Kuna a tsibirin Madagascar, bask a cikin rana da kuma mafarki na rayuwa a wannan wuri mai ban mamaki.

Har sai wani abu ya faru - kururuwa daga ciki wanda kusan kusan bakinka zai faɗi. Lafiya lau, maraba, Anan Madagascan tana kukan gaggawar.

Wadannan tsuntsayen basu taba rera kuru ba; sun gwammace su lalata yanayin su ta hanyar kungiya.

Babban launi launin ruwan kasa mai duhu tare da jan jijiyoyi, cheeks, makogwaro da wutsiya fararen fata ne, gemun baki ne, amma tushe mai sauƙi ne. Tsawon dattijo ya kai 63cm.

Madagascar kururuwa gaggafa itace mai sauyin gaske. Ayyukan su na sama sun kasu gida uku:

1. laura cikin iska bisa shimfida fuka-fukai, haɓaka tare da kallon abin tsoro.

2. Jirgin sama mai aiki kai tsaye tare da fuka-fukan sauka, yanayin wannan jirgin shine cewa saurin jirgin ya kai kilomita 40 a awa daya.

3. Riƙewa da raguwa mai ƙarfi a saurin kilomita 100 a sa'a don kama ganima.

Madagascar mai kuwwa yakan yi zaune a kan rawanin bishiyoyi masu tsayi ko kwari a saman ruwa, suna neman ganima.

Yana ciyar da rayuwar ruwa, ya fi fifita kifaye, amma ba ya ƙin jin daɗin cin abincin dare da baƙon abu a cikin karnukan maciji, macizai, kunkuru, tsuntsayen ruwa da yatsu.

Wani lokacin Madagascan mai ihu da ke yi gaggawar karɓar tsuntsaye daga wasu tsuntsayen ganima, kamar ɗalibin da ke satar abinci daga wurin wani a cikin ɗakuna.

Lokacin kiwo yana da tsawo, yana farawa a cikin watan Mayu kuma zai kasance har zuwa Oktoba. Matan sun yi nisa da mutanen da ke soyayya da shugabansu, sun auri maza fiye da ɗaya.

Aminci ba abu bane. Ana shirya mazauna a cokali mai yatsa a cikin itace mai tsayi ko a kan dutse. A cikin kama yawanci ba fiye da qwai biyu.

Maza na ƙugu masu rauni a cikin Madagascar suna da alhakin ayyukansu, saboda haka suna taimaka wa mace ta ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai.

A halin yanzu, adadin bai wuce nau'ikan kiwo 120 ba. Madagascar tsawa gaggafa yana cikin hadarin halaka, saboda haka an haɗa shi a cikin Jerin Layi na IUCN tare da matsayin - yanayin mai tsauri.

Tsuntsaye ba sa son kiwo saboda gurɓar da ɗan adam, ke yi, game da makomar 'ya'yansu. Hatta Madagascar tsawa gaggafa sunada nauyi fiye da wasu iyayen.

(Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

Yana zaune galibi a cikin Kanada da Amurka, wani lokacin yakan shiga jihohin arewacin Mexico. Baya ga waɗannan ƙasashe, tsuntsun shima yana da nasa gida a tsibiran mallakar mallakar Faransawa na Saint-Pierre da Miquelon. Rarraba abu ne mara misaltuwa, ana lura da mafi girman wuraren kula da wuraren a kan iyakar teku da kusa da manyan koguna da tabkuna. A yamma daga cikin kewayon, mikiya da yardar rai ta fara zama a tarko a gabar tekun Pacific daga Alaska zuwa Oregon, har ma a Tsibirin Aleutian. Akwai da yawa gaggafa a cikin Rockies a jihohin Idaho, Montana, Wyoming da Colorado. A gabashin Amurka, tsuntsaye suna da yawa a cikin Florida (na biyu mafi girma bayan Alaska), a kan iyakar Chesapeake Bay da kuma yankin Great Lakes. Ana samun ƙananan mutane a cikin Baja California, Arizona, New Mexico, Rhode Island da Vermont. A Kanada, tsuntsu ba ya kasancewa ne kawai a cikin latin Arctic a arewacin kwarin Anderson River da kuma tsakiyar gabar tekun yamma na Hudson Bay. An yi rikodin jiragen sama a Bermuda, tsibirin Virgin na Amurka, Puerto Rico, Belize da Ireland.

Abubuwan da ke zaune a cikin mikiya suna da alaƙa koyaushe tare da babban ruwa - teku, kogo, babban kogi ko kuma babban kogin. A cikin yanayin ruwa na cikin ƙasa, bakin tekun ya kamata aƙalla tsawon kilomita 11, ƙaramin yanki na ɗakin buɗewar bude ruwan da aka ƙaddara don ɗayan kiwan shine 8 ha. Lokacin da zaɓar tafki, yalwar abubuwa daban-daban da kuma m game da shi yana da matukar muhimmanci - matuƙar ya kasance, mafi girma da yawa daga ƙauyuka. Orlan, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya huta ne kuma yana da hurumi a cikin gandun daji cikakke tare da fifikon bishiyoyi masu fa'ida da katako. Don sauƙaƙewa da gina gida, yana amfani da ƙarfi, kullun, itace, tare da kambi na buɗe da kyakkyawan gani. A lokacin kiwo, yana nisanta shimfidar wurare da al'adu gabaɗaya wurare da jama'a ke ziyarta sosai, koda kuwa akwai wadataccen abinci na abinci kusa. Girman yankin abinci ya bambanta ko'ina; sanannun adadi ya kai daga 2.6 km 2 a yankin Lake Klamath na Oke Oregon zuwa kimanin kilomita 648 a Arizona.

