Baikal omul (lat. Coregonus migratorius) - Kifi na kasuwanci na halittar kifin halittar dangin salmon. An rarraba shi a cikin koguna da tabkuna na Siberiya daga Baikal zuwa Taimyr.
Baikal omul yana wakilta ta ƙungiyoyi uku na ilimin halittar mutum da halittu (pelagic, bakin teku, zurfin ƙasa) tare da nazarin halittu daban-daban. Omul na ƙungiyar rukunin bakin teku yana da masaniya ta farkon lokacin balaga (lokacin da ya kai tsawon 22-24 cm da shekaru 4-6). Jirgin ruwa kusa-zurfin teku yana zuwa balaga tare da tsawon tsawon 32-34 cm yana da shekaru 11-15. Omul na ƙungiyar pelagic ta yanayin balaga yana ɗaukar matsayin matsakaici, amma a lokaci guda shine mafi girma mafi girma. Hannun jari na Omul suna samun canji mai yawa na hawan keke. An sami raguwar kamfe a ƙarshen 60s saboda tasirin abubuwa masu mummunan tasiri (aikin tashar tashar ruwa ta Irkutsk akan kogin Angara, gurɓataccen yanayin yanayin ruwa, gandun daji a cikin yankin kare ruwa, kamun kifi wanda ba a iya amfani da shi ba) ya haifar da gabatar da dokar ta baci a kan kamun kifi na omul. Sakamakon matakan da aka ɗauka, ciki har da ƙirƙirar tushe mai ƙarfi na kiwan kifi don haifuwa ta mutum, ƙirar omul ta karu, wanda ya ba da damar aiwatar da iyakataccen kamun kifi tun daga 1982 bisa la'akari da kimanta matsayin matsayin hannun jari wanda Vostsibrybtsentr ya bunkasa. Da 90s. yawan ƙwayoyin omul da kwayoyin halitta sun ƙaru daidai da yanayin muhalli. Jimlar biomass na omul ya kai tan dubu 20 zuwa 26, kuma yuwuwar kamawa cikin tan dubu 2.
Bayanin
Bayanin farko na omul Baikal ne aka bayar ta I.G. Georgi a cikin 1775. Siffofin halayyar omul sune bakin karshe, bakin bakin ciki, adadinsu ya kama daga 35 zuwa 54, karami, zaune mai rauni, manyan idanu, da kananan girma. Tare da tsawon 30-60 cm, ya kai nauyin 200 g zuwa 1.5 kilogiram, ba a samun mutane kusan 2 kilogiram.
Kungiyoyin Omul
Baikal omul yana da ra'ayin al'adar Arctic omul (Coregonus autumnalis) kuma yana da sunan Latin Coregonus autumnalis migratorius. Lokacin nazarin asalin Baikal omul, akwai manyan maganganu guda biyu:
- asalinsa daga Arctic omul da shigar azzakari cikin farji zuwa tafkin Baikal daga Tekun Arctic tare da koguna a cikin lokacin tazara,
- zuriya daga asalin magabatan da suka rayu cikin ruwan dumi na Oligocene da Miocene 1.
Nazarin kwayoyin jini sun nuna cewa Baikal omul yana kusa da na yau da kullun da kuma nau'in kifayen fata 2 kuma yanzu ya zama sananne Coregonus migratorius 3 .
A halin yanzu, kungiyoyi uku na omuli sun bambanta cikin Baikal, suna da bambance-bambancen muhalli da ilimin halittar mutum:
- karabu (selenginsky)
- bakin teku (Baikal ta Arewa da Barguzin)
- zurfin ƙasa (ofishin jakadanci, Chivyrkuy da sauran alƙalumma suna kiwo a cikin ƙananan koguna).
Dalilin kowane ya ƙunshi yawan mutanen da ke yin ƙawance daban-daban na harabar Baikal.
Abinci da Ciki
Babban abincin omul shine ƙananan crustaceans - epishura. An kafa shi cewa omul yana ciyar da epishura idan maida hankali ba ya ƙasa da 30-35 dubu crustaceans a cikin mita mai siffar sukari cubic. Tare da rashin babban abinci, yana juyawa zuwa ciyar a kan pelagic amphipod da matasa Baikal endemic - golomyanka kifi.
Omul na kifin kaka ne. A cikin koguna na Posolsky zuriyar dabbobi (Bolshaya, Kultuchnaya, Abramikha) don kiwo ya shiga tare da makarantu biyu - a watan Satumba da Oktoba, a cikin zafin jiki na 10-13 ° C da 3-4 ° C, bi da bi. Ciki a kan daskararren dutse tare da sauri a halin yanzu. Ciyarwa yawanci yakan faru ne a maraice da awanni na dare. Bayan tsallake-tsallake, omul ta narkar da zuwa Lake Baikal. Caviar yana manne a ƙasa, kuma a lokacin zafin jiki na 0.2-2 ° C tayi tayi tana tsawon kwanaki 190-200. Larvae 10-12.5 mm tsayi da nauyin 6-7 MG ya bayyana a ƙarshen Afrilu - farkon Mayu, a cikin zafin jiki na ruwa na 0.2 zuwa 6.5 ° C. Hatching larvae ana ɗaukar su ta hanyar kwarara ruwa zuwa zuriyar Ambassadorial, inda suke girma da ciyarwa. Cin ganima, larvae yana yin jefa daga nesa na mm 3-5. Zuwa shekaru 30, suna ciyar da kwayoyin halittar abinci, abinci kuma ya kunshi nau'ikan halittar dabbobi sama da 55 na gungun mutane 15 daban-daban.
