Daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata, dinosaur sune masanin duniyar. Sauran hanyoyin basu da wata 'yar karamar dama ta yin gwagwarmaya tare da manyan giwaye - wadanda ke da falle, hakora da haɓaka mai tsayi sun mamaye matsayi mafi girma a cikin ilimin muhalli. Amma me yasa dinosaur ya mutu? Me ya halakar da waɗannan manyan halittu?

'Sarshen ƙasa ta adana shi a cikin shimfidawa da yawa tabbatattun alamun bala'i a duniya. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa lokaci-lokaci akwai manyan abubuwan kare halittu masu rai. Don haka, yayin hallakar Permian, kusan kashi 70% na halittun da suke rayuwa a duniyar sun lalace. Mazaunin Perm bashi da abinda ya shafi shi - masana burbushin halittu suna yin zunubi akan ayyukan a cikin tekun Firayim, fashewar wani dutsen mai fitad da wuta da faduwar girgizar kasa. Latterarshe, ba zato ba tsammani, ana tuhumar shi da mutuwar dinosaur. Haɗin wani sararin samaniya tare da doron ƙasa a cikin yankin Yucatan na zamani ba wai kawai ya zuwa ga rami mai yawa ba, har ma zuwa lokacin hunturu na makaman nukiliya. An jefa Tons na ƙura a cikin sararin samaniya, volcanoes ya fara aiki da cikakken iko, gobara daji ya fara. Zazzabi a sararin duniya ya ragu sosai, kuma ba dukkanin kwayoyin ne suka yi nasarar rayuwa ba. Koyaya, dinosaur ya kasance cikin nutsuwa a cikin arewacin arewacin duniya - an tabbatar da wannan ta ragowar da aka samo a Chukotka. Sakamakon mummunan faduwar asteroid shima bai shafi duniyar ba - har yanzu akwai sauran bangarori daban-daban da yanayi mai kyau. Duk da wannan, fim ɗin "Jurassic Park" bai zama gaskiya ba. Akwai hango cewa asteroid kawai ya rusa ƙusa ta ƙarshe a cikin murfin akwatin gidan dinosaur ...

Har yanzu ana tattaunawa game da hangen canji mai kyau a yanayin zafin jiki. Yanayin ƙasa a lokacin Cretaceous bazai iya yin farin ciki ba: a cikin ruwa mai ɗumi akan iyakar karkatattun tsafe-tsafe na Arkhangelsk na zamani. Kimanin miliyan 70 da suka shude ya fara sanyi. Halittun halitta a hankali sun canza zuwa na'urar daidaitawa: kafin hakan, bangarorin wurare masu zafi sunyi kama da Kwarin Mutuwa. Dinosaurs ya dace da sauye-sauyen yanayi na sannu-sannu ba tare da wata matsala ba, tare da samun nasarar daidaita yanayin dusar ƙanƙara da cikin hamada. Amma lokacin da yake faruwa saboda yanayin wutar lantarki yanayin ya fara hauka, Kattai sun daina samun lokacin daidaitawa. Koyaya, dabbobi da basu dace da canjin yanayin can sun rayu a duniyar ba - kunkuru da kukanan. Kuma tsoffin dinosaur ba su da dattaku da rayayyun halittu. Don haka zato wani canji mai sauƙin yanayi bai bayyana cikakke ba dalilin da yasa dinosaur ya zama daddden.

Yi yaƙi don tsira

Ana iya bayyana sauƙaƙe ƙwarawar ɗaya ta gaskiyar cewa wani nau'in ya rayu - mafi daidaita. Yana da wuya a yi tunanin mai yin gasa da azzalumai ko diflossorcus, amma pterodactyls sun washe jini da yawa ... tsuntsayen talakawa. Ba zai yiwu ba cewa dinosaur da ke yawo da kansu sun fahimci yadda suka isa gaɓar gabar teku. Sanyaya sanyaya tsuntsaye su nemi sabbin nau'ikan abinci. Tsuntsayen yankunan da ba na wurare masu zafi ba da sauri suka koyi nutsewa cikin ruwa har ma da nutsewa. Pterodactyls zai iya yin haushi kawai na dogon lokaci - wannan ƙwararren ƙwarewar bai isa ya rayu ba. Saboda tsuntsayen da suka mamaye sararin teku, plesiosaurs suma sun mutu: yayin da dinosaurs na cikin ruwa suke neman ganima kuma suka ja dogon wuya kusa da shi, tsuntsayen farauta tuni suka ciyar da kajin da aka kama tare da kifin. Amma mene ne ya haddasa mutuwar ƙwararrun ƙasa? Yawan mace-macen yara ya zama annoba ta dinosaur - cubaƙwalunsu na kyankyashe marasa ƙarfi da kariya. Hatta mafi yawan masu nutsuwa ba sa iya kula da ciyar da yara: mafi yawansu sun isa su kare kwan qwai. Idan ba tare da madara ba, dinosaurs yayi girma na dogon lokaci kuma ya fara tsoratar da mazaunan da ke kewaye da shi bayan shekaru goma sha biyu. Fitowar ciyawa ta zama wani nau'in abubuwa na firgici: a cikin zamanin Cretaceous, wuri mai faɗi ya rufe ferns da gansakuka daga dukkan bangarorin. Da zaran Duniya ta fara magana da kafafuna, tsoffin shinge da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa sun ci amfanin wannan: a cikin lokacin farin ciki abu ne mai sauki ka jawo kwai har ma an kama dabbar abincin.

Tambayar sanadin lalata dinosaur har yanzu a bude take. Masana binciken burbushin halittu basu riga sun bayyana sigogin da ba zasu haifar da jayayya da shakku ba. Amma wannan yana ba da tambaya mara iyaka ga masu rudu. Akwai zaton cewa kisan kare dangi aikin aikin baƙuwar gidan yanar gizo ne. Ka ce, tashi a ciki, ya yi gwaji kuma ya tashi, kuma bayan su ma ciyawar ba ta yi girma ba. Wasu mutane sun gamsu da cewa mutanen farko sun lalata dinosaurs - don shaƙatawa. Arthur Conan Doyle, ban da litattafan litattafan tarihin rayuwar Sherlock Holmes, ya rubuta "The Lost World", daga inda ka'idar ta zo cewa manyan abubuwan cin abinci ba su mutu ba gaba daya kuma suna ci gaba da guduwa a wani wuri a kusurwar duniyar tamu. A cikin latsawar rawaya, rahotanni suna fitowa lokaci-lokaci game da waƙoƙin dinosaur da aka samu a wasu hamada - Ana kuma ganin dutsen Loch Ness dabbar dawwama ce ta mummunar dinosaur.

ETHNOMIR, Yankin Kaluga, gundumar Borovsky, Villavo

A wani yanki mai girman hekta 3, hanyoyin da ke cike da rikice-rikice tare da tsayin mita 870, tare da kallo, kallo da kuma wurare da yawa na mu'amala. Yankin dajin yana cike da murfin cicadas, shimfidar tsuntsu, abubuwa masu ban tsoro da yawa. ruri na rayuwa-size prehistoric dinosaurs. Gian girma 16, dinosaur mai girma mai girman mita 6 tsayi da tsayi 14 a tsayi! Dinosaurs da gaske rayuwa ce kawai. Godiya ga rayayyun halittar gwanayen shaye-shaye - daga pterodactyl zuwa tyrannosaurus - yawo a cikin dinopark yana ɗaukar fasalin fasalin mai ban sha'awa.

Kuma da fara duhu, filin shakatawa ya fara haske tare da hasken fitowar maraice. Tabbatar duba, yana da kyau kwarai da gaske!

Shekaru nawa ke nan dinosaurs suka mutu ba?

Dinosaurs ya ɓace shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata, a kan iyaka tsakanin ƙarshen Cretaceous da farkon Paleogene (Cenozoic zamanin). A cewar wasu bayanan, lalata dinosaur din ta faru ne shekaru miliyan 65.5 da suka gabata.

Baya ga dinosaurs, ammonites, belemnites, wani ɓangare na diatoms da dinophytes, kwararan fuloti shida masu fadowa. Wasu daga cikin kifayen halittun da suke da ruwa (ciki har da plesiosaurs, mosasaurs), tsirrai da kwari sun mutu.

Rayuwa bayan Cretaceous-Paleogenon nau'i nau'i:

• sauropsids ƙasa (ɓangare na macizai, amo, kalma, kunkuru, crocodilomorphs, gami da crocodiles na zamani),
• ofangare na tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa,
• murjani da nautiluses.

Duk da cewa cigaba da dawo da tsirrai da fadace-fadace a doron kasa ya dauki kimanin shekaru miliyan goma, kafuwar dinosaur din ya bada kwarin gwiwa ga cigaban halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa, yana kara bayyanar mutum.

Speciesan dabarun da ke cikin haɗari sun fara canzawa, suna mamaye abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin halittar ɗakunan dinosaur.

