur na wannan dabba: abin wuya na beaver, sutura akan dutsen beaver. Koyaya, a cikin yaren da ake magana, kalmar beaver kamar yadda aka saba amfani da kalmar sanya kalmar daidai beaver (as a Fox da fox, ferret da ferret).
Dangane da Kundin Tsarin Harafi na 2004, ƙudurin furtawa beaver, beaver (dabba, fur).
Dam Dam
Abin da sauran abubuwan ban sha'awa da jin daɗin rayuwar dabba shine yadda beavers ke gina madatsar ruwa. Suna can ƙasan hanyar zama.
Irin wadannan tsare-tsaren suna hana zurfin kogin kuma suna taimakawa da zubewar sa. Kuma, sabili da haka, bayar da gudummawa ga mahalli na dabbobi a wuraren ambaliyar, ƙara ikon neman abinci. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa beavers ke gina madatsun ruwa.
Irin wadannan dabaru suma ana kokarin inganta lafiyar rayuwa. Wannan kuma wani bayani ne game da dalilin da yasa beavers ke gina madatsar ruwa.
Balaga da zurfin kogin, saurin halin yanzu yana ƙayyade abin da madatsar beaver zata kasance. Yakamata ya toshe kogin daga wannan banki zuwa waccan kuma ya kasance mai ƙarfi don kada ya busa rafin. Dabbobi suna zaɓar inda akwai wurin da ya dace don fara gini - bishiyar da ta faɗi, tashar rakumi.
Bean beavers masu aiki tuƙuru suna gina dam, suna ɗaure ƙofa da sanduna a ƙasan kuma suna cike gibin da ke tsakanin su da sandunan wuta, murɗa, yumɓu. Mabiyan Beaver kullun, kowane wata, kowane shekara zuwa shekara yana buƙatar ƙarfafa saboda kar a share su. Amma wannan bai hana beavers ba! A sakamakon haka, madatsar ruwa ta zama mai ƙarfi, bushes da bishiyoyi suna girma a kanta. A kansa zaku iya tafiya daga wannan gefen zuwa wani.
Kuma wannan ba shine kawai abin da 'yan bea suke da amfani ba. Madatsun madatsar ruwa da aka gina su yana ƙaruwa da matakin ruwa, wanda ya dace da kwari na ruwa, yana ba da gudummawa ga adadin kifaye.
Asali
Beavers sun fara bayyana a Asiya, inda har yanzu aka samo asalin halittunsu ga Eocene. Shahararrun mashahuran beavers sune Kattai na Pleistocene, Siberian Tsararren balagaggu da Arewacin Amurka Castoroides ohioensis. Haɓaka ƙarshen ƙarshen, yana hukunci da girman kwanyar, ya kai 2.75 m, kuma babban shine kilogram 350.
Darajar tattalin arziki
Tun zamanin d, a, 'yan itacen mashaya suna hakar ma'adinan saboda kyawawan fur da ke da kyau. Bugu da kari, ana amfani da jet beaver, wanda ake amfani dashi a magani da masana'antar ƙona turare.
An ci naman Beaver. Abin sha'awa, Katolika sun danganta shi da abincin da bai dace ba. Sashin wutsiyar tayi yaudararwa ne, saboda wanda aka dauke rodent din kifi ne. Beaver yana da haɗari saboda kamfani na halitta na salmonellosis.
