A Zimbabwe a 2008, jami'an gwamnati sun hana yin IT a cikin bayan gida. Waɗanne kalmomi biyu ne ake maye gurbinsu da IT IT?

Amsar ita ce: Shafa kuɗi. A shekara ta 2008, an sami hauhawar farashin kaya a Zimbabwe. Don dala biliyan 1 na Zimbabwe ba shi yiwuwa sayan koda takarda bayan gida, don haka ya zama mai rahusa a goge da kuɗi. Tabbas, jihar ba ta son wannan halin ga kudin ƙasa

RANAR AFRIKA

Kasuwancin 'yan Fotigal sun ji manyan “gidaje” na dutse daga Africyan Afirka da suka isa bakin tekun don yin musayar kaya daga ciki na Nahiyar. Amma a ƙarni na 19 kawai Turawa suka ga gine-ginen asiri. A cewar wasu majiyoyi, matafiyin da mafarautan giwa Adamu Rendere ne suka fara gano gawar, amma mafi yawancin lokuta ana danganta gano su ne ga masanin kimiyyar kasar Jamus Karl Mauch.

Wannan masanin ya ɗan ji sau da yawa daga African Afirka game da ginin manyan dutse a wuraren da ba a bincika har zuwa arewacin kogin Limpopo. Babu wanda ya san lokacin da kuma wanda aka gina su, masanin kimiyyar Jamusawa ya yanke shawarar tafiya mai haɗari zuwa kango mai ban tsoro.

A shekara ta 1867, Mauh ya sami wata tsohuwar ƙasar kuma ya ga wani hadadden gine-gine, daga baya aka kira Big Zimbabwe (a yaren kabilar Shona na gida, kalmar "Zimbabwe" tana nufin "gidan dutse"). Masanin ya girgiza da abinda ya gani. Ginin, wanda ya bayyana a gaban idanunsa, ya buga mai binciken tare da girmanta da kuma layin da ba a saba gani ba.

Wani bangon dutse mai ban sha'awa wanda tsawonsa yakai mita 250, tsayinsa yakai mita 10 da fadi a ginin har zuwa mita 5 ya kewaye tsohuwar mazaunin, inda, a bayyane yake, mazaunin mai mulkin wannan tsohuwar ƙasar ya taɓa kasancewa.

Yanzu wannan tsarin ana kiransa haikalin, ko Elliptical gini. Zai yuwu ka iya shiga yankin da bango ya kafa ta hanyar kunshe da kunshe uku. Dukkanin gine-ginen da aka bushe ta hanyar bushewar masarar, lokacin da aka ɗora duwatsun a saman junan su ba tare da maganin haɗin gwiwa ba. A nisan mita 800 daga arewacin gari, a saman tsaunin tsauni, akwai kango rukunin wani gini, wanda ake kira Dutse na Dutse, ko Acropolis.

Kodayake Mauh ya gano a cikin rufin wasu abubuwa na gida wanda ke da alaƙar al'adun gida, amma bai ma same shi cewa ansan Afirka na iya gina ginin gine-gine na Zimbabwe ba. A bisa ga al'ada, kabilun yankin sun gina gidajensu da sauran bangarori ta amfani da yumbu, itace da bushe ciyawa, don haka amfani da dutse azaman kayan gini ya zama abin ban tsoro.

A RANAR KYAUTA MAI GIRMA

Don haka, Mauh ya yanke shawarar cewa ba wai Afirka ta gina babban Zimbabwe ba, amma da fararen fata waɗanda suka ziyarci waɗannan sassa a zamanin da. Dangane da zaton sa, sarki almara da Sarauniyar Sheba za su iya shiga cikin ginin ɗakunan gine-ginen dutse, kuma wannan wurin da kansa shi ne Ophir mai littafi, ƙasa mai hakar gwal.

Daga karshe masanin kimiyyar ya yi imani da zatonsa lokacin da ya gano cewa katako ɗaya daga cikin ƙofofin ƙofofin an yi shi da itacen al'ul. Ba za a iya kawo shi daga Lebanon ba, kuma shi ne Sarki Sulemanu wanda ya yi amfani da katakan itacen al'ul a wajen ginin fādodinsa.

Daga qarshe, Karl Mauh ya kai ga kammala cewa Sarauniyar Sheba ce itama uwargidan Zimbabwe. Irin wannan kyakkyawar fahimta ta masanin kimiya ya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Mutane da yawa masu kasada sun fara zuwa garuruwan tsohuwar rufin, waɗanda suke mafarkin samun taskar Sarauniyar Sheba, saboda ma'adanar zinare ta dā da ke kusa da wurin. Ba a san ko wani ya sami nasarar gano taskokin ba, amma lalacewar ginin tsoffin yana da yawa, kuma daga baya wannan ya rikita batun binciken masana ilimin archaeologists.