Dabarun dinosaur na extraterrestrial

Akwai nau'ikan juzu'ai na extraterrestrial Sanadin lalata dinosaurs. Mafi na kowa su ne:

• Hasashen Alvarez yana nuna cewa yawan dinosaur ya haifar da faduwar asteroid a duniya,
• da "faduwa da yawa" hasashe, wannan shine ɗayan canje-canje na lafazin na Alvers kuma yana da'awar cewa asteroids da yawa ko kuma meteorites sun mamaye duniya cikin jerin,
• canjin yanayi sakamakon fashewar wani abu ko fashewar gamma-ray (babban adadin kuzarin kuzarin kuzari),
• ofauki karo na aasa tare da tauraro mai wutsiya da tasiri kan yanayin duhu al'amarin (kwayoyin halitta waɗanda basa fitar da hasken lantarki kuma basa hulɗa da shi). An ambaci wannan ka'idar rushewar dinosaur a cikin jerin Dinosaur Walks.

Abubuwan da ke haifar da tasirin sakamako (haɗuwa da meteorite, asteroid, comet) ana ɗauka mafi tabbacin maganganun ɓoyewar abubuwan dinosaur, tunda faɗuwar babban ɗimbin samaniya na iya haifar da masifa ta duniya.

An tabbatar da cewa fashewar Duniya da jikin sama ≥30 km a diamita na iya lalata wayewa, yana haifar da bayyanar:

• girgiza, kamar a fashewar makaman nukiliya,
• tsunami,
• girgizar asa
• canjin yanayi.

Rushewar Asteroid

Hikimar ka'idar Alvarez shine daidaituwa lokacin lokacin Cretaceous-Paleogenous nau'i nau'i na dinosaurs da samuwar dutsen Chiksulub (wani jirgin ruwa mai tsufa wanda ke da girman kilomita 180, wanda aka kirkira a sakamakon faduwar asteroid).

Abubuwan da aka gano a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin wancan lokacin mai da yawa na mai zai iya nuna cewa faɗuwar asteroid ya haifar da fashewar rami mai ƙasa.

Dangane da ka'idar Alvarez, faɗuwar asteroid ya tsokani samuwar girgije mai yawa na soot, ash da ƙura. Wannan na dogon lokaci ya rage yawan hasken rana zuwa duniya, da rage karfin tsirrai zuwa daukar hoto. A sakamakon haka, tsire-tsire da yawa sun lalace kuma adadin oxygen a cikin iska ya ragu.

Wani ɓangare na flora da fauna sun mutu kai tsaye yayin faɗuwar jikin sama, kuma yawancin halittu sun sha wahala daga tsunamis da gobara ta gaba. Amma canjin yanayi na duniya (yawan zafin ƙasa ya faɗi ta hanyar digiri 28, kuma a cikin teku - ta hanyar 11) da haɓakar oxygen ya haifar da ƙarshen dinosaur.

Wasu masana kimiyya sun karkata ga fasalin “faduwar da yawa”, a cewarsa, asteroid din da ya kirkiro dutsen Chiksulub wani bangare ne na babbar halittar sama. Kashi na biyu na wannan asteroid din ya fada cikin Tekun Indiya, ya samar da jirgin Shiva, yana haifar da bayyanuwar tsunamis da yawa.

Fashewar Supernova

Extonawa da yawa na iya haifar da ƙaddamar da kuzarin kwantar da hankali ta hanyar fashewar wani abu. Sakin zai iya canza sandunan magnetic Duniya, kazalika zai iya haifar da canjin yanayin duniya.

Koyaya, wannan ka’idar tana da hasara guda biyu.

1. Telescopes na zamani zasu gano sauran abubuwanda ke da irin ƙarfin iko.
2. Ba a sami ragowar supernova a duniya ba.

Versionsa'idodin ƙaura waɗanda ke da alaƙa da matakai a duniya

Baya ga ra'ayoyin tasiri, an bayyana ra'ayoyin da yawa na lalata abubuwan dinosaur.

Yawancin ra'ayoyin duniya suna da alaƙa.

Asedara yawan aikin wutar lantarki na iya haifar da:

• canje-canje a cikin taro oxygen a cikin iska,
• canjin yanayi (tsoratar da dumamar duniya),
• haifar da lalata yawan tsire-tsire (wanda ya kara tsananta raguwar adadin oxygen a cikin iska).

Yawan dumamar duniya, bi da bi, na iya haifar da raguwa a matakin teku da canza canji a duniya.

Yawancin masana kimiyya suna karkata zuwa ga tsarin da aka haɗu, wanda bisa ga abin da haɗarin taro ya haifar da haɗuwa da abubuwan 2-3 (alal misali, canjin yanayi a haɗe tare da rage adadin oxygen).

Aikin wutan lantarki

Yawancin masana ilimin halitta suna karkata ga akidar cewa tsakanin shekaru miliyan 68 - 60 akwai gagarumar fashewar volcanoes a kan yankin ruwan Indiya. Fitar da toka, daskarar carbon dioxide da mahallin sulfur ya haifar da canjin yanayin duniya.

Cloudsaƙƙarfan girgije yana iya taƙaita kwararar hasken rana na dogon lokaci, don haka rage adadin tsirrai.

Yaushe lalata dinosaur ya faru?

Ya kamata a sani cewa ƙarewar ba ta lokaci ɗaya ba, kamar yadda wasu fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin yawanci muke gabatarwa. Ko da muka ci gaba daga ka'idar karo da Duniya tare da asteroid, to bayan wannan dukkanin dinosaur din ba su mutu nan da nan ba, amma an riga an fara aiwatar da tsarin ...

Inarfin farawa ya ƙare a ƙarshen abin da ake kira "Zamani mai ban sha'awa" (kimanin shekaru miliyan 250 da suka gabata) kuma ya kusan shekaru miliyan 5 (!). A wannan lokacin, nau'ikan dabbobi da tsirrai da yawa sun bace.

Koyaya, dinosaur sun kasance mafi dadewa a duniya - sune kimanin shekaru miliyan miliyan 160. A wannan lokacin, sabon nau'in ya ɓace kuma ya bayyana, dinosaurs ya samo asali, ya dace da canjin yanayi kuma ya sami damar tsira daga halakar da yawa har sai wani abu ya faru wanda ya haifar da mutuwarsu a hankali da ƙarshe.

Don rubutun: "Homo sapiens" yana rayuwa a duniya tsawon shekaru 40,000 kawai.

Zabi na dabi'a, mai yiwuwa ga cigaban rassan dabbobi masu shayarwa

Dabbobi masu shayarwa zasu iya ba da gudummawa ga yawan halayen dinosaur. Da sauri sun dace da canje-canjen muhalli, suna ƙaruwa kuma suna girma da sauri, kuma saboda ƙananan girman su, ya kasance mafi sauƙi a gare su samun abinci.

Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa zasu iya ciyar da ƙwai na dinosaur, da rage yawan su.

Thearfafa rayuwar marine tana da alaƙa da bayyanar kifayen teku. Koyaya, da yawa daga cikin masu bincike sun musanta wannan ka'idar, tunda sharks sun bayyana a cikin Devonian kuma sun zauna tare na dogon lokaci tare da plesiosaurs da mosasaurs.

Wanene ya tsira daga halaka?

Canjin yanayi a duniya a cikin Cretaceous lokaci ya rage bambancin rayuwa, amma zuriyar yawancin nau'ikan halittu a yau suna jin daɗin kasancewarsu. Wadannan sun hada da macilai, kunkuru, macizai da kuma masu lila.

Dabbobi masu shayarwa basu sha wahala sosai kuma bayan bacewar dinosaur sun sami damar mamaye wani sararin duniya.

Yana iya zama kamar mutuwar rayayyun halittu a duniya yana da zaɓi, kuma daidai ne yanayin waɗannan abubuwan da dinosaur ɗin ba zasu iya rayuwa ba. A lokaci guda, sauran nau'in, kodayake cutar ta rinjayi, na iya ci gaba da wanzuwa. Wadannan tunanin suna karawa hankalin masu sha'awar dabarun rikidewa daban daban.

Af, kalmar "dinosaur" daga yaren Girka a zahiri fassara ta "mummunan pangolin."

Rage iskar oxygen

Wani sanannen kayan maye shine canjin adadin oxygen a cikin yanayi.

Ragewar matakan oxygen yana da alaƙa da:

• dumamar yanayi
• raguwa a yawan algae da tsire-tsire masu iya daukar hoto,
• faduwa zuwa Duniyar asteroid ko meteorite,
• increasedara yawan ayyukan wutar lantarki da tashin hankali akai-akai.

Rashin ingancin wannan ka'ida shine gaskiyar cewa anoxia akan doron kasa ba duniya bane, a saman bene da yanayi, sassan dake da matakan oxygen da aka yarda dasu.

Wannan maganin yana inganta sau da yawa ta hanyar koyarwar guba ta hydrogen, wanda a cewar sa, karancin iskar oxygen ya inganta saboda yawan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin sulfate. Increaseara yawan taro na sinadarin hydrogen sulfide ya haifar da gubar ta kai tsaye.