Gidaje da madatsun ruwa
Beavers suna rayuwa cikin ɓoye ko bukka. Entranceofar gidan beaver koyaushe yana ƙarƙashin ruwa don aminci. Rowsungiyoyin ɓoyayyiya suna maƙarƙashiya a cikin kantuna da kantuna, haɓakaccen ɗakin gidaje masu ƙarancin shiga 4-5. Ganuwan da rufin ramin suna da kyau kuma ana leɓe su. Livingakin zaune a cikin ramin yana daga zurfin da bai wuce mita 1. Girman ɗakin zaune ba shi da ƙari fiye da mita, tsayinsa shine 40-50 santimita. Dole kasan ya zama santimita 20 a saman ruwa. Idan ruwan da yake cikin kogin ya haye, bea ya tasar da bene, yana narkar da ƙasa daga rufin. Saboda haka sashin kogin da ke saman ƙofar zuwa rami a cikin hunturu bai daskarewa kuma ya kulle dabbobi a cikin ramin ba, sun rufe wannan wurin da alfarwa ta musamman. Wani lokacin rufin burgo ya rushe kuma a wurinsa an shirya dunƙule ɓarke biyu na katako da itacen katako, yana mai jujjuya burgo ya zama wani matsugunin canji - rabin sha. A cikin bazara a cikin ambaliyar, beavers suna gina hammocks a saman bushes daga rassa da rassa tare da gado busasshiyar ciyawa.
Wuraren an gina su ne a wuraren da ramin ramuka ba zai yuwu ba - a kan tsaunukan ruwa masu laushi da kanana da kanana. Dayawa daga cikin beavers ba zai fara gina sabbin gidaje ba kafin karshen watan Agusta. Maƙallan suna kama da tari mai kama da kera na itace, wanda aka ɗaure shi da satan da ƙasa, har zuwa 1-3 m da tsayi zuwa mita 10-12. Bangon gidan ya kasance a hankali yana lullube da ɓarna da yumɓu, har ya zama ya zama babban kagara, wanda ba a iya yankewa a game da masu farauta, iska tana gudana ta rami a cikin rufin. Duk da imanin da aka samu, 'yan bea suna amfani da yumbu tare da taimakon goshinsu, ba wutsiya ba (wutsiyar tana aiki ne kawai azaman mai tuƙin iska). A cikin bukka akwai manholes a cikin ruwa da wani dandamali wanda ya haura sama da matakin ruwa. Tare da sanyi na farko, beavers bugu da insuari yana hana bukatan da sabon yumɓu na yumɓu. A cikin hunturu, ana kiyaye ingantaccen zazzabi a cikin bukka, ruwan da yake cikin manholes ɗin ba ya daskarewa, kuma masu bea suna da damar da za su fita zuwa ƙasanƙashin dusar ƙanƙara. A cikin tsananin sanyi a kan bukka ya kasance tururi, wanda alama ce ta mazaunin gidaje. Wani lokacin a cikin ɗayan biaryar beaver akwai kuma hutsuna da burrows. 'Yan Bea suna da tsabta, ba su taɓa zubar da gidajensu tare da tarkace abinci da tarkace.
A cikin wuraren jerawa tare da matakan ruwa na canzawa, haka kuma a cikin rafuffukan rafuka da koguna, iyalan gidan sun gina madatsun ruwa (madatsun ruwa). Wannan yana basu damar haɓakawa, kula da kuma daidaita matakan ruwan a cikin tafki don ba a shigar da ƙofofin shiga bukkoki da burbushin ba kuma sun sami damar isa ga masu farauta. Madatsar ruwa ta dabaibaye garin katako, bishiyoyin bishiyoyi, bishiyoyi da katako, wadanda aka hada su da yumbu, murguda baki, guntu-guntu da sauran kayan da beavers ke kawowa hakora ko goshinsu. Idan jikin ruwan yana da kwarara mai sauri kuma akwai duwatsun a kasa, ana amfani dasu azaman kayan gini. Yawan nauyin duwatsu na wasu lokuta zai kai kilogiram 15-18.
