• BAYAN gaskiyar
• Lokacin rayuwa da mazauninta (lokacin): Jurassic - Lokaci mai ban sha'awa (kimanin shekaru miliyan 200-85 da suka gabata)
• An samo: a cikin 1871, India
• Masarauta: Dabbobi
• Era: Mesozoic
• Nau'i: Chordates
• Kungiya: Lizard-pelvic
• Class: Abubuwa masu rarrafe
• Tawagar Infa: Zauropods

Babban rukunin dinosaurs ne wanda ya motsa a kan kafafu 4 kuma ya ciyar da ciyayi. Wannan rukunin ya ƙunshi kusan nau'ikan 130, iyalai 13 da 68 na asali. Mafi shahararrun duka sune diplodocus da brachiosaurus.

Don wani lokaci, masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa waɗannan dinosaur suna rayuwa a ƙasa da ruwa. Amma bayan sun yi cikakken bayani game da jikin mutum, sai suka yanke hukuncin cewa wannan ba zai yiwu ba.

Cikakken bayanin jikin

Jikin da taro suna da yawa. Kasusuwa na sauropods yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi sosai, saboda dole ne ya goyi bayan duk nauyin. Gabaɗaya, dukkanin jinsin kusan basu bambanta da juna ba a tsarin tsarin jikin mutum. Wutsiyarsu tana da tsawo kuma tana da ƙarfi, dinosaur zata iya jure kowane maharin.

Shugaban

Shugaban dukkan jinsin kusan iri daya ne, ba shi da girma, musamman dangane da girman jikin mutum. Jairjizar wasu mutane sun ci gaba kamar yadda aka saba, i.e. sun 'yantu ga kuzari a ganyayyaki, amma a wasu har yanzu sun hadiye duwatsun don niƙa wannan ganyen a ciki

Masana binciken burbushin halittu sunyi nazari akan aikin wuyan wuka a cikin cigaban dinosaurs

Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa babbar hanyar da ke haifar da juyin halittar dinosaurs na herbivorous shine sauropod. Bayan tsawaita sa, sauran gabobin jiki suma suka canza.

An bayyana wannan a cikin wata kasida da masanan kimiyyar Birtaniyya daga Jami'ar Liverpool suka buga, a cikin mujallar Royal Society Open Science.

Zauropods sune dinosaurs masu tsananin dabi'a masu tsufa a fuska wadanda suka bayyana a karshen Triassic kuma sun kasance masu lalacewa a yayin Magabata, tare da sauran abubuwan cin abinci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da manyan hanyoyin ƙasa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwa a doron ƙasa.

Ya juya cewa babban abin da ke haifar da sauropod shine juyawa a tsakiyar nauyi na jiki. Kakannin sauropods, waɗanda suka motsa kafafu biyu, kamar dinosaurs naroprop kamar na dinosaurs na tsinkaye, suna da tsakiyar nauyi kusa da wutsiya, amma sannu a hankali ya canza zuwa gaban jiki.

Bazuwar cibiyar tazara yana da ƙarfi musamman a ƙarshen Jurassic a cikin ƙungiyar Titanosauriformes - sanannen Argentinosaurus, dinosaur mafi girma da aka sani, nasa ne. Cibiyar nauyi yana jujjuya su a ƙarƙashin ikon wuyan wucin gadi, kuma haɓakawarta ta wuce duk sauran canje-canjen.

A cewar masana kimiyya, kawai tsawaita wuya, dinosaurs sun fara "tunani" game da wasu sassan jikin. Don haka, dole ne su ƙarfafa goshinsu kuma su canza fa'idodin - idan a cikin lokacin Jurassic sauropods, kuna yin hukunci ta hanyar waƙoƙi, ba su shimfida ƙafafunsu ba, to, a cikin Cretaceous zamani Titanosauriformes mai ɗaure da kai yana haɓaka ƙafafunsu ba tare da jiki ba.

Don haka, babban abu don juyin halittar sauropod ya kasance canji a cikin kayan saukarwa. Amma dogon wuya ba shi da wani tasiri ga abincinsu - daga cikin sauropods mai tsawo, akwai nau'ikan da hakora masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka daidaita don ciyawar ciyayi, da kuma nau'in hakora masu rauni. Irin wannan yanayin ana lura da su gajerun danginsu.

Babban dinosaur shine mai mallakar ƙanƙan ƙanana

Masana binciken halittun dabbobi sun gano a Argentina asalin daya daga cikin tsoffin dinosaur a tarihi. Ya zama wannan dabba tana da ɗan gajeren yatsunsu a ƙafafun ta.

Zauropod Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi Bayanin binciken da masanan kimiyyar Amurka da Argentina suka yi, aka buga a mujallar Scientific Rahotanni.

A cikin duka, ragowar sauropods guda biyu, dinosaurs na herbivorous mai tsananin wulakantuwa sun fada hannun masana kimiyya - humerus da wata vertebrae sun tsira daga ɗayansu, ƙafa na hind da wata wutsiya daga ɗayan. Masu binciken sun danganta dinosaurs ga sabon nau'in Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi, wanda ke cikin rukunin titanosaurs.

Titanosaurs sun kasance masu yawa musamman a ƙarshen Cretaceous a Kudancin Hemisphere (duckbill dinosaurs sun mamaye a wancan lokacin a Arewacin Hemisphere). Dinosaur mafi girma a cikin tarihin duniyar shine mallakar titanosaurs - alal misali, a cikin 2014 a Argentina, an sami kusan ƙasusuwa na titanosaurus Dreadnoughtus, wanda tsayinsa daga kai zuwa ƙarshen wutsiyarsa ya kai mita 26.

A cikin girman, Notocolossus ba shi da ƙasa da Dreadnoughtus. Yin hukunci da humerus (1.76 mita), tsawon jikin wannan nau'in ya kasance mita 25-28, da nauyi - tan 66. Domin kada ya faɗi ƙarƙashin nauyinta, Notocolossus ya rage ƙafarta: a cikin tsofaffin sauropods, yawan phalanges a cikin yatsun kafafunsa na baya ya kasance 3-4, amma a cikin girman girman Argentinean an rage shi zuwa 2. Sakamakon raguwar adadin phalanges, yatsunsu na dinosaur ya zama mafi dorewa.

Kamar yadda aka fada, an lura da karkatar da yatsun cikin sauropod da a gaban kafafun gaba. Koyaya, ƙafafun waɗannan Kattai suna da wuya sosai, saboda haka ba zai yiwu har yanzu a bincika asalinsu ba dalla-dalla.

Masana kimiyya sun auna zafin jiki jikin dinosaurs

Masana kimiyya a karo na farko daidai auna zafin jiki jikin dinosaurs da keɓaɓɓen abun da ke ciki na ƙwai ƙwai. Ya juya cewa aƙalla wasun su na iya zama da jini.