A cikin babbar ƙungiya mafi girma ta Lake Baikal, Kogin Selenga, pelagic omul (Multi-stamen) spawns, wanda ke da siginar sigari, manyan idanu, ƙyallen caudal fin, sau da yawa suna zaune a ƙwanƙwashin ƙwararrun kuɗaɗen mambobi (44-55). Yana zaune a cikin pelagic yankin na Lake Baikal, a lokacin spaining ya hau kogin zuwa 1600 km. Yana ciyar da kwayoyin da suke rayuwa a cikin ruwa: zooplankton, macrohectopus, pelagic gobies da larvae. Omul winters a zurfin mita 200-300.
A cikin koguna na matsakaici tsawon, omul spawning (srednetinkovy) spawns. Kifi yana da doguwar kai, jiki mai tsayi da kuma cinikin kare, da wuya ya kasance yana zaune a matsayin biri a lamba 40-48. Tana tafiya a yankin Baikal na bakin teku, don tsallake kanta ya shiga Harsun Angara (640 kilomita), Kichera (kilomita 150) da Barguzin (kilomita 400). Yana ciyarwa akan zooplankton (23%), macrohectopus na matsakaici (34%), golaies na pelagic (26%) da sauran abubuwa (17%).
Ruwan omul-na kusa-da-ruwa (karamin dattako) yana zaune a Unguwar Baikal zuwa zurfin 350 m An kwatanta shi da mafi girman jiki da wutsiyar fin tsayi, tsayi mai tsayi, da ƙaramin lamba (36-44) mara nauyi da tsayi mai tsayi. Tana taka rawa a kananan haraji na tafkin Baikal tare da wata hanyar daga 3-5 km (Bezymyanka da Maly Chivyrkuy) zuwa kilomita 20-30 (Bolshoi Chivyrkuy da Bolshaya Rechka). Abincin an mamaye shi ta hanyar macrohectopus na matsakaici (52%), kifi (25%), jinsunan gammarid (12%) da kuma zooplankton (10%). Tun daga shekarar 1933, ambassadorial omul ke tafe da wucin gadi a kifin kifin Bolsherechensk.
Kifi
Omul shine babban kamun kifi a tafkin Baikal. A cikin 1969, masana kimiyya sun lura da raguwa mai yawa a cikin omul yawa, sabili da haka an haramta kamun kifi. Godiya ga yawancin matakan kiyayewa, zuwa 1979 lambobin sa sun dawo kuma an sake ba da damar kamun kifi. A halin yanzu, adadin yana sake zama mai lalacewa saboda yawan kamun kifi.
Omul yalwa
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, yawan omul ya ragu a cikin Baikal. Yawan kifayen da aka kama akan sikelin masana'antu kusan rabin ƙasa da tanadin da aka bayar.
Dangane da reshen Baikal na Cibiyar Kula da Fishery ta Kasa, a matsakaici, an keɓaɓɓen tan 300-350 a shekara don kamun kifin masana'antu don omul a cikin yankin Irkutsk. Lura cewa cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, ci gaban wannan ƙimar bai wuce alamar 60% ba, alal misali, a cikin shekarar 2013 adadi ya kai 59%. Bugu da kari, Rybnadzor ya yarda cewa wasu kamfanoni masu kama kifayen kuma suna nuna alamomi masu yawa don kiyaye lasisi don aiki - saboda haka, a zahiri, yawan kifin da aka kama yana iya zama ƙasa da haka.
Shugaban sashen kula da yanki, kulawa da kiyaye kifaye a yankin Irkutsk, Rinat Enin, yayi bayanin ragin ta wadannan dalilai masu zuwa. A cikin shekaru biyu zuwa uku da suka gabata, omul a cikin Baikal ya canza hanyoyin ƙaura; ya daina shiga manyan koguna, musamman, Selenga da Barguzin, Seaan Teku. Wannan ya faru ne saboda dumamar ruwa a cikin Baikal - kifin ya fara tsayawa a kan zurfi, kuma bisa ƙa'ida a tsakiyar yankin tafkin. Bugu da kari, da yawa daga masu ba da agaji sun sake shi, wanda ke ciyar da omul kuma yana iya kamun kifi a zurfin mita da dama. Bugu da kari, hatimi, wanda yawan su ma ya karu, suma suna da hannu wajen rage yawan omul a cikin tafkin. Kodayake hatimin hatim ɗin ba zai iya kama omul ba, tunda ba zai iya kama shi ba, yana da ikon fasa raga da kifi.
Masanin ilimin muhalli na Irkutsk Vitaly Ryabtsev yana da ra'ayi iri daban-daban: ba cormorant da hatimin da ke da laifin rashin isasshen kifi a cikin arewa-gabas na Lake Baikal. A cewar masanin kimiyyar, mazinata galibi suna da alaƙa da matsalar lalata kifaye. 4
Omul a cikin Baikal ya zama ƙarami: garken shan sa a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ya ragu daga kimanin mutane miliyan 5 zuwa 3. Mazauna gundumar Olkhonsky, da yawa daga cikinsu suna samun kuɗi a kan waɗannan kyautuka na yanayi, sun yi kara. Koyaya, masanan kimiyya na Irkutsk sun ce sun hango raguwar adadi a shekarar 2003. Dalilin da masana suka kira ci gaban masana'antar yawon shakatawa da kuma rashi lalatattun wuraren rukunin sansanin a bakin Tekun Bahar da Olkhon. A sakamakon haka, yawan gobies, wanda shine tushen abinci na omul, ya ragu sosai a wannan yanki. 5
A halin yanzu ba zai yiwu a iya yin jayayya ba cewa karuwa ce ta yawan adadin baƙin da ta shafi raguwar yawan jama'ar Baikal omul. Da farko kuna buƙatar bincika rawar da ya taka a cikin yanayin halitta na tafkin. Wakilan ƙungiyar ilimin kimiyya na Irkutsk sun yarda da wannan ra'ayi bayan masanin ilimin dabi'a na Vitaly Ryabtsev, wanda ya ba da shawara akai ga tsuntsu.
