Jaguars shine mafi girma kuma kawai cat na halittar panther wanda ke zaune a Amurka. Tsawon tsinkayen sa zai iya kaiwa cm 75. Tsawon jikin mutum shine 150-180 cm, kuma tsawon wutsiya shine cm 90 - 90. Jaguars yayi nauyi tsakanin kilogram 68-136. Waɗannan dabbobi masu iko ne, masu babban faifan murabba'i da manyan kumatu. Suna da jijiyoyin jiki da kuma tsokoki na jiki. An kirkiro jikinsu don iko, ba don sauri ba, kodayake suna iya haɓaka saurin gudu kuma suna sauri su kai hari ga waɗanda ba a sani ba. Launin launi ya kama daga launin rawaya zuwa launin ruwan hoda, tare da baƙar fata a wuyansa, jiki da wata gabar jiki. A ciki fari ne da farin toka. Jaguars baƙar fata ko ma'anar fata suna da yawa gama gari kuma shine sakamakon rinjaye guda. Wadannan jaguars suna da gashin baki tare da baƙar fata, waɗanda ba a iya ganin su da kyau a kan asalin baƙar fata. Melanists sun fi yawa a cikin gandun daji.
Anyi rikodin mafi girma na Jaguars a cikin Tsarin Yanayi na Panatal a Brazil, inda matsakaicin nauyin maza shine kilogiram 100 kuma mata sune kilogram 76. Ana samun ƙaramin jaguars mafi girma a cikin Honduras, inda maza suke nauyin kilo 57 a matsakaici kuma mace tayi nauyin 42. Gabaɗaya, jaguars da aka samo a cikin gandun daji mai ƙarancin girma fiye da waɗanda ke zaune a wuraren buɗe ido, watakila wannan ya faru ne saboda mafi girman yawan ungulates a wuraren buɗe. Maza yawanci sun fi 10-20% girma fiye da mace. Tsarin hakori I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3/2, da M 1/1.
Habitat
Jaguars sun fi son daskararru, wurare masu zafi, m ciyayi waɗanda ke ba su isasshen matsuguni, duk da cewa ana samun su a wuraren daji, gadaje masu gadaje, gandun daji, tekuna da katako. Jaguars kyawawan masu iyo ne kuma masu son zama kusa da ruwa, kamar koguna, lagoons, tafkunan ruwa da kwari. Yawancin lokaci ba a samun su a cikin yanki mai bushe. An yi rikodin kasancewar jaguar a wani tsauni na mita 3800 a Costa Rica, amma su, a matsayinka na doka, ba a samun su a cikin gandun daji kuma ba sa rayuwa sama da mita 2700 a cikin Andes. A arewacin Mexico da kudu maso yammacin Amurka, ana samun jaguars a cikin gandun daji na itacen oak, daɓar katako, da kuma gandun daji.
Jaguars suna bin abin da za su ci a duniya, suna son maɓuɓɓugan ƙasa da yawa don ɓarkewa. Zasu iya hawa bishiyoyi don kariyarsu ko yayin farauta. Don kula da ƙoshin lafiya, dabbobi suna buƙatar: wadatar ruwa, ciyayi mai yawa da isasshen ganima.
Rashin mazaunin mazauni
Jaguars suna da babban rarraba, suna zaune ne daga kudu na Arizona da New Mexico, kudu zuwa arewacin Argentina da arewa maso gabashin Brazil. Koyaya, an rage yawan jama'a ko lalata su a wasu yankuna, ciki har da El Salvador, Amurka da manyan yankuna na Mexico.
Jaguars a halin yanzu yana rufe yankin kusan miliyan 8.75 km2 ko 46% na mazauninsu na tarihi. Manyan jaguars sun zama ruwan dare a cikin kwari na Amazon, ciki har da Serrado, Pantanal, Chaco. Yankunan zama ya ƙare zuwa arewa da gabas na tekun Caribbean na Venezuela da Guiana. Raguwar yawan jama'a ya faru ne a arewacin Mexico, Amurka, arewacin Brazil da kudancin Argentina. An lalata mutane a cikin jejin Monte na Argentina da kuma cikin Pampa na kudu maso gabashin Kudancin Amurka. Jaguars yawanci basa zaune a kan tuddai kamar su Pune.
Jaguars suna da mazaunin mazaunin su, wanda ya mamaye daga 25 zuwa 38 km2 na mata kuma kusan ninki biyu ne. Namiji ya rufe mace da yawa. Maza, a matsayin mai mulkin, tafi gaba fiye da mace. Dangane da binciken daya, an kiyasta matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakancin maza na kimanin kilomita 3.3, kuma na mace - kilomita 1.8. Suna kare mazauninsu daga wasu maza manya.
Sake buguwa da Tsarin rayuwa
Jaguars galibi suna sadarwa ta hanyar murdawa. Mace yayin estrour safe da na dare suna bayar da labarin shirinsu na balaga. Maza suna amsawa ga waɗannan ƙalubalen da nasu saɓani kuma suna zuwa ƙasar mace don yin hulɗa, wanda ke haifar da gasa tsakanin maza don yin aure tare da takamaiman mace. Baƙon abu bane mace ta yi jima'i da maza da yawa, kodayake mafi yawan maza za su iya fitar da abokin kara musu ƙarfi. Mace ba sa yin haƙuri da gaban maza bayan an balaga, kuma musamman bayan haihuwar sa cuban.
Ana sake maimaita haihuwar estrus bayan kwanaki 37, kuma tsawonsa ya kasance ne daga kwanaki 6 zuwa 17. Hanya ta halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu: lordosis (lankwasawa mai zurfi na kashin baya), ƙwanƙwasawa (motsin lebe), ƙwanƙwasawa, ƙwarewar kankara da kuma ƙara yawan alamun ƙanshi. Maza suna nuna hauhawar matakan androgen a shekara-shekara, amma matakan hormone mafi girma suna raguwa yayin ruwan ambaliyar ruwa a wasu yankuna. Jaguars na iya samar da zuriya shekara-shekara, amma a matsayinka na mai doka, dabbar ta hanyar canjin yana ƙaruwa daga Disamba zuwa Maris. Yawancin Mostasan an haife su ne a lokacin damina lokacin da ganima take da yawa. A matsakaita, mace tana haihuwar toaya 2 (adadin ya bambanta daga 1 zuwa 4). Cutar ciki shine kwana 91-111. Sake haifuwa a cikin mace na faruwa ne a watanni 12 - 24, kuma a cikin maza a watanni 24-36.
Cubs an haife su tare da idanunsu rufe kuma gaba ɗaya sun dogara da mahaifiyarsu. Idanun su a buɗe na kimanin sati biyu. Ana basu madara nono har sai sun kai watanni 5-6. Sannan suka fara farauta da mahaifiyarsu. Matasa sun dogara da mahaifiyarsu kusan shekaru biyu. Tana kare su daga maharbanta, tana koyar da farauta da koyar da dukkan dabarun da ake bukata.
Jaguars a cikin daji suna rayuwa shekaru 11-12. Cutar, haɗari, haɗuwa da wasu dabbobin daji ko farautar namun daji sune manyan hanyoyin samun mace-mace. A cikin bauta, jaguars na iya isa shekaru 20 da haihuwa.
Halayyar
Jaguars sun fi aiki da maraice da kuma sanyin safiya, kodayake suna iya aiki a kowane lokaci na rana. A matsayinka na mai mulkin, suna hutawa a lokacin rana. Jaguars yayin hutawarsu yana kwance cikin inuwa mai zurfi, a ƙarƙashin ciyawa mai yawa, a cikin kogo ko a ƙarƙashin manyan duwatsu. Sun kuma huta kusa da bakin koguna, kuma a lokacin damina ana tilasta su su sauka a kan bishiyoyi. Jaguars ya dogara da ruwa sosai, musamman lokacin bushewar, lokacin da ya zama dole tserewa daga ruwa. Waɗannan dabbobin dabbobi ne kaɗai ban da lokacin kiwo.
Sadarwa da tsinkaye
Jaguars galibi suna sadarwa ne ta hanyar magana. Yana ƙaruwa cikin sautin murya ko iko kuma ya bambanta, ya danganta ne da ɗayan mai sautin, ko dai namiji ne, ko mace a lokacin estrus. Murmushi na maza sun fi ƙarfin mace. A lokacin estrus, mace tayi kuka cikin dare da asuba. Amsar da namiji ya yi game da kiran mace ta zama abin daci da ƙwayar hankali. Mafarautan wasu lokuta suna kwaikwayon sautin mace don jawo hankalin namiji. Jaguars yayi alamar haƙƙin zuwa ƙasa tare da taimakon murƙushewa, alamar bishiyoyi da lalata a kan ciyayi.
Abinci mai gina jiki
Jaguars cikakke dabbobi masu shayarwa ne. Suna da abinci mai kyau; fiye da nau'ikan halittu 85 sun ba da rahoton abinci na Jaguar. Manyan dabbobin, kamar peccaria, tapirs da barewa, ana ɗaukarsu sune abincin da aka gwammace. Suna kuma farautar caimans, kunkuru, macizai, baranda, kifin, kifi, tsuntsaye da sauran dabbobi. Jaguars yawanci yakan kai hari ganima ne daga wani wurin ɓoye. Suna yin cizo kai tsaye a wuyan, sannan kuma su buge wanda aka azabtar ko kuma nan take su kashe ta ta hanyar diga baya na kwanyar da tatsuniyoyi. Fafaffun jawubansu da mayafansu suna ba ku damar yanka masu fata-fata masu rarrafe kuma ku ciji ƙarar jirgin ruwa. Bayan haka, jaguars suna jan abincinsu zuwa wani wurin da ba kowa kuma suna jin daɗin abincin.
Bayyanar fasali da fasali
Hoto: Jaguar dabbobi
Bayyanar jaguar, a gaskiya, ba shi da matsala. Tsakaninsa, alherinsa da suturar sa mai kyau za a iya yin hassada da shi. Wannan shine kawai cat na mashigar halittar da ke zaune a Amurka, girmanta da kamanninsu suna da ban sha'awa. A ƙishirwa, jaguar na iya kaiwa tsawon 80 cm. Jikinta na iya zama daga 120 zuwa 180 cm tsayi, baya kirga wutsiya, wacce a wasu lokutan tana da tsawon 90 zuwa 90. Yawan jaguars ya bambanta daga kilogram 68 zuwa 136.
Mace sun fi maza yawa. An san shari'ar mai ban sha'awa cewa an rubuta babban nauyi a cikin wannan cat cat - jaguar wanda nauyinsa ya wuce kilo 158! An lura cewa magabatan da ke zaune a wuraren da suke da buɗe suna da manyan girma idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin katako. Wataƙila, wannan ya shafi yawan abinci, wanda yafi yawa a cikin yankuna na fare, saboda daukacin garken dabbobi da ke kewaye.
Shugaban jaguar yana da girma da ƙarfi tare da ƙarfi, hakoran ja-jawed. Jaguar tayi santsi da lemu. Kunnuwa karami ne, zagaye. Idanun hakika suna lumshe ido, kaddara, kallon yana da karfin gaske kuma yana da girman kai. Hannun dabbar suna da ƙarfi kuma squat, tsokoki suna haɓaka da kyau, za a lura da ikonsu da ikonsu nan da nan. Masu tsere daga jaguars suma suna da kyau kwarai, wadannan mafarautan suna iya isa da gudun kilomita 100 a sa'a guda, kuma suna kaiwa da kawowa cikin walkiya da sauri cewa wanda abin ya shafa bashi da lokacin murmurewa.
Kyakkyawan fata na Jaguar kyakkyawa ne, godiya ga canza launi mai ban mamaki. Jawo daga cikin magabatan gajere ne, amma yayi kauri sosai kuma mai daɗin taɓawa ne.