Yanayin ƙaura ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, gami da yanayin yanayi, wadataccen abinci, wurin da ake farautowa da shekarun mutum. Idan saman tafki an rufe shi da kankara, to, dukkan gaggafa da ke zaune a kanta sun bar yankin su koma gabar tekun ko kudu zuwa latin da ke da dumin yanayi. A gefe guda, lokacin da yanayin abinci ya ba da damar (alal misali, a kan iyakar teku), aƙalla wani ɓangare na tsofaffi ya rage har zuwa hunturu a cikin yankin farauta.

Matsakaicin tsayin jiki ya kai 70-120 cm, fikafikan 180-230 cm, nauyi 3-6.3. Mace kusan kashi hu] u ne fiye da maza. Tsuntsayen da aka rarrabawa a arewacin arewacin yankin yana da girma babba idan aka kwatanta su da tsuntsayen da ke rayuwa a kudanci. Gefen yana da girma, mai siffa kyan sa, a cikin wani tsuntsu mai girma ana canza launin ruwan shuɗi. Abubuwan haɓaka a kan tatsuniyar iska mai ƙarfi a cikin kwanyar dabi'ar mutum ce, wanda ke ba tsuntsu tsinke. Kafafu guda launi iri ɗaya tare da baki, ba tare da alamun rudewa ba. Yatsun har zuwa 15 cm tsayi, mai ƙarfi, tare da kaifi mai kaifi. Tare da yatsun gaba, tsuntsu ya kama wanda aka kama, yayin da ingantaccen hind yake kamo yana lalata jikinta mai mahimmanci. Tarsus, ba kamar mikiya, an fallasa shi gabaɗaya. Bakan gizo rawaya ce. Fuka fikaffi suna da fadi da kuma zagaye, wutsiya tana da tsayi matsakaici, mai fasali. Fatar fuka-fukai ta ƙarshe ta sa mikiya ta samo asali ne kawai a farkon shekara ta shida na rayuwa. Daga wannan zamani, tsuntsaye suka fito tare da fararen kaya da wutsiya akan banbancin duhu, kusan baki asalin ragowar. Jirgin yana sanye ne, ba a yin walwala, tare da fuka-fuki mai wuya. Lokacin tafiya, an kafa fikafikan fuka-fukai a kusurwar dama zuwa ga jiki, kuma shugaban yana shimfiɗa gaba.

Duk da kamanninsa na bayyana, mikiya tana da kuzari mai rauni. Mafi yawan lokuta zaka iya jin kara mai kuwwa ko kuwwa, ana yada shi azaman “saurin harka-saurin harbi”. Baya ga babban kururuwa, sun kuma bambanta ƙananan tatsuniyoyin, waɗanda ake watsa su a matsayin “yaya-yaya-yaya-yaya”. Tsuntsayen matasa suna da murzaɗa, muryar mara nauyi. Muryar sau da yawa yakan bayyana ne yayin “canjin matsara” a gida, da kuma wuraren taro na tsuntsaye a cikin hunturu.

Kamar sauran gaggafa, mabuƙatar kai tana cin kifi galibi, kodayake tana cin nasara akan ƙaramin wasa. A wani lokaci, da yardar rai yakan karɓi abinci daga wasu mahauta ko ku ci abinci. Analysisididdigar bincike na nazarin 20 a sassa daban-daban na kewayon ya nuna cewa matsakaicin abincin shine 56% wanda aka haɗa da kifi (ruwan kifi, ruwan kifi) , pike, da sauransu), 28% daga kaji (grebes, crests, ducks, geese, gulls, coche, herons), 14% daga dabbobi masu shayarwa (hares, zomaye, squirrels, squirrels, bera, rakoda, muskrats, 'yan beavers), da kashi 2% daga wasu rukunin dabbobi (macizai na ruwa, kunkuru,' yan amshi da crustaceans). Wannan ragin ya bambanta gwargwadon matsayin yanki da na lokacin lokacin abinci.

