Yana da wahala a ga waɗannan dabbobin, kamar yadda suke ɓoye kansu a themselvesanƙarin hadari. Kyakkyawan hankali, mai hankali, amma mai girman halitta - maral. Dabbar (gidan barewa wacce ta kasance a ciki zai iya yin alfahari da wannan wakilin) ​​yana da ilhami sosai don kiyaye kansa. Masu fafutukar suna tsoron kai hari deer. Wadannan barewa na iya yin yaƙi ko da beyar.

Habitat

Maral koyaushe ya kasance dabba na yau da kullun tare da adadi mai yawa. Amma kwanan nan, an jera shi a cikin Littafin Layi. Dalilin da ya sa aka harba artiodactyls shine ƙahoninsu masu darajar gaske da nama.

Gasar mazaunin barewa ta tashi daga Transbaikalia zuwa Turkestan. Dabbobin ana samunsu sau da yawa a cikin Altai da Kudancin Siberiya, suna zaune a cikin gandunan Mongolian. Maral dabba ce wacce mazaunanta maza keɓinta mai tsayi. A cikin hunturu, deer ya koma ƙananan wurare.

Don abinci, suna zuwa gangara ta kudu. A wurin, tsayin dusar ƙanƙara ya ƙasa ƙasa, kuma ya fi sauƙi barewa su sami abinci. Tare da dabarun bazara, deer kuma da yawa suna son ƙawancin kudancin, tun da ganye masu laushi sukan bayyana a can baya. Har sai lokacin bazara, de yakan kiyaye a cikin garken, sannan ya fada cikin kananan kungiyoyi. A lokacin rani, deer yakan hau zuwa tsaunika saboda tsalle-tsalle masu zafi. A cikin kaka, kwari masu lalacewa suma, kuma artiodactyls sun sake komawa taiga.

Bayanin maral

Maral - dabba tana da girma sosai, tana nauyi daga kilo 300 zuwa 350. Tsawon tsattsarkan jikin mutum ya kai mita 2.5, tsayin daka ya hayayyafa ya wuce mita 2, wutsiya ya kasance daga santin 12-19. Matsakaicin tsayin jikinsu yakai 1.3 m.

Mayafin barewa mai launin shuɗi-mai launin shuɗi, kuma bayan ya yi ado ya zama ja da shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. 'Ya'yan barewa suna hange. A ƙarƙashin wutsiyoyin yara matasa akwai farin babban tabo, wanda ya ɓace tare da girma.

Dukiyar deer ita ce tururuwarsu (baƙi). Haka kuma, maza ne kawai suke da su. Gwiwa fara girma a cikin bazara da kuma fada a ƙarshen hunturu. A wurinsu, sababbin rigakafi sun bayyana. Suna girma da sauri sosai, suna ƙara santimita 2.5 a rana. Matsakaicin tsawo na ƙaho ya kai mita 1.2.

A farko, anel ɗin suna da taushi, ana rufe su da fatar fata mai laushi. Yayin girma, sannu-sannu suna girma da karfi da kauri. Yawan nauyin antlers ya kai kilogiram 14. Kaho na yau da kullun ba sa cutar da masu hamayya yayin lokacin kiwo ko kuma magabatansu. Amma idan tururuwa suka girma ba tare da rassa ba, to, suna da iyakar ƙarshen za su iya harbin abokan gaba har su mutu. A cikin zaman talala, bareyin yakan rayu har zuwa shekaru 25, a cikin daji - daga 12 zuwa 14.

Bayyanar

An ware wannan nau'in a karan kansa a shekara ta 1873. Koyaya, daga baya, a cikin 1961, an tura shi ɗaya daga cikin mambobi masu launin ja. Wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi uku: Asiya ta Tsakiya, Yammaci da Siberiya. Lastarshe na ƙarshe, wanda kuma ake kira maral, ya haɗa da maral.

Dabbobin daji suna da kamanni mai kyau. Daga cikin wasu deer da ke yin asalin halittar, wannan shine mafi girma samfurin. Yawansa ya kai kilo 305, maza suna da tsawon tsayi na 261 cm, girma a ƙ witƙasassun zuwa 168. Tituna suna girma zuwa 108 santimita. Mata sunkai kusan kashi 20% fiye da maza. A lokacin rani, launin jikin wannan barewa ya ɗan ja sosai ko kuma yana da launin ruwan kasa-da-baki. A cikin hunturu, ana zana dabbobi a cikin sautunan launin toka-launin toka, madubi mai launin shuɗi, babba, a wani ɓangare ya zo akan croup kuma ya kewaye da wani yanki mai duhu. Kakakin suna da rassa da yawa - aƙalla matakai 5 akan kowace mashaya, gami da lalata abubuwa.

Wurin zama

Maral dabba ce ta Red Book. Koyaya, wannan kusan baya taimakawa jinsi ya kubuta daga halaka. Sabili da haka, a yau waɗannan magudanar suna zaune a cikin iyaka mai iyaka - Altai, Kyrgyzstan, Tien Shan, Krasnoyarsk Territory da New Zealand. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wasu gonaki na barewa waɗanda suke da hannu a cikin kariya, kiwo, amma har da amfani da waɗannan kyawawan dabbobi.

Rayuwa

Maral dabba ne mai garke. Umurnin waɗannan artiodactyls ƙanana ne kuma sun ƙunshi mace da dabbobi masu yara. Maza suna haɗuwa cikin rabuwa daban, suna ɓarnawa a lokacin lokacin kiwo. Maral ya zama shugabanni yana da shekaru 5 zuwa 8. Mazan da tsofaffi matasa ba su da rabuwa.

Sau da yawa, don neman abinci, maral dole ne yayi iyo a kan kogunan tuddai marasa ƙarfi. 'Yan darika sun shawo kan wadannan matsalolin cikin sauki. Marals ba sa son zafi da zafin rana. Daga haskoki suke tserewa cikin ciyawa da a ƙarƙashin bishiyar bishiyoyi. Nama galibi yakan gudu daga zafi da ruwa.