Matsayin gaba na jikin mutum na iya zama:
- m
- gajeren zanci
- m
- launin ruwan kasa.
Gabaɗaya jikin yana ko'ina da duhu duhu, wanda a cikin mutane daban-daban na iya zama ƙarami da girma, suna da ƙaƙƙarfa ko launi mai launi. A wasu samfurori, ana gabatar da tsarin a cikin nau'ikan zobba. Duk fuskar jaguar tana daɗaɗa da wasu ƙananan kalamai masu duhu da suka fito fili bayyananniyar tushen rayuwar. Kunnuwa na dabba suna duhu cikin launi tare da tabo mai haske a tsakiya. Ofarshen jikin jaguar mai launin shuɗi ne, kusan fari.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa jaguars suma baƙaƙen fata ne, ba su da ɗanɗano, wannan ya faru ne saboda kasancewar ɗimbin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta a cikin maharbi Irin waɗannan lokutan ana kiransu melanists. Suna da aibobi a kan gashin Jawo, amma ba a gan su kwata-kwata a kan asalin aikin kwal. Mafi sau da yawa, irin waɗannan saniya ana haife su ne a cikin mutane da ke zaune a gandun daji. A cikin gidan Odessa akwai wata magana mai ban mamaki yayin da dangin jaguars a cikin brood suke da 'ya' yan kodiya biyu na launi daban-daban, kuma duka biyu sunyi baki. Waɗannan sune irin waɗannan yanayi na yanayi!
Abin da ke ci
Jaguar abinci
Jaguar wani irin abu ne mai cin nama wanda abincinsa ya ƙunshi kusan nau'ikan dabbobi 87. Daga cikin abincin da ya fi so shine capybara da cayman. Jaguars kuma suna farautar barewa, tururuwa, butar ruwa, macizai (gami da dabbobin anacondas), ciyawar ruwa da kifi. Ganimarsa na iya zama biri, fox, iguana, mallaki, otter, rodents, nosuha, kunkuru mai ruwa da armadillos. A gefen kofofin, jaguars suna neman ƙwai na kunkuru na teku ko kuma mata a lokacin da ake kwanciya. Jaguars kuma iya farautar dabbobi, alal misali, shanu.
Inda yake zama
Matsakaicin mazaunin jaguars yana farawa a Tsakiyar Amurka kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Mexico da arewacin Argentina. An lura da mafi girman mutane a Brazil. Amma a yankin El Salvador da Uruguay, an lalata wadannan masu kaddara. Gabaɗaya, kewayon zamani na jaguars ya zama ƙasa da na asali da na uku.
Inda jaguars suke zama
Babban wuraren rayuwarsu sune gandun daji na ruwa mai zafi da ciyayi, gami da gandun daji, a tsauni har zuwa 2000 m sama da matakin teku, tekun teku.
Fasali da mazaunin jaguar
Jaguar - Kyakkyawan dabba mai kyawu, mai wakiltar dangin cat. An dauki shi a matsayin babban mai farautar mazaunan nahiyar ta Amurka, yana matsayi na uku a duniya.
Tsawon jikinsa yawanci yakai mita daya da rabi. Kuma musamman manyan maza sun kai nauyin kilogram 158. Matan sun fi kankanta, kuma matsakaicin nauyin mutane ya kai kilo 70 zuwa 110.
Jaguar tana da wutsiya mai tsayi: daga rabin mitsi da ƙari. Tsawon dabbar danshi a ƙishirwa ya kai cm 80. Dabbobin na cikin abubuwan halittar 'yan halittar. Kamar yadda aka gani akan hoton dabba, jaguar yi kama da damisa, amma ya fi girma.
Kuma launi shima yayi kama da na dangin sa, amma tsarin kwanyar ya yi kama da damisa. Tana da kauri da gajeru fur da kunnuwa masu zagaye. Launi ya bambanta: daga launuka masu haske zuwa yashi, ƙaramin ɓangare kuma maɗaukaki suna da fari, kuma duhu ya watsu cikin jiki.
An samo shi cikin yanayi kuma baki Jaguar – dabba wanda ba a la'akari da shi wakilin wani nau'in halitta ne, amma sakamakon bayyanar melanism ne.
Jaguar wakili ne mai haske na faɗin Sabuwar Duniya kuma yana zaune a Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Saboda tsananin farauta, dabbobin sun kusan lalata gaba ɗaya a Uruguay da El Salvador.
A kudu na Amurka, mazaunanta ya ragu da kashi uku bisa dalilai iri ɗaya. Jaguar - mazaunin gandun danshi mai zafi, na iya zama a wurare masu cike da fadama kuma a cikin wuraren da ke da tarin ciyayi na xerophytic.
Ana samo shi a cikin yanki mai tsaunukan katako, amma a tsaunin da bai wuce mil biyu ba, har ma a tekun bahar. Masana kimiyya suna da har zuwa tara daban-daban jinsunan Jaguar. Dabba yana buƙatar kariya kuma an yi imani cewa an cire ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa.
Hoto mai baƙar fata da tabo
Gaskiya
Jaguars sune kaddara da kuma mabambantan nau'ikan halittu masu tsabta. An sayar da fatansu da fursunansu don riba, duk da haramcin farauta da aka kafa a yawancin ƙasashe. Yarda da dokokin kare jaguars ya inganta a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Jaguars suma muhimmin tushen samun kudin shiga ne a cikin tsabtace mahalli na gida, inda akwai damar duba su.
Mara kyau
Jaguars wani lokacin yakan saci shanu da wasu nau'ikan dabbobi masu kiwo, wanda hakan ke haifar da farautar makiyaya. Wasu kasashe, irin su Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico da Peru, ba su hana farautar “matsalar” jaguars da ke kashe dabbobi sama da sau daya ba. Bolivia ta ba da izinin farautar ganima don jaguars. Jaguars baya yiwa mutane hari ba tare da tsokani ba.
Biyan kuɗi
Manyan kasashe uku na jaguars sun fito:
1. Panthera onca kanca - Venezuela, dukda cewa Amazon din shima yana kunna.
2. Panthera onca hernandesii - (Jaguar na Mexico): Mesica ta Arewa. Jaguar na kasar Mexico ya hada da 4 daga cikin wadannan kudade masu zuwa:
- Panthera inca tsakiya (Jaguar ta Tsakiya): daga El Salvador zuwa Columbia.
- Panthera onca. arizonensis (Arizona Jaguar): Daga Kudancin Arizona zuwa Sonora, Mexico.
- Panthera onca. veraecrucis: Daga Tsakiyan Texas zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Mexico.
- Panthera onca goldmani: daga Yucatan zuwa Belize da Guatemala.
3. Panthera onca palustris .
Abubuwan da aka tsara na Predator da mazauninsu
Kuna iya saduwa da jaguars a cikin yankin Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka. Mafi yawan su suna son yanayin yanayi mai zafi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa dabbobi suka fi son gandun daji, marshlands da yankuna tare da shukakken tsirrai. Koyaya, ana iya samun su a bakin tekun teku, da cikin tsaunuka, amma ba su fi 2 km ba.
Jaguar yana shan ruwa
A halin yanzu, sun rufe wurin kusan miliyan 8.75 km² ko 46% na mazaunin tarihinsu. Mafi na kowa a cikin kwari na Amazon, ciki har da Serrado, Pantanal, Chaco.
Bambanci daga Leopard
Saboda launi iri ɗaya, jaguar yakan rikice tare da damisa. Amma idan ka lura da kyau, suna kama ne da launi iri ɗaya. Shugaban jaguar yana da girma da girma, ƙafafunsa sun fi ƙarfin damisa.
Jaguar Leopard
Siffofin waje na Jaguar
A cikin bayyanar ta, jaguar shine farkon cat. Saboda haka, tana da jiki da dogon wutsiya, misalin duka wakilai ne na gidan cat. Saboda tsawon wutsiya (yawanci ba kasa da santimita 50 ba), maharbin yana da kyawawan halaye na yanayin motsa jiki yayin bi.
Tsawon jikin yana da kusan santimita 110-185. Mata sun yi karanci fiye da maza. Dangane da mazaunin maza da abinci mai yawa, nauyin jaguar na mutum na iya zama daga kilo 36 zuwa 113, matsakaicin nauyin maƙiyin shine kilo 70. Jaguar yana da tsatsotsi masu kaifi sosai - a matsayin mai mulkin, tsayin kwalliyar ya kai santimita 5. Ya kamata kuma a san cewa yawan yatsunsu a ƙafa, halayyar dukkan kuliyoyi, 5 ne a gaban sannan 4 a bayan.
Dabba mafi girma na wannan nau'in, wanda aka tabbatar da nauyinsa bisa hukuma, yana da nauyin nauyin 153.
Tsawon jaguar a withers yawanci shine 63-76 santimita. Waɗannan wakilan manya ne da tsoka na cat cat, waɗanda ke da launuka na fata masu inganci ga masu ba da fata. Don haka, launi zai iya bambanta sosai: daga launuka masu haske zuwa launin yashi. Launi ya dogara da wurin mazaunin maƙarƙashiya. A wannan yanayin, akwai duhu duhu ko'ina cikin fata. Abdomenashin ciki da ƙafafun ƙafafun ruwan jaguar farare ne.
Misalin alamun jaguars sune:
- kananan zagaye kunnuwa
- taqaitaccen paws
- dogon jiki
- dogo mai ƙarfi wanda ke taimakawa dabbar ta farauta.
Fata mai launin ja tare da baƙar fata - launin launi don jaguars
A cikin daji, ana samun jaguars baki. Ba a rarrabe su cikin rabe-raben rabe ba, tunda launin baƙar fata ba halin ɗabi'a ba ne, amma sakamakon ƙwaƙwalwar fata ne.
Baƙar fata ne mai wuya a cikin jaguars, amma wannan shine sakamakon ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta, ba maye gurbi ba.
Yadda ake farautar maharbi
Sau da yawa sukan kaiwa hari ganima daga rassan bishiyoyi, kodayake galibin lokaci sun fi son farauta a ƙasa. Yayin binciken, sun gano cewa zasu iya yin kwaikwayon sautin wasu dabbobi. Misali, batun farauta birai. Yana kusanto garken birai, sai ya yi sauti kamar biri. Don haka, sai maharbar ta kama biri har ta samu abincin rana don kansa.
Af, wannan maƙiyin zai ɗanɗano kusan nau'ikan dabbobi 90, daga kifi zuwa capybara. Karshen su shine abincin da aka fi so. Wadancan mutane na Jaguar da ke zaune a bakin teku, kunkuru ya zama abincin da aka fi so.
Jaguar ya kama maciji
Ta hanyar dabi'a, da ƙarfi jaws da haƙoran haƙora, don haka yana buƙatar kawai bayyanannen bugu tare da haƙoransa a cikin wuya don tsage abokan gaba har ya mutu. Maƙarƙashiyar tana kaiwa hari galibi daga gefe ko daga baya, suna murƙushe wanda aka azabtar. Idan irin wannan bugun bai zama mai mutuwa ba, to tabbas a fili zai haifar da raunin rashi da yawa ga ganima. Kawai tunanin, kai farmaki saniya, tare da tsalle ɗaya kawai, jaguar zai iya karya kashin saniya.
Yi yaƙi da kada
Sanannen abu ne cewa jaguar baya cin abincinsa har ƙarshe. Tabbas, suna cin ƙananan ƙwayoyin kai tsaye, amma babu manyan cinnirka. Lokacin da wasan ya cika isa, ya bar kusan kwata na awa ɗaya daga abinci kuma yana bacci. Da safe, da farkawa, jaguar ya sake cin abincin kuma tuni ya bar wani ɓangare na abinci har abada.