Ra'ayoyin Kwararru
Darakta, LIN SB RAS, Malamin ilimi Mikhail Grachev:
Tabbas, akwai ɗumbin cormorant a kan tafkin Baikal, ba wanda ya san dalilin wannan. An yi imani cewa wannan tsuntsu ya ci mai yawa omul, ya wanzu na dogon lokaci, masunta masunta sun harbe saboda wannan a cikin 1930s. Amma babu hujjar kimiyya game da gaskiyar cewa ita ce kwale-kwalen da ya haifar da raguwar yawan kifayen. A ra'ayina, masu wautar da ke kama omul sun fi cutarwa.
Farfesa na masana kimiyya Victor Popov:
A cikin yankin Irkutsk, yanzu an jera babban cormorant a cikin Littafin Rubutu. Koyaya, wannan ba koyaushe haka yake ba - a ƙarni na 19 akwai yawancin waɗannan tsuntsayen, akwai dubun dubun dubansu. Sannan, saboda dalilai da ba a sani ba, ya fara ɓacewa, wanda ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa a cikin 1950-60 an lasafta shi a cikin Littafin Layi. Koyaya, tun daga 2006, ya fara farawa. Wataƙila baƙin hauren ya yi ƙaura daga arewacin China da Mongolia, inda yawanci suke zama, saboda fari. Yanzu babu wanda ya san adadin adadin baƙin ƙarfe a kan tafkin Baikal, tunda babu wanda ya gudanar da binciken kimiyya. Amma tuni kusan shekaru ukun da suka gabata ya bayyana karara cewa masunta zasu sami gunaguni.
Koyaya, ba za a iya yin jayayya ba cewa shine cormorant ne ya sa omul ta faɗi. Da farko kuna buƙatar aiwatar da tsarin karatun - don kafa adadin tsuntsayen, don fahimtar abin da suke ci, kamar yadda wasu masana muhalli suka gaskata cewa suna omul, wasu kuma kamar sa ne. Bayan wannan ne kawai za a iya yin tambaya game da warwataccen ɗarikar daga littafin Red da tsarinta. Duk da yake babu tabbatacce, komai ma shine motsin zuciyarmu, duka daga gefen masu kare mutuncina da kuma abokan hamayya. A Buryatia, waɗannan motsin zuciyar sun jagoranci kuma sun sanya shi farauta. Kodayake irin wannan shawarar ba ta dace ba, tunda wannan nau'in baya wakiltar kowane darajar kasuwanci. Ina tsammanin cewa a cikin yankin Irkutsk wannan ba zai zo ga wannan ba. 7
Omul cikin tambayoyi da amsoshi
529. Daga ina ne aka fito daga omul?
Wasu masana kimiyya (G. Yu. Vereshchagin, M. M. Kozhov, da sauransu) sun yi imani cewa omul ya zo Baikal ne daga sassan estuarine na kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Arctic, musamman, a cewar pp. Yenisei da Angara. Wasu kuma (L.S. Berg, P.L. Pirozhnikov, P.A. Deryagin, V.V. Pokrovsky) sun yi imani da cewa siffofin magabatan dukkan kifayen fata sune pelagic whitefish na reservoire na nahiyar Siberia.
An yi imanin cewa omul ya isa Baikal kamar ɗan kwanan nan, wataƙila cikin kankara ko lokacin haihuwa. Ya kware wa kansa abincin da ya dace da rayuwa, ya iya kwanciya, tafiya, haɓaka kuma ya zama Baikal. A cikin Baikal, an aiwatar da canje-canje masu mahimmanci da fasali na ilimin halittu na ƙananan ƙananan kuma ana iya ɗaukar kifin daɗi.
530. Menene yawan omul a cikin Baikal?
Mutane huɗu na omul suna zaune a cikin Baikal: Selenginsky, Chivyrkuysky, Severobaikalsky da Ambassadorial. Wasu masana kimiyya sun bambanta Barguzin ɗaya kuma. Amma yanzu ya kusan daina wanzuwa, tun p. Barguzin yana ƙazantar da itace ta hanyar katako da samfuran leach wanda hakan ya sa dawo da shi na iya ɗaukar dogon lokaci, idan ko kaɗan. A lokacin da yake al'ada da kuma haifuwarsa, yawan jama'ar Barguzin sun ba da kifin yawansu ya haura dubu 10 zuwa 10. Yawan ambassadorial omul an yi shi daga wucin gadi daga ƙwai wanda aka sanya cikin kayan aiki na musamman. Don haka, a halin yanzu akwai yankuna na halitta guda uku kawai a cikin Baikal, kuma dukkan su suna cikin yanayin talauci.
531. Wanne ne daga cikin alƙawarin omul?
Selenginskaya. Tana yin ɓoye galibi a cikin Selenga (saboda haka sunan ta) da kuma yawan adadin tafkin. Yana zaune a cikin kwarin kudu na Lake Baikal da kuma a kudancin tsakiyar kwari. Matasa kifi suna tafiya a cikin ruwa mai zurfin Selenga, makarantu masu tsalle-tsalle ana kafa su anan lokacin fall. Omul ya yi lamuran a cikin koguna daga ƙarshen watan Agusta zuwa farkon Satumba (a zazzabi ruwa a cikin kogin na 8-13 ° C) har zuwa ƙarshen Nuwamba. Dangane da lambobi, garken garke ya kai daga mutum ɗaya da rabi zuwa biyu zuwa shida zuwa takwas ga mutane miliyan, kuma jimillar kuɗin da aka kwantar da su har ƙwai biliyan 25-30
532.guda nawaomul in Baikal?
Kwayar halittar biomass na dukkan shekaru shekaru omul shine kusan tan dubu 25 zuwa 25.
533. A wane zurfi ne aka samu omul?
Har zuwa 300-350 m, kuma wani lokacin zurfi. A irin wannan zurfin, omul of ambassadorial da yawan jama'ar Chivyrkuy suna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa;
534. Menene girma da nauyi na omul?
Samfuran mafi girma na yawan mutanen Selenga da aka samo yana da nauyin 5 kilogram da tsayin kusan 50 cm. Masu sana'ar kamun kifi sun ce a cikin tsohuwar zamanin sun san karin kifin. Koyaya, don samun kwafin mafi girma, aƙalla don gidan kayan gargajiya, sun gaza.