Red bareyi masu hankali ne da kuma dabbobi marasa kunya. Zai yi wuya a gan su cikin lokacin farin ciki ko kuma fuskantar “fuska da fuska”. Maral, tun kafin a fara taron, yaji ƙanshin mutum kuma nan da nan ya ɓoye. Wannan shine ilmin kiyaye kai wanda deer ya kirkiro sama da daruruwan shekaru. Irin wannan halayen na taimaka wajan nisantar hatsarin da mutane ke fuskanta.

Amma Maral baya tsoron magabatan kuma yawanci yakan zo ya kama su. Babban makamin barewa mai ƙarfi ne. Ba wai kawai babban cat da Wolves suna tsoronsu ba, har ma da bears. Saboda haka, mahara sun kai hari ga de kawai a cikin matsanancin yanayi. Yawancin lokaci suna farauta ne ga matasa, marasa lafiya ko barewa.

Wolves za su iya jure da barewa kawai a dusar kankara ko kan kankara mai narkewa kuma kawai tare da garken baki ɗaya, don haka suna ƙoƙari su aika da barewa a can yayin tseren. Babban haɗari ga matasa artiodactyls shine Wolverine. Tana jimre da ƙananan barewa a sauƙaƙe, amma tana ƙoƙarin wuce gona da iri.

Abinci na Maral

Maral dabba ce da take ciyar da ciyayi. Narkoki suna da matukar son hatsi. Sau da yawa ku ci haushi daga bishiyoyi, tsirrai da allura. Kada ku rasa damar da za ku ji daɗin itacen oak, kwayoyi, berries da namomin kaza. Red barewa son gishiri da suka lasa ko gnaw. Sun fi son ruwan tsaftataccen ruwan sha ko kuma sha daga maɓallin ma'adinai.

Lokacin yanka

Maral dabba ce wacce kwatankwacin lokacin kiwo tayi kyau sosai. A wannan lokacin, de yakan zama mai tsananin faɗa wa abokan hamayyarsa. Tsakanin maral akwai gwagwarmaya koyaushe don hankalin mace. Sau da yawa, faɗa yana haifar da raunin da ya faru. Wadanda suka yi nasara suna samun rukuni na mata na 3-5.

Ikon yin abokiyar zama a cikin marals yana bayyana tun yana ɗan shekara ɗaya, kuma balaga ya kusanci iyakar shekaru 5. Mata suna haihuwa bayan shekara uku. Kusa da faduwa, deer ya fara neman gungun mata. Maza suna jan hankalinsu da alamomi da ƙaramin ƙarfi, mai jan hankali da ɗaga murya. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan saututtukan a kusa da kilomita da dama a kewayen.

A lokacin kiwo, deer ya kasance cikin farin ciki kuma yana da haɗari ba kawai ga abokan hamayya ba, har ma da abokan gaba. Rsauraruwa suna iya sare bishiyoyi bishiyoyi da ciyayi da ƙaho Alama ta ƙasa, za a kama ƙasa. Red barewa suna ruri a cikin lokacin dabbar, wanda zai kasance tsawon wata guda, a kowane lokaci na rana, gami da dare.

Mata suna da 'yancin zaɓin. Sun kasance tare da ƙaƙƙarfan namiji mai ƙaho mai girma. Mutu maral kishi suna kiyaye “ƙarancin” su daga ɓata wasu abokan hamayyarsu. Amma idan mata da kansu suka yanke shawarar canza shugaba, to, “mazajensu” ba sa tsoma baki kan wannan. A cikin lokacin kiwo, deer ya ci kadan, amma suna shan ruwa da yawa.

Yayin yaƙe-yaƙe don mallakar mace, deer yakan kawo wa juna mummunan rauni. Wani lokaci ƙaho suna da dangantaka da haka rabuwarsu ta zama mai wuya. A wannan yanayin, duk maza sun mutu. Irin waɗannan sha'awoyin suna yin ƙasa da ƙarshen kaka, har zuwa lokacin da za a yi canjin gaba. Maral dabba ce da take yin aure sau ɗaya a shekara. Bayan haka, kawai suna tsare danginsu.

Zuriya

'Ya'yan barewa ana haihuwar su ne kawai a farkon bazara, bayan mating. Mata suna da nutsuwa sosai a wannan lokacin. Suna nuna fushi kawai don kare san sandansu kuma suna da ikon korar ko da karnuka kamar karnukan kyarma da lynxes, waɗanda dole su guje wa uwaye masu fushi. Lokacin haila maral ne daga kwanaki 240 zuwa 260.

Yawancin lokaci cuba cuba ɗaya kawai ake haihuwa. A lokuta da dama, akwai biyu daga cikinsu. Cubawon da aka haife suna nauyin kilo 15. Jariri jarirai suna ciyar da madara nono har tsawon watanni biyu. Kwanakin farko bayan haihuwar, 'Ya'yan suna da rauni sosai kuma basa taimako.

Kuna iya ganin su a lokacin ciyarwa. Duk sauran lokutan, de yakan ciyar a cikin ciyawa mai tsayi ko kuma lokacin farin ciki, da maski ke damke kansu daga duk wata haɗari. Thearfin halitta na boye yana taimaka musu a cikin wannan. Abu ne mai wahala ka hango ɗan barewa, koda kuwa ka tsaya kawai nan kaɗan.

M, suna iya jira uwar kwanaki. Gudun daga haɗari ne kawai zai fara a cikin watanni shida. Yankunan suna canzawa zuwa abinci na al'ada bayan watanni biyu da haihuwa, amma ba su bar mahaifiyar har shekara ɗaya, kasance tare da ita a cikin garken guda.

Darajar Maral ga mafarauta

Maral dabba ce ta Red Book saboda barazanar da kullun ke fuskanta. Mafarauta waɗanda ke waƙa da kuma kashe waɗannan barewar ba su yin tunani game da rage adadin artiodactyls. Sauran bangarorin suna da mahimmanci a gare su. Marals wata sanarwa ce ga mafarauta saboda dalilai da yawa.

Naman waɗannan barewa suna da daɗi da taushi, masu cin abinci. Bugu da kari, shima yana da kyan kayan warkarwa. Kusan babu mai a cikin naman maral, ƙimar makamashi shine 155 kcal / 100 g. Venison ya ƙunshi yawancin bitamin da ma'adinai (ƙarfe, magnesium, da sauransu).