Hakanan, babban matakin hydrogen sulfide ya haifar da karuwa da yawaitar methane a cikin mashigar ruwa, lalacewar yanayin sararin sararin samaniya da canjin yanayi.

Maganin Asteroid

A Meksiko, akwai Craxulub Crater. An yi imani da cewa an kirkiro shi ne daidai bayan faduwar wannan tauraron dan adam wanda ya tsokani yawan dinosaur.

Yaya haɗarin asteroid tare da Duniya yayi kama?

Asteroid din da kanta tayi babbar lalacewa a wurin faduwar ta. Kusan dukkanin abubuwa masu rai sun lalace a wannan yankin. Amma sauran Duniya ya wahala daga faduwar wannan jikin. Wata girgiza girgiza mai karfin gaske ta ratsa duniyar ta, gajimaren turɓaya sun hau cikin sararin sama, wutar da ke tashi daga barci, girgije mai duhu ya mamaye duniyar, wanda kusan ba sa barin hasken rana. Don haka, adadin ciyayi da ke samar da abinci ga dinosaurs na herbivorous sau da yawa, kuma su, bi da bi, sun ba da izinin cin abincin dinosaur su rayu.

Af, akwai zaton cewa a wannan lokacin wasu halittun sama guda biyu sun faɗi a duniyarmu. A kasan tekun Indiya, an gano wani dutse wanda bayyanar sa ta zo a lokaci guda.

Magoya bayan sauya komai sun jefa shakku kan wannan tunanin.A ra'ayinsu, asteroid din bai da girman da zai fara gabatar da jerin bala'o'i. Bugu da kari, kafin wannan taron, da kuma bayan - sauran jikkunan mutane wadanda suka yi kama da juna sun hadu tare da qasa, amma ba su tsokane gabobin mutane ba.

Juyin da wannan asteroid din ya kawo na kwayoyin halittu a cikin duniyar da tayi kamuwa da dinosaurs shima ya faru, duk da cewa hakan ba mai yiwuwa bane.

Murmushi na kwalliya

Ci gaba da taken shine cosmos wanda ya kashe duk abubuwan dinosaur, ya dace kuyi la'akari da zaton da wannan ya haifar gamma ray ya fashe ba da nisa da tsarin hasken rana ba. Wannan na faruwa ne sakamakon hadarin taurari ko fashewar wani abu. Ruwan gamma radiation yana lalata dakin ozone na duniyarmu, wanda ya haifar da canjin yanayi da maye gurbi.

Rage koma baya a matakin teku

Wannan hasashe yana da alaƙa da "Maastricht regression." A ƙarshen Maastrich, matakin teku ya faɗi, kuma ruwansa ya koma baya daga gabar. A lokacin tashewar teku ta Maastricht, girman kasa ya karu da fadin murabba'in kilomita 29-30, wanda ya kai ga:

• bacewar wuraren samar da abinci na bakin teku,
• lalata mazaunin ɗan adam da yawa,
• bayyanar gadoji,
• raguwar zazzabi a duniya.

Canza sandunan magnetic

Ofaya daga cikin ƙananan jujjuyawar ana ganin shine canji mai sauri na dogayen ƙasa, wanda ya faru shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata. A ra'ayin, canjin pola zai iya raunana filin duniya.

Wannan ya haifar da karuwa a cikin iska, wanda ke haifar da illa ga flora da fauna.

Rashin ingancin wannan hasashe shine cewa bai bayyana dalilin lalata mazaunan ruwa masu kariya daga rukunin ruwa ba. Hakanan gaskiyar cewa ban da filin duniyar magnetic, yanayin zai jinkirta satar, don haka karuwa da yawan kwantar da hankali ba zai iya isa da sikeli mai mahimmanci ba kuma zai haifar da rushewar taro.

Annoba

Lokacin da akayi nazarin kwari da aka daskarar da sanyi a cikin amber daga lokacin Cretaceous, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa cututtukan da yawa sun fara bayyana daidai lokacin lalacewa ta Cretaceous-Paleogene.

Dangane da lafazin barkewar annobar, rigakafin dinosaurs ba zai iya jure nauyin da ke tattare da cutar ba, wanda ya haifar da bacewar su. Hakanan yana yiwuwa cewa rashin dinosaur ya raunana ta hanyar bambance-bambancen yanayin canji da canji a cikin yanayin aikinsu na yau da kullun.

Canza yanayin

Yawan dumamar yanayi ko sanyaya a koyaushe yana haɗuwa da ƙarshen ƙonewar flora da fauna.

Wataƙila a ƙarshen Cretaceous, canje-canjen yanayi masu mahimmanci don abubuwan dinosaur sun faru, wanda ke sa mazauninsu sanannensu bai dace da rayuwa ba.

Matan Kanana

A shekara ta 2004, gungun masu bincike daga Jami'ar Leeds sun ba da shawarar cewa dinosaur, kamar dabbobi masu rarrafe, sun nuna dogaron jinsi na thea thean akan zafin jiki inda aka sanya kwan kwalayen.

Dangane da wannan ka’idar, koda karamin canjin yanayi (digiri na 1-2), na iya haifar da bayyanar maza ne kawai. Sakamakon haka, kara haihuwa ya zama ba zai yuwu ba.

Amma idan dinosaur bai mutu ba? Kalli wannan bidiyon

Meteor fadowa?

Mafi tsufa kuma mafi yawan maganganun yana da alaƙa da rushewar dinosaurs tare da faɗuwar asteroid. Da farko, karuwar abun ciki wadanda basa halayyar kwarjinin duniya a adana tsoffin shekaru miliyan 65 ya haifar da wannan tunani na masu bincike - a lokacin ne ake ganin dinosaur din ya mutu. Daga baya, aka fara gano musabbabin haɗarin tare da takamaiman lamari mai tasiri - samuwar ɓarke ​​na chxxubub a kan Tsibirin Yucatan (Mexico ta zamani).

Abun kayan da aka samo daga kayan kwalliya na shekaru miliyan 65 da suka shude na iya nuna cewa faɗuwar asteroid ne ya haddasa ƙafewa da fashewar wani rijiyar mai ta ƙasa (art. Donald E. Davis)

Ikon jikin mutum mai nisan mil goma don cutar da martabar duniya ba ya haifar da shakku. Amma waɗannan tambayoyin an aminta da su bayan gano wani katon dutse a ƙasan Tekun Indiya, wanda ya zame ta tazarar kilomita 40 daga hayin. 'Asteroid', kamar dutsen, ana kiran shi Shiva. Bayan haka an sami ƙarin tersanyan ɓoye-raye, waɗanda ba su da kaɗan fiye da Chiksulub da guguwar Shiva

Masifar da ta faru a wancan lokacin ta fi sauƙi a kwatanta shi fiye da tunanin. 'Yan itacen ɓawon burodi da wani fim na teku ya yi, Shiva ya fashe, yana murƙushe ɓarna mai zurfin kilomita 80 zurfin. Tooƙarin tunanin layin ruwa mai nisan mil uku wanda ke ambaliyar ruwa ta ruwa tare da gangara daga tsaunin dutse don haɗuwa da wani dutse mai tafasa kuma ya juye zuwa tururi Tekuna na kan iyaka tare da tsaunukan mitoci ɗari uku zuwa faɗin mil miliyoyin murabba'in ƙasa. Samaniya ƙasa mara nauyi ce, baƙi, ba zata iya canzawa ba, ya ƙunshi, da alama, ash ne da tururi. Babban lalacewar ya faru ne sakamakon fashewar abubuwa da girgiza hanjin duniya, da ruwan sama mai guba da ake yiwa acid. Bayan faduwar Shiva, Duniya ba ta iya kwantar da hankali na shekaru miliyan ba!

Bayan faduwar Shiva, lawa da ke gudana daga fashewa ta kafa tarkacen Deccan a Indiya - filayen basalt mai tsayi kilomita biyu kuma tare da wani yanki na Faransa (Zina Deretsky)

Tashin hankali wanda zai iya rusa duk rayuwa, a duban farko, yayi bayani dalla-dalla bayanin dinosaur. Amma hasashe, a halin yanzu, yana da kasawa biyu a lokaci daya. Da fari dai, gabaɗaya ba zai yiwu ba yadda azzaluman da ke sama zasu iya dacewa. Dinosaurs sun fara mutuwa tun kafin faɗuwar Shiva, kuma bayan hakan sun ci gaba da gwagwarmayar rayuwa har tsawon wasu miliyoyin ƙarin shekaru.

Abu na biyu, koda muka ɗauka cewa faduwar asteroid na hanzarta mutuwar ƙangin dinosaurs, ba a bayyane dalilin da yasa dinosaur kawai ke cikin waɗanda ke fama da cutar ba, yayin da Shiva bai yi lahani sosai ga kunkuru, karnuka, macizai, tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa ba.