Lusarshe Mauch a cikin 1905 masanin ilmin kimiya na tarihi David Randall-Maciver ne ya yi jayayya. Ya gudanar da rami a cikin kasar ta Greater Zimbabwe kuma ya bayyana cewa gine-ginen ba su da tsohon tarihi kuma an gina su ne a zamanin daga karni na 11 zuwa na 15.

Sai ya zama cewa 'Yan Nan Nahiyar Afirka na iya gina Zimbabwean Zimbabwe sosai. Kasancewa tsoffin rufin yana da wahala matuƙa, don haka balaguro na gaba ya bayyana a cikin waɗannan sassan kawai a 1929. Kwararrun masanin ilimin adabin mata na kasar Ingila Gertrude Caton-Thompson ne suka jagoranta, kungiyarta ta hada da mata kawai.

A waccan lokacin, mafarautan taskokin sun riga sun yi wannan lalacewar ga ɗakin da aka tilastawa Caton-Thompson ya fara aiki tare da binciken gine-ginen da ba ruwansu. Wani mai bincike mai ƙarfin zuciya ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da jirgin sama don bincikensa. Ta sami nasarar yarda akan motar fuka-fukai, da kanta ta tafi tare da matukin jirgin sama tare da samun wani tsari na dutse a nesa daga mai ginin.

Bayan wannan rami, Cato-Thompson ya tabbatar da cikakken ma'anar Ren-dall-Makiver game da lokacin gina Greater Zimbabwe. Bugu da kari, ta bayyana karara cewa bakaken fata ba 'yan Afirka ne suka gina ginin ba.

KASAR AFRICAN?

Masana kimiyya suna nazarin Greater Zimbabwe kusan ƙarni da rabi, duk da haka, duk da wannan tsawon lokaci, Babban Zimbabwe ta sami damar kiyaye wasu sirrin da yawa. Har yanzu ba a san ko wane ne magina ya kare kansu da amfani da irin wannan tsari na kariya ba. Ba kowane abu ne bayyananne tare da lokacin fara aikin su ba.

Misali, a bangon Elliptical, an gano gutsattsarin itace na magudanar a wannan ranar daga lokacin tsakanin shekarar 591 (da aka yi rake ko aka rage shi shekaru 120) da 702 AD. e. (ƙari ko debe shekaru 92). Wataƙila an gina bango a kan tsofaffin tushe.

A yayin ramuka, masana kimiyya sun gano siffofin tsuntsaye da yawa da aka yi da steatite (dutsen da keɓaɓɓun), an ba da shawarar cewa tsoffin mazaunan Babban Zimbabwe suna bautar gumakan-kamar tsuntsaye. Mai yiyuwa ne mafi girman tsarin nan na Greater Zimbabwe, hasumiyar conical a bangon Elliptical, tana da alaƙa da wannan bautar. Tsawonta ya kai mita 10, kuma ginin ginin yana da mita 17.

An gina shi ta amfani da hanyar bushe masonry kuma ya yi kama da sifar wajan masu karamin karfi na gida, amma hasumiya ba ta da ƙofar, babu windows, babu matakala. Har izuwa yanzu, dalilin wannan ginin wani hadadden tarihi ne na masana kimiya na kayan tarihi.

Koyaya, akwai kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da Richard Wade daga Nkwe Ridge Observatory, bisa ga abin da aka taɓa amfani da haikalin (Ginin Elliptical) kamar wancan ga mashahurin Stonehenge. Ganuwar dutse, hasumiya mai ban mamaki, manyan lambobi - duk an yi amfani da wannan don lura da Rana, Wata, taurari da taurari. Shin haka ne? Amsar za ta iya ba da ƙarin bincike.

SIFFOFIN MULKIN NA SAMA

A wannan lokacin, yan kalilan masana kimiyya basa shakkun cewa Afirka ta gina ta ne. A cewar masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi, a karni na goma sha hudu wannan masarautar ta Afirka ta dandana kudarta kuma ana iya kwatanta ta da London a yankin.

Yawan jama'arta kusan mutane dubu 18 ne. Babban ƙasar Zimbabwe babban birni ne na daular daular da ta shimfida dubunnan kilomita tare da haɗuwa da dama, da ma yiwuwar ɗaruruwan kabilu.