Naman wadannan barewar ba ya cutar da zuciya da jijiyoyin jini har ma yana rage tasirin taba da barasa a jiki. Mutanen da ke cin naman cizon sauro kusan ba sa samun cutar kansa.

Darajar gaba ta barewa ita ce jininsu. Sun koyi yin amfani da kayan aikinta tun zamanin da. An kira jinin Maral "elixir na rayuwa." Yana taimakawa wajen kula da samartaka, tallafawa jiki ta kyakkyawan tsari, zai iya warkarda koda marassa lafiyar marasa bege. Ana amfani da jinin Maral don ƙirƙirar magunguna da yawa.

Hakanan ana fitar da kayan raw don magunguna daga ƙahon kwari (antlers). Kuma wannan shine wani dalili don farauta daga barewa. A cikin mafi kyawun yanayi, an yanke ƙaho sauƙaƙe, an kuma bar barewa kyauta. A mafi muni, an kashe dabbar. Raguna na ƙaho suna faɗuwa a ƙarshen hunturu.

Sabbin anguwa suna girma da sauri, suna ƙaruwa har zuwa santimita 2.5 a rana. Amma gaskiyar magana ita ce kawai matasa tsufa suna dauke da jini, wanda ya zama babban dalilin farauta. Ana sayar da ƙaho mai ƙyalli don yin kayan adon da kayan ado.

Yankan mashaya

Maral dabba ne (akwai hoto a cikin wannan labarin), mai daraja ga ƙahoninsa masu girma. Saboda haka ne aka kirkiro gonaki na musamman domin kiwo. Antlers suna da tubular tushe wanda jini ke tarawa. Don dalilai na magani, ana buƙatar rigunan matasa na barewa.

Antors an yanka a watan Yuni. Ga marals, wannan hanya mara jin ciwo ce. Lokacin da ya kai shekara 2, kaho yakan iya kaiwa nauyin kilo 9. Daga maral guda an yanke shi daga nau'i biyu zuwa goma sha biyu.

Kiwo Maral cikin gandun daji

Mafi sau da yawa, Siberian maral, dabba na Altai Territory, ana samun shi a cikin wuraren kiwo na wucin gadi. Yankunan suna da tsaftataccen tsaren yanayin halitta kuma suna nesa da wuraren masana'antu. Sauran yanayi na Altai Territory su ma sun fi dacewa: tsayin sama da matakin teku wanda ya fi dacewa da kasancewar barewa da wadataccen abinci.

An kirkiro gonaki na musamman don barewar kiwo. Garkunan dabbobi suna da ɗaruruwan burin. Ba a samun Marals a cikin alkalami, amma a cikin wuraren makiyaya. Waɗannan manyan yankuna ne da keɓaɓɓun shinge a kan iyakoki. Marals suna rayuwa, kamar yadda suke cikin daji, a cikin kananan rukuni.

Baƙi da ba su da harbe-harbe a cikin ƙaho suna harba baya, tunda irin wannan artiodactyls ba zai iya gurgunta amma ya kashe maƙiya da yawa, wanda ke rage adadin waɗannan dabbobin.

Fasali da mazaunin Altai maral

Altai maral dabba ce ta musamman. A cikin tsaunukan Altai akwai kyawawan barewa - Altai barewa. Waɗannan manyan dabbobi manya-manyan, nauyin maza na iya kaiwa kilogiram 350, kuma tsayinsa a ƙasan ya kai 160 cm.

Amma duk da girman su, waɗannan halittun sun sami damar yin tafiya tare da tsaunin tsaunuka tare da sauƙi mai sauƙi, yayin da suke nuna alherin da ban mamaki da kuma yin kwalliyar shimfidar wurare.

Bayyanar wannan barewar ta zamani ce da ta keɓance. Mafi kyawun kayan ado na namiji (kamar yadda zaku iya gani ta kallo hoton Altai maral) kyawawan launuka ne masu ban mamaki, kaho wadanda ke rarrabe daga lokaci zuwa lokaci akan kowane sanda daga matakai biyar ko sama da haka, amma kowace bazara sai su sake girma, suna kaiwa girma mai girma har zuwa 108 cm.

Ba a ba da mata irin wannan arziki. Bugu da kari, a waje guda suna da saukin bambancewa tsakanin mazan da suka fi karfi da girma. Launin waɗannan dabbobi ya bambanta da lokacin shekara.

A cikin watanni na bazara ne launin ruwan kasa-launin ruwan kasa ko m, kuma a cikin hunturu ana ƙara sautunan launin toka mai haske a cikin wannan gamut. Wani fasali mai mahimmanci game da launi na barewa shima mai launin baki ne, madubi mai launin shuɗi, wani ɓangare akan maɓallin croup din.

A yankin Altai na maral sun fi yawa. Zaman su ya kuma wuce fadin yankin Krasnoyarsk Territory, zuwa Tien Shan da Kyrgyzstan, inda za'a iya samunsu a cikin dazuzzuka masu dazuka da dazuka masu tsaunuka. Irin wannan barewa ma suna zaune a New Zealand.

Iri deer

Waɗannan dabbobin littafin Red ne. Da zarar mazaunin dean Altai ya fi shimfiɗa yawa. Koyaya, saboda dalilai da yawa, waɗannan kyawawan halittun suna sannu a hankali, amma ba mamaki, suna mutuwa, kuma babu matakan da suka iya canza wannan yanayin. Don kiwo da kariya daga cikin wadannan barewa, an kirkiro gonakin deer.

Bayani na farko game da irin wannan wakilan na musamman na fauna na duniya an samo su a karni na XVIII daga ayyukan Pallas. Masana ilimin halittu sun daɗe suna nazarin irin waɗannan halittu masu rai, amma mafi yawan bayanai game da su an samu su ne a cikin 30s na ƙarni na ƙarshe ta ma'aikata na Altai Reserve.