Gaggafa yakan yi farauta a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, inda kifi ya tara a ainihin tafki. Babban hanyar samun abinci ya yi kama da kwarewar farauta ta osprey - gaggafa tana lura da wanda aka azabtar daga tsayi, ya faɗi tare da dutse ya kama shi da kaifi mai kaifi, yayin da babban murfin gashin tsuntsu ya kasance bushe. Saurin jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu yakai kilomita 120-160 / h, yawanda yake sabawa 56-70 km / h. Lessarancin da aka saba, tsuntsu yana yawo cikin ruwa yana jujjuya abin da ya wuce. Idan aka kwatanta da osprey, gaggafa ƙwararre kan fulawa mafi girma kuma, tare da babban kuzarinsa, ya kasa kama ƙananan kifaye. Yawan nauyin da aka ɗauke da shi yawanci ya bambanta daga 1 zuwa 3 kg. Babban nauyi mai yawa na iya nutsar da maharbin ruwa a cikin ruwa, kuma a wannan yanayin, tsuntsu ya sami nasarar iyo zuwa gabar tekun, sai dai idan ta mutu sakamakon cutar ƙanƙara a cikin ruwan kankara. Hakanan ana lura da farauta tare lokacin da ɗayan tsuntsaye biyu suka shagaltar da abincin, ɗayan kuma ya kai hari ta bayan. Wannan hanyar samun abinci ita ce mafi halayyar babban wasan ƙasa, kamar zomo ko heron. Mikiya kuma zata iya kama fuka-fukin a cikin iska, kodayake galibi ana ɗaukar su da mamaki akan ƙasa ko ruwa. Lokacin da aka kama geese, maharbin zai iya tashi daga ƙasa, ya juye a cikin iska kuma ya manne gashinsa a kirjin wanda aka azabtar. Ana amfani da wata dabara tare da ducks ruwa: da'irar tsuntsaye akan yiwuwar cin naman, tilastawa ta ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Bayan an ba da ruwa mai yawa, tsuntsun da ya raunana ya zama mai sauƙi ga mai farautar. Tun da tsuntsun ya kama abin da ya ci a cikin yashin ko itace, sai ya fara cin abinci, yana matsawa ƙashin bayan tallafin da ƙafar guda kuma ya yanke guntun tsintsin da ɗayan. Sau da yawa, wasu suna ƙoƙari su shiga tsuntsun ciyarwa guda ɗaya, saboda haka muguwar da ta kama ganima tana neman ta hanzarta yin ritaya wani wuri a cikin wani wurin ɓoye. Har zuwa kilogram ɗaya na abinci za'a iya adanar shi a cikin goiter na ɗan lokaci, saboda kada tsuntsun ya ɗanɗani yunwar da yawa.

Kamar mafi yawan tsuntsayen shaho, gaggafa masu daskarewa suna da dabbobi masu alaƙar aure: kowace mace tana da mace ɗaya. A al'adance an yarda cewa abokan tarayya suna kiyaye amincin "aure" a rayuwar su. Koyaya, wannan ba gaskiya bane: idan ɗayan tsuntsayen basu koma zuwa wurin da ake yin fure ba bayan hunturu, na biyu suna neman sabon abokin tarayya. Ma'auratan ma suna fashewa lokacin da suka kasa haihuwa irin ta haɗin gwiwa. An kafa nau'i-nau'i a cikin kewayon farashi da kuma lokacin hunturu. Harshen dabbar ta dace musamman da aka ambata a cikin jirgin sama na tsuntsayen gwaji, a yayin da suke bin juna, suna yin zurfin ruwa kuma sun juye.

Tsarin gida yana farawa a cikin Florida a ƙarshen Satumba-farkon Oktoba, a cikin Ohio da Pennsylvania a watan Fabrairu, a Alaska a watan Janairu, amma a kowane yanayi da yawa fiye da yadda yawancin tsuntsayen ganima suke a yanki guda. Manyan garkuwa ne mai rassa da rassan rassan, mafi yawan lokuta ana kasancewa cikin kambi na bishiyar rai mai tsayi tare da yiwuwar samun kusanci, baya wuce mil biyu daga buɗewar ruwa. Majiyoyi suna ikirarin cewa gaggafar gida ce mafi girma a cikin dukkanin tsuntsayen a Arewacin Amurka. Yawancin lokaci yana iya kaiwa mita 2.5 a diamita, 4 m girma da nauyi kusan tan. Tare da ƙari da kayan sabo, gida yana zama da wuya a kowace shekara kuma yana iya yanke rassan da ke riƙe shi, kuma ya rushe tare da iska mai ƙarfi. Koyaya, nests da aka yi amfani da shi shekaru da yawa an san su. A cikin lokuta na musamman, lokacin da babu ciyawar ciyawa a cikin wurin kiwo, kamar tsibirin Amchitka (tsibirin Aleutian), za a iya shirya gida akan dutsen dutse ko a wani wuri wanda ba shi da damar zuwa ga masu farautar ƙasa. A cikin jeji na Sonora, inda bishiyoyi ma suke da karancin yawa, gaggafa ke tashi sama a saman wata katuwar cactus. Babban reshen reshe ana gudanar dashi tare da ciyawa, ciyawar masara, algae bushe da sauran kayan abu mai kama. Duk iyayen sun dauki nauyin ginin, wanda zai iya ɗauka daga ranakun kwanaki zuwa watanni 3, amma, mafi yawan matan suna da hannu cikin sanya rassan. Kodayake babban aikin yana faruwa kafin kwanciya qwai, daga baya kuma tsuntsayen biyu sun ƙara ƙarfafa tsarin da aka gama. Baya ga babban gida, a cikin yanki guda na iya kasancewa ɗaya ko fiye da sauran waɗanda tsuntsaye suke amfani da su lokaci zuwa lokaci, musamman ma bayan asalin masarar.