Karin Tsawaita

Tare da abubuwan dinosaurs marasa amfani na avian, ci gaban ruwan zavropsids, wanda ya hada da mosasaurs da plesiosaurs, dinosaurs na tashi (pterosaurs), mollusks masu yawa, gami da ammonites da belemnites, kuma ƙananan algae masu yawa sun kasance ƙare. Gaba ɗaya kashi 16% na dabbobi masu ruwa (47% na dabbobin ruwa) da 18% na iyalan tsararren ƙasa, gami da kusan duka manya da matsakaitan dabbobi, sun mutu. Dukkanin halittun da suke rayuwa a cikin Mesozoic sun lalace gaba ɗaya, wanda daga baya ya haifar da rikicewar ƙungiyoyin dabbobi kamar tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda ya ba da nau'i mai yawa a farkon Paleogene saboda godiya ga kwato mafi yawancin albarkatun halittu.

Koyaya, yawancin rukuni na shuke-shuke da dabbobi a matakan daga tsari da sama sun tsira daga wannan lokacin. Don haka, kananan sauropsids, kamar macizai, kunkuru, ƙwaƙwalwa da tsuntsayen, har da crocodilomorphs, gami da crocodiles da suka rayu har wa yau, basu mutu ba. Mafi kusancin dangin ammonites sun tsira - nautilus, dabbobi masu shayarwa, murjani da tsire-tsire na ƙasa.

Akwai zaton cewa wasu abubuwan da ba na avian (hadrosaurs, theropods, da sauransu) sun wanzu a yammacin Arewacin Amurka da Indiya na wasu karin miliyoyin shekaru a farkon Paleogene bayan lalata su a wasu wurare (Paleocene dinosaurs [en]). Haka kuma, wannan zaton bashi da wata ma'ana tare da kowane irin yanayi na lalacewar tasirin.

Sanadin lalata

A karshen 1990s, har yanzu babu wani ra'ayi guda daya game da dalilin da kuma halakar wannan lalata.

A tsakiyar shekarun 2010, ƙarin nazarin wannan lamari ya haifar da ra'ayoyi a cikin al'umman kimiyya cewa babban abin da ya haifar da lalacewar Cretaceous-Paleogene shine faduwar jikin sama, wanda ya haifar da bayyanar da ƙirar Chiksulub a cikin Yucatan Peninsula, sauran abubuwan ra'ayi ana ɗauka kamar marmar. A halin yanzu, ba a musanta wannan batun ba, amma wasu da yawa, madadin ko dalilai na haɗin gwiwa an gabatar da su wanda kuma zasu iya taka rawa a ƙarshen lalata.

Matsalar abinci

Akwai zaɓuɓɓuka biyu: ko dai saboda canjin yanayi, dinosaurs kawai basu iya samun wadataccen abinci ga kansu ba, ko tsire-tsire sun bayyana wanda ya kashe dinosaur. Amince da sun bazu cikin ƙasa ciyawar furedauke da alkaloids, wanda ya lalata gubarsa.

Abubuwan Lafiya

1. Tasirin sakamako. Rushewar asteroid shine ɗayan juzu'ai na yau da kullun (wanda ake kira "Alvarez hypothesis", wanda ya gano iyakar Cretaceous-Paleogene). Ya dogara ne akan kusancin daidaituwa na lokacin samuwar chutar Chicxulub (wanda shine sakamakon meteorite game da 10 kilomita a cikin girman kimanin miliyan 65 da suka shude) akan Yucatan Peninsula a Meksiko da lokacin ƙare yawancin nau'in dinosaur mai ƙarewa. Bugu da kari, lissafin samaniya na samaniya (wanda ya danganta da kallon halittun asteroids) ya nuna cewa meteorites sunfi girman kilomita 10 haduwa da Duniya akan matsakaici sau daya a kowace shekara miliyan miliyan 100, wanda yake girman girman sa, a bangare guda, zuwa hadaddiyar gwanayen da aka sani, hagu daga cikin meteorites, a daya bangaren kuma, lokacin tazara tsakanin kololuwar gabobin halittar halittu a cikin Phanerozoic. An tabbatar da ka'idar ta hanyar karuwar abun ciki na iridium da sauran platinoids a cikin bakin ciki a bakin iyakar da adon da ke Cretaceous da Paleogene, wanda aka lura a yawancin sassan duniya. Wadannan abubuwan suna maida hankali ne a cikin shimfiɗar shimfiɗar da keɓaɓɓun andasa kuma suna da wuya a fagen farfajiya. Ta wani bangaren, tsarin sunadarai na asteroids da comets sun fi dacewa daidai da yanayin tsarin hasken rana, wanda iridium ya fi karfin matsayi. Ta amfani da kayan kwaikwayo na kwamfuta, masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa kimanin dala tiriliyan 15 na ash da soot an jefa su cikin iska, kuma duhu ne a Duniya kamar ƙwallan wata. Sakamakon rashin hasken, tsire-tsire sun yi saurin raguwa ko kuma an hana yin amfani da photosynthesis na shekaru 1-2, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da raguwar yawan oxygen a cikin sararin samaniya (a lokacin da Duniya ke rufe daga hasken rana). Zazzabi a naika ya fadi da 28 ° C, a cikin tekuna - da 11 ° C. Rashin phytoplankton, muhimmin abu ne game da sarkar abinci a cikin teku, ya haifar da lalata zooplankton da sauran dabbobin ruwa. Ya danganta da lokacin da aka ɓullo da yanayin samar da iskar shaye-shaye, yawan zafin ƙasa na shekara-shekara a duniya ya ragu da 26 ° C, har tsawon shekaru 16 zafin jiki ya ƙasa +3 ° C. Kwanciya tsakanin kauri daga cikin yuyuwar sakamako ko kuma tasirin tasiri da kuma ƙarfin tsallewar Paleocene pelagic, ƙirar juyawa mai cm-cm a cikin zurfin Chicxulub, gami da sashi na sama tare da alamomin rarrafe da haƙa (en: Gano burbushin), waɗanda aka kafa ƙasa da shekaru 6 bayan faduwar asteroid. Wani lafuzzan da ke bayani game da halakar mutum ta samin sama yana tallafawa ta hanyar girman yanayin juzu'i a matakin acidity na farfajiya na tekun a Cretaceous - Paleogene kan iyaka (pH raguwa ya kasance 0.2-0.3), wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar nazarin zaɓin isotopic a cikin ɓarna na ƙwayoyin halittar foraminifera. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, matakin acidity ya kasance tabbatacce a cikin shekaru dubu 100 na Cretaceous na ƙarshe. Sharparin yawan acidity ya biyo bayan tsawon lokacin karuwa a alkalinity (karuwa a cikin pH ta hanyar 0.5), wanda ya ƙare har zuwa shekaru dubu 40 daga iyakar Cretaceous-Paleogene. Dawowar acidity a matakin farko ya dauki sauran shekaru dubu 80. Ana iya bayanin irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar raguwa a yawan amfani da alkali sakamakon kasancewar ƙirar calcining plankton saboda yawan acidation na saman ruwa ta hanyar ruwan sama na SO.₂ kuma KADA_xwaɗanda aka saki cikin yanayi saboda tasirin babbar mota.
2. Siffar "tasiri mai yawa" (eng. Maɓallin tasiri mai ɗimbin yawa), wanda ya shafi lambobin da yawa a jere. Ana amfani dashi, musamman, don bayyanawa cewa ƙarshen halakar bai faru lokaci guda (duba sashin Lafiyayyun Tsarin Magana). Kai tsaye a cikin falalarta ita ce gaskiyar cewa meteorite wanda ya kirkiro dutsen Chiksulub ya kasance ɗayan gutsattsarin jikin wata sama. Wasu masana kimiyyar ilmin halitta sun yi imani da cewa tudun Shiva da ke gabar tekun Indiya, tun daga kusan lokaci guda, sakamakon faduwar babbar ta biyu ce, har ma ya fi girma, amma wannan mahangar ra'ayi tana da hujja. Akwai sasantawa tsakanin hasashen tasirin daya daga cikin meteorites - karo tare da tsarin meteorites biyu. Tsarin ɓarna na Chiksulub ya dace da irin wannan tasirin idan duka meteorites sun kasance ƙarami, amma tare suna da kusan iri ɗaya da girma kamar yadda maganadis ɗin meteorite guda ɗaya ya faɗi.
3. Wani fashewa mai fashewa ko fashewar gamma-rayyar da ke kusa.
4. Tarin duniya tare da tauraro mai wutsiya. Ana la'akari da wannan zaɓi a cikin jerin "Yin tafiya tare da Dinosaurs." Shahararren masanin kimiyyar kimiyyar lissafin Amurka Lisa Randall ya danganta da tunanin wani yar waka mai wari da ke fadowa duniya da tasirin duhu.

Cosmic cataclysm?