Altai maral An yi rikodin shi azaman jinsin 'yanci ne a cikin 1873, amma karni daga baya wannan nau'in dabba an sanya shi kawai ga adadin mambobi masu siyar jannati: ƙungiyar Siberian, wacce a yanzu ake ɗauka a matsayin ɓangare na barewa. Baya ga ita, akwai sauran rukunin Yammaci da Tsakiyar Asiya.

Habitat

Red deer ya bazu a yankin daga Asiya har zuwa Altai. Suna zaune a cikin tsaunukan Siberiya, Transbaikalia, Mongolia. An samo shi a Arewacin Amurka, nesa ba kusa da arewacin California da kudancin Arizona ba. A matsayin mazauni, sun fi son su zauna gandun daji.

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Abincin

Yawancin deer iri iri ne masu cin ganyayyaki. Abincin Maral da kanta yana da bambanci sosai kuma yana jin daɗin canzawa dangane da yanayin.

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A cikin hunturu, maral yakan kasance abincinsu daga bushe mai tushe na ciyawa, harbe na ash, dutsen itace, allura, honeysuckle da raspberries tare da fure. Da farkon lokacin bazara, sukan canza abincinsu zuwa ciyawa mai ciyawa. Tun daga tsakiyar watan Afrilu, sun fi son cin dusar ƙanana da reshen willow, ash dutsen da sauran tsintsaye da yawa. Har sai Mayu, marals suna cin ciyawa mai laushi.

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A lokacin bazara don maral, ganye ganye ne abinci. Zasu iya ciyar da kusan kowane nau'in ciyayi, daga tsintsiyar willow, katako, gero, plantain, har zuwa kwatangwalo, zobo da currants. Sau da yawa maral yakan ci 'ya'yan itacen apple.

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Halin hali da salon rayuwa

Irin waɗannan dabbobin an farauta su tun a tarihi. Daraja suna da mai kuma Altai namakazalika da babban fata.Amma wannan ba ya ƙare a can, saboda dabbar da aka bayyana halittu ne masu ban mamaki da halittu na halitta. Jinin Altai maral An dade ana amfani da shi azaman magani, kuma har yanzu yana da daraja a duk faɗin duniya kuma ba shi da alamun analogues.

Kusan halaye masu kyau na waɗannan halittu ba wai kawai su zama yanayin zama don ƙirƙirar camfin ba, har ma sun zama abubuwa na ciniki, yayin da, abin takaici, ba koyaushe game da ma'anar rabo ba, yin amfani da ribar da ba ta mamayewa ba. Wannan halin da ake ciki babu shakka babban dalilin shine ya lalata dabbobi.

An nuna wannan a cikin ƙaddarar barewar a wata mummunar hanya, kuma a wani mataki ya haifar da kusan ƙarshen murƙushe keɓantattun jinsunan. Baya ga farautar namun daji, dalilai na halitta suma sun rinjayi raguwa: matsanancin winters da kuma rashin ingantaccen abinci.

Ossified ƙahoni na Altai maral An yi amfani da shi don kera kayan adon kayan ado, kayan gargajiya masu tsada da abubuwan tunawa. Amma cikakkun bayanai game da bayyanar ta waje, wacce ba wai kawai ado ba ne, amma dabbobi ma sun yi amfani da ita azaman hanyar gwagwarmaya da kariya, suna da wasu halaye masu mahimmanci ga yan Adam.

Lokacin bazara don marals ya zama lokacin bunƙasa na tashin hankali. Wanda ake kira da ba ƙamshi ba ƙahoni na Altai marals. Wannan kayan masarufin da mutum yayi amfani dashi a yawancin fannonin ilimin harhada magunguna.

Tun zamanin da, ana amfani da kayan warkaswa na maganin tsufa a cikin maganin likitanci, an san su kuma an yaba su sosai a China. Abin da ya sa mazaunan Mulkin Tsakiyar suka sayi irin wannan samfurin na musamman don kuɗi da yawa. Uriesarni da suka gabata kaddarorin baƙin altai maral fara amfani da shi a Rasha.

Neman farauta a cikin lokaci ya lalace a baya, kuma ƙirƙirar wuraren kiwon dabbobi inda ake kiyaye waɗannan dabbobin kasuwanci kasuwanci ne mai sa'a. A zamanin yau, an haɓaka aikin gona na ƙaho mai zurfi sosai, kuma an sami nasarar wadatar da kayan masarufi a ƙasashen waje.

Antlers za a fara yanke shi a Maral tun yana ɗan shekara biyu. Yawancin lokaci sun kai nauyin kilogram 10, kuma irin wannan ƙashin ƙasusuwa mai mahimmanci yana da tsada fiye da ƙahon sauran barewa.

Hornsan ƙananan matasa ana yanka su a ƙarshen ƙarshen girma. Bayan haka, an girbe antlers ta hanya ta musamman: bushe, dafaffen, gwangwani ko amfani dashi don keɓance magunguna.

Abincin Altai

Maral – dabbacin abinci na musamman iri daban-daban, amma abincinsa ya bambanta kuma ya dogara da lokacin shekara. A cikin watanni na hunturu, don ciyar da kansu, suna gangara zuwa ƙasan tsaunuka.

Yana faruwa koyaushe cewa wannan mawuyacin hanya yana zuwa kilomita 100. Kuma dabbobi suna tafiya ta hanyoyi da yawa, suna haye kogunan dutse.

Suna iyo da kyau. A lokacin sanyi, deer ba shi da zaɓi face ya wadatar da itacen oak da ganyayyaki, wani lokacin allura, ko cin lasis.

A irin wannan lokacin, jikinsu yana matukar buƙatar ma'adinai. Don cika wannan buƙatu, dabbobi suna cinye ƙasa, gishirin gishiri a cikin solonetzes, kuma suna shayar da ma'adinan dutsen daga tushen.

Da shigowar bazara, matsalolin abinci masu gina jiki sun lalace da kansu. A irin wannan lokaci na shekara, an rufe dazuzzuka masu tuddai da kwari tare da ciyayi masu tsayi da mara nauyi. Kuma daga cikin tsire-tsire da aka ba da kyauta ta hanyar karimci, akwai magunguna masu yawa, alal misali, tushen ja da gwal, leuzea wanda zai iya warkar da kowane cuta. Bayan 'yan kaɗan daga baya, namomin kaza, berries, kwayoyi sun bayyana, wanda ke sa abincin deer ya bambanta da abinci mai gina jiki.