Abubuwan Dinosaur Wannan an bayyana hakan ne a cikin wata kasida da masana binciken burbushin halittu daga jami'ar California, Los Angeles, suka buga a mujallar nan Nature Communications.

Kamar yadda aka sani sosai, anyi muhawara a tsakanin masana kimiyya sama da shekaru goma game da ko dinosaurs sun kasance masu-dumi, masu-sanyi, ko kuma sun sami matsakaiciyar matsayi tsakanin waɗannan sansanonin guda biyu, kasancewar suna iya ɗaga yanayin jikinsu sama da zafin jiki na yanayi, amma a lokaci guda basa riƙe shi akai-akai.

Kokarin amsa wannan tambaya, masu binciken a baya sun yi aiki ne da kasusuwa da hakoran dinosaurs, suna kirga yawan ci gaban su - a cikin dabbobi masu yin sanyi-ko yaushe yana kasa da na masu farin jini.

Koyaya, marubutan labarin sun yanke shawarar ɗaukar wata hanya ta daban - sun mai da hankali ne kan rabon carbon-13 da oxygen-18 isotopes a cikin kwarin ƙwai na dinosaur. Wannan ayar, wannan yana nuna ya dogara ne akan yanayin jikin mace a daidai lokacin da kwai suka fara fitowa.

Da farko, masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa zazzabi ainihin yanayin nau'in tsuntsaye 13 da nau'in halittu masu rarrafe 9 za a iya lasafta su da gaske daga abubuwan da ke kwance a cikin kwancen ƙwai - kuskuren bai wuce digiri 1-2 ba.

Sannan, ta amfani da wata dabara mai kama da haka, marubutan sunyi lissafin zazzabin jiki na sauropods daga rukuni na titanosaurs - babban dinosaur na herbivorous, wanda aka samo ƙwai (a cikin adadin 6) a Argentina. Bugu da kari, sun auna zafin jiki na karamin oviraptor wanda qwai (13 a duka) sun fito ne daga Mongolia. Duk waɗannan dinosaur sun rayu a ƙarshen Kirisimeti.

Ya juya cewa zazzirin sauropod ya kasance 37 da aka rage shi ko kuma aƙasa 2, kuma zafin oviraptor ya kasance 32 da aka rage ko a rage 3. Wannan yana nufin cewa na farko cikin zazzabi na jiki ya kusanci tsuntsayen jini masu jini, na biyu - zuwa dabbobi masu rarrafe masu sanyi. Koyaya, yin hukunci da abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayar zarra a kusa da mazaunin oviraptor, yanayin yana da digiri 6 sanyi fiye da yadda yake, don haka ko yaya wannan dinosaur ya kasance mai zafi.

A cewar masana kimiyya, binciken ya tabbatar da cewa dinosaur daban-daban na iya bin dabarun thermoregulation daban-daban.

Masu binciken masana kimiyya sun mayar da sunansa ga brontosaurus

Bayan fiye da shekara ɗari, masanan binciken dabbobi sun gano cewa sanannen brontosaurus ba shi da ƙima game da sunanta. A zahiri, wata dabi'a ce ta daban kuma ta cancanci suna daban.

Brontosaurus An bayyana wannan ne a cikin wata kasida ta ƙwararrun masana Portugal daga New University of Lisbon, wanda aka buga a mujallar PeerJ.

Brontosaurus asalin halittar dinosaurs ne na herbia, daga kungiyar sauropod, mallakar dangin Diplodocidae ne, wanda ya rayu a karo na biyu na lokacin Jurassic. Wanda ya fara wakilcin brontosaurs shine masanin ilimin burbushin halittu dan kasar Amurka Charles Marsh ya bayyana a shekarar 1879 karkashin sunan Brontosaurus mafi daukaka.

Koyaya, a cikin 1903, masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar cewa wannan nau'in mallakar wani nau'in halit ne daban, wanda yasa aka sake masa suna Apatosaurus supelus, kuma sunan "brontosaurus" da kansa ya daina kasancewa mai inganci (ingantacce) dangane da tsarin ilimin dabbobi. Koyaya, masu sauraro sun tuna da wannan katuwar ma'abocin a ƙarƙashin sunan, wanda har ma a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Bayanai na Amurka, alamar a ƙarƙashin kashin sunan wanda aka sake wa lakabi brontosaurus ya kasance iri ɗaya.

Ya juya ga cewa duk da irin alaƙa mai kyau, ƙasusuwa na wakilan Apatosaurus sun fi waɗanda Brontosaur keɓewa, musamman, suna da wuƙaƙƙar wuya. A cewar masana kimiyya, ban da B. sama da ƙari, ƙarin jinsin biyu, waɗanda a baya aka yi rikodin su a cikin jinsin Apatosaurus, ya kamata a danganta su ga brontosaurs.

Dukansu Apatosaurus da Brontosaurus sun fito ne daga ɗakunan ajiya na kirkirar Morrison na Arewacin Amurka - a cikin duka, kimanin abubuwa 10 na sauropods aka same su a can. Ka tuna, kwanan nan, masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa ƙwarewar abinci a cikin nau'ikan tsire-tsire iri daban-daban sun rage gasa tsakanin waɗannan Kattai, saboda haka sun wanzu ba tare da matsaloli ba a cikin yanayin ƙasa guda.

An samo macijin Giraffe a China

Wani masaniyar nau'in dinosaur na sauropod sama da mita 15 wanda masana binciken kwastan na Kanada suka gano shi. Dinosaur da ke rayuwa a zamanin Jurassic yana da wuyan wuyansa, wanda yakai rabin tsawon tsayinsa. Yanzu masana kimiyya suna mamakin dalilan irin wannan sabon tsari na dabbar.

Mamenchizaur - malamin Jami’ar Qijianglong guokr na Alberta Philip Curry da ɗalibanta da suka kammala karatunsu Tetsuo Miyashita da Lida Sin sun bayyana wani sabon nau'in mummychisaur - Qijianglong guokr. Da yake girma har kusan mita 15 a tsayi, dinosaur ya rayu a ƙarshen zamanin Jurassic, kimanin shekaru miliyan 160 da suka gabata. An samo burbushinsa a wurin da ake kira Qijiang a Chongqing.

Wannan hurumi na dinosaur ya yi suna a cikin 2006, yayin aikin gini a kansa. Daga cikin sauran burbushin halittu, masana burbushin halittu sun gano karamin kwanyar da ke da dogon wuya. Karin binciken da aka nuna ya nuna cewa kasusuwan kashin dabbar an kiyaye shi gaba daya, kuma kasusuwa da suka bazu kawai ya rage daga cikin dabbobin. Kwanyar ta lalace a zamanin Jurassic, amma ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da murfin murfin sun rayu har zuwa yau cikin kyakkyawan yanayi, suna ba masana kimiyya damar yin nazarin tsarin kwakwalwar da ba'a sani ba na mamaenosaurs.