535. Yaushe ne omul ya girma kuma ya fara zama?
Fishes na Selenginsky, Barguzinsky da Chivyrkuisky yawan farawa a 5-6th, Markarobaikalsky - a 4th-5th, jakadu - a shekara ta 7-8th rayuwa. A daidai wannan shekarun, yawancin kifaye na farko sun fara jurewa. Cikakken sabon kifi na yawan ofishin jakadancin shine 14, a cikin yawan Selenga - 10, kuma a yawan Baikal na Arewa - shekaru 8. Omul spawn har zuwa shekaru 14-15. A cikin filayen ɓarayi, ana samun daidaikun mutane mazan, amma sun riga babu ƙwai - sun rasa ikon haifuwa, suna riƙe da illar ƙaura daga ƙaura.
536. Menene girma da nauyi na farkon omul?
Kowane ƙidaya ya bambanta. A karo na farko, masunta suna zuwa spawn a Selenginskaya, girman wanda shine 32.9-34.9 cm da nauyi 355-390 g, a Chivyrkuiskaya - 33 cm, nauyi 392 g, a Arewa Baikal - mace 28.0 cm, nauyi 284 g, maza 27 , 7 cm, mai nauyin 263 g, a ofishin jakadancin - dukkan jinsi suna 34.3-34.9 cm, amma mata suna nauyin 562 g, kuma maza 472 g.
537. Sau nawa ne cikin rayuwa ta kare?
Mutanen da suka daɗe suna rayuwa, suna yiwuwa har zuwa 5-6 sau a rayuwarsu kuma sun laƙa ƙwai dubu 200
538. Da yawan omul spain akan filayen wasa?
A cikin shekaru daban-daban, yawan masu cin amanar ƙasa sun sha bamban. Daga mutane miliyan 7.5 zuwa miliyan 12 na omul, gami da: daga miliyan 5.5 zuwa 8 a cikin Selenga, daga miliyan 1.8 zuwa miliyan pp. V. Angara da Kichera, har zuwa miliyan 1-1.2 - a cikin wasu kogunan da ke ba da tsoro, haraji na tafkin.
539. Menene adadin qwai wanda omul yake bayarwa?
Matasa, na farko spawning mutane yawanci sa 5-6 zuwa 12-15 dubu qwai. Tare da shekaru, yawan ƙwaiƙon ƙwallaye yana ƙaruwa, ya kai dubu 30 ko sama da haka. Nazarin shekaru 20 da suka gabata sun nuna cewa yawan haihuwa na al`ada ya ragu zuwa sau 1.5-2. Matsakaicin adadin ƙwai da aka kwanta bai wuce dubu 20 ba, kuma a karo na farko da mata masu tsalle-tsalle ke kwance har ƙwai dubu 7-8.
540. Menene kimanin ƙwai na ƙwai akan filaye?
Daga kowace shekara ba ɗaya bane. Yawan jama'ar Selenga sun sanya adadin caviar mafi yawa - daga 7 zuwa 30 biliyan biliyan, Kubrobaikalsky - daga biliyan 2.5 zuwa biliyan 13, Ambassadorial - biliyan biliyan 51.5, Chivyrkuiska kuma har zuwa kwai biliyan biliyan 1-1.5. .
541. Menene tsammanin rayuwa na omul?
Masu binciken sun haɗu da shekaru 24-25.
542. Mene ne tsawon lokacin ci gaban ƙwai daga haihuwa zuwa gaƙyanƙyashe larvae?
A cikin tsaftataccen ruwa mara tsafta daga kwanaki 200 zuwa 220. Sauyewar yanayin lokacin shiryawa da qwai ya dogara da yanayin zafin jiki da iskar gas na ruwa a cikin filaye.
543.A cikin wane yanayi ne omul caviar ke tasowa?
A cikin filayen yanayi na yanayin zafi daga 0.1 °, + 0.2 ° C zuwa + 1 °, + 2 ° C da kuma yawan jikewar oxygen.Matsakaicin zafin jiki don haɓakar caviar shine + 0,5 °, + 1.5 ° C, don haka omul ɗin ya fi son sanya ƙwai kan ƙasan sandar ƙanƙara, inda akwai bayyananniyar ruwa mai gudana da kullun gudana, yana samar da isasshen kwararar oxygen.
544. Menene nauyin omul larvae,haifuwa ne daga caviar?
Girman ƙwayar omul da aka haifa daga ƙwai a ƙarƙashin yanayin halitta daga 4 zuwa 15 MG. Yawan nauyin larvae wanda aka ƙyafta daga ƙwai a ƙarƙashin yanayin wucin gadi ya faɗi a cikin iyaka guda ɗaya, tun da yanayin farkon a lokuta biyu - girman ƙwai da adadin abubuwan gina jiki a cikinsu - iri ɗaya ne.
545. Yara nawa suka koma Baikal?
Har zuwa 20-30% na yawan lardin da aka haifa.
546. Nawa ne daga zurfin kiwo na wucin gadi suka kai ga balaga a cikin tafkin Baikal?
Daga cikin lardin guda 100 na da ke tsiro daga Tsirrai na Kifi na Ambassadorial a lokacin shiryawa, kawai kifi guda ne ke rayuwa har zuwa lokacin balaga. A karkashin yanayi na dabi'a, daga qwai dubu 10 da aka aza a kan filaye marasa ganyayyaki da ci gaba a karkashin ingantaccen yanayi, kifayen 5-7 na ci gaba da rayuwa.