Halin mai fasali
Jaguars sune magabatan gari. Suna tarawa cikin ƙungiyoyi kawai a lokacin lokacin mating. A lokaci guda, mafarautan da wuya suyi fada da hankalin mace, tunda a cikin wadannan dabbobin ne mace ke zabar abokin tarayya.
A dabi'ance su, jaguars sune “gidaje,” wato, basa yawo daga wuri zuwa wuri neman mafi kyau. Yawanci, kowane maƙiyi yana da nasa yankin don rayuwa da farauta - na mace kimanin kilomita 25, na maza har zuwa 50. A tsarin ƙasa, maɓallin suna da siffar alwatika. A lokaci guda, yana da mahimmanci cewa "mai shi" zai iya barin wasu jaguars akan filayen farauta ba tare da matsala ba, amma yana da matuƙar ƙin yarda da sauran wakilan membobin.
Akwai hujjoji na hujjoji game da tashin hankali na jaguar: maharbi wanda aka gan shi ya kashe manyan dabbobi waɗanda ba zato ba tsammani suka shiga ƙasarta - pumas da black bear masana kimiyya. A kowane yanayi mai tsauri, jaguar zai kai hari.
Akwai lokuta da wuya a yiwa mutane kisan kai. Cannibalism ba shi da cikakkiyar masaniyar jaguar, wanda ya sa ya fita daga cikin jerin karnukan cannibal (alal misali, panthers suna farin cikin farautar mutane).
Fanarurruka masu ƙarfi da ƙananan jaws sune makamin haɗari na cat.
Maharbi yakan yi farauta ne da daddare ko da dare. Da rana, dabba tana hutawa a inuwar bishiyoyi ko kogo.
Halin hali da salon rayuwa
Ya kamata a fahimci cewa jaguar babban dako ne mai hatsari, wanda yakamata a nisanta shi. An kuma gan su a cikin harin mutane, amma ba sa wasa da wuta, suna da haɗari matuƙa. Yawan sha'awar jaguars na iya sa mata su bi ta wani ɗan lokaci, amma idan mutum bai nuna ƙiyayya ba, to dabbar ba za ta kai hari ba.
A dabi'a, yana da matukar wahala ka ga jaguar, tunda yana jagoranci rayuwar da ba ta dace ba. Duk da wannan, zaku iya ji sau da yawa, saboda yana girma kamar zaki, yana kuma tsarkakewa kamar cat na kowa. Yana fara farauta da yamma ko da sanyin safiya, amma galibi a dare, saboda dabbar tana gani da dare sosai fiye da lokacin rana. Jaguar baya farauta da rana.
Rarraba
Yankin jaguar yana farawa daga gandun daji na Kudancin Amurka kuma ya hau zuwa fadama da sel na Mato Grosso a Brazil, har ma da arewacin Argentina. Ana samun mafi yawan jaguars a cikin jihar Mato Grosso ta ƙasar Brazil. An lalata dabbobi a cikin El Salvador da Uruguay.
Jaguar galibi yana zaune ne a cikin wuraren dazuka na wurare masu zafi, kuma ba kasafai ake samun sa a wuraren da ke da bishiyoyi masu yawa ba. Ana samun Jaguars a cikin dazuzzukan tsauni a tsawon nisan mil 2, kuma a gefen gabar teku, inda babban cat ya samu ya tono ƙwai kunkuru.
A baya can, jaguar din ya rayu ne ko'ina kudu da Kudancin Amurka na yanzu. Yanzu mazaunin jaguar shine kashi ɗaya bisa uku na asali.
Rayuwa
Jaguar na iya bacci dare da rana. Lokacin aiki na rana, waɗannan dabbobin, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna ciyarwa akan farauta da tafiya a yankunansu. Dabbobi suna yin rayuwar ɓarna, suna wuce dubun kilomita a rana. Kwana da yawa, dabbar tana farauta a wani yanki na yankin, sannan kuma ya koma wani wuri. Bugu da kari, kowane sati yakan wuce iyakokin shafin sa gaba daya.
Jaguar - mafarauta, saboda haka yakan ciyar da lokaci mai yawa don farauta. Wannan dabbar ta gwammace yin farauta daga dakaru, saboda da alama ba a ganuwa a ciyawa mai tsayi ko bushes. Babban fa'idarsa shine saurin gudu, don haka dabbar ba ta kusanci wanda aka azabtar ba, amma ta neme shi daga matsuguni mai nisa, wanda har za a iya kasancewa a jikin bishiya.
Idan jaguar ya kai hari ga wanda aka azabtar, to ba za ta iya samun ceto ba. Maƙaddara tana da ƙarfi cewa a cikin tsalle guda ɗaya ba zai iya murƙushe babban dabbar ba, har ma ta karya kashinta. Fananƙanin jaguar suna da kaifi da ƙarfi, suna iya saƙa a cikin kwanyar. Koyaya, wanda aka azabtar yana da damar tsira idan ta lura da magabaci da ya tsere. Duk da kyakkyawan saurin su, jaguars da wuya suyi tsere, amma da tsalle tsalle cikin rafin idan wanda aka azabtar ya tsere ta hanyar iyo. Predators masu kyau ne masu iyo, wasu lokuta sukan kama kifaye daga tafkunan. Babban abincin dabbobin daji shine capybaras da sauran wakilan artiodactyls.
Maharbanci ba ya ƙin ƙaramin ɗan ƙarami. Dabbar da take hange ba ta cutar da mutane, amma galibi tana kaiwa dabbobi hari
Yanayin waɗannan kuliyoyin daji suna cikin nutsuwa, saboda haka ba sa kaiwa wasu abokan hari hari, sai dai idan sun fusata. Amma dabba mai fushi tana iya jimre da babban maƙiyi mai ƙarfi. Akwai lokuta da yawa lokacin da jaguar yayi yaƙi da cayman kuma ya fito nasara. A cikin neman wannan dabba, babu guda ɗaya. Idan ya ci karo da wani, zai iya samun damar zuwa 90 km / h.
Duk da yanayin zaman aure, a lokacin lokacin dabbar dabbar dabbar ta fara haduwa. Ba kamar yawancin wakilai na duniyar dabbobi ba, maza ba sa shirya faɗa a tsakanin kansu. Mace da kanta za ta zabi abokin tarayya, tana ƙaura zuwa yankin da zama a nan, a duk tsawon lokacin yin canjin.
Sake buguwa da Tsarin rayuwa
Jaguars galibi suna sadarwa ta hanyar murdawa. Mace yayin estrour safe da na dare suna bayar da labarin shirinsu na balaga. Maza suna amsawa ga waɗannan ƙalubalen da nasu saɓani kuma suna zuwa ƙasar mace don yin hulɗa, wanda ke haifar da gasa tsakanin maza don yin aure tare da takamaiman mace. Baƙon abu bane mace ta yi jima'i da maza da yawa, kodayake mafi yawan maza za su iya fitar da abokin kara musu ƙarfi. Mace ba sa yin haƙuri da gaban maza bayan an balaga, kuma musamman bayan haihuwar sa cuban.
Ana sake maimaita haihuwar estrus bayan kwanaki 37, kuma tsawonsa ya kasance ne daga kwanaki 6 zuwa 17. Hanya ta halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu: lordosis (lankwasawa mai zurfi na kashin baya), ƙwanƙwasawa (motsin lebe), ƙwanƙwasawa, ƙwarewar kankara da kuma ƙara yawan alamun ƙanshi. Maza suna nuna hauhawar matakan androgen a shekara-shekara, amma matakan hormone mafi girma suna raguwa yayin ruwan ambaliyar ruwa a wasu yankuna. Jaguars na iya samar da zuriya shekara-shekara, amma a matsayinka na mai doka, dabbar ta hanyar canjin yana ƙaruwa daga Disamba zuwa Maris. Yawancin Mostasan an haife su ne a lokacin damina lokacin da ganima take da yawa. A matsakaita, mace tana haihuwar toaya 2 (adadin ya bambanta daga 1 zuwa 4). Cutar ciki shine kwana 91-111. Sake haifuwa a cikin mace na faruwa ne a watanni 12 - 24, kuma a cikin maza a watanni 24-36.
Cubs an haife su tare da idanunsu rufe kuma gaba ɗaya sun dogara da mahaifiyarsu. Idanun su a buɗe na kimanin sati biyu. Ana basu madara nono har sai sun kai watanni 5-6. Sannan suka fara farauta da mahaifiyarsu. Matasa sun dogara da mahaifiyarsu kusan shekaru biyu. Tana kare su daga maharbanta, tana koyar da farauta da koyar da dukkan dabarun da ake bukata.
Jaguars a cikin daji suna rayuwa shekaru 11-12. Cutar, haɗari, haɗuwa da wasu dabbobin daji ko farautar namun daji sune manyan hanyoyin samun mace-mace. A cikin bauta, jaguars na iya isa shekaru 20 da haihuwa.
Abokan halitta
Babban maƙiyi kuma mai haɗari ga jaguar shine mutumin da ke farautarsa saboda kyawawan furcinsa. A yanayi, wannan sarkin daji ba shi da 'yan kokawa da barazana: a cikin mazauninsa, shine mafi girma a cikin sarkar abinci.
Don ƙasa yana iya yin yaƙi tare da manyan cougars, galibi yana mamaye su, amma wani lokacin samun mummunan rauni.
Yayin farauta, jaguars wani lokacin suna haɗuwa da abokan hamayya masu haɗari masu haɗari - caimans, kodayake suna fitar da dodanni 2-2 daga asalin asalinsu. Ana farautar manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe, a wasu lokuta ma su kan iya zama wadanda ke fama da matsalar maye.
Barazanar
'Yan Adam babbar barazana ce ga jaguars. Su ne wadanda ke fama da farauta saboda fata, paws da hakora. Saboda sirrinta, jaguars sau da yawa suna gudanarwa don gujewa ganowa mutane da kuma farauta cikin nasara.
Jaguars sune masu farauta kuma suna hulɗa tare da yawan dabbobi na wasu nau'in. Kwayar ciki na ciki ya haɗa da rawar jiki, tatsuniya, helminths da bulala. Kwayoyin waje na waje sun haɗa da ticks da larvae na gardfly.
Jaguars sune kaddara da kuma mabambantan nau'ikan halittu masu tsabta. An sayar da fatansu da fursunansu don riba, duk da haramcin farauta da aka kafa a yawancin ƙasashe. Yarda da dokokin kare jaguars ya inganta a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Jaguars suma muhimmin tushen samun kudin shiga ne a cikin tsabtace mahalli na gida, inda akwai damar duba su.
Jaguars wani lokacin yakan saci shanu da wasu nau'ikan dabbobi masu kiwo, wanda hakan ke haifar da farautar makiyaya. Wasu kasashe, irin su Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico da Peru, ba su hana farautar “matsalar” jaguars da ke kashe dabbobi sama da sau daya ba. Bolivia ta ba da izinin farautar ganima don jaguars. Jaguars baya yiwa mutane hari ba tare da tsokani ba.
Jaguars, a cewar IUCN, suna da kusanci ga wuri mai rauni. Yawancin mutane suna zaune lafiya, amma lambobin su na ci gaba da raguwa sakamakon barkewar mahalli da lalacewar mazauninsu. An fi yin garkuwa da Jaguars a wuraren kiwo, duk da kariya ta doka.
Asalin gani da kwatancin
Jaguar mafarauta ne na babban abin birgewa kuma ga dabbobin manyan kuliyoyi. Shine kadai wakili na irin wannan masifa wacce ta zauna, a Arewa da Kudancin Amurka. Bayyanar jaguar tana da kama da damisa, amma na farkon ya fi girma.