Don gina madatsar ruwa, an zaɓi wuraren da itatuwa ke kusa da ƙarshen bakin. Ana fara ginin da beavers tsaye mai danko rassan rassan da kuma kututture a cikin tushe, yana ƙarfafa gibba da rassan da kuma reeds, ciko gilasai tare da murɗa, yumbu da duwatsu. A matsayin tushen tallafi, suna yawan amfani da katako wanda ya fada cikin kogi, sannu a hankali ya rufe shi da kayan gini daga kowane bangare. Wasu lokuta rassa a cikin madatsar beaver suna da tushe, yana basu karin ƙarfi. Tsawon dam na yau da kullun shine 20-30 m, nisa a ginin shine 4-6 m, a cikin fifiko shine 1-2 m, tsayi zai iya kaiwa zuwa 4.8 m, kodayake yawanci 2 m. Tsohuwar dam ɗin tana iya tsayayya da nauyin mutum. Rikodin a cikin aikin madatsun ruwa, ba na talakawa bane, har ma da 'yan beran Kanada - dam ɗin da aka gina su a bakin kogin. Jefferson (Montana), ya kai tsawon mil 700 (a cikin jihar New Hampshire akwai dogon dam - 1.2 kilomita.) Siffar madatsar ta dogara da saurin yanzu - inda yake da jinkiri, madatsar ruwa ta kusan kai tsaye, tana jingina da kogunan sauri. sama-sama. Idan halin yanzu yana da ƙarfi sosai, beaver ta kafa ƙaramin madatsun madatsun ruwan sama. Ana yin magudin magudanar ruwa a ƙarshen ƙarshen dam ɗin don kada ya fashe ambaliyar. A matsakaita, dangin beaver yana ɗaukar kusan mako guda don gina madatsar ruwa 10. Beavers a hankali suna kiyaye amincin dam ɗin kuma ku ɗora shi a yayin da ruwan ya fita. Wasu lokuta wasu iyalai da yawa da ke aiki a cikin juzu'i suna aiki a cikin ginin.
Babban taimako ga binciken yanayin halayen bea a lokacin gina madatsun ruwa ya yi ne daga masanin ilmin kimiya na kasar Sweden Don Wilson (1971) da kuma masanin ilimin dabbobi na Faransa Richard (1967, 1980). Sai ya juya cewa babban mai kara kuzari ga ginin shine amo na ruwa mai kwarara.Samun kyakkyawar ji, masakiya ya cika daidai inda muryar ta canza, wanda ke nufin an sami canje-canje a tsarin dam. Koyaya, har ila yau ba su mai da hankali ga rashin ruwa ba - a daidai wannan hanya, beavers sun mayar da martani ga sauti na ruwa da aka yi rikodin akan tef. Experarin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi ya nuna cewa sauti, a fili, ba shine kawai ƙarfafa ba. Don haka, bugun da butocin da aka gina ta hanyar ruwan dam din sun lullube su da guntu da rassan, koda kuwa ya haye ta kasan kuma “ba a jika”. A lokaci guda, bai zama cikakke bayyane yadda masu biyun ke rarraba nauyi a tsakanin su a cikin aikin haɗin kai ba. Zasu iya yin aiki ko dai a matsayin ƙungiyoyi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ko kuma kaɗai. Amma duka masu tattarawa da masu ginin masu zaman kansu suna aiki bisa ga wani sabon tsari na duniya, cikakke ne kuma an yi tunani game da mafi ƙanƙantaccen bayani.
Don ginin da shirye-shiryen abinci, masu bi giya suna sare bishiyoyi, a maimaita su a gindi, suna toshe rassan, sannan a raba gungumansu zuwa sassa. Beaver yakan fado da Aspen tare da yaudarar ta cm 5 cm a cikin mintuna 5, itaciyar mai girman inci 40 cm ya fadi kuma ya yanke daddare, ta yadda da safe kawai itace mai dunƙulen hannu da tarin aski suka zauna a wurin dabba. Gashin itacen bishiyar wanda beaver ya cije yana ɗaukar sifar halayyar hourglass. Beaver yayi gnaws, yana tashi a kafafunsa ya huta a kan wutsiyarsa. Fuskokin sa suna aiki kamar itace: domin ya murza wata bishiya, wani bea ya huta a kan katako tare da manyan abubuwan da ke jikinsa sannan ya fara motsi da ƙananan kashin sa daga gefe zuwa gaba, yana yin motsi 5-6 a sakan na biyu. Abubuwan bugun beaver suna kara kaifin kai: kawai gaban gaba daya yana da hade, kashin baya yana dauke da karancin dentin. Idan beaver tauna kan wani abu, dentin yakan nika sauri fiye da enamel, don haka gaban haƙorin haƙora zai kasance mai kaifi koyaushe.