"Qijianglong wata halitta ce mai ban sha'awa. Ka yi tunanin wata babbar dabba wacce take da rabin wuya kuma za ka ga juyin halitta zai iya kirkirar wasu abubuwa da ba a saba gani ba," in ji Miyashita. "Da wuya mu sami damar gano kai da wuya a sauropod tare, saboda kawunansu karami ne wanda zai iya rarrabuwa kai tsaye bayan mutuwar dabba. "

Mamenchisaurs ya fito tare da danginsu tare da dogayen wuyansa. Yawancin lokaci, sauropod yana da wuya na kusan sulusin jikin mutum, kuma, yayin da yake juyawa, a cikin mammychisaurs zai iya zuwa rabi. Ya bambanta da sananniyar halittar Mamenchisaurus da aka sani, Qijianglong vertebrae na mahaifa sun kasance m, wanda ke sauƙaƙe nauyin a kan kwarangwal. Bugu da kari, wuyan dinosaur ya lanƙwasa sosai sama, wanda kuma ba alama ba sauropod.

Ya kamata a sani cewa mamaenchisaurs rukunin gidajen cin abinci ne na Asiya na musamman, kuma ba a samo ragowar su a wasu nahiyoyin ba. A cewar Farfesa Curry, nau'ikan Sinawa da suka daɗe suna da matuƙar wahala, suna bunƙasa a wasu yankuna da keɓaɓɓen yankin. Misali, za'a iya yanke shi daga duk duniya ta hanyar teku, tsaunika ko kuma hamada wacce baza ta iya yiwuwa ba. Saboda haka, basarakin Mamenchisauridae ba zai iya yadu ba, kuma bayan haka, lokacin da aka ware yankinsu tare da wasu yankuna, sabon nau'in mamayewa ya maye gurbinsu a gasar.

A halin yanzu, an nuna wani kashin sabon dinosaur a Gidan Tarihi na Qijiang. Miyashita ya ce, "Kasar Sin ta kasance gida ga tsoffin tatsuniyoyin dodanni, watakila lokacin da tsohuwar kasar Sin ta sami kwarangwal dinosaur mai tsawo kamar su Qijianglong a cikin kasar, sun zo da wadannan halittu na almara."

Yadda manyan sauropods ke rabawa sharewa

Manyan sauropod dinosaurs kamar Diplodocus da Brachiosaurus galibi sun rayu a lokaci guda, kuma a lokaci guda a wuri guda. Kowannensu yana buƙatar yawan adadin abincin shuka. Yadda sauropods ke raba albarkatun abinci, masanan binciken ilimin kimiyyar binciken kimiyyar binciken kimiyya ya gano.

Mafi kyawun misali misalin hadin kan sauropods daban-daban shine Late Jurassic Morrison samuwar - jerin jerin duwatsu da aka gano a yankin yammacin Amurka wanda ke dauke da ragowar fiye da nau'ikan 10 na wadannan gungun. Wannan yanayin ya rikitar da masana kimiyya na dogon lokaci, saboda a yau ma mafi ingancin yanayin kasa na Afirka suna da ikon tallafawa wanzuwar wakilai daya na macro fauna - giwa. Amma yin hukunci da bayanan yanki, adibas game da samuwar Morrison da aka tara a cikin mawuyacin yanayi mai rashin ƙarfi, yana iyakance girman ci gaba.

Jami'ar Bristol masanin burbushin halittu David Button da abokan aikinsa sunyi amfani da kayan ƙirar kwamfuta don tantance bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin abinci na nau'ikan sauropods daban-daban. Bayan da suka auna kwanyar ta Camarasaurus, sai suka mai da shi ga Finite Element Analysis (FEA), wanda aka yi amfani dashi sosai wajen aikin injiniya don ƙera injina da ƙirar. Shirin "ƙara" kasusuwa na tsohuwar dinosaur tare da tsokoki na ƙwararru da ƙididdige nauyin da rarraba ƙoƙarin ko'ina cikin kwanyar camarasaurus mai rai. Bayan haka, bayanan da aka samo tare da wannan adadin lambobin da aka samo a baya don kwanyar diflolomasiyya, tunda an samo waɗannan Kattai tare a wurare da yawa.

"Sakamakon bincikenmu ya nuna cewa duk da cewa ɗayansu ba sa iya ɗanɗana, kwanyar dinosaur sunadarai iri ne na cizo," Button ya ce. "Kwanyar ta Camarasaurus tana da ƙarfi, cizo yana da ƙarfi, wanda ya ba ta damar ciyar da ganyayyaki masu ƙarfi da rassa. dunƙulewar bakin ciki da ƙarancin cizon diflocciya ya iyakance abincinsa zuwa ferns da sauran tsirrai masu taushi, yayin da diflolomasiyya zai iya amfani da tsokoki mai ƙarfi a cikin tsarin ciyayi, wanda ke nuna mahimman bambance-bambancen a cikin abincin dinosaur guda biyu, wanda ke haifar da olyali su ci gaba da zama tare. "

Idan aka kwatanta lissafin biomechanical da aka yi don sauran nau'in sauropod, ƙungiyar masu binciken suka yanke cewa dukkansu sun sha bambam sosai a fannin karɓar abinci, wanda ke nufin sun yi amfani da tsirrai iri iri don abinci.

Emily Rayfield, malamin farfesa a fannin nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Bristol ya ce "A cikin al'ummomin dabbobin zamani, bambance-bambance na menus kamar waɗannan ana kiransu ƙoshin ruwa mai ƙoshin gaske. Suna ba da izinin halittu masu kusanci don rage gasa don albarkatun abinci," in ji Emily Rayfield, farfesa a fannin nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Bristol. shaida cewa wannan sabon abu ya wanzu kuma a cikin al'ummomin kasusuwan tarihi. "

Bugu da kari, binciken masana binciken ilimin kimiyyar binciken masana kimiyya dan kasar Burtaniya sun taimaka wajen hango tunanin kirkirar halayyar cin abinci mai girma sauropods, tilasta tilasta yawaita roughage ta hanyar karamin kai da dogon bakin ciki. A bayyane yake, wakilan farkon wannan rukunin sun sami damar cin albarkatu iri iri na shuka, amma a matakan juyin halitta daga baya dole ne su bi tafarkin kwarewar abinci mai zurfi.

Tashin hankallan katako Me yasa titanosaurs suke buƙatar makamai kashi?