Wani madadin “cosmic” na sanadin lalacewa na iya zama fashewar wani kusa kusa, saboda magudanar ruwan zafin dake mamaye saman duniya. Koyaya, wannan hasashe yana da alaƙa iri ɗaya da wanda ya gabata. Kari akan haka, abubuwan da zasu iya lalata dukkan rayuwa a cikin tsattsauran haske na shekaru 30 na haske, za'a iya gano gilasai na zamani daga wannan karamin (ta ka'idar sararin samaniyar) nesa ba kusa ba bayan shekaru miliyan 65. Amma a cikin kusancin Duniya, ba a sami sauran abubuwan kulawa.

Koyaya, tushen radadi ba lallai ba ne ta kasance tauraron da ya yanke shawarar kammala rayuwarta tare da illoli na musamman da ƙarancin lalacewa ga wasu. Haka kuma sakamakon na iya samun, alal misali, “rufewa” na wucin gadi na filin duniyar, wanda ke kare farfajiyar halitta daga magudanan barbunan kwaminiya. Don dalilan da ba a san su ba, filin magnetic na duniya ba lallai ne ya raunana daga lokaci zuwa lokaci ba kuma ya canza canji, yana ɓacewa a lokacin “sauya sheka”. Amma kawai a cikin shekaru miliyan 5 na ƙarshe, sake fasalin balaguron ya faru sau ashirin ba tare da wani sakamako ga mazaunan duniyar ba.

Fiye da sau ɗaya, wata kyakkyawar alamace mai ban mamaki da ta faɗi cewa baƙi da gangan sun lalata dinosaur don share hanyar don dabbobi kuma su kawo bayyanar ɗan adam. Idan haka ne, to wakilan manyan wayewa basa fahimtar ilmin halitta. Tabbas, babu wani dinosaur daya da ya tsaya akan hanyar juyin halitta daga kwaro mai rikitarwa zuwa mutum mai hankali - wato, daga bishiya zuwa doron kasa, da tattara duwatsu da sandunansu.

Abiotic na ƙasa

1. Haɓaka aikin wutar, wanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda zasu iya shafar biosphere: canji a cikin tsarin iskar gas, tasirin hayaki wanda iskar carbon dioxide ta haifar yayin fashewar, canjin yanayin haskaka duniya sakamakon fashewar ash (sanyin volcanic). Wannan tallafin yana da goyan bayan wata shaida ta labarin ɗan adam wanda ya haifar da fashewar magma tsakanin shekaru miliyan 68 da 60 da suka shude a ƙasar Hindustan, wanda ya haifar da samuwar tarkuna.
2. Decreasearin raguwa sosai a matakin teku wanda ya faru a ƙarshen lokacin (Maastrichtian) na zamanin Cretaceous ("Maastricht regression").
3. Canja a yanayin shekara da na yanayi. Wannan zai iya dacewa musamman dangane da ingancin zato na babban gida na babban dinosaur, wanda zai buƙaci yanayi mai dumin yanayi. Kayayyaki, amma, bai zo daidai da lokacin canjin yanayi ba, kuma, bisa ga binciken zamani, dinosaur sun kasance dabbobin da ke da dumin dumu dumu dumu dumu-dumu (duba ilimin halittar dinosaur).
4. Tsalle mai tsayi a cikin filin magnetic duniya.
5. Oversupply na oxygen a cikin yanayin duniya.
6. Sharp sanyaya daga cikin teku.
7. Canja a cikin abun da ke cikin ruwan teku.

Duniya biotic

1. Epizooty babban annoba ne.
2. Dinosaurs ba zai iya dacewa da canji a cikin nau'in ciyawar ba kuma an lalata shi ta hanyar alkaloids da ke kunshe a cikin tsiron furanni masu fitowa (wanda, duk da haka, sun haɗu har dubun-dubatar shekaru, da kuma nasarar juyin halittar wasu ƙungiyoyi na dinosaurs na herbivours da suka mamaye sabon ƙwayar bishiyar ciyawa da ke da alaƙa da shi. )
3. Yawan halittun dinosaur sun rinjayi yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko, yana lalata abubuwan ƙwai da ƙwai.
4. Bambancin juzu'in juzu'in juzu'in halittar dinosaurs na dabbobi marasa ma'amala da dabbobi masu shayarwa. A halin yanzu, dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa masu Cretaceous sunyi kadan, yawancin dabbobi ne. Ba kamar zavropsids ba, wanda, godiya ga yawancin fannoni na ci gaba, ciki har da bayyanar sikeli da gashin fuka-fukai, ƙwai a cikin kwasfa mai yawa da haihuwar rayuwa, sun sami damar sarrafa sabon mahalli a lokaci guda - wurare masu bushewa daga wuraren shakatawa, dabbobi masu shayarwa basu da wata mahimmancin ci gaban juyin halitta idan aka kwatanta da zamani masu rarrafe. Matsakaitan abubuwan da ake amfani da su na akalla dinosaur ya yi kama da na dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar yadda isotopic, ilmin kimiya ya nuna, ilimin tarihin da labarin ƙasa. Ya kamata a lura cewa yana da matukar wahala a rarrabe mafi mahimmancin dabarun mallakar tsuntsayen farko, waɗannan rukunin suna da bambance-bambance a matakin iyalai da umarni, maimakon azuzuwan, a cikin maganganun bayanan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin umarni daban-daban na wannan aji na sauropsids.
5. Wani lokacin hangen nesa ya bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe masu ruwa da kasa ba za su iya jure yin gasa da irin nau'ikan kifayen da ke fitowa a lokacin ba. Koyaya, har ma a cikin Devonian, kifayen kifi sun nuna rashin gamsuwarsu game da abubuwan ci gaba mai zurfi, kasancewar kifayen kifayen sun shiga bango. Sharks, manya-manyan kuma masu ci gaba akan asalin majalisun su, sun tashi ne a ƙarshen zamanin Cretaceous bayan faduwar plesiosaurs, amma an hanzarta maye gurbinsu ta hanyar masassarawa waɗanda suka fara mamaye filayen komai.

Sigar "Biosphere"

A cikin rubutun kisa na Rashanci, sigar biosphere na “babbar halaka”, gami da ofarfin dinosaurs da ba avian, sun shahara. Ya kamata a sani cewa yawancin masana ilimin burbushin halitta waɗanda suka inganta shi ƙwarewa ne a cikin karatun ba dinosaur ba, amma wasu dabbobi: dabbobi masu shayarwa, kwari, da sauransu. A cewarta, manyan abubuwanda suka tabbatar da kauda halayen dinosaurs da ba masu avine da sauran manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe sune:

1. Fitowar tsirrai masu fure.
2. Canjin yanayi sanadiyyar sanadin lalacewa ta ƙasa.

Ana bibiyar jerin abubuwan da suka faru zuwa ga halakar kamar haka:

• Itatuwan tsire-tsire, waɗanda ke da ingantaccen tsarin ci gaba kuma suke amfani da haɓakar ƙasa, da sauri isa ko'ina ya maye gurbin sauran nau'in ciyayi. A lokaci guda, kwari da suka kware a abincin fure suka bayyana, kwari kuma suka “hade” da nau'in ciyawar da ta riga ta fara mutuwa.
• Abubuwan tsire-tsire masu gudana a sama suna samar da Turf, wanda shine mafi kyawun mai hana mahaɗan lalacewa. Sakamakon yaduwar su, guguwar ƙasa kuma, a sakamakon haka, shigar da abinci mai gina jiki ya ragu. “Pleoshin abinci” na teku wanda abinci ya haifar da mutuwar wani ɓangare na algae, wanda shine babban mai samar da kwayar halitta a cikin teku. Tare da wannan sarkar, wannan ya haifar da cikakken rushewar yanayin halittun ruwa kuma ya haifar da tsaurarawar ruwa a cikin teku. Guda ɗaya ɗin kuma ta shafi manyan dinosaurs masu tashi, waɗanda, bisa ga ra'ayoyin da ake da su, suna da alaƙa da teku.
• A cikin ƙasa, dabbobi suna rayayye sun ci taro mai kore (ta hanyar, dinosaurs na herbivorous ma). A karamin aji, karamar phytophages dabbobi masu shayarwa (kamar berayen zamani) suka bayyana. Fitowar su ta kai ga bayyanar masu dabbobin da suka dace, wanda kuma ya zama dabbobi masu shayarwa. Dabbobin masu kananan dabbobi masu cin nama ba masu hadari bane ga dinosaur, amma sun ci ƙwai da cuba ,an, suna haifar da ƙarin matsaloli a cikin haihuwa don dinosaurs. A lokaci guda, kariyar zuriya ga manyan dinosaur ba zai yiwu ba saboda mafi girman bambanci a cikin manya manya da kuma sandar.

Abu ne mai sauki a tabbatar da kariya daga masarar (wasu dinosaurs a cikin marigayi Cretaceous da gaske suna aiwatar da ire-iren wadannan halayen), kodayake, lokacin da theansa girman zomo ne, kuma iyayen sunada girman giwa, za'a sare shi da sauri fiye da kariya daga hari.