'Yan bea na cin wasu rassan bishiyar bishiyar da ta fadi a wuri, wasu kuma suna rushewa da ja ko ruwa a gefen ruwa zuwa mazaunin su ko kuma wurin aikin madatsar ruwan. Kowace shekara, bin waɗannan hanyoyi iri ɗaya na abinci da kayan gini, suna tattake hanyoyin gefen ruwa waɗanda sannu a hankali ambaliya da ruwa - tashoshin beaver. Suna girke bishiyoyin tare da su. Tsawon tashoshin ya kai ɗaruruwan mita tare da faɗin 40-50 cm da zurfin of 1 m. Beavers suna kiyaye tashoshin koyaushe.
Yankin an canza shi ne sakamakon ayyukan beavers da ke zaune a kai ana kiransa beaver shimfidar wuri.
Habitat
'Yan Beavers sun kasance a cikin dangin Castaridae, wanda ya hada da halittar halittar kawai Castor da kuma jinsuna 2 kawai:
- ruwan wake (Castor fiber) (aka kogi ko gabas),
- Canadianabilar Kanada (aka Arewacin Amurka) (Castor canadensis).
A yau, ana samun bea na Arewacin Amurka a duk faɗin nahiyar, tun daga bakin Kogin Mackenzie a Kanada kudu da arewacin Mexico. Amma ba koyaushe ba ne. Mutane sun yi ta farautar waɗannan dabbobin tun ƙarni saboda nama, ja, da rafin beaver. Sakamakon haka, a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, adadin mutanen Kanada sun zama masu mahimmanci, kuma a yawancin wuraren zama an kusan lalata su, musamman a gabashin Amurka. Hukumomin kula da muhalli na jihohi da na gida sun yi kararrawa, kuma dabbobi sun fara kwashewa daga wasu wuraren. An kuma gabatar da su a cikin Finland, Russia, da kuma a wasu ƙasashe na Tsakiyar Turai (Jamus, Austria, Poland). Ofaya daga cikin mafi yawan yawan ƙwayoyin Kanada a yau yana cikin kudu maso gabashin Finland.
Koyaushe mashaya a zamanin da suka rayu a ko'ina cikin Turai da Arewacin Asiya, amma ba duk alƙalumman da suka sami damar rayuwa ba ne a kusancin ɗan adam. A farkon karni na 20, mutane kalilan ne kawai suka karu yayin da adadin mutane 1,200 suka tsira a Faransa, Norway, Jamus, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, China da Mongolia.
Sakamakon farfadowa da shirye-shiryen sake tsugunar da waɗannan dabbobin, waɗanda suka fara aiki a farkon rabin ƙarni na ƙarshe, adadin mashaya gama ya fara girma. A farkon karni na XXI, akwai kimanin mutane dubu 500-600, kuma mazauninsu ya bazu a Turai da Asiya.
Ana samun nau'ikan biyu a cikin ƙasar Rasha a yau, kodayake beaver shine asalin mazaunin. Girmanta ya ƙunshi kusan dukkanin yankin daji na Tarayyar Rasha - daga kan iyakokin yamma zuwa yankin Baikal da Mongolia, kuma daga yankin Murmansk a arewa zuwa Astrakhan a kudu. Kari akan haka, wannan nau'in ya sami karbuwa sosai a Primorye da Kamchatka.
Babbar Kanada a cikin ƙasarmu ta bayyana a karni na 50 na ƙarni na ƙarshe, suna cin gashin Karelia da Leningrad na Yankin daga yankuna na maƙwabta na Finland, kuma a cikin 70s an gabatar da wannan dabbar a cikin kogin Amur da Kamchatka.