Sake buguwa da tsawon rai

Maral yana nufin wannan nau'in halittu masu rai waɗanda suka manyanta su sami zuriya, lokacin da ya isa. Suna samun damar daskarewa lokacin da suke karami kadan, amma mata suna haihuwar barewa ne kawai bayan sun kai shekaru uku. Maza biyu sun sami ikon yin cikakkiyar takaddara ne kawai da shekara biyar.

A waje da lokacin kiwo, maza sun gwammace suyi yawo a tsakanin tsaunuka kaɗai. Abokansu da samari suna ciyar da rayuwar su a cikin ƙananan garken, wanda ya haɗu daga membobi 3 zuwa 6, kuma babban wanda ke cikin wannan rukunin mata koyaushe ƙwararrun mata ne.

Kofin iko a cikin wadannan dabbobin yana bayyana kansu kusa da faduwa. Shanu a wannan lokacin suna neman wuraren da mata suke kiwo, suna jan hankalin su da tsawa, ƙarami da dogaye, sautuna waɗanda ana ɗauke da su tsawon mil da yawa.

Saurari muryar maral

A lokacin kiwo, dabbobi kusan basa cin abinci, amma ina shan ruwa sosai. Ercearancin abu ya ɓaci ga 'yancin barin offspringa atan a wannan lokacin - mafi yawan abubuwa game da barewa. Sakamakon fadace-fadace yawanci rauni ne. Amma a ƙarshen kaka, sha'awar ta ƙazantu, ta ci gaba kawai shekara mai zuwa.

Don bayyanar zuriya, bijimai suna ƙirƙira iyalai na musamman, waɗanda sune abubuwan cinye biyu ko uku, ƙasa da mace biyar. Masu mallakarsu, tare da kishi mai ban mamaki, suna kare matayensu daga ɓarnar abokan hamayya.

Dearamin saurayi na iya samun aibobi, amma har sai farkon molt ɗin

Amma an baiwa mata cikakken 'yancin zaɓin. Yawancin lokaci sukan zaɓi ɗan mazan da suke da ƙaho mai ƙaho. Amma idan suna son barin shugabancin shugaba mai gundura da neman wani, tsoffin mazajensu ba sa kokarin yin kutse da abokansu.

An haifi Cubs ne kawai a farkon lokacin bazara na gaba. Yayin balaga, mace tana cikin nutsuwa, kuma dukkan ayukan da suke yi sun lalace don kare sabbin haihuwar.

Rarraba don kare zuriyar, waɗannan manyan dabbobin masu ƙarfin hali sun sami damar yin gwagwarmaya ko da majiɓintan jini kamar kishiyoyi da kyarketai, suna fitowa suna nasara kuma suna juya masu laifi.

Rayayye a cikin daji, deer yayi rayuwa takaitacciya, wacce ba zata wuce shekaru 14 ba. Amma a cikin dabbobin dabbobi, deer yakan rayu har zuwa shekaru 30.

Man da maral

Duk wanda ya taɓa ganin barewa mai rai tabbas zai iya tuna dogon dabbar nan da kansa ya ɗaga kai tare da alfahari, wanda akan girka ƙaho. A cikin alfahari da wannan dabbar, ana hasashen babban ƙarfin da halin tawaye. Maral kusan ƙwarya iri ɗaya ce, wacce akafi sani a Turai da daddare ja, a Siberiya ana kiranta lardin Manchurian, a Arewacin Amurka kuma ana kiranta wapiti. Maral, kamar kowace barewa, dabba ce babba, babba ce ta biyu bayan almara. Girma mai girma har zuwa santimita 170. Weight har zuwa kilogiram 400, ƙarfi da ƙaho mai ƙarfi suna ba shi damar jure kowane magabacin. Ko da kyarkeci ba koyaushe ya isa ya kai farmaki ga bare ba. A dabi'a, deer ba shi da tsoron kowa, amma da yake suna da hankali ta yanayi, suna ƙoƙari su nuna kansu ga mutane. Kuma akwai dalilai masu kyau game da wannan. Tabbas, deer ya kasance tun farkon farautar mutane. Onlyan mutum ne kawai yake da ƙarfin ikon ɗaura hoto a kan wannan ƙaton dajin, kuma don ƙarni da yawa, ya kashe waɗannan kyawawan dabbobin, waɗanda suke ainihin ado ne na yanayi, don cin naman su.

Tabbas, farauta shine kawai abinda saboda mutum zai iya rayuwa, har yanzu ba kamar dubun dubunnan da suka gabata ba. Amma me ya sa ya kasance barewa, ba dabbar daji, beyar, ko wata dabba da ke da yawa a wancan lokacin? Bayan duk farauta, farauta na barewa - wannan dabbar kyakkyawa mai ƙarfi ta yi nesa da nishaɗi. Wannan dabbar mai hankali da saurin sa dole ne ya farauto ta cikin dajin daji, yayi taka tsantsan don kusanci da ita da kuma kawo mummunan rauni wanda bayan wannan dabbar mai karfin fada ba zata iya fada ba, in ba haka ba mafarautan da kansa bazai iya zama wannan bishiyar ba. Sakamakon nasara na wannan farauta ya ba da damar da za a ciyar da ƙabilar gaba ɗaya tsawon kwanaki. Kuma idan mafarauci ya rasa, a cikin yanayi mai wuya ya wanzu yana da rai da lafiya. Mai tsananin iko, maral mai rauni zai iya gurgunta ko ma kashe mutum fiye da ɗaya. Mutanen zamanin da sun gaskata cewa rayukan dabbobi, da kuma rayukan mutane na iya rayuwa bayan mutuwa. A cikin kabilun Turai da Asiya, an dauki dabbar da aka fi girmamawa, wanda mai yiwuwa dalilin da ya sa tsohuwar al'adar ta totem ta daidaita wannan yaƙin.