• Saboda tsananin ƙuntatawa game da matsakaicin girman kwai (saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin harsashi) a cikin manyan nau'in dinosaur, an haife sa mucha mai yawa fiye da manyan mutane (a cikin jinsuna mafi girma, bambancin taro tsakanin manya da wasa wasan sau dubbai). Wannan yana nufin cewa duk manyan abubuwan dinosaur a cikin haɓaka haɓaka dole ne su canza canjin abincinsu akai-akai, kuma a farkon matakan haɓakawa dole ne suyi gasa da nau'ikan da suka kware a wasu azuzuwan girman. Rashin canjin kwarewa tsakanin tsararraki kawai ya kara matsalar wannan matsalar.
• Sakamakon kwararowar nahiyar a ƙarshen Cretaceous, tsarin iska da raƙuman ruwa sun canza, wanda ya haifar da wasu kwantar da hankali akan wani yanki mai mahimmanci da karuwa a yanayin sanyin yanayi, wanda ya shafi tsiron duniya. Dinosaurs, a matsayin ƙungiyar na musamman, sun kasance masu haɗari ga irin waɗannan canje-canje. Dinosaurs ba dabbobi masu dumin jini ba, canjin yanayin zafin zai iya zama muhimmiyar rawa ga rushewar su.

Sakamakon duk waɗannan dalilai, an kirkiro yanayi mara kyau don dinosaurs marasa avian, wanda ya haifar da dakatar da bayyanar sabon nau'in halitta. “Tsohuwar” nau'in dinosaurs ta wanzu a wani lokaci, amma sannu a hankali ya lalace gaba ɗaya. A bayyane yake, babu wata gasa ta kai tsaye tsakanin dinosaur da dabbobi masu shayarwa; sun mamaye aji daban-daban, suna kan layi ɗaya. Sai kawai bayan bacewar dinosaur ne dabbobi masu shayarwa suka kama halayen halittar muhalli, kuma har yanzun nan ba nan da nan ba.

Abin mamakin shine, cigaban dabarun farko a zamanin Triassic yana tare da narkar da yawancin terapsids, mafi girman nau'ikan sune ainihin halittun dabbobi masu haɓaka.

Babban yankin karkara da canjin yanayi

Wannan hasashe ya fada cewa dinosaurs saboda wasu dalilai bazai iya tsira da canjin yanayin da ya haifar da faduwa daga nahiyoyin ba. Duk abin da ya faru ya faru da wuri: yawan zafin jiki, mutuwar tsirrai, bushewa daga koguna da wuraren waha. Babu shakka, motsi na tectonic faranti yana haɗe da ƙara yawan aikin wutar wutar lantarki. Dinosaurs mara kyau kawai ya juya ya zama mai iya aiki da karbuwa.

Matsayin da nahiyoyi ke a karshen Cretaceous

Abin sha'awa shine, karuwa a yawan zafin jiki na iya shafar samuwar dinosaur a cikin kwan. Sakamakon haka, cuban abin da ke jinsi ɗaya ne kawai zai iya kyankyasar. An lura da wani irin abu mai kama da haka a cikin yanann zamani.

Gudanar da Ka'idar Juyin Halitta

Ya kamata nan da nan a san cewa wannan ka'idar ta shahara sosai a cikin da'irar maƙarƙashiya. Wadannan mutane sunyi imani cewa wasu tunani suna amfani da duniyarmu azaman dandamali don gwaje-gwaje. Wataƙila, wannan "hankali", ta amfani da misalin dinosaurs, yayi nazarin halayen juyin halitta, amma lokaci ya yi da za a tsaftace wurin gwaji don fara bincike iri ɗaya, amma tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin jagorancin.

Don haka, hankalin mai zurfi ya tsayar da Dinosaurs a lokaci guda kuma ya fara sabon matakin gwaji, babban abin da muke ɗan adam! REN-TV kai tsaye. Amma yana da kyau a yarda cewa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna gabatarda komai a fili kuma sun karyata sauran ka'idoji.

Dinosaurs vs Dabbobin ruwa

Aramin dabbobi masu shayarwa za su iya lalata ƙattattun ƙattai. Masana kimiyya ba sa banbanin gasa mai zafi a tsakaninsu. Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun tabbatar da ci gaba dangane da rayuwasun fi sauƙi don samun abinci da daidaita da yanayin.

Bayan dinosaur yazo zamanin dabbobi masu shayarwa

Babban fa'idar dabbobi masu shayarwa shine bambanci a cikin hanyar haihuwarsu daga hanyar haifuwar dinosaurs. Karshen ya ƙwai ƙwai, wanda ba koyaushe zai yiwu a ceci ɗaya daga waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi ba. Bugu da kari, karamin dinosaur ya bukaci abinci mai yawa domin ya girma zuwa girman da ya dace, kuma ya zama da wahalar samun abinci. An shayar da dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin mahaifar, mama ta shayar da su, kuma daga baya basa bukatar abinci mai yawa. Haka kuma, a cikin hanci akwai kullun qwai dinosaur, wanda za'a iya yin kwalliyar da shi a hankali.

Daidaitawa

Abubuwan da aka ambata a sama zasu iya haɗu da juna, wanda wasu masu bincike ke amfani da shi don gabatar da nau'ikan maganganu iri iri. Misali, tasirin wani babban meteorite na iya haifar da haɓaka a cikin ayyukan volcanic da sakin ƙura mai yawa da toka, wanda tare zasu iya haifar da canjin yanayi, wannan kuma, zai iya canza nau'in ciyayi da sarkar abinci, da sauransu, canjin yanayi Hakanan ana iya lalacewa ta hanyar ragewar teku. Volcanoes na wutar daji ya fara ɓuɓɓugowa tun kafin ƙarfe meteorite, amma a wani lokacin, akai-akai da ƙananan fashewa (71an tseren mita dubu 71 a shekara) suna ba da ishara ga girman daɗaɗɗen (Mita miliyan 900 a kowace shekara). Masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa canji a cikin nau'in fashewar zai iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar meteorite wanda ya fadi a lokaci guda (tare da kuskure na shekaru 50 dubu).

An sani cewa a wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe akwai wani sabon abu wanda ya danganta da jinsi na zuriya daga zafin kwan kwan. A shekara ta 2004, gungun masu bincike daga Jami'ar Leeds ta Burtaniya, karkashin jagorancin David Milleangle. David Miller), ya ba da shawarar cewa idan irin wannan lamari ya kasance halayen dinosaurs, to canjin yanayin onlyan matakai kaɗan na iya tsokanar haihuwar wasu jinsi ɗaya (namiji, alal misali), kuma wannan, bi da bi, yana sa ƙarin haihuwar ba zai yiwu ba.

Yawan daidaituwa

Yawancin masana kimiyya suna da sha'awar yin imani da cewa bai kamata mutum ya rataye shi a kan dalili ɗaya ba, saboda abubuwan cin abinci na dinosaur suna da rikice-rikice kuma miliyoyin shekaru sun iya tsayayya da abubuwan mamaki. Wataƙila sanadin shine canjin yanayi, matsalolin abinci, da gasa tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Yana yiwuwa asteroid ya zama wani nau'in harbi na sarrafawa. Duk wannan a hade gaba daya wadancan yanayi ne wadanda dinosaur ba zasu iya rayuwa ba.

Shin halaka ta zama barazana ga mutane?

Dinosaurs sun rayu a duniya na miliyoyin shekaru, mutane - fewan dubun dubbai. A wannan dan kankanin lokacin, mun sami damar kirkirar da al'umma masu hankali. Amma daga halaka, wannan ba karamar kariya ce garemu ba.

Akwai ɗimbin yawa na ɓoyewar ɗan adam, kama daga bala'o'in duniya da annoba zuwa haɗari iri ɗaya na asteroids da fashewar taurari. Koyaya, mutane a yau na iya dakatar da wanzuwa - tarin tarin makaman nukiliya a duniya sun fi wadatar waɗannan manufofi ... Gaskiya ne, wasu mutane zasu iya samun ceto idan muka sami damar mamaye duniyar Mars ko wata duniyar da ta dace da waɗannan dalilai.

Hypothesis flaws

Babu ɗayan waɗannan maganganun da zai iya bayanin cikakken cakudaddun abubuwan da ke tattare da lalacewa ta abubuwan dinosaurs da ba na avian da sauran nau'ikan a ƙarshen Cretaceous ba.

Babban matsalolin nau'ikan da aka jera sune kamar haka:

• Hypotheses yana maida hankali ne akan musamman nau'i, wanda, a cewar wasu masu binciken, ya tafi daidai da na lokacin da ya gabata, amma a lokaci guda sabbin nau'ikan halitta sun daina kasancewa cikin tsarin rukunin kungiyoyin.
• Duk abubuwan ban sha'awa (lafazin tasirin), gami da na ilmin taurari, basu dace da lokacin da ake tsammanin lokacinsa ba (kungiyoyi da yawa na dabbobi sun fara mutuwa tun kafin Cretaceous, kuma akwai shaidar kasancewar Paleogene dinosaurs, masallacinta da sauran dabbobi). Sauyawa daga cikin ammonites guda zuwa siffofin heteromorphic shima yana nuna wasu irin rashin kwanciyar hankali. Wataƙila yawancin jinsuna sun riga sun lalace ta hanyar wasu matakai na dogon lokaci kuma sun tsaya akan hanyar ƙarewa, kuma masifar ta hanzarta hanzarta aiwatarwa.