Bayanin Beaver
Bayyanar beaver sun sha bamban sosai da bayyanar sauran wakilai na umarnin karfi, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar rayuwar milkin gwarzo. Daga ra'ayi na masanin ilmin halitta, alamuran dabbar suna da manyan abubuwan fashewa, lebur mai ratsa jiki da kafaffun kafafu na musamman da yatsar “daskarewa” ta yatsa ta biyu, da kuma wasu fasali da tsarin fasalin jikin mai narkewa da kuma narkewa.
Beavers sune mafi girman hadarin fauna na Tsohuwar Duniya da ta biyu mafi girma bayan tafin Amurkawa na Kudancin Amurka. Jikin dabba squat ne, mai yawa, yana da kamannin fuskoki, sashin gabarsa yana fadada, kawai a gindin wutsiyar da yake narkewa sosai. Tsawon Jikin 80 - 120 cm. Manya suna ɗaukar nauyin kilo 20-30, da wuya nauyin ya kai kilo 45. Girman nau'ikan Kanada yana da ɗan girma fiye da yadda aka saba.
Relativelyan ƙaramin kai mai zagaye tare da mai tawali'u da kauri lokacin kusan bai juya ba. Idanun suna kanana, tare da ɗalibin ɗalibai na tsaye da ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya bayyananne (don kare idanun a ƙarƙashin ruwa). Kunnuwa suna ƙarami, da ɗan guntu daga Jawo. Abubuwan bude idanu na waje da hanci suna da tsokoki na musamman waɗanda suke kwangila lokacin da aka nitse cikin ruwa. Yankunan lebe na iya rufewa a bayan allurar da ke dauke da kai, suna keɓe bakin kogon, wanda ke bawa beavers damar cinye ciyayi a cikin ruwa ba tare da buɗe bakinsu ba.
Idanun dabbobi suna amsa kusan kusan motsawa ne kawai, mara gani mai kyau fiye da ramawa don kyakkyawar ji da ƙanshin, waɗanda sune ainihin ji akan ƙasa.
Wutsiya tana da faɗi, tazarar cm 30, tsayi 13 cm, kuma tana gajarta da fadi a cikin yar beran Kanada. An rufe ɓangaren oar mai siffar wutsiya tare da manyan sikeli na jaraba, waɗanda a cikinsu akwai barfin wuya da wuya.
Hannun yatsun yatsun hannu biyar suna gajarta, suna da ingantattun ci gaban ruwa a kafafun kafa (a goshinsu suna kan jariri). Kafafun gaba suna da rauni fiye da na baya kuma dabbobi suna amfani da su kamar hannaye - tare da taimakonsu, mai bea yana jan abubuwa, ya tona tashoshi da ramuka, yana sarrafa abinci. Babban sashin motsi na dabbobi shine kafafu na baya. A yatsun kafa na biyu na hindatu akwai wani kambori mai rauni, wanda ya kunshi sassa biyu: babba - babba da ƙananan - fararen fararen baƙi, waɗanda suke daɗaɗan motsin juna. Dabbar tana amfani da wannan kambori don dalilai na tsabta - tana tsaftacewa kuma tana shafa gashi da ita yayin motsin, tana cire parasites.
Jawo beaver shine launin ruwan kasa mai haske zuwa baki, mafi yawan launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi. Wasu lokuta ana samun daidaiton mutane daban-daban tare da tuddai daban-daban. Jirgin ruwan sama ya yi kauri, launin toka mai duhu. Partashin jikin mutum shine farji.
An lura cewa nau'in launin ruwan kasa mai haske yana da tsufa, yana dawwama a lokacin kankara, saboda haka irin waɗannan beavers sun fi dacewa da yanayin sanyi, yayin da galibi ana samun yawancin launuka masu duhu a yawancin mazaunan kudu.