Kwai yana dagewa watanni 1-3 bayan fara ginin gida. A cikin cikakken kwanciya, a matsayin mai mulkin, 1-3 (yawancin lokaci 2) qwai ana sanya su a tsaka-tsakin rana ɗaya ko biyu. Idan kowane dalili asarar tsararren asali ya ɓace, mace zata iya jinkirta sake. Qwai fari maras nauyi, ba tare da tsari ba, suna da sihiri mai fadi. Girman su shine 58-85 x 47-63 mm. Girman, da kuma adadin ƙwai, yana jin daɗin ƙaruwa daga kudu zuwa arewa dangane da girman tsuntsayen kansu. Tsawon lokacin shiryawa shine kimanin kwanaki 35. Yin kiyayya, harma da ciyar da zuriya, akasarin mace, namiji kawai yana maye gurbin ta daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Babban aikin namiji shine samun abinci. An haifi kajin a daidai wannan tsari da aka sanya ƙwai, saboda sun sha bamban da girmansu. Kajin da ya bayyana an lullube su da ƙoshin lafiya, ba su da taimako, a farkon makonni biyu ko uku ɗayan iyayen yana kasancewa koyaushe a cikin gida - wannan galibi mace ce, yayin da namiji yake tsunduma cikin abinci ko kayan tattarawa don gida. Kaji ya yi gasa tare da juna don samun abinci, kuma galibi matasa kan mutu saboda yunwar. A cikin mako na biyar zuwa na shida, iyaye sun bar gida kuma yawanci suna kusa da reshe. A karshen wannan karen, kajin suna koyon yadda ake tsinkayen abinci da tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe, bayan makonni 10-12.5 suna yin tashin farko. A cikin kusan rabin kajin, yunƙurin farko na tashiwa cikin iska bai yi nasara ba kuma sun faɗi ƙasa, inda suke cin lokaci har zuwa makonni da yawa. Bayan sun koyon tashi, kajin suna yin wani sati 2 zuwa 3 kusa da iyayensu kafin su sami 'yanci gaba ɗaya kuma su watse. Kimanin rabin gaggafa sun sami damar haifarwa tsintsiya ta biyu a cikin shekarar.

(Haliaeetus pelagicus)

An rarraba shi a cikin Sashin Kamchatka da kuma bakin Tekun Okhotsk. Tana zaune a yankin kudu na Koryak Upland (har zuwa ƙarshen kogin Apuki), kwarin Kogin Penzhina, da Tsibirin Karaginsky. Ana samunsa a ƙananan ƙasan Amur, a arewacin Sakhalin, Tsibirin Shantar da Kuril, har ma a Koriya. Wani lokacin maɗaurin teku na Steller yana tashi zuwa Arewa maso Yammacin Amurka, Japan da Arewacin China. A waje da ƙasar Rasha, ana iya ganin gaggafa a teku a lokacin bazarar lokacin bazara. Masu cin nasara a bakin tekun, ba su da yawa a cikin taiga a kudu maso gabashin Gabas da Japan, suna tara gungun tsuntsaye 2-3. Yana zaune a kwarin ƙananan kogin tare da gandun daji masu tsayi, ƙarancin teku, da kuma gefen manyan tafkuna. Kasancewar gawawwakin ruwa tare da kifayen da ake iya samu, da farko kifin kifi, lamari ne mai yanke hukunci a rayuwar gaggafa a gabar teku na Steller.

Jimlar tsawon tsuntsu shine 85-105 cm, fikafikan 195-250 cm, nauyi 7.5-9. A cikin tsuntsaye manya, launin ya ƙunshi haɗuwa da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu da fari (amma akwai kuma bambancin launin ruwan duhu mai launi ɗaya). Goshi, da kafarsun kafada ta baya, qarami da matsakaiciyar fikafikai, haka kuma fuka-fukan wutsiya farare ne, ragowar rigar yana launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Individuals matasa matasa a cikin shekarar farko ta launin ruwan kasa tare da farin sashin gashin fuka-fukai tare da nuna bambancin launin fata. Maza da mata suna da launi iri ɗaya, sutturar ƙarshe tana sawa da shekaru uku. Bakan gizo mai haske launin ruwan kasa, babban baki mai launin shuɗi, launin shuɗi da ƙafafu rawaya, maƙallan baƙi ne.

Tushen abinci mai gina jiki shine salmon. Bugu da kari, sun kai hari kan bakan matasa, tsuntsaye (capercaillie, amarya, ducks, gulls), dabbobi masu shayarwa (hares, arctic fox, ermine, sable), inine na ruwa (bivalves, cephalopods, crabs), cin abinci, da kuma ruwan teku. Tare da farkon motsawar salmonid, yawancin gaggafa a teku na Steller suna cinye su, ba kifi mai rai ba, har ma ya mutu, ya lalata, kuma galibi yafi son shi. Mafi sau da yawa, gaggafawar teku ta Steller tana kamawa daga bishiyoyi masu tsayi ko ramin dutse a tsawan 5-30 m. Suna iya farauta, suna yawo a cikin iska a tsawan sama da 6-7 m saman ruwa.A wasu lokuta sukan kama kifi da mashin, suna tsayawa cikin ruwa mara nauyi a kan sandar yashi.