A gefe guda, ya kamata a ɗauka a cikin zuciya cewa tsawon lokacin halakar ba za a iya ƙididdige daidai saboda Sakatariyar - Lipps sakamakon da ke tattare da bayanan binciken ɓarna (lokacin burbushin burbushin da aka samo na ƙarshe bazai dace da lokacin bacewar harajin ba).

• Wasu maganganun basu da isasshen shaida. Don haka, babu wata hujja da aka gano cewa ashe yanayin duniyar magnetic yana shafar biosphere, babu wata hujja mai gamsarwa da zata iya tabbatar da cewa Maastricht din da ya shafi matakin Tekun Duniya zai iya haifar da kwararar bakin haure a daidai wannan lokacin, kuma babu tabbataccen tsalle a cikin zafin jiki na teku daidai wannan lokacin, kuma ba a tabbatar da hakan ba. cewa bala'in girgizar kasa wanda ya haifar da samuwar tarkacen Deccan ya yaɗu, ko kuma ƙarfinta ya isa canje-canjen duniya a cikin yanayi da asalin rayuwa.

Kammalawa

Amsa tambaya: "Me yasa dinosaurs suka mutu?" yau tare da amincewa ba shi yiwuwa. Dukkanin sigogin, saboda rashin ingantaccen shaida, suna wanzu ne kawai a matakin zato. Yana da mahimmanci a sani cewa dinosaur tabbas shine karo na farko a cikin miliyoyin shekaru wanda yawancin waɗannan abubuwan suka rinjayi su, kuma ƙarshe ya ba da hanya ga dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Rashin daidaituwa na fasalin biosphere

• Fayilolin Mai amfani da Wikimedia

• Portal "Dinosaurs"

A cikin tsari na sama, fasalin yana amfani da ra'ayoyin tunani game da ilmin kimiya na jiki da halayen dinosaurs, yayin da ba a kwatanta duk sauyin yanayi da halin da suka faru a cikin Mesozoic, a ƙarshen Cretaceous, sabili da haka baya bayanin kwarjinin dinosaur a lokaci guda akan nahiyoyin da aka ware daga juna.

Su waye ake zaton dinosaurs?

A ƙarƙashin sunan "dinosaurs" ƙungiyoyi biyu na dabbobi masu rarrafe masu jini-ruwa a haɗe - kaji da lizardotazovye. Irin waɗannan abubuwan da ba a san su ba irin su duckbill iguanodon, ƙwararrakin abubuwa masu ban tsoro, waɗanda ke dauke da morgenstern da stegosaurus mai amfani da hasken rana, kazalika da ƙamshin wuta mai ƙanshi, ba su da ƙarfi. Duk tsirrai masu kaji suna da yawa (daga tan 1 zuwa 10) na kayan kiwo. Babban halayyar fasalin shi ne ɗan kyan gani.

Abubuwan dinosaurs na lizard sun kasu kashi biyu: theropods da sauropods. Latterarshen ya haɗa da manyan giwaye na herbivorous tare da dogaye mai yawa - diflolocus, brontosaurs da sauransu. Hanyoyin warkewar (lizards) (dabbobin da aka yiwa dutsen ") 'yan dabbane ne masu girman kai daban. Wasu halittu masu rarrafe na wannan ɓangaren ƙananan ba su da zurfi ba, amma ya haɗa da tyrannosaurus da spinosaurus. Daga wannan ne, sashen cigaban dinosaur, wanda “halittunsa” sune murduna fuka-fukan tsuntsaye da kuma kasusuwa, tsuntsaye sunzo.

Wata alama ta yau da kullun game da duk abubuwan da aka samo ta dinosaur sune kafafu, "tsattsage" a jiki. A cikin sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe, an nuna gabar jiki.

Ice Age?

Idan ka lura da sanadin lalacewar abubuwan dinosaur a Duniya, to lallai zaɓin da ya fi bayyana alama alama canjin yanayi ne. Kuma yanayin duniya a wancan lokacin yana canzawa. Kusan duk Cretaceous, yana da zafi mai ban mamaki. Babu wuraren buɗe ido, kuma a arewacin yanayin Siberiya na zamani ya yi kama da wurin shakatawa na Bahar Rum. Kuka-kuli a wancan lokacin mazaunan kogunan na zuwa filin Arkhangelsk. An samo dinosaurs da dabbobi masu shayarwa a dogayen katako.

Dabbobi masu shayarwa wadanda suka rayu a zamanin dinosaur kansu basu da bambanci da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Jikin zafin jikin echidna ya tashi daga 28 zuwa 30 digiri. Dabba ba zai iya jure wa daskararru ba

Yayi sanyi shekaru miliyan 70 da suka gabata. Amma, da farko, tsarin ya tafi a hankali. A farkon Paleogene (shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata) gandun daji da ba su da girma har yanzu suna girma a arewacin Greenland. Abu na biyu, bayyanar duwatsun kankara ya canza sashi mai mazauni zuwa masu daidaita. Yawwa masu ƙaunar jin zafi kawai sun koma kudu, zuwa yankuna da ba a zauna ba. Tabbas, a zamanin Cretaceous, yankuna masu ƙarfi, wurare masu zafi da daidaituwa sun zama hamada, mai zafi kamar Kwarin Mutuwa kuma ya bushe kamar Atacama.

A kowane hali, sanyaya sanyi baya bayar da fa'ida ga tsoffin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Amma tsakar dare bai tsoratar da dinosaur ba. Thean tsirarun tsutsotsi masu ɓoyewa sun ɓoye cikin burrows a cikin hunturu kuma sun shaƙata. Diplomasiyya masu dusar kankara kan sa a dunƙule, suna ceton zafi. Wasu daga cikin pangolins sun ma koyi yin amfani da zafin maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi don ɗaukar cakuda kwai.

Megazostrodon - "sabir-toothed squirrel", wanda ya rayu shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata

Tabbas, ba zai yiwu ba a sanya sunan dinosaurs mai cike da dumin jini, wanda rabin-rabi rabi ke kula da zafin jikin mutum a matakin digiri 25. Amma daidai yake ga dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Canjin yanayi?

Yana da wuya a ɗora alhakin alhakin halakar da canjin yanayin yanayin, wanda ya ci gaba cikin zamanin Cretaceous. Harkokin oxygen a cikin iska, da farko ya kai 40-45%, sannu a hankali ya ragu zuwa matakin yanzu. A ƙarshen zamani (wannan shine dalilin sanyayawar), yawan haɗarin carbon dioxide ya fara faɗi, a cikin zamanin gwanaye har sau goma sama da yanzu. Amma canje-canje a cikin yanayin yayi jinkiri sosai. Kuma ba a bayyane yadda zasu iya shafar abubuwan dinosaur ba.

Matasa masu zalunci, waɗanda, ba kamar tsohuwar '' tsoratarwar-'' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' ', suna motsi da saurin 7 km / h, sun sami damar guduwa da farauta, an daɗe ana ɗaukarsu wani nau'in halittar theropods

Ko ta yaya, akwai wadanda abin ya shafa. A tsakiyar Cretaceous, ichthyosaurs ya zama kare. Tare da jan hankalin iskar oxygen, juyawar huhun ciki ya baiwa masu rarrafe masu jini a jika wani fa'ida mai mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da kifin sharhi. Amma yayin da oxygen ya zama ƙasa, tambaya ta tashi ko ana buƙatar mafarautan kifi a yanayi, idan kifayen talakawa ba su da ƙanƙan da su.

Oxygen tara a lokacin Jurassic, har ma ya fi girma da yalwa da yawa na Cretaceous. Sannan abin da ya wuce wannan gas din an binne shi ta hanyar manyan adibas na adadin kuzari na karafa (wanda ya ba da sunan zamanin yanayin Cretaceous). Amma daga ina aka sami ƙarfe da yawa carbon?

Keɓewa na methane?

Dangane da fasali daya, sanadin lalacewar dinosaurs herbivore na iya zama guba wanda ke kare tsirrai daga fure. Tabbas, a cikin babban dinosaur abinci mai ɗimbin ɗambin abinci za a iya sanya su

Abu na uku na bayanan "duniyanci" yayi bayani game da mutuwar wani dinosaur da wata masifa ta methane. Ana samun wadataccen adadin hydrocarbons a Duniya a cikin nau'ikan hydrates - lu'ulu'u masu kama da dusar ƙanƙara, waɗanda ba su da isasshen hadaddun gas da ruwa. Ana kiyaye iskar gas a dalilin matsanancin zafi da karancin zafin jiki - adonsu ya fi mayar da hankali a karkashin ruwa da kuma zurfin teku. Dangane da "makamin ma'adanin methane hydrate", karuwa a zazzabi a cikin teku na iya haifar da yanayin kamannin yanayin dumamar yanayi. Baya ga haɓaka tasirin kore, bala'in ya ɓarke ​​tare da jerin fashewar abubuwa, ikon abin da dole ne a yi la'akari da gigatons. Bayan haka, walƙiya zai kunna wuta mai-gas.