Duk da cewa mahakar ma'adinai suna aiki a masarautar kuma ana hakar zinare, babban arzikin mazaunan shine shanu. An kawo zinarin da hauren giwa daga Zimbabwe zuwa gabashin gabashin Afirka, inda tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasance a wancan lokacin, kuma tare da taimakonsu, ana tallafawa kasuwanci tare da kasashen larabawa, Indiya da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kasancewar Zimbabwe tana da alaƙa da duniyar waje an tabbatar da ita ta hanyar archaeological binciken asalin asalin Arab da Farisa.

An yi imani cewa Greater Zimbabwe shine cibiyar hakar ma'adinai: a wurare masu nisa daga hadaddun gine-ginen dutse, an gano ayyukan da yawa na ma'adinai. A cewar wasu masana, daular Afirka ta wanzu har zuwa 1750, sannan ta fada cikin lalata.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ga 'yan Afirka, Babban Zimbabwean Zimbabwe haikali ne na gaske. Saboda girmamawa ga wannan rukunin kayayyakin tarihin, Kudancin Rhodesia, wanda yake yankin sa, an sake masa suna a Zimbabwe a 1980.

• 1878 ra'ayoyi

Asalin mutum a doron ƙasa an ƙirƙira shi don bauta

Daga farkon ɗan adam, mun yi ƙoƙari mu bayyana asalinmu kuma mu amsa ainihin, ainihin tambayar: daga ina muka fito? A cikin kowace al'ada mai nisa da ke warwatse ko'ina cikin duniya, mutum na iya samun tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi game da asalin, kamar yadda aka bambanta al'adun da suka samo asali.

A wasu lokutan, muna da ilimin kimiya da ka'idar juyin halitta, kokarin kimiyya don bayyana irin tambayar da ta shafi shekaru da ta addabe mu tun daga hangen nesa na farko game da tsinkaye a kwakwalwar mu, amma har yanzu babu wani tabbataccen amsar wannan tambayar.

Amma akwai ra'ayoyin da mutane ba su da bayyanar gida kuma aka zo da su Duniya daga wata duniyar.

Tunanin shine asalin mu a wannan duniyar tamu ba irin wanda sukeyi bane, kuma wataƙila bamu fito bane da juyin halitta a wannan duniyar tamu, amma baƙi waɗanda, saboda wasu dalilai, sun kasance nan kusa akan yanayin zamani wataƙila ɗaruruwan dubun ko ma a kwanan nan, dubun dubatan shekaru da suka gabata, bayan wannan kuma muka haɗa baki da wasu nau'ikan halittu, kamar su Neanderthals, don mu zama halittun da muke a yau.

Wannan zai ji daɗi ga mutane da yawa, amma shahararrun masana kimiyya suna goyan bayan wannan ka'idar.

Kuma akwai muhawara da yawa waɗanda mu, a matsayinmu na ɗan adam, kawai ba sa wannan wurin. Dalili na farko da ya sa hakan shine cewa mu mutane ba ma son wani abu a wannan duniyar ta fuskar hankali da kwarewar hankali.

Babu wani dabba da zai kusanci iyawarmu don yin tunani, falsafa, kirkirar siyasa, ayyukan fasaha da wakoki, ko kuma ci gaba da fasaha don haka cikin sauri.

Wannan ita ce hujja ingantacciya, amma ba ita kaɗai ba, kuma mutane suna nuna halaye da dama da fasalolin kimiyyar lissafi waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa ba mu da girma da dacewa da duniyar nan kamar yadda mahaliccinmu na asali za su iya tunani.

Dogayen jerin bambance-bambance tsakaninmu da kusan dukkan sauran nau'ikan rayuwa a wannan duniyar tamu, yi mana alama a matsayin marassa lafiya-wannan da ya dace da wannan yanayin da duniya.

Ana iya ganin waɗannan bambance-bambance na yau da kullun a farkon rayuwarmu. Matan 'yan Adam suna da manyan rikice-rikice da raɗaɗi yayin haihuwa yayin da ba a lura da su a wani wuri a cikin mulkin dabba, tare da haihuwa tsakanin dabbobi kasancewa na dabi'a da santsi, yayin da' yan Adam ke buƙatar taimako da yawa kuma suna iya mutuwa yayin haihuwa, wanda har yanzu wasu lokuta har ila yau yana faruwa har wa yau.