Ta hanyar lalata deer, mutane sun yi aiki da ka'idodin rayuwar magabacin ɗan adam - “samun dabbobi, adana su”. Akwai ma irin wannan imani: "Zai yi kyau ga wanda ya kashe dabba sama da deer a shekara guda." Red de, jan dila, barewa ja - wannan dabba ce wacce hotonta ya zo mana tun zamanin da akan zane-zanen mutane na farko. Mutum zai iya tunanin yadda tsohon mawakin yake da wahayi a zuciyarsa don ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan hotunan masu aiki na “matsolyphs” a kan duwatsun, wanda yawancin lokuta ana nuna zane-zane a cikin farauta. Halittar zane-zanen maral a kan dutsen an yi shi da begen ikon mallaka na ruhu, domin ya ba wa mutum alheri, ya kuma ceci rayuwarsa. Petroglyphs na aikin Kalbak-Tash zai iya zama misali.

A hermitage yana rike kayan akan rami na shinge a cikin Altai. Abubuwan fashe-fashe na binne mutane masu daraja tare da dawakai sun nuna cewa an sa wani abin rufe gashi da kaho. Wannan tabbaci ne cewa barewa ce wanda mutane suka wakilta a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya a cikin sauran duniyar, kuma don wannan dokin an nuna shi kamar barewa. Tarihi-da-Eurasi mai faɗi ya wanzu a ciki wanda barewar ta kasance nau'in matsakanci tsakanin duniya - tsakiya, babba da ƙananan. Dangane da wannan tatsuniyar, idan maharbi wani maharbi zai kai mutum izuwa kyakkyawan tatsuniyoyin duniya ko kuma su lalata shi. A wannan ma'anar, deer yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dabbobi masu tarihin rayuwar dabbobi. A cikin zane-zanen da masu fasahar zane-zane na zamanin tsakiya suke, ana samun wuraren farauta koyaushe kuma inda aka fi nuna hoton farauta Red Deer. Ga hoto na Bril Paulus, daga tarin Louis XIV, "Deer Hunt" wanda aka rubuta a karni na 16, wanda aka adana a cikin Louvre.

Amma ƙarni sun shude. Wani mutum ya ƙaurace wa tsohuwar tawali'u ta ruhaniya, yana samun sauran addinai a cikin allahn. A tsawon lokaci, ya samu dama da yawa don samun nasa abincin banda farauta. Mutane sun fara kiwon dabbobi na gida, sun koyi yadda za su iya zama tsirrai, amma farauta har yanzu suna jan hankalin shi ga kansu. Menene dalilin, me yasa?

Akwai dalilai da yawa na kwarai wadanda yasa bare ya zama mafi shahararrun korar farauta, kuma saboda abin da barewar ta fara zama. An dade da lura da cewa naman barewa ba kawai mai taushi ne mai daɗi da ɗanɗano ba, har ma yana da kayan abinci masu ban mamaki har ma da warkarwa. Kusan babu mai a cikin ɓarna, ƙimar kuzarinsa kawai 155 kcal ne a cikin 100 g. Naman naman barewa da maral sun ƙunshi yawancin bitamin B1, B2 da PP, haka kuma abubuwanda aka gano: baƙin ƙarfe, alli, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium. Saboda haka, ɓarna da cuta ba ta cutar da jijiyoyin jini da zuciya. An bada shawara don amfani da rashi bitamin da raunin ƙwayar cuta. Babban abun ciki na bitamin B1 - nitamine yana da tasiri mai motsawa akan aikin kwakwalwar mutum. Thiamine shima ingantaccen antioxidant ne, shine dalilinda yasa yake rage mummunan tasirin taba da shan barasa. Likitoci sukan ba da shawarar cin naman naman alade ga mata masu juna biyu, saboda yana ɗaga sautin tsokoki na zuciya, ciki da narkewa. An lura cewa mutanen da suke cin naman gwaiba kusan basa kamuwa da cutar kansa.

Me barewa suke ci?

A cikin bazara, deer yakan ciyar da ciyawa yayin da yake kore kuma mai laushi. Suna ɗaukar ciyawa cikin sauri zuwa 30 tweaks a minti ɗaya, suna ciyar da awa daya da rabi, suna ƙaura daga wuri zuwa wuri. Bayan sun gaji, suna kwance suna tauna ɗanɗano, kusan kamar shanu. A wannan lokacin, matasa dabbobi frolic karkashin kulawa na manya. A lokacin rani, lokacin da ciyawa ke tsiro, maɗaukaki yakan ɗauki fiɗa, ba sa saukar da kawunansu ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, kullun suna kallo, kuma garken an samo shi ne domin kowa da kowa yana da yanki na kallo, amma gabaɗaya ya nuna cewa ana sarrafa sararin samaniya duka. Ana shirya hutawa na barewa a wani wurin buɗe domin duk abin da yake kewaye da shi.

Af, marals suna matukar son rassan bishiyoyi daga halittar Ledum wanda ke girma a Altai, wanda ake kira "maralnik". Wannan shuki a cikin Altai yana da matukar amfani. A lokacin furanni na maralnik, duk tuddai na Altai ana fentin su a cikin lilac-pink pink. Wannan hoto ne wanda ba za'a iya mantawa dashi ba. Ba don komai ba ne cewa idan aka kwatanta zamanin maralnik na Altai da bikin Hanami a Japan. Kodayake ana kiran maralnik a kimiyyance "rhododendron na Ledebor," yan gari ba su san hakan ba, amma suna da wata alama: maralnik ya yi fure - damuna ta zo.

A cikin hunturu, deer tare da jin daɗin ci rassan da ganyen currant, Willow, ash ash, aspen, ƙasa da yawa suna cin honeysuckle ko Birch, kuma basa ƙin lichen da suke ci yayin da dusar ƙanƙara take, musamman tunda akwai wadataccen lichen a cikin waɗannan sassan. A gonakin kiwo maral, ana ciyar da su gabaɗaya, a wasu wurare, ana kiran gonar haya da tire. Sabili da haka, idan a cikin daji, maral yawanci ba ya rayuwa sama da shekaru 15, to gonaki suna tsira zuwa shekaru 25-30.