Masanan masana kimiyyar Spain sun maido da cikakkun bayanai game da makaman fata na titanosaurs - manyan dinosaur na karshe a tarihin Duniya. A cewar su, wadannan manyan dabbobin an rufe su da layuka da yawa na lamuran kasusuwa, a rufe da baya da kuma bangarorinsu.

TitanosaurusMaimaitawa: Mauricio Anton Jose Luis Sans da Daniel Vidal daga Jami'ar 'Yanci na Madrid a cikin labarinsu suna kiran dinosaurs "mara nauyi". Tare da Francisco Ortega na Kwalejin Ilimin Nazarin Ilimin describedasa, yanzu sun ba da sabon binciken gano abubuwan osteoderms - abubuwa na fata fata na titanosaurs da aka samo a lardin Cuenca na Spanish.

Ya kamata a sani cewa titanosaurs kusan sune sauropods kawai masu mallaki irin waɗannan na'urori. Hakanan ana sanannan nau'ikan tsarin na dermal a cikin ɗayan sabbin nau'ikan diplomasiyya, amma har yanzu ba a bayyana shi ba, sabili da haka titanosaurs suna da bambanci a cikin nau'in su. Dalilin waɗannan sikanin kasusuwa da haɓakawa suna da ban sha'awa musamman ga masu bincike, saboda saboda girman su, titanosaurs kusan ba sa tsoron tsoran masu farauta. A cewar wata lafazin kwanan nan, maganin osteoderms yana taimaka musu a matsayin ajiyar ma'adinai.

Abun kariya na bokano shine titanosaurs shine mafi wuya abin samu. Zuwa yau, a duk duniya gabaɗaya an sami fiye da ɗaruruwan waɗannan abubuwan. A Turai, galibi ana samun su a Faransa (takwas) da Spain (bakwai). Sabon aikin kwastan masanan kasar Spain ya bayyana wasu sabbin abubuwa guda bakwai kuma 11 wadanda aka tsare wadanda ke dauke da titanosaur osteoderms daga wurin Lo Hueco.

Duk abubuwan Turai suna ganowa, a cewar masu binciken, suna cikin nau'in kwan fitila da nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwayar cuta (kwan fitila da tushe). Koda za'a samo su a cikin ragowar mai ɗayan mutum ɗaya, sun bambanta sosai da kamannin, don haka masana burbushin halitta suna ɗaukar wannan wata alama ce ta intrapecific har ma da bambancin mutum. Wannan lamari ne mai mahimmanci, tunda yiwuwar yin amfani da nau'in maganin osteoderm azaman kayan bincike don ƙayyade takamaiman takamaiman wanda aka tattauna a baya.

Abin takaici, masana binciken burbushin har yanzu basu san yadda aka sami filayen kasusuwa a jikin dabbar ba. Dangane da maganganu iri daban-daban, sun bijiro wa yankin zuwa yankin dorsal-sacral, ko kuma ga ƙashin gabas, ko kuma sun gangara ga bangarorin. Dangane da Sans, Vidal da Ortega, a zahiri, manyan sassan kasusuwa sun kasance a bayan dinosaur a cikin layi biyu masu layi, suna daga kai har zuwa wutsiya. A kusan hanya guda, bisa ga maimaitawar zamani, sanannen garkuwar garkuwar kasusuwa na stegosaurs. A wannan yanayin, musamman tsoffin osteoderms na titanosaurs suna wurin da ke da alaƙa da kashin baya, kuma ana iya tattara ƙananan sifofin da ke kusa da kowane ɗayan waɗannan wuraren.

Siffar fata ta tayin bakin titanosaurus da aka samo a wurin Auca Mahuevo ya haifar da irin wannan rigar jikin fata ta masana kimiyya. Koyaya, marubutan suna tilasta yin ajiyar wuri cewa wannan ba komai bane illa zato - a zahiri, ga duk rayayyun archosaurs, an samar da makaman fata bayan haihuwa, kuma idan titanosaurs sunyi daidai, to kwafin da aka samo a amfrayo basu da wata alaƙa da maganin osteoderms.

A ka’idar, ba za a iya yanke hukunci ba cewa yanayin lafazin kasusuwa ya kasance mafi rikitarwa, rufe, ban da baya, sauran bangarorin sassan jikin. Amma a wannan yanayin, ana buƙatar ƙarin osteoderm fiye da yadda aka samo lokacin waɗannan ramuka.

Zauropods sun faɗi akan tsibiran Turai

Masana binciken burbushin halittu masu hakar dinosaur sunyi matukar ban mamaki a cikin kasar ta Jamus ta yanzu. Europasaurus holgeri sun kasance ainihin kwalliya idan aka kwatanta da danginsu na titanic, wanda aka sani da manyan halittun ƙasa a koyaushe.

Europasaurus holgeri. Maimaitawa: Gerhard Boeggemann Girman mafi tsayi na europast ya kasance kimanin mita shida tare da doguwar wuƙa da wutsiya, kuma nauyin bai kai har tan ba. Idan aka kwatanta da dawakai na zamani da ganuwa, to ya zama mai kauri, amma mafi kusancin dangi na Europasaurus - sauran sauropods - ana ɗauka mafi tsawo kuma mafi ɗaukacin mazaunan ƙasar a cikin duka tarihinta kuma a wasu lokuta sun fi ɗan uwan ​​nasu dwarf duka fannoni.

Ta hanyar tattara ragowar Europasaurus a karon farko, masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar cewa suna ma'amala da ragowar matasa, ba dabba ba. Amma daga 2006, lokacin da aka samo Eurosaurus na farko a arewacin Jamus, an riga an bincika burbushin mutane sama da 14, kuma yawancinsu sun zama manya. Aikin likita (microscopy) ya taimaka wajan bayyanar da zamanin rayuwar halittun da suka lalace.

Martin Sander, farfesa a fannin nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Bonn ya ce: "Tsarin samar da kasusuwa ya gaya mana cewa mafi girman Europasaurus an riga an kammala shi sosai," in ji Martin Sander, farfesa a fannin nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Bonn. "Domin gano hakan, dole ne mu yanke kasusuwa zuwa ga bakin ciki, kusan kashi daya cikin ashirin na kauri.

Wadannan faranti sun zama kusan a bayyane kuma ana iya bincika su a karkashin wani microscope, suna lura da halayen ƙashi na samari ko manya. Kari akan haka, masu binciken sunyi nazarin sifar kasusuwan kwanyar, daban a kowane mataki na kansar. Dangane da jimlar waɗannan haruffan, yawancin ragowar Eurosaurs sun juya zuwa ga manya, ƙananan ƙananan, dabbobi.