Waɗannan waɗannan tsuntsayen aure ne. Ma'aurata na aure suna da shekaru sama da shekaru 4, wanda a lokacin ne gaggafa zasu iya gina gida ta al'ada a cikin kaka, wanda basa zama a ciki. Wasannin farantin za a fara a watan Maris. Mating yakan faru a kan gida. Gida babban tsari ne mai girma da rassa masu nauyi a saman bishiya ko a saman dutse, galibi ciyawa ta cika da ciyawa. Yawanci, ana gina gidaje akan manyan bishiyoyi, masu girma, yawanci tare da fiɗa. An yi amfani da gida ɗaya don shekaru 5-8. Yawancin nau'i-nau'i suna da maza biyu (wanda ba shi da nisan mil 900 ba), wanda suka mamaye lokaci zuwa lokaci. Gidaje masu gyara na shekara-shekara suna girma cikin girma kuma sun kai 3 m a diamita da 2 m ba tsayi. Ana sa ƙwai a watan Afrilu - Mayu, lokacin da dusar ƙanƙara bai narke ba tukuna. A cikin ɓoyayyen akwai fararen fari guda 1 tare da launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, shiryawa yana kasancewa kwanaki 34-36. Shiryawa yana farawa tare da kwai na farko. Chickks suna bayyana a watan Mayu - Yuni kuma suna cikin gida don watanni 2-2.5, tashi daga ƙarshen Yuli - Agusta, da wuya a watan Satumba. Iyaye suna ciyar da kajin da kifi 20-30 cm tsayi, suna kawo shi a gida sau 2-3 a rana. Har zuwa tsakiyar Oktoba, ana kiyaye girman saurayi 2-3 kilomita daga wurin da ake kera su. Tabkuna masu saukar ungulu na Steller sun fara farawa tun yana da shekaru sama da 7 baya.

(Haliaeetus leucogaster)

Ya mamaye iyakar India, Sri Lanka, kudu maso gabas Asia, Philippines, New Guinea, Ostiraliya da Tasmania. Wannan yawanci tsuntsu ne wanda aka zaunar dashi, wasu mutane suna zaune wuri guda a cikin shekara, amma wasu suna yawo.

Shugaban, kirji, rufe gashin fuka-fukan a karkashin reshe da kuma wutsiyar gaggafa manya ne. Jiki na sama yana launin toka. A karkashin reshe, fuka-fukan baƙi masu bambanci da kyau tare da fararen fatu. Wutsiya takaice ce kuma mai siffa, kamar sauran gaggafa. Gashin baki da iris duhu ne, kakin zuma mai laushi, kafafu sunyi launin shuɗi ko launin toka. Birdaramin yarinyar mai launin shuɗi. Maza da mata suna da launi iri ɗaya, amma mace tana da girma. Tsawon jikin namiji shine 66-80 cm, tare da nauyin kilogram 1.8-3. Tsawon jikin mace shine 80-90 cm, tare da nauyin kilogiram 2.5-4.5.

Wadannan tsuntsayen galibi ana ganinsu suna zaune a saman bishiyoyi ko kuma suna hawa saman jikin ruwa da ƙasa daban-daban ko kuma nau'i-nau'i. Groupsungiyoyin gungun fararen fararen fata-farin ƙarfe wani lokaci sukan taru inda akwai wadataccen abinci. Jirgin sama ya fi na sauran gaggafa, yana iya kama tsuntsaye da dawakai masu tashi sama da iska. Tana ciyar da akasari akan kifi, kunkuru, macizai, cin abinci a kan ƙananan penguins, coche, petrels da dabbobi masu shayarwa, kuma yana cin abinci, wanda yake samu a gefen tekun. Mafi yawancin lokuta ana karɓar abinci daga wasu ƙananan tsuntsaye na ganima.

Lokacin kiwo shine ya dogara da mazauninsu, galibi a lokacin rani. Waɗannan waɗannan tsuntsaye ne masu aure: ma'aurata suna zama tare har sai ɗayan abokin tarayya ya mutu. Sannan na biyu ya sami sabon. Wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa wasu rudun yanar gizo ana ci gaba da mamaye su tsawon shekaru. Ana shirya ciyayi a kan duwatsu ko kuma a kan bishiyoyi masu tsayi, a wasu lokuta ana amfani da kuran wasu tsuntsaye na ganima. An zaɓi wurin da mazaunin ne saboda a sami kyakkyawan bayyanar abubuwan kewaye. Gida wani dandali ne na busassun rassan da ke da busasshen shara da aka rufe da ciyawa ko ruwan teku. Kowace shekara, ma'aurata suna gyara mazaunin gida, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yake ƙaruwa tsawon lokaci. Ginawa ko gyara yana ɗauka daga makonni uku zuwa shida. A cikin kama yawanci 2 fararen qwai. Matar tana sanya ƙwai na kimanin makonni 6, namiji a wannan lokacin yana kawo abinci. Kyankyasar jingina don kwanaki 70-80, amma sun kasance tare da iyayensu har zuwa watanni 6 ko har zuwa lokacin kiwo na gaba.