Jinin jini da filawar maral

Man ya saba da warkad da kaddarorin jinin maral tsawon daruruwan shekaru. Tun ƙarni da yawa, mutane sun yi amfani da jinin wannan dabbar mai ban mamaki azaman wakili na warkewa don ƙarfafa mahimmancin mutumin da ke jinkirta tsohuwar tsufa. Daga kafofin tarihi an san cewa ko da a zamanin da, shaman yana warkarwa ko da marasa lafiya marasa bege, suna tilasta su shan sabbin jini na deer, wanda kawai ake kira "elixir na rayuwa." Af, wannan har yanzu ana amfani da shi don asalin 'yan asalin Altai da na Arewa. Yayin yankan antlers, mutanen da ke cikin wannan, suna zubar da jini daga barewa kuma suna sha shi nan da nan, har yanzu suna da zafi. Tabbas, wannan wasan kwaikwayon ba don rauni na zuciya bane, amma duk da haka gaskiyane. Wannan shine yadda wannan hanya take a yau a ɗaya daga cikin gonakin kiwon dabbobi na Altai reindeer.

A cikin wayewar duniya, ana amfani da samfuran magunguna waɗanda aka yi da jini da barewa don dalilai na warkewa. Nazarin ilimin kimiyya ya tabbatar da cewa jinin haila da gaske ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke da amfani ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Da farko dai, waɗannan sunadarai ne, fats, macro da microelements, har ma da amino acid, nucleic acid, abubuwa masu amfani da kwayoyin, steroids, peptides, bitamin da sauran abubuwan da yawa waɗanda ba a yi binciken kimiyya ba, amma wanda ba shakka suna da amfani mai amfani ga jikin ɗan adam. A aikace, an lura cewa jini, daga tasoshin jikin mutum da daga kwararar barewa, shima yana kan aikin halitta.

Shekaru da yawa, masana kimiyya daga ƙasashe da yawa sunyi ƙoƙarin samo ingantaccen magani daga jinin barewa don ya sami ikon ikon mu'ujiza, amma a cikin 1934 ne daga ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar Soviet S. M. Pavlenko, A. S. Tevi, L. N. Shchepetilnikova da V. S An ƙirƙira Kiseleva wata hanyar da za a sami magani mai aiki daga rukunin maral. An kira magungunan Pantocrine. Kuma lokacin da, bayan fiye da shekaru 30 na gwaji da amincewa a cikin 1967, wannan magani ya mallaka a ƙarƙashin lambar 195049, an yanke shawarar ƙirƙirar maral-sovkhoz na musamman a cikin Altai don kiwo maral don samun filayen rigakafin cututtukan pantocrine daga gare su. Wannan gonar mai mallakin ƙasa mai mallakin ƙasa ta wanzu har zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Soviet, kuma yanzu haka akwai barewar kiwo a gindinta.

Abincin da aka kirkira don kera magunguna shine pantocrine, ruwan da ke amfani da giya daga kaho maral wanda ba a shafawa ba. Antlers sun fara yankan barewa tun yana dan shekara biyu, saboda haka wata barewa a cikin rayuwa tana bawa nau'i biyu na goma sha biyu. Ana girbe Antlers a cikin Mayu-Yuni a lokacin tafiya, lokacin da maza ke da mafi girman ayyukan halittar. Maza, waɗanda manyan ƙaho suka yi girma, ana karɓar su daga garke kuma a rarrabe su cikin alkalami na musamman. Sa’annan, daya bayan daya, ana tura su cikin kunkuntar hanyar da ta wuce wanda maral ya hau kan wata na musamman inji inda shugaban dabbar yake.

Aikin yana da wahala sosai kuma mutane da yawa suna shiga cikin aikin, waɗanda ke riƙe dabbar, kuma ɗayansu yana yanke filayen tare da ƙaramin abin fashewa ko ƙaramin ɓarnar ƙarfe.

Sannan wurin da aka yanke shi ake yankan dabbobin kuma dabba mai firgita an sake ta. Wani ɓacin rai maral harsashi ya tashi daga cikin ɗakin su inda wannan kisan ya faru. Kuma a sa'an nan kada ku shiga cikin hanyarsa, kowa za a rushe.

Idan akai la'akari da cewa nauyin biyu daga antlers yakai kilo 5-6, kuma a halin yanzu a cikin Altai Republic akwai deer 40,000 kuma maɗaukaki 4,500, ba abin mamaki bane cewa a matsakaita kusan tan 30 na antlers an karɓa daga gare su, wanda musamman fitarwa. Ga Altai, wannan babbar riba ce, kusan rabin dukkanin fitarwa, a cikin kuɗin kuɗin kuɗin wannan ya haura dalar Amurka miliyan 4 a shekara.

Ga barewa wanda an sare karkararta, ba za ku iya damuwa ba. Bayan 'yan watanni, sababbi za su sake nuna kansa, ko da yake ba za su sami lokacin da za su girma sama da rabin mil ba. Amma wannan ba nasa bane.

Magunguna da kayan kwalliya

Abubuwan da suka keɓance na musamman na Altai maral ba a samo su a kowace dabba don haka ana darajarsu ko'ina cikin duniya. Shekaru da yawa, an girbe filafa kawai a cikin Rasha, a Siberiya da Altai. An yi amfani da karamin sashi don samo pantocrine, sauran kamfanoni sun sayi sauran kamfanoni masu sarrafa magunguna a China da Koriya, inda aka shirya magunguna daga gare su, waɗanda suke da babbar bukata a duk faɗin duniya, ciki har da Rasha. Kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, magungunan cikin gida sun fara bayyana. Babban wanda ya shafe shekaru yana pantocrine. Ana samunsa ta hanyan cire ruwan-inabin giya ko a cikin allunan. Ana amfani dashi a baki tare da rauni na ƙwayar zuciya, saukar karfin jini, bayan bugun zuciya, tare da yawan aiki da jijiyoyin jini.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ɗaukar wuraren wanka na warkewa tare da shirye-shirye daga barewa tare da haɓakar ma'adanai da mahimmin mai na fir. Ana samun waɗannan magungunan a cikin nau'ikan salts waɗanda ke ɗauke da cikkaken kayan haɗin ma'adanai da kayan haɓaka na halitta. Alamu suna daidai da na pantocrine, amma suna aiki da hankali kuma suna da karancin contraindications, ana amfani dasu a cikin maganin balneological kuma a gida. An samar da cikakken layin irin wannan gishirin.