A wurare daban-daban na mazauninsu, ana kiran wannan mafarautan da sunaye daban daban. Misali, Hispanics suna kiransa da damisa, dukda cewa su dangi ne na nesa. Kalmar "jaguar" a cikin harshen mutanen Indiyawan Quechua tana nufin "jini." Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin sunaye da yawa. Ana zaton cewa kalmar tana wakiltar ainihin maɓarnata. Waɗannan Indiyawan mutane ne masu ƙarfin zuciya idan aka kwatanta su da cougars da jaguars. Akwai kalma mai kama da sauti a cikin yaren Indiyanci na kabilar Guarani, ana fassara ta "dabbar da ke yanka tare da tsalle ɗaya."
Bidiyo: Jaguar
Idan muka yi magana game da asalin wannan nau'in feline, wato, wasu bayanai dangane da hanyoyin ilimin paleontology, suna nuna cewa magabacin ƙarshe na wannan iyali, shi ma dangi ne na ƙanƙanƙon ƙyallen, ya rayu a cikin kewayon daga shekaru miliyan shida zuwa goma da suka shude.
Masana binciken burbushin halitta sunyi imani da cewa bayyanar nau'in halittar kanta ya faru ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 3.8 da suka gabata.
Ra'ayoyi akan asusun mafi kusancin dangi na jaguar bai zo daya a tsakanin masana kimiyya daban-daban ba; Koyaya, mahimman sifofi masu mahimmanci suna nuna cewa damisa shine mafi kusancin jaguar a cikin dangantaka mai dangantaka. Abubuwan da aka samo na zaki Barbary zaki da Jaguar na Turai, wanda ya kasance a cikin halittar masarauta, ya nuna cewa waɗannan dabbobin suna da fasali na zaki da na jaguar.
Wani bincike na kwayar halitta wanda masana kimiyya suka yi ya nuna cewa yanayin jaguars na zamani ya bayyana da wuri bayan bayanan fashewa sun nuna, hakan ya faru ne daga shekaru 510 zuwa 280 da suka shude. A asalin rayuwar jaguar ta zamani da ke rayuwa a zamaninmu, har yanzu akwai sauran rina a kaba kuma ba za a iya fahimtar su ba, don haka binciken masana kimiyya ba ya tsayawa a yau.
Siffofin hali da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Jaguar dabbobi
Ta hanyar dabi'a, jaguars sune loners wanda ke kiyaye yankinsu a hankali daga kowane ɓoyewa. Hannun ƙasa na masu farauta suna da faɗi sosai, suna iya mamaye yanki na murabba'in mita 25 zuwa 100. km A cikin maza, yana da girma da yawa kuma yana iya mamaye mallakar mallakar mata da yawa lokaci guda. An lura cewa maza yawanci suna da sifofi na kusurwa uku, da jaguars tare da adadin lokaci sau ɗaya a cikin kwanaki 2 ko 3 suna canza kusurwar farautarsu. Kowane kwanaki 10, wani wuri, namiji yakan bincika kan iyakokin yankinsa, yana yin juji don kada ɗayan kuliyoyi (cougar, ocelot) da ke kewaye da kadarorinsa.
Jaguar tana nuna sahihanci da aiki a cikin magariba da kuma sanyin safiya, wanda ke jagorantar farauta mai tsananin damuwa a wannan lokacin. Jaguar yana jin daɗin duka ƙasa da ruwa. Idan akan farautar ƙasa ba ya son kama abin da ya ɓoye, to, a cikin ruwa yana shirye ya yi shi da yardar rai, saboda ya yi iyo sosai. Frog mai guba shima kyakkyawa ne, yan sari-karensa masu hatsarin gaske suna cikin kambin bishiyoyi.
Da rana, magabatan suna jin daɗin annashuwa bayan tsananin farauta. Yawancin lokaci suna bacci a wuraren sanyi mai sanyi inda lokacin farin ciki da abin bazai iya ɗaukar hoto a cikin kogo kuma su zauna ƙarƙashin manyan duwatsun. Mafi yawan lokuta, duk waɗannan wuraren da aka fi so ana zaune kusa da ruwa. Da farko lokacin damina, jaguars dole su tashi sama - a jikin bishiyun bishiyoyi.
A cikin arsenal na jaguar akwai da yawa iri-iri na sauti wanda yake sadarwa tare da sauran yan kabilan sa. Dabbobi da sauti kai tsaye suna bambance wanda ya sa su (mace ko namiji) kuma don wane dalili. Lokacin farauta, ana jin sautuka da maƙogwaro, a cikin lokacin matse, mazan suna ruri kamar beluga. Mata ma suna yin karin haske musamman lokacin haila, yawanci a cikin dare ne ko a wayewar gari.
Idan muka yi magana game da hulɗa da jaguar da mutum, to, na farkon ba zai fara kaiwa mutane hari ba, sai fa idan mutum ya ba da irin wannan taron. Hadin gwiwa yakan faru ne idan jaguar ya kare kansa yayin da yake yaƙi don rayuwarsa. Naman ɗan adam ba ya cikin menu na dabba, don haka jaguar ya gwammace kada ya birkice tare da bin ƙa'idar.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Jaguar Cub
Ba a lura da takamaiman lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin cikin jaguars ba. A lokacin estrus, mace tana baku bayani game da shiri don ma'amala da taimakon takamammen sauti da alamomi. Suna balaga yayin da suke shekara uku. Cats kuma suna amsa kiran mata tare da takamaiman karin haske. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa babu wani yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin kuliyoyi don matar mai zuciyar, saboda zaɓin gabaɗaya nasa ne. A lokacin ma'aurata, mace ta koma wurin ango, to sai su rabu kuma su ci gaba da rayuwarsu ta aure.
Tsawon ciki kusan kwana ɗari ne. Lokacin da haihuwa ta gabato, mahaifiyar mai haihuwar tana aiki cikin shirya ramin, wanda za'a iya kasancewa a cikin babban ɓoye, babban ɓoyayyen, a cikin kogo.Yawancin lokaci, akwai jarirai biyu zuwa hudu a cikin zuriyar dabbobi. Tsarin kan cuba cuban ba kamar yadda aka furta shi ne akan manya. A kan mayafin gashi na jarirai da ke akwai cike gurbin da baƙar fata ke da rinjaye. Lokacin haihuwa, kittens gaba daya makafi ne kuma marasa taimako. Sai dai a sati biyu kawai suke gani a bayyane.
Uwa mai kulawa ba ta barin jarirai su fita daga matsuguni har tsawon wata daya da rabi bayan haihuwa. Uwa tana shayar da jariran da madara har sai bayan wata shida, sannan ta fara gamsar dasu ga farauta. Matasa suna zaune a yankin mahaifiyarsu har sai da kimanin shekara biyu, sannan suka zama mai cikakken 'yanci, suna wadatar da sararin samaniyarsu. Abin baƙin ciki ne idan muka fahimci cewa ta hanyar laifin mutane, yawancin matasa jaguars ba sa rayuwa har zuwa lokacin balagarsu. Wadannan masu farautar suna rayuwa a cikin daji, yawanci har zuwa shekaru 10 - 12, a cikin bauta suna iya rayuwa a ƙarni na kwata.
Yawan jama'a da matsayinsu
Hoto: Dabbobin Jaguar
A zamanin yau, zaku iya lura da ƙididdigar baƙin ciki, wanda ke nuna cewa yawan jaguars yana raguwa koyaushe. A wurare da yawa da suka saba haduwa, mahara sun ɓace gabaɗaya. Abin takaici ne cewa har ma uban kurmin da kansa ya kasa hana ikon ɗan adam mai lalacewa wanda dabbobi da yawa ke wahala da shi.
Kariya na jaguars
Hoto: Littafin Jaguar Red
A cikin shekara ta 1973, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa ana yin barazanar jaguars da rushewa, to wannan magabcin kuma ya shiga cikin Littafin Tarihi na Duniya. Mutane sun fara yada farfaganda, wanda dalilin shi ne ƙin 'yan Adam daga tufafin fur. Daga nan sai wani dan lokaci bukatar fatalwar jaguar ta fadi. Kodayake farauta bai zama mai aiki kamar dā ba, amma har yanzu yana ci gaba, koda kuwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A cikin kasashe kamar Bolivia, Mexico, da Brazil, ana iyakance izinin farauta.
Baya ga harbi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, jaguars suna cikin haɗari na wani haɗari - lalata gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar dabbobi da yawa a cikin abincin mai cin nama. Mace a cikin mace ana haihuwar ƙasa da ƙima, saboda ciyar da mahaifiyarsu kowace shekara tana zama mafi wahala.
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, mutane sun kirkiro manyan wuraren shakatawa na kasa a yankin Kudancin Amurka don kare jaguars. Wani taron kasa da kasa ya hana sayar da wadannan dabbobi. Duk da duk waɗannan matakan, yawan jaguars yana ci gaba da raguwa, wanda yake matukar ban tsoro da bakin ciki.
Yawancin indan asalin Amurka suna bautar da jaguar tare da ƙarfin hali, ƙarfin zuciya, iko da kima. Gumakan dutse na wannan dabbar da ta dace ta yi wa bagadansu ado. Shugabannin Amurkawa 'yan asalin Amurka sun sa fata na jaguar a matsayin wata alama ta karfin iko. A cikin wannan mai ɗaukar hankali mai ban mamaki guda biyu waɗanda suke da jituwa da juna ba a haɗa su ba, kamar ƙarfin iko da kyakkyawa mara iyaka. Wataƙila jaguar kuma da gaske yana da baiwar hypnosis, saboda kallonta, abu ne mai wuya ka watsar!
Saurin Jaguar yayin farauta
Yayinda suke gudana, zasu iya haɓaka mai girma; jaguar na iya bin ganima ba wai a ƙasa kawai ba har ma a ruwa. Ya juya cewa ba duk kuliyoyin suna tsoron ruwa ba. Jaguar yana iyo sosai, don haka idan kun yanke shawarar kuɓuta daga ciki a cikin ruwa, to tabbas hakan bazai taimaka ba. A lokaci guda, zasu iya samun saurin sauri zuwa 90 km a kowace awa, amma suma suna gajiya da sauri.
A cikin tsalle
Jaguars yan ƙasa ne, kamar sauran magabatansu. Kowane mutum zai iya ɗauka daga yanki 20 zuwa 100 na ƙasa. Mace tare da ɗan rago ta mamaye har zuwa kilomita 30, kuma namiji har zuwa kilomita 100 na yanki. Girman yankin ya dogara da ƙasa da kuma yawan yiwuwar samarwa. Idan zana iyakokin iyakokin da aka mamaye, to yawanci yakan yi kama da alwatika. Tana farauta a yankinta, kowane kwanaki 4-5 sauyawa yankin farauta.
Bugu da kari, tare da wani takamaiman mita, 5 ko 15, jaguar ya zaga wuraren iyakokin sa kuma ya bincika su. Irin wannan jadawalin motsi yana sa dabba kullun cikin motsi. Penetration zuwa cikin ƙasar maƙiyin da wani daga dangin cat zai jagoranci jaguar cikin fushi. Cougars yana haifar da ƙiyayya ta musamman ga waɗannan kuliyoyin. Amma, abin ban takaici, sun danganta ga sauran dangi a yankinsu cikin lumana.