(Haliaeetus sanfordi)

Tana zaune a tsibirin Solomon, waɗanda ke cikin kudu maso yamma na tekun Pacific, arewa maso gabashin Ostiraliya. Yana zaune a cikin low-kwance da kuma tsaunukan tuddai tare da jihar bakin teku a kan wani girma na har zuwa 1,500 m sama da matakin teku.

A kirji da ciki launin ja ne, launin babba yana da duhu, kai da wuya suna launin ruwan kasa, wutsiya mai duhu launin ruwan kasa. Tsayin Jikin 70-90 cm, fuka-fukai 165-185 cm, nauyin jikin mutane 1.1-1.9 kg, mace 1.3-2.7 kg.

Tana cin abinci akan kifaye, kifin kifaye, kunkuru, macijin teku, maciji, kaffara, wanke ruwan, wasu lokutan kan cinye tsuntsaye da dawakai.

Lokacin kiwo yana daga Agusta zuwa Oktoba. Yawancin lokaci akwai ƙwai 2 a cikin kama.

(Haliaeetus murda)

An rarrabe shi a yankin kudu da sahara na Yankin 1000 a saman teku. Tana zaune a dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi, ciyayi, marshes, finbosh har ma yankuna na hamada kusa da tafkuna, tafkuna da koguna, wani lokacin ana samunta kusa da bakin tekun a layin ko lago.

Waɗannan kumburai-matsakaici ne, tsayinsu ya kasance daga ƙarfe 63 zuwa 57, fuka-fuki daga 175 zuwa 210 cm. Maza sun yi nauyi daga kilogiram 2 zuwa 2.5, yayin da mace take da nauyin kilo 3.2 zuwa 3.6. Shugaban, wuyansa, kirji na sama da na baya, har da wutsiya, farare ne, sauran kuwa jiki kirji ne ko launin toka. Fuka-fukan gashin jikin fikafikan baƙi ne. Gefen rawaya mai launin baki ne tare da baki, kafafu kuma haske ne launin shuɗi.

Sau da yawa ana iya ganin gaggafa a rawanin bishiyoyi masu tsayi daga inda suke bincika adadin su. Yawancin mazajen matafiya kan rufe gado kogin ko bakin babban tafki. Hawaye masu ihu suna yin karar halayyar abubuwa guda biyu, ba kamar sauran nau'in tsuntsaye ba. Yawanci, waɗannan tsuntsayen suna kuka da nau'i-nau'i, mafi fashewar kuka a cikin mace. Kaman hali ne yayin tsawa a inda kake zaune ka jujjuya kanka baya.

Yana ciyar da akasari akan kifi, ba sau da yawa farauta don ƙanƙan wuta, da ƙyamare, da tutoci da sauran tsuntsayen ruwa. Wasu lokuta ganimarsu na iya zama ƙananan kunkuru, ƙananan kifayen, toads, macizai na teku ko ɗaukar kaya. Gaggafa masu tashi suna tashi sosai da fasaha kuma galibi suna shan ganima daga wasu tsuntsaye. Suna jira na dogon lokaci a saman bishiyar don lokacin da kifi ya bayyana a saman, kuma a cikin jirgin ruwa mai nutsuwa sai su kamo shi, suna cin abinci a jikin bishiya. Ba za su iya ɗaukar ganima ba, nauyin da ya wuce kilogiram 1.5, kuma ci shi a bakin.

Lokacin kiwo shine lokacin bushewa, lokacin da matakin ruwa a cikin rijiyoyin yayi ƙasa. Gaggawar tsuntsaye sune tsuntsaye masu aure. An gina filaye akan itace mai tsayi kusa da ruwa. Kayan aiki ginin ya bushe. An yi amfani da firam na shekaru da yawa kuma ana gyara su kowace shekara, don haka gida yana girma koyaushe kuma yana iya kaiwa 2 m a diamita da 1.5 zurfin zurfi. Mace ta sanya fararen hular guda zuwa uku tare da aibobi masu launin shuɗi. Matar incubates yafi na kwanaki 42-45. Bayan kwanaki 70-75 bayan haihuwar kajin sun fara tashi, bayan wasu makonni takwas sai suka fara samun abinci da kansu. Lokacin balaga yana faruwa yana da shekara huɗu.

(Haliaeetus murnan)

Tana zaune a cikin dazuzzukan dazuke bushe a gabar yammacin gabar tsibirin Madagascar. Kullum sai a ajiye kusa da jikin ruwa a tsawan sama da 1200 zuwa saman matakin teku.

Tsawon jikin mutum shine 60-65 cm, fikafikan shine 165-180 cm, nauyin jikin namiji shine kilogiram 2.2-2.6, kuma na mace shine 2.8-3.5 kg. Babban launi shine launin ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi tare da jan jini, kai ya zama shuɗi mai launin shuɗi, cheeks da makogwaron suna fari, gajeriyar wutsiya fari ce. Lissafin baƙi ne, ƙafafu suna launin toka.

Sau da yawa zaune akan bishiya mai tsayi ko kwari a saman ruwa, neman ganima. Yana ciyar da kifi akan kifi, wani lokacin kifayen, kunkuru, tsuntsayen ruwa, kuma yana ɗaukar ganima daga wasu tsuntsayen ganima.