Dambe da bukkoki
Wataƙila kowa da kowa ya ji labarin hikimar gini na waɗannan dabbobi. Saboda gajiyawar su, masu gyaran bea sunsan yadda zasu dace da muhallin da bukatunsu. Madatsar ruwa da aka kirkiresu ta kara bambancin muhalli, fadada yankin ruwa, kara girma da ingancin ruwa, da kuma gyara yanayin kasar. A matsayin tushen madatsar ruwa, itacen da ya fadi a ƙarshen rafin ana yawanci amfani dashi. An rufe shi da rassa, sassan sassan jikin bishiyoyi, duwatsun, ƙasa, ciyayi, har sai dam ɗin ta kai mita 100 (gefan dam ɗin yana faɗaɗa nesa da kogin), kuma tsayinsa ya kai mita uku. A wannan yanayin, bambancin matakin ruwa ya kai mita biyu. Yana faruwa da dangi ya gina magudanan ruwa da yawa lokaci guda, sakamakon hakan an samar da gidan dumbin tafkuna. Rodents suna da himma sosai wajen aikin gina madatsun ruwa a damuna da damina, kodayake aikin na iya ci gaba duk shekara.
Dam Dam
Beavers ƙwararrun bokaye ne. Yawancin lokaci suna haƙa ramuka da yawa a cikin gidan mallakar, wanda zai iya zama kofofin haɓaka ko kuma ɗakunan labyrinth da ke gudana daga banki ko rafi zuwa ɗakuna ɗaya ko sama. A yawancin halittu, wadannan dabbobin suna amfani da burrows a matsayin mafaka na farko.
Ya yi kama da bukin beaver
Wani zaɓi don mazaunin bakin teku shine bukka. Mabiyan bea suna yin ginin a waɗancan wurare inda tsarin ramuka ba zai yuwu ba. Dabbobin suna amfani da tsohuwar kututture, ƙasan rami ko kuma rafting a matsayin tushen bukka. A waje, irin wannan mazaunin babban katako ne na katako, yanki na kututturen katako, wanda duniya take ɗauka, rami, tarkace. A ciki, an shirya ɗakin ɗakin gida, daga inda hanyar ta shiga ruwa. A matsakaita, diamita daga bukka ya kai mita 3-4. Morearin rikitattun wurare suna da ɗakuna da yawa a matakan daban-daban. Gidajen na iya zama na ɗan lokaci da dindindin, ana amfani da su shekaru da yawa. Latterarshen ana kammala su koyaushe kuma yana iya kaiwa mita 14 a diamita kuma sama da mita biyu ba tsayi.
Daga cikin sauran ayyukan ginin beaver, tono rake shine mafi ƙarancin wahala. Tare da goshinsu, suna tono laka da laka daga ƙasan ƙananan koguna da hanyoyin kutse, suna jefa su zuwa garesu daga hanyar su. Hanyoyin da suka biyo baya suna barin dabbobi su kasance cikin ruwa, suna motsawa tsakanin madatsun ruwa ko wuraren ciyarwa. Don mafi yawan ɓangaren, rodents suna yin wannan a lokacin rani, lokacin da ruwan yake ƙasa.
Ya kamata a sani cewa 'yan Kanada suna da kwazo da himma fiye da na yau da kullun. Gininsu ya fi rikitarwa kuma mai dorewa, tunda suna amfani da duwatsu sosai cikin gini.
Abincin
Beavers dabbobi ne na dabbobi masu kyau. Abun abincinsu na iya canzawa lokaci-lokaci. A cikin bazara da bazara, tushen abincinsu ya zama ganye, Tushen, ganye, algae. Ta hanyar kaka, suna canzawa zuwa rassan bishiyoyi na bakin ciki da bishiyoyi, suna fifita Aspen, Willow ko alder.
An fara a tsakiyar Oktoba, rodents fara girbi abincin itace don hunturu. Zai iya zama rassan lokacin farin ciki har ma da sassan sassan jikin Aspen, Willow, ceri tsuntsu, alder, Birch, da kuma karamin adadin conifers. An sare bishiyoyi da aka jefa cikin kananan dabbobi kuma an adana su a karkashin ruwa a wurare masu zurfi kusa da burrows da masauki. 'Yan beavers na iya iyo ruwa zuwa jigilar kayayyaki a ruwa ba tare da barin kwanciyar ruwa ba.