Jaguar baki
Akwai nau'ikan kaddara iri-iri. Baƙar fata shine ɗayan dabbobi masu ban sha'awa a cikin iyali; yawancin lokaci ana rikitar da shi tare da mashin. Maƙarƙashiyar baƙar fata tana da launi mai duhu, wanda akan karancin duhu ake ciki - wannan kawai bayyanar cututtuka ne. Dangane da salon rayuwa da halaye, ba su da bambanci da sauran yanayin panthera onca.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Kawai a cikin lokacin mating, jaguars ya saba wa yanayin rayuwarsu na yau da kullun kuma ya ɓace cikin kananan kungiyoyi. Mace a shirye don dabbar ta hanyar canjin shekara na uku, kuma namiji na tsawon shekaru 4 na rayuwarta. Babu takamaiman lokacin kiɗa. Ana maimaita haihuwar mace a cikin kowace kwana 37, saboda haka jaguars na iya haifar ko'ina cikin shekara.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa
- Jaguars na iya shiga tsakani da zakuna, amma a wannan yanayin zuriyayen an haifeshi bakararre ne kuma bazai iya cigaba da asalin halittar ba.
- babu guda biyu wadanda suke da tsari iri iri akan fatar. Dukansu mutum yana da yatsan yatsansa da jaguars tare da launi - kowannensu na musamman ne.
- Bayan mace ta zabi namiji, mace tana manne da shi gefe har sai ta sami juna biyu. Da zaran dabbar ta hanyar lissafi ta faru, mace ta bar namiji.
- Abun mamaki shine, gwagwarmaya tsakanin maza ga mace yana da wuya. Mace da kanta za ta zabi mafi kyawun namiji kuma ta zo ga farenta.
Farauta
Jaguar akan farauta
Jaguar ɗan iska ne mai annuri. Ya kan farauta sosai bayan faduwar rana da kuma kafin wayewar gari. Babban hanyar farauta shine dako a kan bishiyoyi ko a cikin ciyawa masu tsayi. Yawancin lokaci dabba tana shirya shi a bankunan kandami. Kasancewa da wanda aka azabtar, jaguar ya yi birgima a kai daga baya ko daga gefe, ya kama wuyansa, yana ƙoƙarin ƙwanƙwasa shi a ƙasa, wanda yawanci yakan haifar da mutuwa nan take. Idan wanda aka azabtar ya sami maƙiyin kuma ya gudu, to, jaguars yawanci ba sa bin sa. Za'a iya raba babban jaguar zuwa abinci biyu, amma babu ƙari; ba ya ciyar da ɗaukar kaya.
Jaguar yana farauta
Yayin farauta, jaguars suna yin sautin mara daɗi, saututtukan guttural; suna ruri da kurme cikin daddare da kuma lokacin matsewa.
Rayuwar jaguars a cikin bauta
Jaguar na matukar son 'yanci da' yanci, don haka yana da wahala a sami amfani ga bauta. Wadannan dabbobin ba kasafai ake ganin su a gidan dabbobi ba ko a gida.
Dole ne a fahimci cewa jaguar ƙaddarar halitta ce. A lokacin karami, yar kyanwa na iya wasa da mai shi kuma za ta more shi, ko da yake ya balaga, ya kai wa mutumin hari.
Dabbobi ba su yarda da iyakokin 'yancinsu ba, saboda haka suna da wuya a cikin gidajen dabbobi
A cikin bauta, jaguars suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 25. Don yin dabbobin da kwanciyar hankali kamar yadda zai yiwu, zai buƙaci ƙirƙirar duka halaye a gare shi:
- fili mai faɗi
- itace ko itace don hawa da maki mai kyau,
- gaban abubuwan abubuwa a cikin aviary,
- ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki (har zuwa kilogram 3 na dunƙule nama da 0.5 lita na ruwa kowace rana),
- Ana ba da ma'aunin bitamin (ana ba wa dabbobi ƙananan bitamin A da D3, ana ba da kuliyoyi masu rikitarwa na shirya bitamin, yisti da abincin kashi).
Ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin bauta da jaguars ba sa buƙatar farauta, don haka za a buƙaci fitar da makamashi mai yawa a cikin wasannin. Kawai salon rayuwa mai aiki da cin nama mai inganci ne kawai zai iya fadada rayuwar mai farauta da kuma hana faruwar wasu cututtukan.
Menene jaguar?
Sunan kimiyya na jaguar shine Panthera onca. Tabbas, wannan magabacin abincin yana daya daga cikin wakilan halittar dan adam. Yana da mahimmanci cewa tsakanin manyan kuliyoyi, jaguar shine na uku a girma.
Masana kimiyya sun yi imani da cewa magabatan farko na jaguars sun rayu shekaru miliyan 6-10 da suka gabata. Panthera onca kanta tana da tarihin shekaru miliyan 3.8. Mafi tsofaffin ragowar waɗannan mafarautan sun samo asali ne daga marigayi Pliocene (ie, kimanin miliyan biyu da suka shude). Jaguar yana da abubuwa da yawa da yawa tare da damisa (har ma da magabata ɗaya ɗaya - damisa da ba a san siga ba). Bayan haka, wadannan nau'ikan dabbobi ne daban biyu daban daban.
Ya kamata a lura cewa jaguars sun fi girma sosai da damisa, ban da haka, suna da mazauna daban.
Kyakkyawan launi na fata ya sa jaguars ya zama kyakkyawan manufa ga mafarauta. Sabili da haka, a yanzu, yawan isan adam kaɗan ne: dabbobi kusan an gama dasu. Misali, a cikin Argentina kadai, akwai mutane kusan 200, a Meziko - ba su wuce ɗari ba. Wato, jimlar jaguars a cikin daji a yau bai wuce kuliyoyi dubu ba.
An yi la'akari da kyakkyawan fatar fata mai mahimmanci ganima, saboda haka mutane a cikin karni na XX sun sanya rayuwar gabaɗaya cikin tambayoyin
Jaguar an jera shi a cikin Littafin Layi na Duniya, a kusan dukkanin ƙasashe shi jinsin kare na dabbobi ne. An ba da izinin harbe jaguars a cikin adadi kaɗan kawai a Mexico, Bolivia da Brazil.
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da jaguar:
Abubuwan ban sha'awa game da jaguar
- Jaguars ba kasafai ke kaiwa mutane hari ba, kuma ba za su taba yin hakan ba in ba a fusata su ba. Wadannan magabatan ba masu tashin hankali ba ne, a'a muni ne, galibi suna bin mutane ne ta daji ba tare da wata niyya ba.
- Abzinawa na Amurka na Jaguar, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin majiɓincin magabata, na da mutuntawa da daraja. Daga cikin Olmecs, maharbi shi ne babban gwarzo mai fafatukar kare kansa kuma ya mamaye wani yanki na tsakiya a cikin allolin alloli. Mayanan ma suna yin bautar jaguars, kuma shugabannin sun sa fatansu da kwalkwali a sifar da kawunansu alama ce ta babban iko.
- A cewar almara na 'Yan asalin Amurka, jaguars sun yi koyi da kukan kowane tsuntsaye da na dabbobi don jawo su. Mafarautan Brazil sun danganta wa jaguars ikon yin leken asiri ga wadanda abin ya shafa.
- Sunan "Jaguar" kamfanin kera motoci ne, wanda aka sani don samar da manyan motocin motsa jiki.
Jaguar anatomy
Jaguars suna da ƙwayar tsoka da ƙarfi. Suna da babban kai, gajerun kafafu, gajeren gajeren gashi tare da takamaiman launi (daga ja mai haske zuwa launin yashi). A kan fata na dabba akwai farar fata da suke da launuka iri-iri, ciki da makogwaron kuma farare ne. Jaguar ya yi kama da launi zuwa damisa, amma jaguar ya fi girma girma. Tsawon jikin jaguar ya kai cm 185 (ba tare da wutsiya ba). Tsawon wutsiyar jaguars ya kasance daga cm 50 zuwa 75. nauyin namiji yakai kilo 90-120, kuma mace daga kilo 60 zuwa 80. An kama wani babban jaguar mai nauyin kilo 158.
Tsarin Panther
Wannan dabba tana da jiki mai tsananin ƙarfi wanda ke da yankin sacral. Tsayin jikin mutum yake 91 - 180 cm (ba tare da wutsiya ba), an kiyasta wutsiyar ta kai cm 75 - 110. Jiki ya hau kan mutum daga 30 zuwa 100 kilogiram.
Shugaban dabbar yana da girma mai ban sha'awa, sashin gabanta yana da tsawo. A kan cinyar panther zaka iya ganin ƙananan gajeren kunnuwa.
Launi na dabba yawanci ana gabatar da shi a cikin makircin launi iri ɗaya, amma wani lokacin akwai raunin madaukai ko aibobi masu launi iri a kai. Panther yana da tsari na musamman na maƙogwaro - kayan aikin hyoid, wanda ke ba dabbar damar damar yin hayaniya mai ƙarfi.
Ban tsoro
Panthers, kamar yadda muka ambata a sama, ana kiranta asalin gaba ɗaya a cikin gidan manyan kuliyoyi. Ba wai kawai jaguars sun dace da wannan ma'anar ba, har ma da damisa, zaki da damisa. Bayan haka, kawai jaguars da damisa yawanci suna “wahala” melanism.
Akwai wani juyi da cewa asalin halittar panthers ya samo asali ne daga wakilan mambobi na wannan zamanin na cougars, duk da haka, muhawara mai zafi har yanzu ana ci gaba a cikin al'ummomin kimiyyar kimiya.
Taimako! Asalin da ke da alhakin duhu gashi a cikin kayan kwalliya yana sakewa. Wannan yana nufin cewa lokacin da mutane biyu na launuka daban-daban suka ƙetare, ana samun mafi sauƙin mamaye shi ta hanyar abubuwan launi masu ƙarfi. Koyaya, tsawon shekarun juyin halitta, panthers baƙar fata ba su shuɗe daga fuskar duniya ba.
Karshe
An samo mahimman bayanai akan juyin halittar halittar ne ta hanyar nazarin ragowar burbushin halitta da kuma bincike a fannin ilimin kwayoyin halitta. Jaguar shine kawai memba na genus Panthera
a Sabuwar Duniya. Bayanin kwayoyin halittar-phylogenetic da ilimin binciken kwayoyin cuta da aka samu ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban suna tabbatar da kusancin dangi tsakanin jaguar da sauran wakilan kwayoyin halittar.
Panthera
kuma sun tabbatar da cewa shi, tare da sauran wakilan halittar halittar 'yar tamolo da kuma wata' yar smokon amo, suna da magabata na gama gari waɗanda suka rayu a duniya tsakanin shekaru miliyan 6 da 10 da suka gabata. Burbushin halittu yana nuni da cewa asalin halittar kansa ya tashi ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 3.8 da suka gabata. Babban fasalin ilimin halittar jiki yana nuna cewa jaguar yana da alaƙa da damisa. Kodayake, ba a kammala binciken DNA ba, kuma ra'ayoyin game da yanayin jaguar dangi da sauran nau'in sun bambanta tsakanin masu bincike daban-daban. Burbushin halittar halittar halittar dabbobi ne, kamar su Jaguar na Turai (
Panthera gombaszoegensis
) da kuma ɗan Amirka
Panthera leo atrox
), hada sifofin halayyar zaki da na jaguar. Bincike da kwatancen DNA na jaguar mitochondrial ya nuna cewa asalin halittar ya samo asali ne tsakanin shekaru 280,000 zuwa 510,000 da suka gabata, wanda daga baya ake tsammani daga burbushin halittu.
Bayani mai ma'ana game da al'ada, kimiyya da fasaha
Babu wani daga cikin kuliyoyin daji da ke da babban yanki kamar damisa. Wannan magabcin ya yi nasarar "ƙwace" yanki mai faɗi, gami da Afirka gaba ɗaya (ba tare da Sahara ba) da kusan dukkanin Kudancin Asiya. A lokaci guda, yana jin daɗaɗɗa a cikin gandun daji da cikin tsaunuka, yana haƙuri da zafi da sanyi daidai. A arewa, damisa ya isa Transcaucasia da Primorye. Gaskiya ne, ba ya sake faruwa a cikin Caucasus, amma kwanan nan sun ga damisa ta Gabas mai nisa. 24 ga Yuli, 2019, dabbar da ke tsere cikin ƙarfin hali ta ƙetare babbar hanyar a cikin Khasansky na gundumar Primorye, kuma kaɗan bayan haka har yanzu wata mota ce ta buge ta.