Rike cikin nau'i-nau'i. Lokacin kiwo yana daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba. An gina ciyayi a cikin cokali mai yatsa a cikin itace mai tsayi ko a kan dutse. A cikin kama akwai yawanci 2 ƙwai. Lokacin shiryawa yana kai kwanaki 37-43. Duk iyayen sun yi zurfi, amma galibi mace ce. Chickks barin gida bayan kwanaki 78-89.

(Haliaeetus leucoryphus)

An rarraba shi daga Kazakhstan, Kudancin Rasha, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan da Turkmenistan gabas zuwa Mongolia da China da kudu zuwa arewacin Indiya, Pakistan, Bangladesh da Burma. Yawan Northernan Arewa suna yin ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Arewacin Indiya don hunturu. Ana ajiye shi kusa da manyan tabkuna da koguna, a cikin ƙananan wurare da tsauraran wurare har zuwa 5000 m sama da matakin teku.

Mikiya dogo mai dogon zango yana da hular launin ruwan hoda mai haske da fari fuska, fuka-fuki mai duhu da kuma ja mai baya. Wutsiyar baƙar fata ce tare da fararen halayen. Tsuntsayen matasa sun yi duhu gaba daya kuma ba tare da raɗaɗin rawunansu ba. Tsuntsu ya kai tsawon 72-84 cm da fikafi na 180 - 205 cm nauyin nauyin mace shine kilogiram 2.1-3.7 kuma maza sunkai kilogiram 2-3.3.

Yana ciyar da babban kifin ruwa, wani lokacin yakan ci kwaɗi, kunkuru, dabbobi masu rarrafe, masu ruwa a ruwa da kajin su. Sau da yawa yakan ɗauki kifi daga wasu tsuntsayen ganima. Akwai isasshen samarwa daga saman ruwa.

Lokacin kiwo a arewacin kewayon yana farawa a cikin Maris, kuma a kudu a farkon Nuwamba. Duk iyayen sun gina mazaunin a saman bishiya mai tsayi da ke girma kusa da kandami. A gida ne babban dandamali na bushe rassan yi liyi tare da bushe ciyawa. A cikin ɓoye akwai ƙwai na 1-3 waɗanda ke yin kwanciyar har tsawon kwanaki 40-45. Chickan itacen da aka ƙera na ƙarshe yakan mutu koyaushe.

(Haliaeetus albicilla)

Wannan tsuntsayen da ke yaduwa a cikin Asiya daga tundra zuwa Japan, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Arewacin Iran da Turkiya, a Turai daga arewacin Scandinavia zuwa Romania, Hungary, Balkans da Baltic cocks, a Corsica da Sardinia, a cikin Hebrides da Shetland tsibiran, Iceland da kuma kudu maso yamma na Greenland. A cikin hunturu, wasu tsuntsayen, musamman matasa, suna ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Pakistan, China da arewacin Indiya. Farkon farin gaggafa-yakan sauka a mafi yawan lokuta a gefen manyan tafkuna da koguna, kuma a wasu yankuna ana samun ta a bakin tekun.

Tsawon tsayin jikin farin da ya fara daga fari yakai daga 70 zuwa 90 cm, fuka-fukan yana daga cm 200 zuwa 230. Mata sun fi girma girma da nauyi kamar na maza. Girman jikin mace shine kilogiram 4-7, namiji kuwa shine kilogiram 3-4.5. Wutsiyar takaice ce, mai siffar siffa. Zumbin wani datti ne mai launin ruwan kasa, kai da wuya sun yi launin shuɗi, wutsiya fari ce. Gefen yana da haske rawaya idan aka kwatanta shi da sauran tsuntsayen ganima mai girma ne da iko. Hakanan iris yana da launi mai rawaya mai haske. Wsarfin farin gaggafa-fari bai rufe da gashin fuka-fuki har zuwa yatsunsu ba. Matasa mutane masu launin duhu ne a launi, baki mai duhu launin toka. Tare da kowane molt, farkon farin gaggafa-dabbar fari sun zama suna kama da dabbobin da suka girma, kuma tun yana da shekaru biyar, fararen mikiya da fararen fata suna samun bayyanar manya. Da gudu, tsuntsu ya kama fikafikan sa sararin sama.

Tun da farin fari mai-fari ya fi son zama kusa da tafkunan, abincin sa galibi kifi ne. Ya kan farauta yawo saman tafki, kuma da zaran ya lura da kifi, nan da nan sai ya faɗi ƙasa, kuma yana iya kutsawa cikin ruwa na ɗan wani lokaci don tono cikin ganima tare da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi. Bugu da kari, yana ciyar da ruwa a kan ruwa, ciki har da geese, loons da manyan ducks. Hakanan yana cin dabbobi masu shayarwa - hares, marmots, squirrels, da sauransu. Wasu lokuta yakan ciyar da kaya, musamman a lokacin hunturu.