547. Da wane adadin omul ya kai ga balaga?
Dangane da binciken da aka yi na dogon lokaci, an gano cewa rayuwar ƙwai kafin larvae ya tashi daga 5 zuwa 10%, kuma ƙimar rayuwar kifin kasuwanci ba ta wuce 1% na adadin da aka haife kuma aka fitar da larvae, an tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar dawowar kasuwanci na 0.05-0.075%.
548. Ta yaya girman da girman Omul ya canza?
Kifi ya fara girma a hankali, kitsensa, ƙarancinsa ya ragu, kuma lokacin samartaka yayi saurin sauka.
Masu nuna alamar nauyi (a cikin gram) na haɓakar omul na ƙabilu daban-daban a cikin manyan lamuran (a cewar V.V. Smirnov, K.I. Misharin)
Shekaru
Shekaru (adadin cikakken shekaru)
2 4 6 8 10
Baikal na Arewa (Baikal na Arewa)
Selenginsky yawan (Selenginsky m ruwa)
Ambassadorial yawan jama'a (Selenga m ruwa)
549. A ina ne lokacin sanyi na Baikal?
Yawanci, a cikin sassan bakin teku na Seaan Tekun Bahar, Selenginsky, V. Angarsk shallows, Chivyrkuisky da Barguzinsky sun kasance a cikin zurfin 50 zuwa 300 m. Omul na yawan ambasada ambaliyar ruwa ya mamaye ruwan Priselenginsky mai zurfin zurfin 200 zuwa 300-350 m.
550. Menene omul na manya ya ci a kan ciyarwa?
A shekaru daban-daban, omul yana da abinci daban-daban. Venian wasan suna ciyar da opisura, tsofaffi a macro hectopus da kuma yara na guguwar gola da golomyankas. A cikin hunturu, omul ya ci ƙarancin ƙarfi, amma rabo kawai cikin abincin yakan canza tare da irin abubuwan da yake ci a wasu lokutan na shekara. Omul zai iya cin epishura lokacin da aka maida hankali, a cewar A. G. Egorov, ya kai crustaceans dubu 35 a cikin mita ɗaya na ruwa. Koyaya, soya ya kwashe epishura a ƙaramin taro fiye da abin da ake buƙata don kifin manya, farauta na mutane daban-daban na crustaceans.
551. Nawa ne omul aka kama cikin Baikal?
Fiye da shekaru 50 da suka gabata, matsakaicin kamun karnin shekara dubu 39 yana karɓar baƙi. Daga 1969 zuwa 1975 An sanya dokar hana kamun kifin na kasuwanci domin omul don dawo da haihuwar alumma. Amma ba a aiwatar da shi cikakke, tunda an ba da izinin kamun kifi zuwa rukunin kamun kifi na Pobeda, har ila yau ba a daina farauta ba a duk lokacin dokar. Shekaru biyar (1978-1982), an gudanar da kamfani don gano yawan yalwar ci gaba da kuma samar da hanyoyi don kyakkyawan tsarin kamun kifi. Jami'an hukuma sun kama mil dubu 10 zuwa 10. Tun da jimlar biomass na omul na tsawon shekaru ba ta kai matsakaiciya na tsawon lokaci ba, kama kifayen a cikin shekaru masu zuwa kar ya zarce tan dubu 12-15
552. Mene ne rabo a cikin lokutan kamuwa da omul, abubuwan wucin gadi a lokacin kifayen kifi?
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na shekaru 3-4 da suka wuce, matsakaicin yawan kamun kifi na shekara-shekara wanda aka sanya shi (mafi yawan ambasada yawan mutane) ya kai kimanin mil 5-6 dubu, ko kuma kusan 1 / 6-1 / 7 na jimlar wannan kifin a tafkin Baikal.
553. Wani kifi ne, in ban da omul, ana kera su a kan tafkin Baikal?
A cikin masana'antun kifi, ban da omul, daskararren kifin, farin kifi, da launin toka ma ana saka su a ciki.
554. A cikin wadanne kasashe ne ake fasa abincin kifayen Baikal?
Omul an bred a Japan, Czechoslovakia, Ingila. A Japan, sturgeon kuma ana bred da caviar daga kifi na Sturgeon da aka yi girma a cikin rafin wucin gadi an riga an samu. A cewar bayanai daga Japan, kamfanin Shinjidai Co., tare da Cibiyar Injiniya Saito, sun kasance cikin farauta ta wucin gadi tun daga shekarar 1964. An ƙaddamar da wani aikin don ya haɓaka har zuwa 3,000 masu kama da kifayen mata a cikin suttura ta amfani da dumataccen sharar daga cibiyar sadarwar dumama ta birni. Kamfanin ya ba da shawarar gina wani keji a cikin Irkutsk, wanda zai samar da shekara-shekara har zuwa tan 3.5 na caur na caurrurr tan 300 da nama na Sturgeon. Don yin hidimar irin wannan gona yana buƙatar mutane 4 kawai.
555.Me yasa Baikal ya sami karancin ƙarfi?
Dalilin shi ne karuwar tasirin ayyukan tattalin arziki duka a tafkin da kanta, da kuma kannenta da kuma magudanan ruwa gabaɗaya, gami da kamun kifi mara kyau da kuma lalacewar yanayin iskar ruwa a cikin tasirin Baikal.
556. Shin zai yiwu a farfado da ɗaukakar darajar Baikal omul?
Yana yiwuwa idan duk shawarwarin da masana kimiyya suka yi sun cika, musamman: dakatar da gurɓatar da kogunan koguna, sharewa da hana gurbacewar filayen, dakatar da samuwar katako a cikin koguna da tserensu a tekun Baikal, tare da sauya kayan bushewa (a cikin katako ko katako masu ɗaukar kaya) sufuri, don gina sabbin kyankyasai akan manyan kogunan fadadawa, fadada da kuma sabunta wadanda suka wanzu (Bolsherechensky, Chivyrkuisky, Barguzinsky da Selenginsky), shirya namo omul din soya zuwa matakai mai dorewa, tallafi kafa tsarin ingantaccen ruwa a cikin tafkin da haraji, dakatar da wuce gona da iri a cikin kwandon shara, kiyaye matakin ruwa a cikin tafkin a wani matakin da ya dace, yana hana haɓakawarsa ta wuce matsakaiciyar yanayi na tsawon lokaci, tsayar da kiyaye ka'idojin kamun kisa, yin amfani da filayen kiwo, guje wa lalacewar ƙasa kasa, da sauransu.