Bugu da kari, jaguar, dangi mafi kusa na damisa, yana zaune a daya gefen duniya. Suna da kama da cewa ido mai ƙwarewa ba ya yanke hukunci nan da nan wanene a gabansa mazaunin Old World ko Sabon? Koyaya, yana yiwuwa a bambance su. A cikin sharuɗan sauƙi, damisa ya zama mai suttura kuma “mai sihiri” tare da wadatar ɗumbin kuɗaɗe da “Amurika.”
Leopard
Kafafuwan jaguar sun fi guntu da karfi, kwararan fitila suna da girma kuma suna da yawa, kuma shugaban yana da girma da girma kuma (mutanen Brazil suna kiransa "kanga" - wato "babba babba").
Jaguar
Kyakkyawan fata na waɗannan mafarautan wani abu ne da ake so ga mata masu launi tun daga 1930s zuwa 70s (a cikin "damisa" da aka saka Jacqueline Kennedy da Gene Lollobrigida sun fi ƙauna). Amma kuma ba tare da wannan ba, mutane suna da isassun dalilai don kashe damisa.
Fiye da hatsari fiye da damisa da zaki
Mafarauta sun hada kai sunce damisa sunada hatsari fiye da zaki ko maigano, kuma yafi wahalar bin diddigin harbi. Gaskiyar ita ce mafi ƙanƙantar da haske fiye da “abokan aikinta” (tsayin jikin damisa shine 91-180 m, kuma nauyi yana daga kilo 30 zuwa 90). Sabili da haka, ya fi ƙazanta da ganuwa a cikin ciyawa, bishiyoyi ko rassan bishiyoyi (aibobi a kan rawaya mai launin shuɗi a cikin waɗannan yanayin halayen ne mai ban mamaki).Sun rubuta cewa wannan maharbin na iya yin zulumi kan wanda ba a tsammani ba ya zuwa nisan murabba'in 2 kafin yayi tsalle mai mutuwa.
R. Kipling "Yadda damisa ta samu wurin zama": “- airfafa wuri kamar mayi. - Me yasa? "Kawai tunanin yaya fa'ida yake." Ko kuwa ka fi son raƙuman daji kamar zebra? Dukansu zebra da raƙum sun gamsu da sabon salo. - Um! Baffa yace. "Ba na son in zama kamar ze ze da komai." Ba ku daɗewa ba, Habasha ya nace. "Ba zan so in je farauta ba tare da ku ba, amma za a nemi karin sani - idan kun yi kama da kunun rana." “To, don haka na zabi wuraren,” damisa ta ce. "Kawai kada ka sanya su yi girma da yawa." Ba na son zama kamar raƙumin dawa. ”
A. Brem "Rayuwar dabbobi": "Da alama, damisa ba shakka wannan shine cikakke ga dukkan kuliyoyi a duniya. Na duk dangin marigayi, zaki, ba shakka, ya fadakar da mu game da girmanta, kuma muna sane da sarkin dabbobi a ciki, damisa ita ce mafi girman wakilci na muguwar al'umma, yanayin ocelot fur, ba shakka, mafi launuka da launuka fiye da fur na wasu gafara, amma tare da girmamawa ga jituwa ta kayan ”, Kyakkyawa da tsarin furfura, dangi da alheri da kyau a cikin motsawar, wadannan kuliyoyi, kamar kowa, suna nesa da damisa.”
Makaho ne ba kawai dexterous da wary, amma kuma shiru. Tabbas, zai iya rumble muffledly da sake sakewa har ma da ruri (lokacin dabbar ta hanyar canjin), amma ba akan farauta ba. Sun ce damisa tayi shiru, kamar partisanci, koda aka tarko ko aka ji rauni.Abin sha'awa shine, irin wannan karar da damisa da kuma rashin yardarsa ta shiga cikin "bude yaki" ya ba Aristotle damar shiga wannan maharbin a saman dabbobi masu tsoratarwa - tare da linzamin kwamfuta, zomo, akuya da jaki.Bayan haka, mazaunan Afirka da Asiya, wadanda suka saba da damisa, ba su taɓa raba kimar tsohon masanin falsafar na Girka ba.A gare su, damisa wata dabba ce da ake girmamawa, alama ce ta ƙarfin soja da ikon sarauta (a cikin Dahomey, sarakunan yankin sun kira kansu "'' damisa ''.
A. Brem "Rayuwar dabbobi": “Tare da irin wannan zalunci da damuwar damisa, ya bayyana a sarari dalilin da ya sa kafra ta dabba mai hadarin gaske tayi amfani da wannan girmamawa. Sanye da “karros” da aka yi da fatar damisa, da abin wuya da aka yi daga haƙoran dabbar a wuyarsa da wutsiyarsa a bel, jarumi yana duban abokan aikinsa, waɗanda wutsiyar birai da wutsiyoyi suke rawa da baƙin ciki. "
Koyaya, a cikin Turai, ra'ayin Aristotle bai da tushe. Haka ne, damisa na iya zama alama ce ta fushi da son kai, amma a cikin halin rashin tsoro. Yana tare da damisa (damisa) an kwatanta mummunan "Dabbobin da ke fitowa daga cikin teku" a cikin "Abubuwan Taho" (13: 1-2). Wata damisa ce, kyarkeci da zaki suke bibiyar gwarzo na "Allahntaka Comedy" Dante a hanyar wuta. Kuma tankar Jamus "damisa" kawai ba za a kira ta ba.
Kamar yadda na riga na rubuta, damisa tana iya dacewa da mazaunin mazauna daban, wanda ya taimaka masa ya guji yawan kashe-kashen da zakuna da damisa suka sha. Koyaya, mafi kyawun ƙasa na wannan maƙiyin shine, ba shakka, gandun daji.Damisa ta hau tsalle da tsalle ta cikin bishiyoyi, wanda hakan ke haifar da tsananin ban tsoro da birai. Sau da yawa yakan ɓoye ɓoyayyen kayansa a bishiyoyi.
Haka za a iya faɗi game da jaguar. A cikin yaren Indiyawan Guarani, sunan "yaguara" yana da ma'ana mai iya magana: "dabbar da ke yanka da tsalle ɗaya." A cikin tsalle, wannan maɓallin yana da motsi da sauri, amma, kamar yawancin kuliyoyi akan nesa mai nisa, da sauri ya ƙare (shin masu kirkirar motar motar Jaguar sun san wannan?).
A. Milne “Winnie the Pooh da All-All”: “- Kuma menene Jaguars suke yi? - ya tambayi Piglet, yayi zurfin fatan cewa yanzu ba za su yi wannan ba. Pooh ya ce: "Suna ɓoye a jikin rassan bishiyoyi kuma daga can suna gudu zuwa gare ka lokacin da kake tsaye a gindin wata itaciya," Ba zai kyautu mu hau wannan bishiyar ba, Pooh, in ba haka ba zai jefa kansa ya ji rauni. " Pooh ya ce: "Ba su cutar da kansu ba, sun san yadda za su yi garau."
My Reed Headless Horseman: “Hawan itace ba shi da amfani: jaguar ya hau bishiyoyi kamar cat. Mustanger ya san hakan. ... Da kyau saukin, ya kwarara kai tsaye cikin rafin ya tsaya kawai lokacin da ruwan ya kai shi kugu. Idan Maurice zai iya yin tunani, zai fahimci cewa ba shi da amfani, saboda jaguar ba kawai hawa bishiyoyi kamar cat bane, har ma da iyo kamar otter. Yana da hatsari cikin ruwa kamar yadda yake a cikin ƙasa. ”
Tabbas, jaguar kyakkyawan ruwa ne wanda yake kulawa da nasara don farauta ko da caimans. Koyaya, abincin da yafi so ga wannan maƙiyin shine Kudancin Kudancin alade na Kudancin Amurka (girmamawa akan siladi na biyu) da kuma mafi girma a duniya - capybaras mai kama da alade na Guinea ɗaya da rabi mita.A cikin Sabon Duniyar, babu tabbaci cewa jaguar shine ɗan farauta mafi girma da haɗari, wanda Spanian Spain ɗin nan da nan aka yiwa lakabi da "El Tiger." Tabbas, Jaguar da Indiya sun girmama. Daga cikin abubuwan tarihi na al'adun Peruvian na Chavin, an adana hotunan gumaka na gumaka a cikin rabin mutane-rabin, rabin-jaguars.
A gefen hagu akwai ɓawon jaguar daga Monte Alban (200 BC), a hannun dama hoto ne na gwarzon Aztec a fatar jaguar.
Gaskiya ne, a cikin tatsuniyoyin Kudancin Amurka, jaguar sau da yawa yana wasa daidai da kyarkeci a cikin tatsuniyoyin Rasha - yana fitowa a cikin nau'i mai karaya, amma maƙidanci mai sauƙin tunani, jagorancin opossum ko biri. Hakanan zaku iya tuna labarin tatsuniyar Kipling "Ina yakin ya samo asali", daga inda shinge da tortoise sukayi "jaguar"? Af, shawarar mahaifiyarsa-jaguars - don karɓar kunkuru daga cikin kwandon shara - ba abu bane mai ban sha'awa - masu hasara galibi suna amfani da wannan dabarar a rayuwa ta zahiri.
A baya can, mazaunin jaguars bai iyakance ga gandun Kudancin Amurka ba har ya isa jihohi kamar Texas, Arizona, New Mexico da California (a Texas, labari ne na Holesseman Horseman). Koyaya, tun daga shekarun 1940 ba a taɓa ganin wannan maharbin a cikin Amurka ba, kodayake yana faruwa a Mexico a wasu wurare.
Yaya tabar wiwi?
"Ina kuma son ƙaƙƙarfan baƙuwar fata, Idan ta kalli gaban kanta Zuwa wani yanayin rayuwar da ba ta rayuwa ba, Kamar mummunar sphinx a cikin jejin shuɗi." (F. Garcia Lorca)
Da dai na sami sha'awar asalin sunan "damisa", sai wani rikici ya tashi a kaina. Wataƙila ƙarin ƙwararrun masanan da za su iya gyara ni - akwai maganganu da yawa masu saɓani da na ci karo da su yayin bincike a kan wannan batun.
Ba lallai ba ne a mallaki ilimin ilimin harshe mai zurfi don ganin kalmar "leo" da sunan damisa - wato, Zakin. Amma ta yaya ake fassara sashin na biyu - “afuwa” - daidai, “afuwa”?A cikin Wikipedia ta Turanci an rubuta cewa wannan kalmar tsohuwar Girka tana nufin “male panther” kuma an samo ta ne daga harshe - Indo-Iran - yare. To, wanene wannan "abin damuwa"?
Panther Bagheera a cikin Mf Mowgli na Soviet.
Zai zama ga masu karatu masu magana da harshen Rashanci cewa amsar wannan tambaya abu ne mai sauƙi. Da yawa za su iya tunawa da Bagheera wanda ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba daga Mowgli a waccan sa'ar, kuma masu karanta abubuwa da yawa za su yi bayanin cewa panther ba wani nau'in halitta bane, amma kawai nau'in asalin damisa baki ne. Mutane baƙar fata (ana kiran su melanists a cikin kimiyya) Hakanan ana samun su a cikin jaguars, amma har yanzu ba a samo su ba a cikin zakuna da damisa.