Tabbas, wannan an haɗa shi da babban shugaban jariran ɗan adam, amma me yasa, me zai yuwu, idan wannan shine tsarin halitta na al'ada? Bayan haihuwa, bayan wani ɗan gajeren lokaci na ciki, zamu shiga cikin wani yanayi mai ɗaukar hankali na ci gaba a hankali, kuma humana humanan mutane sun zama marasa taimako ga shekaru da yawa bayan haihuwa, wanda ya saba da tsarin mulkin dabba.

A ƙarshe, lokacin da suka girma, mutane suna nuna halaye masu yawa waɗanda ba sauran sauran halittu suke raba su ba a wannan duniyar. Muna da halin rashin iyawa ga cututtukan cututtukan jiki da yanayi, kamar zazzabin hay, alewan jiki da sauran su.

Kuma akwai rauninmu na yau da kullun don Rana, muna ɗaya daga cikin fewan halittun da ke shan wahala daga kunar rana a jiki har zuwa lokacin da muke yi, duk da cewa mun “samo asali” domin kar a sami gashin jikin, kuma cewa mu Bugu da kari, muna daya daga cikin 'yan halittun da suke bukatar hada ido idan hasken rana yayi haske.

Matsakaicin lokutan da za mu iya ji kuma ya zama abin baƙin ciki idan aka kwatanta da yawancin dabbobi, kamar yadda muke da ƙanshinmu. Hakanan 'yan Adam suna da haɗari ga matsalolin baya, wanda shine sakamakon riɓi daban-daban tsakanin duniyarmu da Duniya, kuma a jikinmu hakika muna dacewa da yanayin sa'o'i 25 maimakon 24, kuma yawancinmu suna da rikicewar bacci da gama gari. jin damuwa saboda wannan.

Haka kuma, ba ma son abincin da muke ci, ba kamar sauran dabbobi ba, wanda aka samo asali tare da karamin gashi, yana kan madaidaiciyar matsayi, kuma ba tare da karamar cibiyar nauyi ba, kamar sauran dabbobi, amma babban adadinmu "datti" DNA ”a matsayin shaida cewa hakika mu baƙi ne.

Mun bambanta sosai da yawa ta hanyoyi da yawa ga kowace dabba a duniya. Gabaɗaya, jikunanmu ba su dace da wannan yanayin ba, idan da muka samo asali a nan sama da miliyoyin shekaru, to ba mu ci gaba a ko'ina ba.

Humanan Adam bai samo asali daga wannan nau'in halittar rayuwa ba (rayayyun ƙasa), amma ya wanzu a wasu wurare kuma an canza shi zuwa ƙasa tsakanin shekaru 60,000 zuwa 200,000 da suka wuce.

Kodayake, idan duk wannan gaskiya ne, to me yasa mu ma muke nan?

Possibilityayan abu ɗaya shine Duniya zata iya zama duniyar samun ɗaurin fursunoni waɗanda suka kasa haɗa kai cikin al'umman su na yau da kullun.

Za a iya fitar da magabatanmu anan, bayan wannan sai aka manta dasu kuma suka shiga tsakani da wasu nau'ikan gida don samar da abubuwan da muke dasu yanzu da sunan "wayewar mutum."

Me muke da laifi haka? Daya daga cikin dalilan wannan shine cewa muna kama da munanan dabi'u - kuma muna nan har sai mun koyi nuna hali. "

Da zarar wataƙila akwai irin waɗannan masu kula kuma sun zama alloli a cikin tunanin kakanninmu. Tabbas, UFOs da mutane da yawa suke gani a yau na iya zama magabatanmu na gaske, suna lura da ci gaban gyaran mu.

Wani ra'ayin kuma shine cewa asteroid da dadewa ya rusa duniyarmu, kuma mun gudu zuwa nan, saboda ƙarni da yawa suna manta game da asalinmu na ainihi, kuma cewa mu masu Martani ne da muka gudu daga duniyar duniyar da muke mutuwa. Turawan mulkin mallaka waɗanda suka manta da abin da suka gabata.

Hakanan muna iya sauka a nan don wani gwaji mai tsawo, da gaske yana sa mu aladu a cikin Guinea.

Ko ma mene ne dalili, gaskiyar magana ita ce, ba mu zo daga nan ba.

Mun zo duniya fiye da fullyasa da cikakkiyar halitta, mai yiwuwa tare da wasu shawo kan abubuwa, ta hanyar canje-canje da aka yi wa masu mulkin farko a hanyar zuwa Duniya, don tabbatar da karbuwa ta farko da yanayin sabon gidan.