Mafi m, masana ilimin burbushin Jamusawa suna ba da shawara, muna ma'amala da abin da ake kira dwarfism tsibiri - niƙa manyan dabbobi, yawan waɗanda aka kulle su a kan karamin tsibiri. An yi nazarin wannan sabon abu da misalin ɗaruruwan giwaye na zamani da kuma hibis ɗin da ke zaune a tsibiri. Hakikanin yanayin tsibirin da ya wanzu a wancan zamani akan yankin Turai ta zamani an kafa shi abin dogaro. Kimanin shekaru miliyan 150 da suka gabata, waɗannan wurare ruwa ne mai cike da ruwa mai dumbin yawa tare da tarin tsibiri.

Yawanci, za a iya samun ci gaban dinosaur ta hanyoyin guda biyu, in ji Sander. Na farkon shine farkon farkon ci gaban dabba, lokacin da mutum na al'ada ya girma, alal misali, har zuwa shekaru 20, kuma dwarf mutum kawai ya girma zuwa biyar, bayan haka ci gaba ya tsaya. Hanya ta biyu kuma ita ce rage girman ci gaban kanta, a cikin abin da lokacin tsiro ya kasance iri ɗaya ne, amma cikin sauƙin halinsa yana raguwa. A cewar Farfesan, dangane da Europasaurus holgeri duk wadannan hanyoyin sun faru, amma ba a san wanda ya yi nasara ba a cikinsu.

Wani abin ɓoye na Europasaurs shine rarraba su zuwa rukuni biyu na girman, ɗayan ɗayan shine kusan 30% -50% mafi girma daga ɗayan. Wannan na iya zama wata alama ce ta nuna bambancin jima'i, ko tabbacin kasancewar mutane biyu daban-daban a wurare daban-daban, ko kuma suna da wasu bayanai. Wataƙila nan da sannu za a ƙara wani nau'in Jurassic dwarf sauropods zuwa Europasaurus holgeri.

Diplodocus ya ɓoye daga halakarwa a Kudancin Amurka

Shahararren littafin nan na Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World, da alama yana da dalilai na zahiri. A kowane hali, wasu dinosaur da gaske sun iya tsira daga lalatawar danginsu, sun sami mafaka a yankin Kudancin Amurka.

Tare da taimakon wutsiya mai ƙarfi, Leinkupal laticauda zai iya kare kansa daga magabatan da ke yin barazanar. Sake Tsuguwa: Jorge Antonio Gonzalez Muna magana ne game da wakilan dangin Diplodocidae - sauropods mai wulakantaka da dogon fata wanda ya zauna Turai, Afirka da Arewacin Amurka a Jurassic. A farkon zamanin Cretaceous na gaba, ana tsammanin waɗannan dabbobin sun lalace ko'ina. Koyaya, masana ilimin aikin kwarzina na kasar Argentine sun gano asirin kolotolo na sakatariyar diflocciya a cikin ƙananan lamuran kwalliya tun shekaru miliyan 140 da suka gabata.

"Abin kamar ba a zata bane in hadu da Diplodocidae a Kudancin Amurka kamar, don neman Tyrannosaurus rex a Patagonia," in ji masanin ilimin burbushin halittar Sebastian Apestigua daga Jami'ar Maimonides, wanda ya yi musayar masaniya game da binciken. A da, masana kimiyya ba su ga wata alamar kasancewar diflocciya da danginsa a wannan nahiya ba.

Leinkupal laticauda ya yanke shawarar mai suna sabon lizard. Kalmar farko a cikin fassara daga yaren Mapuche Indiyawan gida na nufin "ɓatar da dangi", na biyu kuma, Latin, ana fassara shi da "shimfida-fadi". A wurin da wutsiyar ta wuce zuwa gawar mutum, dinosaur vertebrae yana fadada, yana haifar da haɗuwa sosai. Ragowar leinkupal yayi daidai da duk dangin sa kuma yana da dogayen wuya da wutsiya iri daya. Koyaya, ya kasance karami kuma mafi alheri fiye da sauran masu izgili, yana zuwa tsawon mita tara.

Apestigua ya ce: "Leinkupal wani karamin mutum ne daga wata kungiyar da aka sani, amma ba mu san takamaimai girmansa ba, amma da yake yawan kasusuwarsa masu kaifin haske ne, kuma yawancin tsayin jikin sa yana kan wuya da wutsiya. "Gwargwadonsa ba zai iya zama mai ban sha'awa ba kuma ba shi da fifikon giwa na zamani."

Sun zauna a yanayin rashin nasara a kudu da babban hamada, wanda ya kasance a wancan zamani a tsakiyar Kudancin Amurka, in ji Reuters. Har yanzu nahiyar ta rabu gaba daya da Arewacin Amurka, kuma Kudancin Atlantika, wanda ya fara bayyanar da kansa, shi ma ya fatattake shi daga Afirka. A yau ana daukar Leinkupal laticauda a matsayin ƙaramin wakilin Diplodocidae, wanda ya tsira daga danginsa na miliyoyin shekaru.

Cretaceous China ta kasance mafaka ga titanosaurs

Kwararrun pangolin na farko wanda ke rayuwa sama da shekaru miliyan 100 da suka gabata kuma kasancewar ƙungiyar titanosaurs, masanan masana kimiyyar Amurka suna aiki a China. A kwarangwal din da aka tabbatar da shi a bayyane bai kasance cikin dattijo ba, amma ga saurayi, amma duk da wannan, ya kai kusan mita 20 a tsayi.

Kasancewar Yongjinglong datangi mai tsira da zane da silifarta. Peter Dodson et al. Girman sashin sikelin shine 600 mm. Groupungiyar masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania sun tono ƙwaƙwalwar Farkon Cretaceous a Gansu kuma sun yi tuntuɓe akan ƙoshin sauropod wanda kimiyya ba ta sani ba. Yongjinglong datangi ya yanke shawarar sanya sunan, bincikensa mai zurfi ya nuna cewa wannan mallakar titanosaurs ne - rukuni na musamman na dinosaurs na dabbobi masu kafafu hudu, wadanda suka kunshi manyan halittu masu rai a duk tarihin duniya. Haka kuma, dangane da juyin halitta, Yongjinglong ya kasance daya daga cikin tsoffin wakilan Asiya na wannan rukunin.

Wasu bayanai game da dabi'a suna sanya Yongjinglong suna da alaƙa da farkon titanosaurus Euhelopus zdanskyi, wanda aka samo a shekarar 1929, amma a wasu fannoni da yawa ya sha bamban da dangin sa. Don haka, hakoran sabon titanosaurus sun kai tsawon santimita 15 kuma suna ɗauke da layu biyu na taunawa, alal misali, irin waɗannan tsefe guda ɗaya ne kacal a cikin hakoran Euhelopus.