Af, a cikin asalin Kipling Bagheera - wannan ba mace ba ce, amma namiji ne. Disney a cikin karbuwa a cikin fim na "Littafin Jungle" ya yarda da wasu 'yanci masu yawa, amma jinsi daya ya kasance daidai.
Melanin mai launi mai launi yana ɗaukar alhakin launi mai duhu sosai - wanda ke da alhakin launi na gashin mu, launi na iris na ido, da dai sauransu Yana da haɓaka da aka samu a ƙarƙashin aikin haskoki na UV wanda ya bayyana akan fatar ɗan adam ta hanyar kunar rana a jiki da tarko.
Na farko daga cikin Turawan Turai na lokacin da suka bayyana damisa baƙar fata, don haka a magana, "daga yanayi", shine Marco Polo. Wannan matafiyin na karni na XIII ya isa China. Gaskiya ne, a cikin kwatancinsa, Polo ya kira panther "zaki".
“Da yawa daga dabbobi daban-daban, basa kama da na wasu kasashe. Akwai katunan baƙar fata a nan ba tare da wata alama ba. ”
Koyaya, bincika abin da Ovid ya rubuta a Metamorphoses:
... Allah (ma'ana Bacchus - SK) a halin yanzu, bayan da ya kambi kahon sa tare da kurangar inabi a cikin gungu, shi kanshi yana girgiza da mashi, innabi ya yi toho da ganye. Tigers - kewaye da allahntaka: fatalwar lynxes suna gani, Kai tsaye ba tare da wani wuri ba.
Allahn Romawa na giya - Dionysus - yana hawa damisa.
Kuma ga abin da Goethe Mephistopheles ke faɗi a cikin “Faust”, yana nufin ɓataccen farin gashi:
“Ya raina! Tare da jin tsoro na irin wannan Watanni shida da za ta kasance mai kyau, kamar abin damuwa, Za a iya lalata ayyukan mata. ”
Lallai, koda akan mafi girman abin bakin ciki, aibobi sukan bayyana ne koyaushe. E. G a cikin “Dabbobin Dabbobin Indiya” ya rubuta cewa har ma da wasu “wuraren-panthers” na musamman wanda a bayyane baƙaƙe suke bayyane da yanayin asalin cakulan. Ba da dalili ba cikin Ingilishi ana misalta karin magana ta karin magana "Humpbacked kawai kabari zai gyara" sautin kamar "Shin damisa zai iya canza tabo?" ("Damisa za ta iya canza aibanta?").
"Littafin Annabi Irmiya" (13:23): Shin mutumin Habasha zai iya canza fatarsa, da damisa? shin kuna iya aikata alheri ta hanyar sabawa da aikata mugunta? ”
Mata a cikin riguna masu damisa. A gefen hagu zane ne da C.E. Perugini. Dama - 'yar wasan Italiya Marie-Angela Melato.
R. Kipling "Mowgli": “Wata inuwa mai duhu ta fadi a tsakiyar da'irar. Bagheera ce, baƙar fata ce, baƙar fata gaba ɗaya, kamar tawada, amma da alamomin da, kamar dukkan kwantena, ana ganin su a cikin haske, kamar hasken wuta akan motar.
Idan kuwa, wani ya karanta littafin, to, a cikin fim ɗin Soviet mai rai "Mowgli" masu kirkirar ilimi masu ilimi sun nuna zurfin jinsin Bagira a daidai lokacin da suke canjin yanayin sai suka nuna tana gudana da damisa.Cubs a cikin irin wannan dangi na iya zama da bambanci sosai - duka tabo da baƙi. Amma na ƙarshen ba shi da yawa, saboda baƙar fata baƙon yana juyawa ne kuma yawancin lambobin suna ba da damuwa ne. Idan ana samun zuriya ɗari bisa ɗari, kuna buƙatar buɗaɗɗen bakaken fata guda biyu, amma "sakaci" kuma ana iya haife shi ga iyayen da aka taɓa gani idan baƙi suka bayyana a cikin magabatansu. Baya ga launi, damisa masu gani da panthers ba su da bambanci.
Koyaya, hoton panther na ban mamaki (wata baƙar fata tare da idanuna masu ƙonewa) sun sanya panther wata alama ce ta mace mai ƙazantacciyar mace, kyakkyawa, mai cuta, (kuma yayin da yaudara) (waƙar "Agatha Christie" da fim game da yarinyar da ke yawon shakatawa "Mutane" nan da nan sun zo hankali kuliyoyi "tare da Nastasya Kinski).
Nastasya Kinsky tare da alfahari da kudin ta.
Gaskiya ne, 'yan Nazi sun yi nasarar kiran wannan sunan da sunan wata ma'amala mai fahariya (amma har yanzu ana ƙararrawa). A kan sigar makamai na kasar Afirka ta Gabon, panthers biyu suna riƙe da garkuwa kuma suna tsara su (ambaci) "sanya ido da ƙarfin hali na ƙasar Gabon."
A ƙarƙashin sunan Black Panthers, ƙungiyar 'yan kishin ƙasa gabaɗaya sananne ne sananne.
Kamar yadda kake gani, a Yammacin yamma suna iya kiran damisa na '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' ''
Koyaya, duk wannan bai fayyace wannan bayanin da aka ambata a sama ba daga Wikipedia cewa “afuwa” tana nufin “panther”. A wannan halin, ya zama abin banza - 'damisa' 'ya zama wata' 'zaki' da kuma ... 'damisa' '!Koyaya, akwai ƙarin fassarar ma'ana. Misali, zaton cewa kalmomin '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' ''. Kuma a cikin labarin "damisa" daga kamus na Dahl, zamu iya saduwa da jumlar: "sunan kimiyya na Pardus dabbar".Wato, "damisa" a zamanin da, ana tsinkaye shi azaman irin giciye tsakanin zaki da damisa ...
Tare da suna na uku damisa - "damisa" - abubuwa ba su da rikicewa. An yi imanin cewa ya fito ne daga kalmar “prassum” daga harshen Hatti (asalin zargin magabatan yarukan Abkhaz da Adyghe). A cikin ƙasarmu, ya ɗauki tushe a ƙarni na 16 da ma'ana, da farko, damisa na Caucasian. Kodayake sun yi amfani da shi dangane da sauran manya da alamu - kamar damisa ko damisa (ƙarshen za a kira shi "damisa dusar ƙanƙara" a ƙarshen).
Amma a koma ga kalmar "panther", wanda asalinsu ma abin haɓaka ne. A zamanin da, ana fassara shi da sauƙin kai, ba tare da an shiga cikin Sanskrit ba. Kamar, "pan" a cikin Girkanci shine "duk abin duniya," kuma "theros" shine "dabba." Wannan shine, '' abin damuwa '' wani dabba ne '- dabba akan kowace dabba.
Isidore na Seville: "Ana kiran mai dame ta da wannan suna ko dai saboda ita aboki ce ga dukkan dabbobi ban da macijin, ko kuma saboda tana son irin nau'ikan ta, kuma abin da ta karba ya dawo daidai gwargwado."
Irin wannan baƙon fassarar zai zama bayyananne idan muka tuna da ra'ayin tsohuwar (kuma baƙon abu ba) game da wannan dabba. Ko da a cikin tsohuwar duniyar da aka yi imani da cewa panther (sannan ana kiranta "yafewa") yana da ikon iya tayar da ƙanshin mai daɗin ƙanshi, wanda babu dabba da zai iya tsayayya da shi. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa tsoffin Helenawa suna kiran kalmar “pardalis” ba kawai baffa ba, har ma da masu jan kunne - ƙwararrun '' kawunan 'ƙauna' ', suna shafe kansu da ƙanshin turare.
Aristotle "Tarihin Dabbobin dabbobi": "Sun kuma ce yin afuwa, da sanin cewa kamshinsa yana da daɗi ga dabbobi, da farauta, da ɓoye kansa: ya matso kusa ya kama damisa ta wannan hanyar."
Idan aƙalla wasu dabaru masu ma'ana a cikin wannan bayanin, to, shi ma ya ɓace a cikin zamanin Kiristanci. A cikin gabatarwar tiyoloji, maharbi ya riga ya fitar da kamshi mai kama da hakan, ba tare da bin wata fa'ida ta rashin amfani ba.
"Masanin ilimin lissafi" (II-III c): "A mafarki, ta fitar da kamshi, sauran dabbobin kuma suka taru a kusa da warinsu kuma suna farin ciki da ƙanshin, kuma suka yi farin ciki, suka watsu cikin farin ciki da wadatar zuci a cikin saura.
Panther yana jan hankalin dabbobi duka, amma ta tsoratar da macijin, wanda ke ɓoye cikin rami. Zane daga "Bestiary" (karni na XII).
Da farko, an kamshi wannan kamshin da Maganar Kristi, yana jawo rayukan mutane zuwa imani. A cikin al'adar ladabi, an kwatanta Fairan Matan tare da ƙyamar mai ƙanshi.
Labarin Soyayya cikin Rhymes, baƙon da ba a san shi ba na ƙarni na 13: Ina bin bayanta, kamar yadda dabbobi suke tafiya, Tare da abin da ke gudana. Na je mata ita kuma tafiya, Na bi matar nan. Belovedaunataccen yana jan hankalin, beckons, tare da numfashi mai haske Dope. An canza shi duka mottles, Panther yafi kyau fiye da dabbobi. Charms tare da kyan gani. Tunda ya farka, da ihu da babbar murya, Yankin naman dabba yana sanya wa kunne kunne, Kuma ruhun dazuka mai ban sha'awa da ke cike da duniyoyin, Kuma babu kamshi mai daɗi. Dabbar tana da wari mai daɗi. Maciji ne kawai yake tsoronsa, An ceci shi, kamar daga neman, Daga waɗannan turare na sama. Amma kowa da kowa, ban da maciji, suna murna da Inhale da ƙamshin ban mamaki, Sabili da haka sauran dabbobi Koyaushe suna haɗuwa da baƙin ciki ...
J. Boschius, “An kawata ado da tabo.” 1702 g
Amma a cikin littafin tarihin rayuwar Gustav Meyrink “The Angel of the Western Window”, insidious mai lalata ya riga ya danganta da damuwa.
“Gimbiya tsirara tare da kamannin halitta ta fito ne daga harsashi na mahaifiyarta-lu'u-lu'u. Kyakkyawan jikinta, ta yanayin girman hasken wutar tagulla, don adana tsaftarta, har zuwa kusa da dutsen Isais, ya yi kama da ainihin aikin fasaha. Tufafin da aka jefa a ƙasa ya ba da babban abin ƙanshi, aƙalla da alama a gare ni wannan warin da na saba da shi na daddaɗa, jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki, a cikin halin da na riga na wuce gona da iri. ”
Idan a cikin Turai ta tsakiya ra'ayoyin game da damisa sun kasance marasa fahimta sosai (bayan duk, ba a same su a can ba), to a cikin zamanin Meyrinka sun riga sun san yadda haɗarin wannan maharbin yake.
Amma zan kebe wani keɓaɓɓen labarin ga cannibals a cikin cat cat.
Yanayin rayuwa
Mafi yawancin lokuta, salon rayuwa yana haifar da jaguar. Black Panther ya fi son farauta bayan faɗuwar rana da kuma kafin gari ya waye.
Kowane mutum yana da yankin murabba'in mita 25 zuwa 100. km Haka kuma, yankin yankinsu a tsari, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana wakiltar siffar alwatika, kuma girmanta ya dogara da filin ƙasa, yawan wasan da aka zaune a ciki da kuma jima'i na wannan dabbar da aka riga aka tsara (yawanci a cikin mata yana da ƙari sosai).