Idan babu isasshen ciyarwar itace, dabbobin suna gamsu da ciyawar ciyayi. Lokaci-lokaci akan kai hare-hare kan gidajen lambun da lambun kayan lambu suna yiwuwa.
Yawancin bea na Turai ba sa tara lokacin hunturu. Madadin haka, suna zuwa bakin teku a cikin hunturu don neman abinci.
Castoreum
Halin halayyar dabbobi shine kasancewar "rafin beaver" wanda glandon keɓaɓɓu ya samar. Abu ne mai hadaddun abubuwa wanda ya kunshi daruruwan kayan aikin, wadanda suka hada da giyar mashayi, sinadarai, salicylaldehyde da kastoramine. Sunan kimiyya na wannan kayan itace castoreum.
Tuni tun zamanin da, allahntaka kaddarorin kaddarorin da aka dangana ga beaver rafi. A cikin karni na Y-IY BC Hippocrates da Herodotus sun lura da fa'idar aikinta na lura da wasu cututtuka. Kuma a yau, wannan kayan ya sami aikace-aikacen a magungunan jama'a, amma ana amfani dashi galibi a turare.
Beaver din yana amfani da sirrinta mai kyau don dalilai na alamar. Alamar tsafi suna daya daga cikin hanyoyin da jarumawanmu ke musanya bayanai. Dukansu jinsunan Kanada da kogin suna barin alamomin wari a kan motsi da aka gina kusa da ruwa daga ɓoye da tsire-tsire da aka ɗaga daga ƙashin tafki.
Dangantaka ta dangi
Mafi yawan lokuta, beavers suna zaune a cikin gungun dangi (yankuna), amma akwai mutane waɗanda suka fi son salon rayuwa mai kaɗaici. A kan filayen abinci mara kyau, yawan dabbobi guda ɗaya na iya kaiwa zuwa 40%.
Iyali sun ƙunshi ma'aurata da suka manyanta, abubuwan da ake ɗauka na shekara ta yanzu, cuban sandar bara, wani lokacin kuma onean shekaru ko ɗaya daga cikin matasa masu digiri na farko. Girman iyali na iya kaiwa ga mutane 10-12.
Matsayi a cikin mulkin an gina shi bisa ga ka'idar shekaru, tare da mafi girman matsayin ma'aurata manya. Bayyanar bayyanar tsokanar ta jiki ba ta da yawa, kodayake ana iya lura da ɓoɓo a cikin wutsiyoyi a cikin ɗimbin biran. Wannan shine sakamakon yaƙin da baƙi kusa da kan iyakokin ƙasa.
Ruwan waɗannan ƙwanƙolin tabbatattun abubuwa masu dindindin ne kuma ya dawwama cikin tsawon rayuwar abokan. Rukunin dangin sun tabbata, wani bangare saboda karancin kiwo. Suna kawo brood guda ɗaya a shekara, a ciki daga 1 zuwa 5 cubs a cikin wata karamar al'ada, a cikin canjin Kanada yana da girma - har zuwa 8 cubs. Koyaya, mafi yawan lokuta a cikin brood akwai ƙwatanda yakai biyu.
Gasar yana farawa a cikin Janairu (a kudu na kewayon) kuma yana gudana har zuwa Maris. Cutar ciki tana kwana 103-110.
Jariri gani, mai yawa yadude, tare da ɓarke ƙananan incisors. Uwa tana ciyar da jariran da madara (wanda ya fi sau 4 lafiya fiye da madara saniya) na kimanin makonni 6-8, kodayake tun yana da makonni biyu, masu bi suka fara dandana ganye mai taushi wanda iyayensu suka kawo. Lokacin da yake wata 1, saurayi ya fara barin hankali a hankali ya bar maza ya ci nasu.