Babban vertebrae na Yongjinglong yana da ramuka na iska, yana tabbatar da ra'ayoyin da ke tafe cewa jikin wasu abubuwan mashigan ruwa sun shiga cikin lamuran iska, kamar a tsuntsayen zamani. Peter Dodson, farfesa a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, daya daga cikin marubutan binciken ya ce: "Dinosaur, kamar tsuntsayen, ana tsammanin suna da jigilar iska a manyan sassan jikinsu da kuma na mahaifa don rage nauyin jikinsu."

Babban gizamin Yongjinglong scapulas, wanda ya kai kusan mita biyu a tsayi, ya kasance mai ban mamaki. Wadannan manyan kasusuwa ba su dace da girman jikin gawarwar ba kuma mai yiwuwa ba a sararin samaniya ne ko a tsaye, kamar sauran dinosaur, amma a wani kusurwa na kimanin digiri 50 zuwa a kwance.

A hanyar, sikelin da coracoid na kasusuwa da aka samo ba a haɗe tare da juna, wanda shine hali ga matasa, ba manya ba. Saboda haka, matsakaicin Yongjinglong ya kasance mafi girma har ma da wannan samfurinimita 18-m.

Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa har kwanan nan, Amurka ta zama zakaran duniya a fagen dinosaur. Koyaya, a cikin 2007, China ta tura tsohon shugaban a wannan fagen. A takaice, an inganta wannan jujjuyawar ta gano abubuwan dinosaur mafi arziki a lardin Gansu. A wurin, alal misali, a 2007 an sami wasu 'yan kasar Sin guda biyu - Huanghetitan liujiaxiaensis da Daxiatitan binglingi. An samo gawawwakin su a zahiri kilo kilomita daga kwarangwal Yongjinglong.

Dodson ya ce, "A kwanan nan, cikin 1997, yawan dinosaur din kawai aka san su daga Gansu, kuma yanzu wannan yana daya daga cikin manyan yankuna na kasar Sin. Wadannan dinosaur su ne ainihin tasirin Gansu."

Don neman wurin Yongjinglong a cikin itacen iyali na Titanosaurus, masana binciken burbushin halittu sun kwatanta shi da sauran mashahuran wakilan wannan rukunin, waɗanda suka samo asali daga Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da Amurka. Dodson ya ce "Mun yi amfani da dabarun koyar da dabarun gargajiya, kuma sakamakon mu ya nuna cewa ya samu ci gaba sosai fiye da Euhelopus, yana tuno wasu nau'ikan Kudancin Amurka," in ji Dodson.

Samun sababbin sabbin titanosaurs a cikin Cretaceous sed Sin na China sun tilasta masu binciken kimiyyar ƙasa suyi watsi da ra'ayin da suka gabata cewa sauropod heyday yana cikin zamanin Jurassic, kuma ta hanyar Cretaceous adadin su da mahimmancinsu ya ragu. Wannan shi ne ɗan lokaci gaskiya ga fauna ta Amurka, amma a wasu yankuna na duniya, kuma musamman a Asiya da Kudancin Amurka, waɗannan dinosaur sun ci gaba da bunƙasa kuma ba za a iya ɗaukarsu azaman sakandare na al'ummomin ba, EurekAlert ya rubuta!

Fuka-fukai na dinosaur sune banda dokar

Tsuntsayen sun fito ne daga dinosaur, kuma burbushin halittar dinosaur galibi suna tare da kwayar fuka-fukan fuka-fukai, wasu masana kimiyyar binciken masana sun bayar da shawarar fuka-fukai abune da ya zama ruwan dare game da cigaban tarihin wannan rukunin. Bayan haka, sabon nazarin fuka-fukan tsuntsayen dinosaur ya nuna cewa wannan hangen nesa mai zuwa wataƙila ba daidai bane.

Triceratops a ƙarshen Cretaceous suna cikin waɗanda ba tare da fuka-fuka ba. (Misali daga Dabancin hoto na De Agostini / Hotunan Getty.) Masana binciken halittu sun san shekaru ashirin da cewa theropods (wani yanki wanda ya hada da mulkin zalunci da velociraptor kuma daga wanda tsuntsayen zamani suka kasance) an rufe su da wani abu kamar na ruwa. Akasin haka, kaji da goyan baya (triceratops, stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, da dai sauransu) da manyan sauropods tare da dogayen wuya ana ɗaukar su da sihiri, kamar dabbobi masu rarrafe. Koyaya, daga shekara ta 2002, an gano yawancin kaji irinsu masu kama da abin da ke da fata a fata. Wannan ya haifar da zaton cewa tsarin fuka-fukan fuka-fukan faranti ne halayen magabatan dukkan ƙungiyoyin dinosaur.

A ƙoƙarin ƙarin koyo, masanin ilimin burbushin halittu Paul Barrett na Gidan Tarihi na Landan na Landan (UK) da David Evans na Gidan Tarihi na Royal Ontario (Kanada) sun ƙirƙiri bayanan duk tarihin sananniyar fata ta dinosaur. Daga nan sai suka yi kokarin danganta dangi na masu wannan gurguzan wadanda suka mallaki gashin fuka-fukai ko kuma masu kamannin gashin tsuntsu

Sakamakon binciken, wanda Mista Barrett ya gabatar a taron shekara-shekara na Society for Vertebrate Paleontology a Los Angeles, ya nuna cewa kodayake wasu tsirrai masu kiwon kaji (musamman psittacosaurus da tianyulong) suna da fuka-fukai ko kuma tsarin kama-karya, mafi akasarin sa sutura ko makamai. Daga cikin sauropods, Sikeli ma ya kasance al'ada.

"A shirye nake in yi nisa in faɗi cewa dukkanin abubuwan dinosaur suna da yanayin dabi'ar halittar da ke ba da izinin zare, allura har ma da gashin fuka-fuki," in ji Mr. Barrett. "Amma Sikeli suna da yawa sosai akan dukkan layin da yayi kama da halayen magabata."

Kamar yadda masanin ilimin burbushin halittu Richard Butler daga Jami'ar Birmingham (UK) ya lura, wannan kyakkyawan darasi ne ga duk wanda yayi farin ciki da binciken da aka yi kwanan nan kuma ya nuna cewa dinosaur sune tsuntsaye na farko. Koyaya, Mr. Butler bai tabbata cewa an faɗi kalmar ƙarshe ba akan wannan batun, saboda har yanzu babu misalai na tsoffin dinosaurs daga Late Triassic da Early Jurassic a cikin bankin piggy wanda zai iya rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da zai ba mu damar fatan samun kwafin fata ko gashin fuka-fukai. Idan har yanzu ana samun irin waɗannan samfuran, hoton zai canza sosai.