A wani yanki a wani yanki na musamman, namiji yakan yi farauta har tsawon kwanaki 3-4, bayan haka yana neman ganima a wani yanki na kayan sa. Jaguar bai yarda da kasancewar sauran dabbobin cat a gida ba, amma yana da kwanciyar hankali dangane da dangi, saboda haka yankuna na wadannan dabbobin na iya kutse.
Jaguar baƙar fata yakan zauna cikin farauta (a cikin ciyawa mai tsayi, a kan bishiya), yana jiran abincinta. Ganin haka, sai ya daga kai ko gefe, ya kama ta a wuya. Ba kamar sauran kuliyoyin daji ba, wani lokacin yakan ciji ƙashin abin farauta. Babban abin kama shine tapirs, capybaras, masu yin burodi, tsuntsaye, macizai, birai, jijiyoyi, da sauransu.
Jaguar (Panthera onca)
A cikin ruwan dazuka na wurare masu zafi na Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka, akwai kyawawan kayan zaki jaguar. Jawo na dabbar yana da kauri, launin ya bambanta daga launin rawaya zuwa ja mai haske. An rufe jikin tare da baƙar fata a cikin nau'i na zobba, a tsakiyar wanda akwai aya - har ma baƙar fata. Chest da ciki suna taguwa. Allumai suna da ƙarfi, babba, a cikin baƙar fata.
Maƙaddara tana da hanci mai faɗi, kunnuwansa ƙanana, nuna a ƙarshen. Idanun dabba tare da launin zinari, kamannin sa suna da jan hankali. Hakora suna da ƙarfi sosai cewa jaguar tana sauƙin ganima, cizo har da dutsen ƙyallen. Dogaye masu tsayi suna tsayawa waje, dan kadan a ƙarshen. Yana kuma amfani da rauni a cikin abokan gaba. Babban sashin taɓawa shine gashin baki. Yanayi ya baiwa dabba kyakkyawar ji, hangen nesa da dare yana da karfi fiye da yadda rana take, saboda haka tana da karfin gwiwa ya motsa ta cikin dajin dare.
Jikin Jaguar yana da tsawon 120 zuwa 185 cm - ba tare da wutsiya ba. Wutsiyar tana iya kaiwa cm 75. Dabba tana da girma, nauyinta yawanci yana daga kilo 60 zuwa 80, amma wani lokacin yakan faru 120.
Jaguar a salon rayuwa bai bambanta da dangin dangin cat ba - farauta kawai a wani yanki. Wannan yanki ga mace an auna shi murabba'in kilomita 25, kuma ga namiji zai iya kaiwa murabba'in kilomita ɗari. km
Jaguar ya fara farauta ne bayan faɗuwar rana ko kafin ya bayyana a sararin sama. Ganima ta fi zaban yankin. Yayin da yake jira, ya zauna a wurin na dogon lokaci, ya ɓoye daidai a cikin ciyawa ko ciyawa. Sa’an nan tsalle mai kaifi - ya kai tsawon mita 6, kuma ganima a cikin tafin. Yawancin lokaci yakan kai hari daga baya ko daga gefe don kama ta hanyar wuya. Idan ba a cim ma maƙasudin ba kuma wanda aka azabtar ya ɓace, bai bar farauta ba - ya ci gaba da jira na gaba ko zuwa ƙaramar dabba, kifi.
Kowane mutum na iya zama wanda ya azabtar da shi, daga birai har macizai da maciji, gami da matattarar ruwa, burodi, ƙyamare, har ma kunkuru. Bayan haka, dabbar ta hau kan bishiyoyi daidai, tana iya hawa dutse, sai ta hau kan tudu sosai.
Jaguars ba su da takamaiman lokacin kiwo. Zaɓin abokin tarayya ya dogara ne da mace duka, haihuwar tana faruwa kwanaki 100 bayan haihuwar. Tana zabi rami a cikin ciyayi, tsakanin duwatsu ko rami. 'Ya'yan biyu zuwa hudu suna haihuwar jaguar mace. Makonni shida yara littlea cuban suna zaune tare da mahaifiyarsu a cikin kogo, sannan kuma ya zo lokacin farauta. Suna farauta tare da iyayensu har sai sun zaɓi yankin da ya dace don kansu kuma sun fara rayuwa mai 'yanci.
Kowace shekara yawan jaguars yana raguwa. Don hakar fur mai mahimmanci, masu diban dabbobi suna harbi su, gusar daji kuma baya bada gudummawa ga haifuwa. Don kare dabba daga rushewa, an yanke shawarar saka Jaguars Red Book.
Kiwo da zuriya
Jaguars basu da takamaiman lokacin kiwo. Mace da ke shirye don dabbar ta hanyar maza (daga shekara 3) ta “ba da labari” ga maza, tana share bishiyoyi da fitsari, sannan kuma tana fitar da sifofi irin na “maganganu” waɗanda maza za su amsa da muguwar zagi, gututtukan gutsi.
Wannan abin ban sha'awa ne! Wasu mafarautan Jaguar sun ci su, suna yin kwalayen kira na macen. Jaguars, yawanci ba shi da guda ɗaya, a wannan yanayin ana iya haɗuwa cikin kungiyoyi.
Amma maza basa yin faɗa a tsakanin su, zaɓin an yi shi ne ta hanyar amarya kuma ta dan motsa lokaci zuwa shafin wanda ya zaɓa.
Bayan mating, sun rabu. Mace ta shirya kogonta a tsakanin maɓuɓɓugar, cikin wani ɓoye ko wani kogo, inda bayan kwana 100 na ciki ta haifi yara biyu da ke ciki. Jarancin jaguars ba su da ƙima kamar iyayensu; Iya bata barin su daga kogon a farkon watanni 1.5 na rayuwarsu.
Koyaya, sun shayar da madarar uwa ta kimanin watanni 5-6. Mahaifiya ta fara ɗaukar su tare da ita zuwa farauta har sai sun girma kuma zasu iya mamaye yanki mai 'yanci, yawanci kimanin shekaru 2. Kawai kusan rabin cuba cubayen da aka haife suna tsira zuwa balaga. Jaguar na iya ba da zuriya ta hanyar haɗa kai da huɗuba ko damisa.
Koma abinda ke ciki
Bayanan kula
- Sokolov V.E.
Theamus biyu na sunayen dabbobi. Dabbobi masu shayarwa Latin, Rashanci, Ingilishi, Jamusanci, Faransanci. / Acad ya gyara shi. V. E. Sokolova. - M.: Rus. lang., 1984. - S. 108. - 10,000. - Stephen Wroe, Colin McHenry, da Jeffrey Thomason (2006). “Kuraje mai ƙarfi: kwatankwacin cizo a babban dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma hasashen halayen tsinkaye a cikin burbushin halittu” (PDF). Ayyukan Royal Society B
(Royal Society)
272
(1563): 619-625. DOI: 10.1098 / rspb.2004.2986. Da aka dawo da shi Yuni 7, 2006. - Ounce 2, Dictionaryamus ɗin Ingilishi na Oxford
, Bugu na biyu - Fernando de Montesinos.
Bayanan tarihi da siyasa game da Piru. Littafi na biyu. www.kuprienko.info (A. Skromnitsky) (Yuli 24, 2008). - Fassara daga V. Talah, Kiev, 2006. An ajiye shi daga asali a ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2011. Aka dawo da Oktoba 8, 2009. - Pedro Cieza de Leon.
Labarin Chuka Kashi Na farko .. www.kuprienko.info (A. Skromnitsky) (Afrilu 28, 2009). An makale daga asalin a kan Agusta 21, 2011. Aka dawo da Oktoba 8, 2009. - Diego Gonzalez Holguin.
Fassarar Harshen Quechua (1608) .. www.kuprienko.info (A. Skromnitsky). An makale daga asalin a kan Agusta 21, 2011. Aka dawo da Oktoba 8, 2009. - ↑ 123
Johnson, W.E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W.J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S.J. (2006). "Late Miocene radiation na Felidae na zamani: Nazarin kwayoyin halittar jini."
Kimiyya311
(5757): 73-77. DOI: 10.1126 / kimiyya.1122277. PMID 16400146. - Turner, A. (1987). "Sabon burbushin kayan masarufi ya ragu daga shafin hominid na Sterkfontein (Mammalia: Carnivora)." Labarun tarihi da kayan tarihi34
: 319 --347. ISSN 0041-1752. - ↑ 123
Dianne N. Janczewski, William S. Modi, J. Claiborne Stephens, da Stephen J. O’Brien (1 Yuli 1996). "Juyin Halittar motsi na Mitochondrial 12S RNA da Cytochrome b Sequences a cikin layin Pantherine na Felidae."
Halittar Halittu da Juyin Halitta12
(4). PMID 7544865. Aka dawo da shi Yuni 7, 2006. - Yu L & Zhang YP (2005). "Nazarin phylogenetic of cattherine cat (Felidae) dangane da kwayoyin halittu da yawa, tare da amfani da sabon labari game da beta-fibrinogen intron 7 zuwa carnivores." Halittar Halittu da Juyin Halitta35
(2): 483-495. DOI: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2005.01.01.01. PMID 15804417. - Johnson WE & Obrien SJ (1997). "Ginin sake fasalin halittar Felidae ta amfani da halittar 16S rRNA da kwayoyin Mitochondrial na NADH-5." Jaridar Juyin Halitta44
. DOI: 10.1007 / PL00000060. - Eizirik E, Kim JH, Menotti-Raymond M, Crawshaw PG Jr, O'Brien SJ, Johnson WE. (2001). "Holo na phylogeography, tarihin yawan jama'a da kuma tarihin tsaran al'adun jaguars (Panthera onca, Mammalia, Felidae)." Lafiyar Jiki10
(1). DOI: 10.1046 / j.1365-294X.2001.01144.x. PMID 11251788. Aka dawo da shi Yuni 7, 2006.
Habitat, mazauni
Yankin arewa da mazaunin jaguars ya kasance tare da kan iyakar Mexico, da kuma kudu maso yammacin Amurka. Dabbobin sun sauka zuwa iyakokin arewacin Argentina da Paraguay, har ma da tekun Venezuela. Manyan mutane na jaguars suna zaune ne a cikin ƙasar Brazil, Mato Grosso. Yawancin mazaunan jaguars sun maida hankali ne a kwarin Amazon.
Don rayuwa, jaguar yana buƙatar abubuwa da yawa:
- Maɓallin ruwa kusa,
- lokacin farin ciki ganye don sake kaman yayin farauta,
- m samar da isasshen yawa.
Yanayi ya samar musu da irin wannan albarkatu a cikin wuraren dazuka na wurare masu zafi, rafin bakin teku, kwarin kogi, da kuma kusa da marshes. A cikin yankuna maras amo, ba a taɓa samun jaguars ba. Amma suna iya hawa zuwa tsaunuka, ko da yake, ba mafi girma daga 2700 m (mazaunan Andes). An taɓa haɗuwa da Jaguars a Costa Rica a wani wuri mai nisan 3800 m, amma wannan lamari ne mai zaman kansa, galibi gandun daji ba sa jawo hankalin su.
Koma abinda ke ciki
Janar da bambance-bambance tsakanin jaguar da panther
- Dukansu panthers da jaguars suna cikin gida ɗaya - feline.
- Dukkan wakilan sune kaddara.
- Kalmar "panther" tana da fa'ida fiye da "jaguar", wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa jaguar shine ainihin nau'in panther (gaba ɗaya tsararren halittar ɗan adam).
- Abin da ke da ban tsoro na iya bambanta da jaguar a launi na fata: panther yana da baƙi, jaguar yana da launin alkama.
- Jaguar dabba ce mai sauri, tana iya isa da sauri zuwa 90 km a kowace awa, saurin damuwa - 60 km awa daya.
- Jaguars galibi suna zaune a nahiyoyin Amurka, panthers galibi suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe masu zafi.