Yayin da yara ƙanana, mahaifin yakan ciyar da mafi yawan lokaci don kare tsarin dangi: yana killace iyakoki kuma yana barin alamomin ƙanshi. Mace a wannan lokacin tana kan aikin ciyar da jarirai da kulawa da su. Yaran sun girma da sauri, amma suna buƙatar watanni masu yawa don yin ƙwarewa don sanin gwanin ginin dam ko bukkoki. Iyaye suna koyar da su shiga cikin duk abubuwan da suka shafi iyali, gami da gini.
Yawancin lokaci, matasa suna barin danginsu kuma suna neman ƙasa ta gaba a cikin shekara ta biyu kuma suna jagorantar rayuwa ta kai kaɗai har sai sun sami ma'aurata.
Budurwa ta balaga tana faruwa a shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa, amma mace yawanci sukan fara haihuwa ne a cikin shekaru 3-5 na rayuwa.
Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar beaver a cikin yanayi shine shekaru 17-18, Kanada - shekaru 20. Koyaya, a cikin vivo da wuya su rayu fiye da shekaru 10. Matsakaicin shekarun waɗannan ƙwaƙwalwar da aka rubuta a cikin gandun daji ya kai shekaru 30.
Sadarwa
Baya ga yiwa yankin alama, beavers suna tattaunawa da juna tare da taimakon murkushe wutsiyarsu a cikin ruwa. Wannan shine yawanci yadda tsofaffi ke gaya wa baƙi cewa an gan su. Arfin da ya mamaye yankin da aka mamaye shi yana mai da martani, yana ba shi damar tantance girman manufar sa da kuma matsayin barazanar da ya ke fuskanta.
Wata hanyar sadarwa ita ce ta hanyoyi daban-daban, har da muryoyi: dabbobi za su iya yin gurnani da gulma.
Amfanin da illolin beavers
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, an san masalarin bea saboda sha'awar ginin su: suna shirya wuraren zaman su, suna kirkiro madatsun madatsun ruwa wanda zai daidaita matakin ruwa a jikin ruwa. A sakamakon haka, ruwa na iya mamaye manyan wurare na gandun da kuma lalata shi. Ciyawar ciyawa da hanyoyi na iya wahala.
Batu na biyu mara kyau shine cewa madatsar ruwa ta lalata yanayin kifayen, kasancewar wani shinge na injin din da zai iya wucewa da launin fari, kifin kifi, kifin kifi da kifayen kifayen.
Yanzu bari mu kalli ayyukan wadannan dabbobin daga wannan bangaren. Tsawon lokaci, madatsar ruwan beaver da ke kan ruwa ya jinkirta narkewa da ruwa, kuma wannan yana rage yiwuwar ambaliyar a lokacin lokacin ambaliyar, ya rage kasa da mashigar tekun, ya takaita lokacin bazara da ruwa kadan, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga maido da tsarin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da rafuffuka da ke lalacewa sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam. Duk wannan yana sanya gandun dajin ba shi da m, sabili da haka ba shi da haɗari ga gobarar daji.
Saurin rage hauhawar kogin, magudanan ruwa suna kara tarin larura, samar da wani tsarin tsaftace dabi'un halitta wanda ke kawar da kazaman abubuwa a cikin ruwa. Bugu da kari, gawarwakin halittar ruwa na haifar da wasu fa'idodi, kamar, alal misali, haɓaka bambancin muhalli.
'Yan bea ma kan inganta wadatar abinci na hares, deer, ciyar da “sharar gida” kayan da aka yi amfani da su wajen gina madatsun ruwa, wannan kuma, yana jan hankalin dabbobi masu yanke hukunci.
Don haka, wadannan dabbobin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin tsarin ruwa, kuma mutum zai iya fadada iliminsa game da bukatun ilimin halittu da kuma kirkiro dabarun da zasu ba mutane da masu bi damar amfani da shimfidar wuri tare.