Tsuntsu yayi ƙoƙarin gina gida mafi girma daga ƙasa, galibi akan bishiyoyi, ƙasa da kankara. An gina shi daga manyan rassa kuma a haɗe: an yi amfani dashi tsawon shekaru. A tsawon lokaci, ginin ya cika girma mai ban sha'awa, wanda shine dalilin da yasa wasu lokuta iska ke lalata shi kuma, karya rassan bishiyoyi, ya faɗi ƙasa. A wannan yanayin, namiji da mace sun sake gina sabon gida. An tsara ma'aurata don rayuwa, a cikin ƙarshen mutuwar abokin tarayya, an sami mai sauyawa cikin sauri. Wani farin gaggafa-farin fari ya shirya haifuwa ne kawai bayan ya kai shekaru hudu. Mace ta fara yin qwai daga ƙarshen watan Fabrairu kuma, gwargwadon mazaunin, kwanciya na iya ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar Mayu. A cikin damƙa akwai fari 1 zuwa 3 fari fararen, wani lokacin ana haɗa shi da ocher spots. Tsawon kwanaki 35 da arba'in da biyar, dukkan ma'auratan biyu suna shiga hanyar neman tsari. Bayan kajin kaye, ba sa barin gida har tsawon watanni biyu. Koyaya, koda bayan yara sun fara tashi da farauta da kansu, dan wani lokaci sun gwammace su zauna kusa da gida da iyayen, waɗanda suke ciyar da su lokaci-lokaci.

(Ichthyophaga humilis)

Rarraba a kudu maso gabas Asiya: daga arewa maso gabas Indiya (ƙafafun Himalayas) gabas zuwa gabar Indochina da Indonesiya, wani yanki daban yana cikin kudancin Indiya a cikin jihar Karnataka. Yana zaune kusa da rami daban-daban: koguna, tafkuna, fadama ruwa. Ya fi son tsaunukan koguna na ruwa tare da saurin gudana. Ana yin shi a cikin nisan da ya kai 2400 m sama da matakin teku, kodayake galibi yana faruwa a ƙasa da 1000 m.

Tsuntsu ne mai matsakaici, wanda ya kai 64 cm tsayi kuma yana da fikafikan kusan mil 1.2. Babban launi jikin yana launin toka-baki, kwatangwalo da ciki fari. Fuka-fukan suna da fadi, wutsiya gajere ce kuma zagaye, kai karami ne, wuyansa yana da tsawo. Idanun manya suna launin rawaya, da kakin zuma mai launin toka. Kafafu suna gajeru, launin shuɗi.

Abincin ya ƙunshi kusan kifi gaba ɗaya. Neman ganima zaune akan dutsen ko reshe itace tana rufe ruwan. Ganin wanda aka azabtar yayi saurin sauka da sauri ya kama shi daga saman ruwan tare da kaifin kafafunta.

A Arewacin Indiya da Nepal, lokacin kiwo ya fara a cikin Maris kuma ya ƙare a watan Agusta, a wasu yankuna yana farawa a watan Nuwamba kuma ya ƙare a watan Afrilu. An gina gidan daga rassan bushe da ganyayyaki kore, zai iya isa 1 m a diamita da 1.5 m zurfi. A cikin kama daga 2 zuwa 4 qwai.

(Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus)

An bazu ko'ina daga Indiya da kudu maso gabashin Asiya zuwa Malaysia, Indonesia da Philippines. Yana zaune a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi a wani yanki mai nisan sama da 1,500 sama da matakin teku. Tana da kusanci kusa da koguna da rafuffuka, tafkuna, lagoons, Wuraren ruwa, rafukan ruwa da kewayen teku.

Tsawon jikin mutum shine 61-75 cm, kifin 155-170 cm ne, wutsiyar tana da tsawon 23-28 cm, tsawan mace yana nauyi kilogiram 2.3-2.7, yayin da namiji yayi nauyin kilogram 1.6. Shugaban yana da ɗan ƙarami, wuyansa yana da tsawo, wutsiya tayi gajeru, kafafu sunyi gajarta tare da dogayen kiɗi. Jikin jikin gaba daya launin toka-baki ne, kai ya zama ja launin toka, kirji ya zama launin ruwan kasa, bangare na jiki mai launin ruwan kasa, ciki da wutsiya fari ne, wutsiyar tana da farar fata mai fadi.

Ana kiyaye waɗannan gaggafa ɗaya ko a cikin nau'i-nau'i. Ana tafewa da kwari sosai, jirgin sama mai nauyi. Mafi yawan lokutan yakan yi amfani da zaune a jikin bishiyoyi suna jujjuya ruwa kuma suna neman ganima. Wanda aka azabtar ya kama shi da toka sosai daga saman ruwan. Hakanan zai iya yin farauta yayin da yake tsaye a cikin koguna na ruwa mai ƙarfi a cikin rapids na koguna. Abincin ya dogara da kifaye masu rai, a wasu lokuta yakan ci matattun kifi, galibi yakan ci abinci akan dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsuntsayen ruwa da kuma kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Lokacin kiwo a yawancin kewayon yana faruwa daga Nuwamba zuwa Mayu. Ya gina manyan gida tare da diamita na 1.5 m da zurfin of 2 m a bude rawanin na dogaye itatuwa, da tire liyi tare da kore ganye. A cikin kama akwai 2 fari fararen qwai. Lokacin shiryawa yana kwana 45-50. Kayan kaji sun cika kwana 70.