Kayan shafawa da aka yi a kan tushen albarkatun kasa daga antlers an yi amfani da shi sosai. Nazarin suna ba da kyakkyawan sakamako don sabunta fata, kulawa da rigakafin cututtukan fata.

Jinyar kiwo

A wani lokaci a yanzu, sun fara yin kiwo don baƙi a cikin kasashen Scandinavia da Scotland da kuma a cikin jihohin Baltic. Wani abin lura shi ne nasarar sake samar da noma a cikin New Zealand. Ba sama da shekaru goma sha hudu ba, an kawo nau'i-nau'i daga deer a cikin wannan kasar kuma fara farawa. Sakamakon haka, New Zealand yanzu yana da kusan miliyan biyu na barewa. Manoman Reindeer suna da kudin shiga na kusan dala miliyan 200. Yanzu New Zealand ita ce babban mai fafatawa a Rasha don fitar da karkara. Ga alama baƙon abu kaɗan, ra'ayin yin amfani da tururuwa don dalilai na magani da girbi su a cikin masana'antu, wanda ya bayyana sama da ƙarni da rabi da suka gabata a Siberia, yanzu yana ƙaruwa da wadatar lafiyar New Zealanders! Da kyau, deer da kansu suna jin ba dadi ba duk a cikin New Zealand, maimakon haka.

Tabbas, zan so in fata cewa kiwo maral a Rasha ya tashi zuwa matakin da ya dace. Haka kuma, tare da kirkirar fasahohin cikin gida na zamani, kamfanoni na Rasha suna karuwa sosai, wadanda suka ƙaddamar da samar da magunguna da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na pantocrine, waɗanda, bisa la’akari da takunkumin da Rasha ta gabatar ta Turai, yana zama mai matukar tattalin arziƙi. Kuma ga mutanen da ke zaune a Siberiya da Altai, hakika wannan masana'antar za ta kasance mai wadatarwa kuma za ta kawo babbar riba ga mutane da kuma yankin baki ɗaya, musamman tunda magudanar Altai ta kasance koyaushe kuma ta kasance mafi kyawun ƙazamar a duniya.

Lafiyar Qasa

Mafi yawan mazaunin wannan nau'in sune tsaunukan daji-tuddai. Waɗannan yankuna ne waɗanda ke ba shi damar samun nauyin da ya dace don hunturu, yana cin abinci mafi amfani. Daga cikin wasu deer, deer ne mafi herbivorous. Dalilin haka ne ya sa ya kasance da wahala a gare shi ya rayu cikin dusar kankara, yana cin rassa kawai. Red barewa abinci ne ga kyarkeci, bear, ko da lynxes da Wolverines.

Yawan nau'ikan dabbobi

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, yawan wannan nau'in yana raguwa koyaushe. Wannan ba kawai saboda dalilai na halitta ba, kamar cin abinci ta hanyar magabatan, ƙaramin abinci a cikin lokacin sanyi, amma kuma tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam. A halin yanzu, wannan ƙazamai mai kyau, kyakkyawa, deer, kusan ba a same shi a cikin daji ba. Red Book yayi da'awar cewa lambarta a cikin daji 'yan dubbai ne. Idan mutum bai kiyaye barewa a cikin wuraren kiwo da gonaki ba, da sannu a cikin dazuzzukan daji ba zai yuwu a sadu ba.

Amfani da mutum

A cikin ƙasarmu, ana amfani da barewa kawai, waɗanda suke bushe da amfani da foda a cikin shirye-shiryen likita daban-daban. Koyaya, a wasu ƙasashe, kamar wasu mutanen jiharmu, ana amfani da jini, nama da konkoma karɓar waɗannan dabbobi. Jinin Maral yana da wadata a cikin sunadarai, ƙananan abubuwa da abubuwan macro, fats, acid na nucleic, hormones, peptides, amino acid, bitamin, steroids da sauran abubuwa masu yawa. Haka kuma, jini da jikin Maral da jiragen ruwa marasa lafiya ana amfani da su - aikinsu na halitta iri ɗaya ne.

Farashin dabbobi - deer - a cikin Babban Tarayya Tarayya da sauran yankuna kusan 90,000 rubles ne ga kowane mutum mai rai. Ba a tallata farashin kayan sihiri ta masu siyarwa ko masu siyarwa.

Lokacin kiwo

Red barewa tayi latti. Mata suna yin jima'i ne kawai da shekara uku. Maza suna tsara masu kahon hatsi kusa da kansu, suna farawa ne daga shekara biyar. Endarshen watan Agusta alama ce ta dutse. A zahiri kowace shekara, lokacin mating yana farawa a wurare guda. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, wadannan abubuwan share fage ne daban-daban da kuma dogayen dutse. Da farko, mazan sun kasance wasu keɓantattu, duk da cewa akwai sabani tsakanin abokan hamayya biyu. A matsayinka na mai mulki, wakilan manya suna shiga cikin irin wannan gwagwarmaya, yayin da matasa suka fi son barin yankunansu ba tare da fada ba. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, fadace-fadace na Mahalli ba na jini bane.

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Mata, bi da bi, suna yin zaɓin a cikin shugabanci na wakilai masu ƙarfi da ƙari. Wataƙila ofar sautin ƙarfi da sautin ƙaho suna da babban mahimmanci.

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Bayan namiji ya shirya mace kusa da shi, lokacin kare su daga abokan gaba zai iya farawa. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, namiji daya bashi da mata sama da 3.

Mata suna da juna biyu a cikin kwanaki 255. Yayin haihuwa, mace ta fi son samun wuraren kwanciyar hankali inda jarirai za su kasance lafiya. Mafi yawan lokuta, mace daya tak ba ta haihuwa fiye da barewa biyu. Da farko, tana kiyaye zuriyarta daga haɗari.