557. Wanne ne daga cikin kifin da aka ƙaura zuwa tafkin Baikal wanda ke haɗarin haɗari?
Bayyanar peled (Coregonus peled Gmel) cikin Baikal na iya zama babban haɗari ga rayuwa. Wannan kifin ya kai ga balaga, yana da ƙananan girma fiye da omul, yana narkewa kafin omul kuma yana ciyar da planktophagus - ma'ana mai gasa omul. Idan kifin nan ya sami tushe a Baikal, sannu-sannu zai mamaye omul, tunda a lokacin kasuwancin kamun da ake samu zai iya kama omullu. Abubuwa da yawa har yanzu ba a san su ba a cikin ilimin halittar wannan kifin, musamman, kuma a wane lokaci ne za a ketare shi ta rayuwarsu tare da omul.
558. Yaya ake sarrafa omul a cikin Baikal?
Ta hanyar jin zafi a kan sanduna, yin burodi a cikin ash mai zafi (a cikin kwano na ƙarfe, an rufe shi da yumbu ko a lullube shi da takarda). Bugu da kari, omul ya bushe, salted a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban (tare da farmed, mai kishin jama'a da mai son jakadanci), kyafaffen (zafi da kyafaffen sanyi), da sauransu Baya ga salted, kyafaffen, soyayyen, gasa da kuma Boiled omul, har da gwangwani, yawancin yan gari suna son jita-jita daga daskararre omul - yankakken, shirya. Kodayake waɗannan hanyoyin suna yaɗu, magungunan hukuma basa bada shawarar yin amfani da su, tunda akwai haɗarin kamuwa da cuta tare da cututtukan hanji. Af, ba kawai ana amfani da kifi mai daskarewa don shirya stroganina ba, har ma da deer, bushe (gwiwar hannu), hatimi, kuma musamman hanta na waɗannan dabbobin, yayin da har yanzu yana da ɗumi.
559.A wane nau'i ne mafi darajar omul?
A Siberiya, an fi darajan omul, salted omul, jakadan al'adu sanannu da kwanciyar hankali. Abokai na gaske da masu ba da izini sun yi imani da cewa kowane mai gishiri na salted mai ƙanshi tare da ƙanshin - mai daɗaɗɗen kamshi da nama mai taushi tare da daidaito - ya fi dacewa ga sauran nau'ikan shiri.
Ga wanda baƙon abu, irin wannan omul yana da ɗan lalacewa (duk da haka, da alama yana da irin wannan ƙima na ƙanshin kifin mai daɗi. Ba kowa ba ne yake so, misali, cuku na Roquefort, amma yan koyo ba zasu musanya shi ga wani ba).
Omul mai daskararre, wanda aka dafa a cikin yankan yanka da yanka, ana yaba shi sosai. A lokacin rani, sun gwammace omul akan tudu.
560.meneneyana yankan?
An daskarar da kifin daskararre tare da abu mai wuya domin fatar da shi. Bayan an buge, ana iya cire fata a sauƙaƙe, kuma ana ɗanɗano kifin mai da kayan yaji da kayan yaji da albasa-kayan yaji. Ana amfani dashi azaman abun ciye-ciye mai kyau.
561.menenestroganina ne?
Abin da aka fi so a cikin masuntan Siberian masunta da mafarauta a cikin hunturu. Don shirye-shiryensa, ana amfani da kifi mai daskarewa, wanda aka yanka tare da wuka tare da faranti na bakin ciki, kamar shavings (Saboda haka faranti). Amfani da raw tare da kayan yaji, albasa da vinegar. An kuma dauke shi kyakkyawan abun ciye-ciye.
Hanyoyi
- Encyclopedia na kifi
- Bogutskaya N.G., Naseka A.M. Katarorin abubuwa marasa kan gado da ruwa mai zurfi da kifi mai ban sha'awa a cikin Rasha tare da ƙayyadaddun bayanan abubuwa da kuma sharhin haraji. - M. Hadin gwiwar wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na KMK, 2004. - P. 143. - 389 p. - ISBN 5-87317-177-7.
- Sukhanova L.V.Nazarin ilimin kwayoyin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na Baikal omul Coregonus autumnalis migratorius (Georgi). - Irkutsk: 2004.
- Mafi kyawun abinci don Siberian // CM Lambar Daya : jarida.
- Za a kwafa Omul din ba tare da togiya ba // CM Lambar Daya : jarida.
- Omul zai mutu kuwa? // CM Lambar Daya : jarida.
- Omul ya yaudare kowa // CM Lambar Daya : jarida.
Bayanan kula
- Sukhanova L.V.Nazarin ilimin kwayoyin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na Baikal omul Coregonus autumnalisƙaura (Georgi). - Irkutsk: 2004.
- Sukhanova L.V.et al.Rarraba Baikal Omul Coregonus autumnalis migratorius Georgi a cikin C. lavaretus an tabbatar da hadaddun ta hanyar amfani da alamar nukiliyar DNA // Ann. Zaki. Fenn. — 41: 41–49. — 2004.
- Baikal omul a cikin bayanan FishBase
- Irkutsk Rybnadzor: omul ya zama kaɗan a cikin Baikal // Teleinform, Yuli 8, 2014
- Fedor Tkachuk, Egor Shcherbakov Masu yawon bude ido sun lalata abinci don omul // Injiniyan wutar Siberian, Yuli 25, 2014
- Sokolov V. A. Hanyar dabarun lura da kamun kifi na jihar Baikal omul hannun jari / V. A. Sokolov, L. F. Kalyagin // Matsayi da kuma matsalolin halittar kifayen kifaye a yankin Baikal: tarin. doc. - Ulan-Ude: ECOS, 2008. - S. 95-99.