Masanan binciken ilimin halittu sun sake dawo da tafiya daga cikin dinosaur mafi girma

Manyan landasa mafi girma a duniya sune sauropod dinosaurs daga lokacin Cretaceous. Ta yin amfani da fasaha na zamani, masana kimiyya sun sami damar sake gina hanyoyin waɗannan ƙungiyar.

Skeleton na argenitnosaurus ofungiyar masana nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Manchester sun tashi don dawo da makanikai da kinematikik na motsawar tsoffin dinosaur. Tsarinsu na farko shine Argentinosaurus-40 mita daga yanayin Cretaceous na Kudancin Amurka. Dangane da wasu maimaitawa, nauyin wannan dabba ya kai tan 80, kuma wasu daga cikin masanan sun ma yi shakkar iyawar Argentinosaurs don tafiya ƙasa ba tare da izini ba.

Koyaya, aikin da masu binciken karkashin jagorancin Dr. Bill Seller ya nuna cewa manyan dinosaurs ba zasu iya tafiya kawai ba, amma sun yi shi da sauri. Dangane da lissafin kwamfutar, saurin wani dan kasar Argentina da ke yin gaggawa game da kasuwancinsa ya kai kilomita takwas a awa daya.

Lee Margetts ya ce: "Mun yi amfani da tsarin kwamfuta tare da karfin kusan kwamfyuta na mutum dubu 30 domin Argentinosaurus ta iya daukar matakan farko a cikin shekaru miliyan 94 da suka gabata," in ji sakamakon binciken da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa dinosaur sun fi karfin hawa filayen alli. Patagonia. "

Don gano hakan, masana kimiyya sunada gwajin laser na jikin kwarangwal din, sannan kuma zai iya kirkirar da tsarin sa. “Idan kana son sanin yadda dinosaurs suka yi tafiya, hanya mafi kyau ita ce kwaikwayon kwamfuta. Wannan ita ce hanya daya tilo da za mu tattaro dukkanin hanyoyin da muke da su game da abubuwan dinosaur,” in ji Dokta Masu sayarwa.

Don "tashe" dabarun sauropod, masanan kimiyya sunyi amfani da software ɗin Gaitsym ta asali, wanda ke ba da damar yin nazarin dalla-dalla game da motsin motsi na duka zamani da dabbobi masu ƙonewa.

'Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa dinosaur ba kamar dabbobi bane wadanda suke rayuwa a yau, saboda haka ba za mu iya kwafe su daga mutanenmu ba,' in ji masu siyarwa. "Dukkanin hanyoyin, daga mutane zuwa kifi, suna da manyan tsokoki, kasusuwa da haɗin gwiwa don fahimtar yadda suke aiki, wajibi ne don kwatanta su, kuma yana da ban sha'awa musamman don kwatanta matsanancin bayyanar.Argentinosaurus shine dabba mafi girma da ta taɓa rayuwa a doron ƙasa, kuma fahimtar yadda ta motsa za ta gaya mana abubuwa da yawa game da matsakaicin samarwa na tsarin musculoskeletal na vertebrates. "

A cewar masu binciken, sakamakon aikin nasu zai ba da damar a gaba su tsara da kuma gina ingantattun mutane-mutane kera motoci dangane da motsawa, in ji rahoton 4. A halin yanzu, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya suna mai da hankali ga sabuntawa da nazarin ƙimar sauran manyan abubuwan cin abinci, irin su triceratops, brachiosaurus da tyrannosaurus.

Labarin "Maris na Titans: Ikon Locomotor na Sauropod Dinosaurs" yana samuwa a kan tashar PLOS DAYA.

Me yasa manyan dinosaur suka sami girma sosai

Tare da Tyrannosaurus rex, nau'in "sauropod" na yau da kullun shine ɗayan mafi mashahuri dabbobi masu tsinkaye. Ba za ku iya rikitar da komai ba tare da kyakkyawan hotonsa a kan “ginin gidaje”, dogon wutsiya mai tsoka kuma mafi mahimmanci, babbar wuya tare da ƙaramin kai.

Za'a iya kwatanta suran kwarangwal din na Argentine Wadannan halittun tare da manyan kifayen baleen (kusan tan 85) kuma a cikin wannan alamu sun fi dukkan sauran halittun kasa wadanda suka taba yin tafiya a doron kasa. Tambayar da a zahiri ta taso: me yasa suka zama manya?

Suggestedungiyar masana kimiyya sun ba da amsar wannan tambayar, wacce ta buga labarai 14 a lokaci ɗaya cikin mujallar nan ta yanar gizo PLoS DAYA.

An yi bayanin giant na sauropods ta hanyoyi daban-daban, sau da yawa mafi yawan juzu'ai waɗanda suka taso - har zuwa lokacin da a cikin zamanin Mesozoic (kimanin shekaru miliyan miliyan –-252 da suka shude) girman duniya ba shi da yanzu. A lokaci guda, ƙarancin ƙananan binciken kimiyya akan wannan batun yana burgewa. Wataƙila zance shine banal ɗin batun kuma da buƙatar tarko da ƙasusuwa masu rauni.

Amma duk abin da ya biyo bayan wannan sakaci, abu ne da ya wuce: a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata gwamnatin Jamus ta kasafta kuɗaɗen kuɗi don nazarin ilimin halittu na sauropods, musamman ma asalin ƙarfinsu. Martin Zander na Jami'ar Bonn shi ke lura da aikin rukunoni 13 da ke wakiltar fannoni daban daban na ilimin kimiyya. An buga fiye da ayyuka ɗari da littafin da aka tattara su. Kuma yanzu - wani sabon yanki na ƙarshe game da fannoni da dama na ilimin halittar sauropod, da kuma yadda samfurin ci gaban gigimcinsu da waɗannan masanan suka yi daidai da bincike na yanzu.

Model Cascade Model (ECM) shine asalin tunanin wannan rukunin. Yana zaton cewa cakuda cakulan na haɓaka masu haɓakawa da tsofaffin halaye - dabi'un ɗalibai da aiki na halayen-magabata waɗanda magabatan sauropods suka mallaki - ya haifar da canje-canje da yawa na juyin halitta waɗanda suka haifar da ingantaccen sakamako kuma hakan ya ba da damar sauropods su wuce sauran dabbobin ƙasa.

Menene wannan cakuda? A takaice - babban kumburi da kayan sawa irin na tsuntsu, wato, tare da unidirectional iska yana gudana ta cikin huhu (alamun ci gaba), haɗe tare da ƙarni na ɗimbin cuban kananan ƙwayoyi da ƙarancin sarrafa abinci a bakin (alamun farkon).

Maganar shine wadannan alamun ana daukar su ne sanadin rikice-rikice guda biyar masu hade da juna wadanda suka shafi 1) haifuwa, 2) abinci mai gina jiki, 3) tsarin kai da wuya, 4) huhu da kuma 5) metabolism.