Ana tsammanin cewa irin wannan taron zai iya kawo ƙarshen zamanin dinosaur. Koyaya, wannan hasashe yana da babban koma baya: adibas hydration a cikin Cretaceous ba zai yiwu ba. Tabbas, yayin Cretaceous, Duniya tayi sanyi, amma baiyi zafi ba, sakamakon kore ya ragu, kankanin sassan permafrost ne kawai a cikin tsaunukan Antarctica, kuma yawan zafin jiki na kasan ruwa a saman teku ya kai digiri 20.

Koyaya, a wata ma'anar, masifar methane da gaske ta faru a lokacin. Harbin bindiga ya yi. An sake ajiye tsoffin ajiyar kayan methane, da kuma sabon sassan iskar gas yayin haɓaka haɓaka sabbin abubuwa da “ɗorawa” tsoffin adana kwandon, sun shiga cikin sararin samaniya. Amma an samar da wannan gas din kuma an yi amfani da shi a hankali a hankali, sama da shekaru miliyan 80.

Duk maganganun "masifa" suna da rashi daya. Ba su bayyana dalilin da ya sa tsananin ma'anar rabeffen raƙuman ruwa suka lalace. Iya warware matsalar dinosaur yakamata a ɓoye a cikin tsarin abubuwan ilimin halittarsu. Kuma babu karancin maganganun da ke bayanin shafewa daga wannan gabar.

M qwai?

An lura, alal misali, qwai masu kwanciyar hankali da aka shimfiɗa cikin mawuyacin yanayi ana nuna su ta ƙaruwa da kauri harsashi. Bugu da kari, zazzabi yashin da aka binne masonry yana da tasiri a kasan tayi. A ƙananan zafin jiki, da ƙarin maza za su ƙyanƙyashe. Don haka, watakila sanyaya ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa mata sun daina kyankyasai daga ƙwai na dinosaur? Ko kuwa duk mashin ɗin ya mutu nan take, saboda ƙananan lamuran ba za su iya fasa harsashi ba lokacin da aka yi sanyi?

Rashin lafiyar irin waɗannan maganganun ya ta'allaka ne akan cewa an gina su ne ta hanyar sanya ido daga abubuwan gani. Amma karatuttukan sun tsira, wanda ke nufin cewa kaddarorin da aka ambata na ƙwai ba zasu iya taka rawar gani ba a iyakar Cretaceous da Paleogene. Kuma akwai da yawa kamance tsakanin kawaye da rayayyun abubuwa masu rai ko abubuwan da ke haifar da kwai?

Dinosaurs na bukatar kwarangwal mai amfani da haske don amfani da “kayan kirki” - gudu. Kafin dinosaur da ke hadarin kashe gobara daga gaban kasa, dabbobin ƙasa suna motsawa kawai

Gasar tare da sauran jinsuna?

Hanya mafi sauki don bayyana bacewar wani nau'in halitta shine cewa an maye gurbinsa da wasu jinsunan da aka daidaita. Amma dinosaur, a kallon farko, ba za a iya yin nasara a gasar ba, tunda ba su da magabci a yanayi. Dabbobi masu shayarwa ba a shirye suke da kansu azaman magabatansu da kuma manyan wuraren kiwo ba. Shekaru miliyan goma bayan lalata halittar dinosaur, mafi kyawun yanayin halittun da aka shagaltar dasu shine ta hanyar kubutattun dabbobi masu rarrafe da tsuntsaye marasa tashi, ko kuma kawai komai wofi ne.

Gasar za ta iya bayanin ƙarewar pterodactyls. Tuni a tsakiyar Cretaceous, tsuntsaye suna kora su daga ko'ina, kuma magabatan mutane da yawa sun taru a kan tsaunukan bakin teku. Amma a wannan, zangon ƙarshe na ƙarshe, dinosaurs mai tashi sama ya mutu, yana da shekaru miliyan 40.

Tsuntsaye masu hakora sun zama dabbobin farko masu farin jini da gaske (a hoto - Late Cretaceous “penguin” hes Emperornis)

Sa'ar ta bugi lokacin da wani sanyi mai sanyi ya kori "'yan rabin-jini" pterosaurs daga sassan kankara. Amma yana ƙarfafa tsuntsaye kawai don bincika sababbin hanyoyin samun abinci. Nau'in da ya kware dabarar saukar da ruwa daga cikin ruwa da sauri ya fito har ma, kamar, penguins na zamani, suna musayar ikon tashi don kwarewar ruwa a cikin ruwa. Pterodactyls, wanda ya sami damar yin kuka na sa'o'i kaɗan a ƙarshen, yana ɓatar da kusan babu makamashi, amma, yayin da suka kwace ganima, an tilasta musu iyo daga bakin ruwa, basu da damar.

Domin dinosaur din ya lalace, dole ne su sami rauni a dunkule. Su, a bayyane, sun zama fasali don haifuwa.

Shin an lalata dinosaur da dabbobi masu shayarwa?

Dinosaurs, ba shakka, sun ci dabbobi masu shayarwa a wani lokaci. Amma ba su farautar su da tsari ba. Bayan haka, dabbobin, saboda dogaro da kamshinsu da jinsu, sun tafi kamun kifi da daddare. Kuma dabbobi masu rarrafe, kamar tsuntsaye, ba a gani a cikin duhu.

Tunda kwasfa dole ne ta ba da izinin iska ta wuce, ƙwai da kanta ba zai iya zama babba ba. Dangane da haka, 'ya'yan kwarjin din din din sun yi kankanta sosai idan aka kwatanta da manya. Bugu da kari, har ma da mafi yawan masu saurin jijiyoyi kuma sun fara kula da zuriyar, suna kare masonry da ƙananan yara, basu da abin da zasu ciyar da zuriyarsu. Dinosaur, wanda bai karbi abincin da aka tattara a cikin madara ba kuma daga farkon lokacin da yake rayuwa, ya sami abincin kansa, yayi girma a hankali. Don isa ga balaga, babban shayarwa ya ɗauki shekarun da yawa.

Koda a cikin manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe, “mace-macen jarirai” suke da yawa. Kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa sun sami damar yin amfani da wannan yanayin. Duk da haka ba a kalubalanci ƙararrar manya ba, maganin kwari duk da haka an yi gasa tare da samari na samari, an tilasta musu ciyar da kwari da shaye-shaye.

Plesiosaurs, wanda ya nemi kifi daga bisa, daga tsinkayen nasu, kuma ya kama ganima (gami da wasan ninkaya na gida) a farfajiyar, shima ya kasa tsayar da gasar tare da tsuntsaye (bakin ciki, Dmitry Bogdanov)

Hanyar jawo hankali don bala'in, watakila, bayyanar ciyawa. Rashin murfin ciyawa ne wanda ya bambanta shimfidar wurare na Cretaceous, an yi masa ado, ban da bishiyoyi, kawai tare da fern bushes da aibobi na gansakuka, daga na zamani. Tumfaren kore wanda yake haifar da ciyawa kuma yake hana qasa daga dumin yanayi da leyawa, Duniya ta samu miliyan 70 da suka gabata.

A ƙarƙashin murfin ciyawar ciyawa da ke ba su damar farautar larva a cikin rana, har ma iyakancewar gani (wanda ya rage rawar gani a cikin farauta), shingayen gargajirai sun ƙaddamar da mummunan hukunci. Sikeli ya sunkuyar da dabbobi.

Na farko - har shekaru miliyan da yawa kafin ƙarshen Cretaceous - ƙananan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan masifar ya faɗi. Ciki har da mafi ci gaba na dabbobi masu rarrafe - masu ba da jini (a fili) velociraptors. Kuma dimbin zomaye daga rikice-rikice masu yawa sun kutsa cikin ramuwar da ta haifar.

Aukar kilo 20 kawai, mai saurin, yaudarar hankali da mummunar sihiri ya fara samun ƙananan herbivores. Amma wannan kurar a Cretaceous ce kawai ta mamaye kananan yara na manyan abubuwan cin abinci

Ta hanyar fasaha guda, rage albarkatun da ke tattare da samarin dinosaurs, ƙwararren diflocciya a gasar sun ci ƙananan dabbobi, waɗanda ba su bambanta ta hanyar hankali ko ƙarfin azanci. Amma duk ciyawa ba ta da sauƙi a wuce gona da iri, kuma kisan kiyashin a cikin ciyawar, wanda ba ya ƙare a Jurassic, ya ci gaba a Paleogene.

Na ƙarshe da suka mutu sune Triceratops, waɗanda suka sami damar daidaitawa da abinci mai ciyawar ciyawa, kuma shahararrun shahararrun mashaya (azzalumi).