- Al'umman kimiyya na Irkutsk sun yi shakku cewa yawan omul na Lake Baikal yana raguwa saboda masu ba da labari // IA Teleinform 07/30/14
Omul, asali
Arctic omul kifi ne na kasuwanci; ya kasance daga dangin whitefish da dangin kifin; yana iya kaiwa ga girman masu zuwa: tsayin - 64 cm, kuma nauyinsa ya kai 3 kilogiram. Kodayake akwai sanannun lokuta na kamun kifi, wanda nauyinsa ya kai 7 kilogiram. Omul kifi ne mai ƙaura, yana cinye yawancin rayuwarsa a cikin tafkin kuma kawai yana nutsar da koguna.
Kifi ya shahara saboda tsabtace muhalli da kyakkyawan ƙoshinsa, yana da nama mai ƙima da taushi. Yana zaune a cikin tafkin Baikal, a cikin koguna tundra, a cikin ruwan Tekun Arctic Ocean. Baikal omul an samo shi ne sosai a cikin lakuna da kogunan Rasha, wata ƙasa ce ta Arctic omul kuma yana da kusan kifin mai sheki.
Baikal omul wanda aka fassara daga Latin yana nufin: "yawo daga cikin farin kifi", wannan sunan da ya samu ba kwatsam. Akwai wata tatsuniya da ke gaya mana cewa wannan farin kifi ya je Baikal ne daga Tekun Arctic a cikin tsaka-tsakin kabilanci ta hanyar Kogin Lena da lardunan ta. Tun daga wannan lokacin ne ya fara nasa tarihin kifin Baikal, wanda ya sami nasarar zauna a sauran tafkunan Siberiya.
Duk cikin tarihin kasancewar sa, wannan kifin bai gushe yana mamakin da kuma jin daɗin mutanen Siberiya da 'yan Arewa ba. Ga yawancin yan gari, shine tushen abinci da samun kudin shiga. A yau, yawancin jinsunan omul sun bambanta, kowannensu ya bambanta da mazauninsa, yanayin rayuwa, "ciyar", tsari da girman sa. Babban alƙaluma, gwargwadon matsayin wurin shakatawa, sun haɗa da:
- Selenginskaya
- ofishin jakadanci
- Kolrobaikalskaya
- Kayankulam,
- Barguzinsky.
Omul tana zaɓar wajan ramuka kawai tare da tsaftataccen ruwa mai sanyi, mai wadatar oxygen. Ya kashe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a cikin tafkin kuma ya hau cikin koguna ne kawai lokacin tsunduma. Lokacin hutawa shine ƙarshen Satumba-Oktoba. Hijira daga cikin kifi yana farawa daga kwanakin 2-3 na watan Agusta. Motsa cikin garken tare da kogin, ba ta kusanci gaɓar tekun ba, amma galibi yana riƙe a tsakiyar hanyar. Ana samun filayen tuddai daga bakin kogin kimanin kilomita dubu 1.5. Yaduwa a kowace shekara, balaga yana faruwa a cikin shekaru 7-8 na rayuwarsa.
Siffofin nau'in omul
Daga cikin manyan nau'ikan halittu, an yi watsi da matsayin ambassadoss. Wannan nau'in ya bambanta da takwarorinsa cikin girman daraja. Gawar kifin zai iya kaiwa sama da 1 kg. Don samun wannan taro, yakan ɗauki shekara 9 zuwa 15. Kodayake, idan aka kwatanta da duka shekarun rayuwa, wannan ƙaramin adadi ne, wannan nau'in kifin yana cikin ɗaruruwan mutane kuma yawan rayuwar sa ya kai sama da shekaru 20. Don kifin ruwa mai tsabta - wannan lokaci ne mai kyau.
Girman da ake da shi na ofishin jakadancin zai taimaka wajen mayar da shi kamun kifi na kasuwanci da kuma masaniyar masunta masunta. Tasteanɗar da kifi a cikin wannan al isumma ba ta bambanta sosai da ɗanɗanar ƙananan takwarorinsu na sauran nau'ikan. Nau'in ofishin jakadancin yana zaune a zurfin zurfin Baikal, kuma don tsallake shi ya hau zuwa kogunan Ambassadorial zuriyar dabbobi (ta hanyar, daga nan ne aka samo sunan shi). Bayan ya tsallake, kifin ya koma mazauninsa. Yawan nau'in ofishin jakadancin suna da kyau kwarai da gaske a zaman talala, kuma wannan shine masana'antar kifi na Bolsherechensky. Tare da taimakonsa, yawan nau'in halittu yana haɓaka koyaushe, wanda yasa ya sami damar shiga cikin masana'antun kama kifayen wannan nau'in.
Mafi yawa daga cikin omuli shine jinsin Selengin. Don tsalle-tsalle, omul yakan tashi a Kogin Selenga, daga nan ne aka samo sunan sa. Ana samun wannan adadin ko'ina cikin Baikal, ana kama shi da dare, saboda a wannan lokacin da rana yakan tashi don ciyar da shi. Tsarin Selenginsky ya girma na dogon lokaci: shekaru 8-12, yayi nauyi - 300-500 grams. Duk da nauyin sa mai sauƙi, yana da dandano mai ƙanshi kuma ya mamaye manyan matsayi akan sikelin dandano.
Severobaykalsky omul, yana girma da sauri fiye da takwarorinsa, a matsakaita, yana ɗaukar shekaru 5-6 don ɗaukar nauyin 200-250. Tana zaune a gabar ruwa na Lake Baikal.
Menene amfanin omul?