Misali, bari mu dauki tsarin canje-canje a abinci mai gina jiki.

Bari mu fara da irin wannan yanayin a matsayin cikakke ko kusan cikakkiyar rashi. Sakamakon haka, sauropods na farko (tuna, sun kasance masu cin ganyayyaki kawai) sun ci abinci da yawa a cikin mintina kaɗan, tun da ƙarancin lokaci ya wuce tsakanin samun abinci a cikin bakin da haɗiye. Tabbas, a cikin tarihin sauropods, ana lura da fannoni da yawa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga abinci mai haɓaka: saurin sabunta haƙori, faɗaɗawar jiji da asarar cheeks - duk don tara da haɗiye gwargwadon yiwuwa. Mutane daban-daban masu irin wannan halayen sun sami fa'ida: a cikin wani lokaci lokaci, sun sami ƙarfin ƙarfi fiye da sauran nau'in halittu, ba shakka, cewa tsarin narkewa zai iya karɓar da kuma aiwatar da irin wannan girma na abinci mai ƙima sosai. Sakamakon shine saurin girma na jiki.

Don fayyace ma'anar dangantakar cascades, bari mu bincika yadda waɗannan canje-canjen zasu iya haɗuwa da canzawar halittar jikin kai da wuya. Tun da yake ba lallai ba ne a ɗan abinci abinci sosai, sauropods ba sa buƙatar saitin tsokoki da ya dace. Misali, a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa na zamani, tsokoki na masticatory da girman kai, wanda dole ne ya ɗauke su, ya karu daidai da girman jiki. Kuma jarumawanmu da farin ciki sun tsere da wannan ta hanyar riƙe ƙaramin kai, abubuwan motsi waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙaramin makamashi. Wannan ya ba da wuya wuyan yayi tsawo, kuma sauropods sun fara cin abinci da yawa a kan tabo, don haka suke karɓar makamashi da ƙima kaɗan. Sabili da haka, ƙarar tsarin narkewa ya ci gaba da girma, kuma tare da shi girman jikin.

Wannan misali ne na cascade daya da sarkar cascade daya. Dukkanin samfurin, hakika, yana da rikitarwa kuma yana neman bayyana sauye-sauye da yawa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka wuce juyin halittar sauropods kuma suke haifar da bayyanar kunkuru da dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Shin zai yiwu a faɗi hakan ta hanyar yin wannan, masana kimiyya sun sami damar zana hoto guda ɗaya na ilimin halittar sauropods? Abin takaici, ba da gaske bane.

Haka kuma akwai rashin jituwa tsakanin wannan ƙungiyar masana kimiyya. Misali, suna da alaƙa da kusurwa wacce sauropods ke riƙe wuyansu. Dukkanin karshe game da wannan batun yawanci ana zuwa ne daga tsarin dijital na kasusuwan, wanda kowane bangare an haɗa shi da makwabta kuma za'a daidaita shi ta wata hanyar da fuskoki masu ma'amala da fasaha ke shiga tazara ko kaɗan. Wannan yana saita kewayon motsi (DD) da ƙoshin osteological wuri (NOP), wanda saman abubuwan da ke cikin haɗin gwiwa suke shiga yadda ya kamata kuma ƙasusuwa su haɗu tare da hanyar da ta fi dacewa.

Shin sauropods sun riƙe wuyansu kamar haka? (Hoto daga Mark Witton.) Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan labaran goma sha huɗu yana faɗi cewa yin hukunci da NOP, sauropods ya sa hanu a madaidaiciya, maimakon ɗaukarsu kamar yadda ake soyawa. DD bai ba da izinin kai ya hau ba, yayin da ake iya motsa abubuwa masu yawa a cikin jirgin sama, don haka kwatanta su da raƙuman daji ba su dace ba.

Babu wani abu mai kama da wannan, in ji abokan wannan masana kimiyyar a wani labarin. Suna da tabbacin cewa NOP ba ta ce komai ba game da tsayin dakan da shugaban zai iya tashi, kuma duk waɗannan samfuran ba su yin la’akari da tasirin a kan alamomin duka biyu masu laushi, ciki har da articular cartilage da intervertebral discs.

Apatosaurus a rami na ruwa (hoto na Wikimedia Commons). Amma idan muna son bayyana yanayin tare da giantism na sauropods, to babban matsalar har yanzu ita ce ma'aunin suturar jikin dabbobi, wanda kawai kasusuwa suke, banda ba koyaushe ake kammala ba. Aikin yana da matukar wahala. An gabatar da hanyoyi da yawa don kimanta taro, wanda ke haifar da sakamako mai yawa.

Ofaya daga cikin sababbin labaran suna bayyana wani yunƙurin, tare da mafi girma sauropod, Argentinosaurus, kasancewa shine mai da hankali (duba bidiyo a ƙasa). Dangane da sakamakon duba cikakken kwarangwal, kasusuwa sun kasance kewaye da kwarangwal din convex - wannan ita ce hanya mafi sauki ta tantance girman dinosaur, sannan kuma taro. An gwada hanyar a kan dabbobi na zamani kuma suna ba da kyakkyawan sakamako. Wataƙila tantin da tamanin da 80 da aka ba wa Argentinosaur a wannan lokacin, hakika ba su da gaskiya.

Kawai ka manta cewa wannan kwarangwal din jikinta wata na'ura mai kwakwalwa ce ta wasu nau'ikan sauropods masu alaƙa da juna, saboda Argentinosaurus sananne ne ga ragowar gutsuttsuran ginin. Haka kuma, ba wani babban hadadden sauropod da ya dame shi ya aika da cikakkiyar kwarangwal a zamaninmu, saboda haka kirgaro iyaka na yawan wadannan dinosaur din har yanzu matsala ce.

Kuna iya ƙoƙarin yin kewaye da shi ta hanyar auna abubuwan: akwai begen yin lissafin taro gwargwadon ƙarfin da ya ƙirƙira su. Ba kamar kasusuwa ba, alamomin manyan sauropods suna da wakilci sosai a cikin tarihin rikodin burbushin. Gwajin hanyar akan giwayen shima ya yi kyau.

Amma ya zuwa yanzu wannan ba a yi shi ba, saboda kuna buƙatar sanin ƙirar kayan halitta wanda dinosaur ya shiga, da kuma yadda yake lalata a ƙarƙashin irin wannan tasirin. Wani nau'in kaya kuma menene halin a wancan lokacin ba mai sauƙi a gano daga dutsen ba.

Kamar yadda kake gani, asirin daya daga cikin manyan misalai na aikin tsirrai ba a warware su ba. Har yanzu, yana da matukar wahala a yi hakan - a maido da “jiya” daga abin da ya rage ta a yau.