Kasuwancin kifi na kasuwanci masu mahimmanci suna fifita ruwan sanyi mai tsabta wanda aka sanye da oxygen, a sakamakon wannan fasalin da muke samu samfurin muhalli. Baya ga dandano mai ban sha'awa, wannan kifin yana da kaddarorin amfani da yawa.
Duk da yawan kitse na kifi (abun da ke cikin kalori shine 65-92kcal da 100g), ƙwayar omul ta karɓi gangar jikin mutum don 1-1.5 da 95% (don kwatantawa: yana ɗaukar sa'o'i 5 don ɗaukar naman dabbobi kuma an kwashe shi kawai 85%). Saboda wannan dukiyar ta omul, ana bada shawara ga duk wanda ke da matsalar narkewa kuma ciki bai bambanta da “karfi”.
Naman Omul ya ƙunshi:
- babban adadin bitamin A, ya wajaba ga duka manya da girma na yara, musamman masu amfani da hangen nesa,
- Vitamin D, ya zama dole don kula da kyakkyawan yanayin kasusuwa kuma mu kula da lafiyar hakora,
- Vitamin E, ingantaccen maganin antioxidant, yana rage jinkirin tsufa, yana karfafa ganuwar jijiyoyin jini, myocardium kuma yana inganta resorption na clots na jini,
- Vitamin B ya zama dole don aiki na yau da kullun na jikin mutum da tsarin haihuwa (adadin wannan bitamin a cikin omul ya fi wanda yake a cikin naman wasu kifi),
- abubuwanda aka gano: zinc, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, macrocell chlorine da fluorine.
- kitse mai kitse (musamman ma yawancinsu ana samunsu a ɗan ɗanɗano salted omul), taimaka ƙarfafa rigakafi, sauƙaƙe hanyoyin mai kumburi, haɓaka aiki na jijiyoyin zuciya da zuciya.
Kifayen kifi na wannan nau'in basu da sinadarin cholesterol mai cutarwa ga dan adam, da duk sauran abubuwan, a akasin wannan, suna ba da gudummawa ga rage karfin danko na jini da hadarin bugun jini da kaskantarwar zuciya, rage cholesterol na jini, da inganta aiki da zuciya, juyayi da tsarin tsarin haihuwa. Saboda ƙarancin ƙananan ƙasusuwa na ƙasusuwa a cikin kifi (7%), ana bada shawarar omul don abinci mai gina jiki. An shirya yawancin jita-jita daga naman wannan kifin. Ana cinye mai-sanyi (yankakken), bushe, ɗan gishiri kaɗan, gishiri, an ɗanɗana shi ana dafa shi. Mafi shahararrun jita-jita daga wannan kifi su ne: stroganin, gasa omul, yankakken, "omul tare da choke", "a kan ros", da kyafaffen.
Sake buguwa da tsawon rai
Baikal omul ya zama mai balaga yayin jima'i yana da shekaru 4-5 har ma daga baya tare da tsayin jiki na 27 cm cm. Shoan wasan kifaye suna ta gudu zuwa filayen da suke cikin koguna. Waɗannan wurare ne da ke cike da dutse mai cike da dutse da ruwa mai gudu. Ana gudanar da tsalle-tsalle da daddare a zazzabi mai zafi na digiri 2-3 na Celsius. Caviar ne m rauni, kasa da kuma a haɗe zuwa ƙasa. Oneaya mace tana samar da ƙwai daga 8 zuwa 30 dubu.
Ci gaban amfrayo ya kai kwanaki 190-210 a wani zazzabi na ruwa zuwa 2 digiri Celsius. Larvae ya bayyana a ƙarshen Afrilu - farkon watan Mayu, lokacin da zafin jiki na yanayi ya kai digiri 4-6 na Celsius. Larvae na tsawon 12-13 mm. Sunyi tsallake zuwa tafkin kuma zasu zauna a yankuna na tuddai. A can suke ciyar da abinci mai zurfi da girma. Lokacin da suke wata daya, tsayin su ya kai 2 cm tare da tarawa na 3. G growtharin girma da haɓaka suna faruwa kai tsaye a cikin tafkin. Baikal omul yana da shekaru 13-16.
Halayya da Abinci
Wannan makarantar kifi ce. A cikin watanni na bazara, ana kiyaye shi a cikin ruwa na sama. A cikin hunturu, ya nitse zuwa zurfin mita 340-450. Hakanan ana samun wakilan nau'ikan jinsin a zurfin mita 500. Abincin ya bambanta. Babban rabo shine zooplankton da ƙananan kifin.
Abinci gaba daya ya dogara da yanayi. Don haka a cikin bazara ana cin gobies matasa, kuma a lokacin rani, epishura crustaceans. Amma kitsen abun ciki na Baikal omul shine yafi dacewa da goby-yellow-golf. Idan bai isa ba, to, an rage wadataccen kitse da isowar abinci ta omul. Kimanin sati guda kafin tsagewa, abinci gaba daya ya tsaya. Kifi na jin yunwa.
Matsayin Kariya
Wannan nau'in muhimmin kifi ne na kasuwanci. A Rasha, Baikal omul ana ɗaukarsa abin ci ne. Ana fitar dashi zuwa kasashen waje. Ta hanyar kyafaffen, wannan kifin yana aiki na rayayye a gefen gabar tafkin. Yawon bude ido suna siye shi da yardar rai, duk da tabbataccen farashi mai tsada.
Matsakaicin kama waɗannan kifayen an rubuta su a cikin 50s na ƙarni na ƙarshe. Adadinsa ya kai miliyan 60-80 a shekara. A shekarar 1969, an haramta kamun kifi. A cikin 1974, an sake dawo da adadin omul ɗin, kuma sun sake kama shi. A cikin 1995, an kama tan miliyan dubu 2,5, a shekara mai zuwa tan miliyan 2.3. A yau, babu wani nau'in wannan kifin na musamman a cikin Baikal, kamar yadda kamun kifi ke aiki, duk da takaddama da ƙayyadaddu.